G.

Lyons

Fuzzy Control
A Fuzzy Control system is a real- time expert
system, implementing a part of a human operators or
process engineers expertise which does not
lend itself to being easily expressed in PID-parameters
or
differential equations but rather in
situation/action rules

Driankov, Hellendoorn & Reinfrank, Seimens, Munich

Introduction
Gap between the way humans think and the way
computers generally are programmed.
This gap has led to problems when attempts have been
made to automate processes previously manually
operated.
Precise nature of computers.
Imprecise nature of human thinking and linguistic
expression.
Fuzzy Logic bridges this gap.

Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic developed by Lotfi Zadeh in 1963 and first
published in 1965.
Fuzzy Logic simulates the way humans think by
incorporating the imprecision inherent in all physical
systems.
The precision which is present in crisp or conventional
logic is not required in a lot of cases.
Fuzzy Logic is based on the mathematical field of
Fuzzy sets.

Conventional Sets 1
A set is a collection of objects or things.
An element is either a member of a set or not, the
membership of a set is determined by the criterion of
membership.
Partial membership of a conventional set is not
allowed.
The Universe of Discourse associated with a set, is the
group of all objects that could be considered for
membership of that set
Consider a crisp set called HIGH_TEMP

Conventional Sets 2
Our Universe of Discourse is:
READING_1(20 C), READING_2 (70 C), READING_3 (145C),
READING_4 (80 C), READING_5 (125 C), READING_6 (100 C),
READING_7 (300 C)

The set HIGH_TEMP can be written as:

{READING_3, READING_7}

Conventional Sets 3
A membership value of 0 corresponds to nonmembership of the set.
A membership value of 1 corresponds to membership
of the set.
No Partial membership is possible in a crisp set.

Membership Functions 1

Membership Value

Membership Function for the set

HIGH_TEMP
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

100

200

300

Temperature Reading (C)

400

Membership Functions 2

Membership Value

Membership Function for the sets

HIGH_TEMP and LOW_TEMP
1.5
1

HIGH_TEMP
LOW_TEMP

0.5
0
0

200

400

Temperature Reading (C)

Fuzzy Sets 1
A class with fuzzy boundaries
Transition between membership and non-membership
is gradual rather than sharp
An element is a member of a Fuzzy Sets to a degree
indicted by the grade of membership
The degree of membership is specified by a number
which, in the Fuzzy set case, can vary continuously
between 1 (full-member) and 0 (full non-member).

Fuzzy Sets 2

Membership
Value

Membership Function for the Fuzzy set

HIGH_TEMP
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

100

200
Temperature (C)

300

400

Fuzzy Sets 3

Membership Value

Membership value for a temperature reading

of 145 C
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

100

200
Temperature (C)

300

400

Fuzzy Sets 4
The grade of membership is subjective by nature, it is a
matter of definition rather than measurement
In a way not well understood at present, humans have a
remarkable ability to assign a grade of membership
The grade of membership is not a probability.
The grade of membership is a measure of compatibility
of an object with the concept represented by the Fuzzy
Set

Fuzzy Sets 5
Thus we have two sets named HIGH_TEMP
The two sets are very different in their interpretation
and definition of the term HIGH_TEMP.
The Fuzzy interpretation of HIGH_TEMP is a more
flexible one.
Fuzzy sets are a generalisation of crisp sets

Overlapping Membership Functions

Membership Function for the Fuzzy sets
HIGH_TEMP and LOW_TEMP

Membership Value

1.2
1
0.8
HIGH_TEMP
LOW_TEMP

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

100

200

300

Temperature (C)

400

Overlapping Membership Functions

Membership Function for the Fuzzy sets
HIGH_TEMP and LOW_TEMP

Membership Value

1.2
1
0.8
HIGH_TEMP
LOW_TEMP

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

100

200
15

300

Temperature (C)

400

Generic Descriptions of Fuzzy Sets

A = ((u, mA(u)|u e U)
A = mA(u1)/u1 + mA(u2)/u2 + .....+
mA(un)/un
n

A=
set

S mA(ui)/ui where U is a discrete

i=1

Linguistic Variables
Ability to communicate effectively in the face of vague
definitions - attribute of humans.
Linguistic Approach to communication.
Fuzzy sets capture this vagueness in the linguistic
approach to communication.
high speed, comfortable temperature, wet day

Fuzzy set theory can be used to model linguistic

expressions.
Height is SMALL, Speed is FAST, Angle is LARGE

More complex expressions can be formed using Fuzzy

operators.
Height is NOT SMALL
Speed is FAST but NOT VERY FAST

Linguistic Variable Temperature

Membership Functions for the linguistic variable
Temperature
Low

Med_Low

Avg

High

Med_High

1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature (C)

120

140

160

Linguistic Variable Temperature

Membership Functions for the linguistic variable
Temperature
Low

Med_Low

Avg

High

Med_High

Membership
Value

1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature (C)

120

140

160