Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Eurocode 4: Design of
composite steel and
concrete structures
Part 1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings
(together with United Kingdom
National Application Document)
UDC 624.92.016:624.07
DD ENV
1994-1-1:1994
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Cooperating organizations
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN), under whose supervision
this European Prestandard was prepared, comprises the national standards
organizations of the following countries:
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Oesterreichisches Normungsinstitut
Institut belge de normalisation
Dansk Standardiseringsraad
Suomen Standardisoimisliito, r.y.
Association franaise de normalisation
Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V.
Hellenic Organization for Standardization
Technological Institute of Iceland
National Standards Authority of Ireland
Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
Inspection du Travail et des Mines
Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut
Norges Standardiseringsforbund
Instituto Portugus da Qualidade
Asociacin Espaola de Normalizacin y Certificacin
Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige
Association suisse de normalisation
British Standards Institution
Date
Comments
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Contents
Cooperating organizations
National foreword
Text of National Application Document
Foreword
Text of ENV 1994-1-1
National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible
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Page
Inside front cover
ii
iii
2
9
Inside back cover
DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
National foreword
This publication comprises the English language version of ENV 1994-1-1:1992
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 1.1: General
rules and rules for buildings, as published by the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN), plus the National Application Document to be used with
the ENV in the design of buildings to be constructed in the United Kingdom.
ENV 1994-1-1:1992 results from a programme of work sponsored by the
European Commission to make available a common set of rules for the design of
building and civil engineering works.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by CEN
members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by P in the ENV.
During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting
documents listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in
the UK. The NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, (published
December 1991) draws designers attention to the potential use of ENV
Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building Regulation compliance.
ENV 1994-1-1:1992 has been thoroughly examined over a period of several years
and is considered to offer such an alternative approach, when used in conjunction
with the NAD.
Compliance with ENV 1994-1-1:1992 and the NAD does not in itself confer
immunity from legal obligations.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account
when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the
ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to BSI, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS,
quoting the document reference, the relevant clause and, where possible, a
proposed revision, within 2 years of the issue of this document.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to xxii,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 134, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
iv
Page
v
v
v
v
viii
ix
xiii
xvi
xvii
v
vii
vii
viii
ix
xx
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Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Engineering
and Technical Sector Board for Buildings and Civil Engineering. It has been developed from:
a) a textual examination of ENV 1994-1-1:1992;
b) calibration against UK practice, supporting standards and test data;
c) trial calculations.
1 Scope
This NAD provides information required to enable ENV 1994-1-1:1992 (EC4-1.1) to be used for the design
of buildings to be constructed in the UK.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
This National Application Document incorporates, by reference, provisions from specific editions of other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on page xx. Subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
apply to this National Application Document only when incorporated in it by updating or revision.
2.2 Informative references
This National Application Document refers to other publications that provide information or guidance.
Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page xx, but
reference should be made to the latest editions.
Definition
Symbol
Condition
Value
Boxed EC4
UK
2.3.2.2 1)
Accidental
1.00
1.05
2.3.2.2 3)
GA
Favourable
1.00
0.90
GA
Unfavourable
1.00
1.05
G.inf
Favourable
1.00
1.00
G.sup
Unfavourable
1.35
1.35
Q.inf
Favourable
0.00
0.00
Q.sup
Unfavourable
1.50
1.50
Q.sup
2 or more combined
1.50
1.50
G.inf
Favourable part
1.10
1.10
G.sup
Unfavourable part
1.35
1.35
G.inf
1.00
1.00
2.3.3.1 1)
2.3.3.1 1)
2.3.3.1 3)
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
2.3.3.2 1)
2.3.3.2 1)
2.3.3.2 1)
2.3.3.2 1)
Definition
Symbol
Condition
Value
Boxed EC4
UK
Fundamental
1.10
1.05
Accidental (except
earthquakes)
1.00
1.05
Fundamental
1.50
1.50
Accidental (except
earthquakes)
1.30
1.30
Fundamental
1.15
1.15
Accidental (except
earthquakes)
1.00
1.00
ap
Fundamental
1.10
1.05
ap
Accidental (except
earthquakes)
1.00
1.05
2.3.3.2 2)
General
1.00
1.00
2.3.3.2 2)
General
1.00
1.00
4.1.1 5)
Rd
Accidental combinations
1.00
1.05
4.4.1.4 3)
1.10
1.05
4.6.3 1)
1.05
1.10
1.05
1.10
1.05
1.10
1.05
1.35
1.35
Rd
4.8.3.2 1)
4.8.3.5 1)
6.3.2.1
1.25
1.25
6.3.7
1.25
1.25
6.5.2.1 1)
1.25
1.35
7.6.1.3 2)
vs
1.25
1.25
10.2.5 1)
Test evaluation
1.25
1.25
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Definition
Symbol
Value
Condition
Boxed EC4
UK
E.2 5)
Shear strength
1.25
1.25
E.4 4)
End anchorage
1.25
1.25
Table 2 Combination factors ( factors) for persistent and transient design situations
Variable actiona
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.3
Parking
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.3
Vertical
Crane loadsc
0.5
Wind loads
Imposed roof loads
Horizontal
0.9 (Vertical and Horizontal)
a For
the purposes of EC4-1.1 these four categories of variable action should be treated as separate and independent variable
actions.
b Local drifting of snow on roofs should be treated as an accidental action [see 6.1.1 c)].
c The most onerous of the three specified alternatives should be treated as a single variable action.
Dwellings
0.35a
Offices
0.35a
Stores
1.0
Parking
0.35a
Wind loadsb
0.35
0.35
Crane loadsc
Vertical
1.00
Horizontal
0.00
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
3.1.3 2)
3.1.3 2)
Definition
Symbol
Condition
Value
Boxed EC4
UK
Normal-weight
concrete
325 10
Light-weight concrete
500 106
500 106
cs
Normal-weight
concrete
200 106
200 106
cs
Light-weight concrete
300 106
300 106
20 %
30 %
3 N/mm2
3 N/mm2
325 106
4.8.3.13 6)
5.3.2 2)
10.2.5 1)
10 %
10 %
10.2.5 4)
10 %
10 %
10.3.1.5 5)
10 %
10 %
10.3.2.5
Design resistance of
composite slab
a)
0.75
0.75
b)
0.5
0.5
c)
0.75
0.75
fcte
E.2 4)
10 %
10 %
E.4 3)
10 %
10 %
E.5 4)
10 %
10 %
4 Loading codes
The loading codes to be used are:
BS 648:1964
BS 6399:
BS 6399-1:1984
BS 6399-3:1988
CP3:
CP3:Chapter V:
CP3:Chapter V-2:1972
BS 5950:
BS 5950-3:
BS 5950-3.1:1990
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
BS 5950-4:1993
Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting
Clause 2.2 Loading
Code of practice for falsework
Section 4 Loads applied to falsework
BS 5975:1982
In using the above documents with EC4-1.1 the following modifications should be noted:
a) The imposed floor loads of a building should be treated as one variable action to which the reduction
factors given in BS 6399-1:1984 are applicable.
b) The characteristic wind loading should be taken as 90 % of the value obtained from
CP3:Chapter V-2:1972.
5 Reference standards
The supporting standards to be used, including materials specifications and standards for construction are
listed in Table 5.
Table 5 References in EC4-1.1 to other codes and standards
Reference in
Document
EC4-1.1
referred to
1.1.1 3)
Eurocode 2
1.1.1 3)
Eurocode 3
1.1.1 4)
Eurocode 8
1.1.1 5)
Eurocode 1
1.1.2 5)
Eurocode 2
Eurocode 3
1.1.3 2)
Eurocode 4
1.4.1 1)
ISO 8930
1.4.1 2)
ISO 6707-1
1.5 1)
ISO 1000
BSI 05-2000
Status
ENV 1992-1-1
Draft
Draft
DD ENV 1992-1-1
(See note 1)
BS 8110-1, and section 8 of
BS 8110-2:1985
BS 8110-1
Section 5 of BS 8110-2:1985
No draft
Section 8 of BS 8110-1:1985
Draft
ENV 1993-1-1
DD ENV 1993-1-1
(See note 1)
Section 7 of BS 5950-4:1993
BS 5950-8
BS 5950-4, BS 5950-6 (See note 6) and
BS 5950-7
Draft
Draft
UK document
ENV 1992-1-1
DD ENV 1992-1-1
ENV 1993-1-1
DD ENV 1993-1-1
Draft
Section 7 of BS 5950-4:1993
BS 5950-8
BS 8110-1
Section 4 of BS 8110-2:1985
Published 1987
Published 1989
Published 1981
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
2.2.1.1 4)
Document
referred to
Eurocode 2
Eurocode 3
Chapter 2
[except
2.3.1 3)]
Eurocode 1
2.2.2.2 1)
other relevant
loading codes
Status
UK document
ENV 1992-1-1
DD ENV 1992-1-1
(See note 1)
Draft
Draft
Section 5 of BS 8110-1:1985
Draft
Section 5 of BS 8110-2:1985
No draft
Section 4 of BS 8110-1:1985
Draft
3.3.6 of BS 8110-1:1985
Section 4 of BS 8110-2:1985
ENV 1993-1-1
DD ENV 1993-1-1
(See note 1)
Draft
Section 7 of BS 5950-4:1993
BS 5950-8
Draft
In preparation
CP3:Chapter V-2
2.2 of BS 5950-3.1:1990
2.2 and 5.3 of BS 5950-4:1993
(See note 2)
Section 4 of BS 5975:1982
DD ENV 1994-1-1
2.3.1 3)
ENV note
Eurocode 1
3.1.2 2)
ENV note
In preparation
DD ENV 1994-1-1
7.2 of BS 8110-2:1985
3.1.2.3 of DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992
3.2
EN 10080
Draft
See below
3.2.3 2)
national
documents
BS 4449
BS 4482
BS 4483
3.3
3.4
EN 10025
Published
1990
BS EN 10025
3.3.5
Ref.
Standard 2 of
EC3
ENV 1993-1-1
Table 7 of NAD of DD
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
3.4
EN 10113
1992
BS EN 10113
3.4
prEN 10147
Draft
BS 2989
3.4
ISO 4997
1978
3.4.1 3)
ENV note
European
Technical
Approvals or
National
Documents
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Document
referred to
Status
UK document
3.4.5
ISO 4998
1977
3.5.2 5)
ENV note
3.5.2 6)
European
Standards or
European
Technical
Approvals
None
3.4 of BS 5950-3.1:1990
Draft
BS 5950-8
4.3.1 10)
Eurocode 4
4.6.2 k)
4.6.2 k)
Euronorm 53-62 Broad flanged beams with parallel sides Published 1962
4.8.2.2 12)
appropriate
parts of
Eurocode 2
4.8.2.5 1)
Eurocode 4
Published 1957
ENV
1992-1-1
DD ENV 1992-1-1
(See note 3)
Draft
BS 8110-1
(See note 3)
Draft
BS 5950-8
BS 8110-1
Section 4 of BS 8110-2:1985
4.8.3.3 1)
4.9.4.1 1)
appropriate
part of
Eurocode 2
relevant
Eurocode
ENV
1992-1-1
DD ENV 1992-1-1
(See note 3)
Draft
BS 8110-1
(See note 3)
(See note 4)
Various
(See note 5)
In preparation
BS 5268
BS 5628
6.1.1 9)
European
Standards or
European
Technical
Approvals or
national
documents
BS 5400-5
BS 5950-3.1
6.3.2.1
ENV note
Reference
Standards
Work not
started
Appendix A of BS 5950-3.1:1990
7.1.1 1)
another
Eurocode
In preparation
7.1.1 3)
Eurocode 3
Draft
BS 5950-9
(See note 6)
7.2.3 1)
7.4.1 2)
7.5.1
7.5.2 1)
Eurocode 3
Draft
BS 5950-4
7.3.2.1 1)
Eurocode 1
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2.2 of BS 5950-4:1993
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Document
referred to
Status
UK document
7.4.1 2)
Eurocode 3
Draft
A.2.3 of BS 5950-3.1:1990
8.1 2)
relevant
chapters of
Eurocode 2
Various
BS 8110-1
(See note 3)
8.3 2)
appropriate
part of
Eurocode 2
8.2 2)
ENV note
Eurocode 1
In preparation
Section 4 of BS 5975:1982
8.4
Eurocode 2
Draft
Section 5 of BS 8110-1:1985
9.1 4)
ENV note
Reference
Standards or
other
Documents
9.4.3.1 1)
appropriate
standards
Welding tests
A.3 of BS 5950-3.1:1990
9.4.4.1 2)
Eurocode 3
Draft
4.8 of BS 5950-4:1993
Section 6 of BS 5950-6
(See note 6)
10.2.5 2)
Eurocode 3
Draft
5.3.2.4 of BS 5400-5:1979
A.2.1
DP 9690
Classification of environmental
conditions for concrete structures
In preparation
DD ENV 1992-1-1
ENV 206
Expected before
EC4
EN 10080
Draft
BS 4449
BS 4482
BS 4483
ISO 3898
1987
ISO 8930
1987
A.4
NOTE 1 Clause 1.1.1 of Eurocode 4-1.1 is not specific to this Part only, and the reference in 1.1.1 3) to Eurocodes 2 and 3 is a
general one. The Parts of these Eurocodes already published or currently in preparation are listed. For those Parts in preparation,
Table 5 lists the equivalent UK documents relevant to execution of a building or civil engineering works.
NOTE 2 UK documents relevant to Parts 2 of Eurocodes 2 and 3 are not the subject of this NAD.
NOTE 3 Part 1.1 of Eurocode 2 and the associated NAD do not deal with considerations special to precast concrete elements.
Reference should be made to BS 8110.
NOTE 4 For Parts of Eurocode 2 and the equivalent UK documents, see entries in Table 5 for EC4 reference 2.2.1.1 4).
NOTE 5 For Parts of Eurocode 3 and the equivalent UK documents, see entries in Table 5 for EC4 reference 2.2.1.1 4).
NOTE 6 To be published.
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6 Additional recommendations
6.1 Guidance on EC4-1.1
NOTE
preparation.
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
When calculating the elastic critical load, Ncr, a buckling length, l, of less than 0.7 times the system
length, L, may be used for a member only where it can be demonstrated that the stiffness of the
connecting members and of the connections to be used would justify such a value. In all other cases the
buckling length, l, should not be taken as less than 0.7 times the system length.
e) Clause 4.8.3.9
For members subject to combined compression and bending the ratio n should be determined as follows.
1) Encased steel sections (including web filled sections) and rectangular filled sections
Provided that the non-dimensional slenderness, , does not exceed 1.0, the ratio #n may be determined
from the recommendations given in 4.8.3.13 4) of EC4-1.1. For values of in the range 1.0 to 2.0, n
should be taken as zero.
2) Concrete filled circular and square sections
For concrete filled circular and square sections the ratio n may be determined from the
recommendations given in 4.8.3.13 4) of EC4-1.1.
f) Clause 4.8.3.1 3) c)
The term relative slenderness in the heading of 4.8.3.7 has the same meaning as non-dimensional
slenderness.
g) Clause 4.8.3.11
The design moment resistance in combined compression and uniaxial bending should not exceed the
design plastic moment, Mpl.Rd, irrespective of the normal force N.
h) Clause 4.8.3.13
The additional recommendations given in 6.2.3 g) of this NAD supplement the recommendations given in
paragraph 6) and supersede those given in paragraph 7) of 4.8.3.13 of EC4-1.1
i) Clause 4.9.2.2
The recommendations given in Annex B of this NAD may be used for the design of columns in simple
framing. As an alternative to the recommendations given in Annex B, cased columns may be designed
using the method given in 6.3.2 of this NAD.
6.1.4 Chapter 6. Shear connection in beams for buildings
a) Clause 6.3.2.1
The design shear resistance, PRd, of shear connectors in lightweight concrete with a dry density
exceeding 1 750 kg/m3 should be taken as 90 % of the value of the design shear resistance calculated for
normal weight concrete with the same characteristic strength.
b) Clause 6.4.1.2
When calculating the cover required for shear connectors, the specified cover for reinforcement should be
in accordance with Table 6 of the NAD to 1992-1-1:1992 (EC2-1).
c) Clause 6.5.2.1 1)
The design pre-loading force, Fp.Cd, used in design calculations should be determined in accordance with
the recommendations given in 6.1.4 d) of the NAD to 1993-1-1:1992.
d) Clause 6.5.2.1 2)
If after final tightening, the bolt or nut of a high strength friction grip bolt assembly installed in
accordance with the recommendations given in BS 4604 is slackened off for any reason the bolt, nut and
washer (washers) should be discarded and not re-used.
6.1.5 Chapter 7. Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings
a) Clause 7.3.2.1
The recommendations on construction loads given in 2.2.3 of BS 5950-4:1993 supersede paragraphs 2)
and 3) of 7.3.2.1 in EC4-1.1.
b) Clause 7.3.2.1 4)
When the central deflection, , of the profiled steel sheeting during construction exceeds either 1/250
or 20 mm the additional weight of concrete due to the deflection of the sheeting should be taken into
account in the self-weight of the concrete slab and in the design of the supporting structure.
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c) Clause 7.4.1
As an alternative to elastic analysis, profiled steel sheeting may be analysed in accordance with the
recommendations given in EC3-1.32).
d) Clause 7.4.1 2)
Profiled steel sheeting spanning onto a steel beam may be assumed to provide restraint to the beam
flanges to which it is connected and should be fixed using either:
shot fired fixings;
self tapping screws;
welding (including stud shear connectors welded through the sheeting); or
bolting.
The spacing of fasteners should not be greater than 500 mm at the ends of sheets, nor greater
than 1 000 mm where the sheet is continuous.
The design of the fixings should be in accordance with BS 5950-62).
The stiffness of other types of shuttering or formwork is generally not sufficient to provide the necessary
lateral restraint, unless specifically designed to do so.
6.1.6 Annex C. Simplified calculation method for resistance of doubly symmetric composite cross
sections in combined compression and bending
a) Clauses C.1 and C.4
The design moment of resistance in combined compression and uniaxial bending should not exceed the
design plastic resistance, Mpl.Rd, irrespective of the normal force N.
6.1.7 Annex D. Design of composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross sections simplified
method
a) Clause D.4
The design moment of resistance in combined compression and uniaxial bending should not exceed in
magnitude the appropriate design plastic resistance moment Mpl.y.Rd or Mpl.y+.Rd, irrespective of the
normal force N.
6.2 Recommendations on subjects not covered in EC4-1.1
6.2.1 Fire Resistance
Pending the issue of ENV 1994-1-2 (EC4-1.2), BS 5950-8:1990 should be used.
6.2.2 Cased Sections
As an alternative to the rules given in Annex B of this NAD, cased columns and beams may be designed
using the method given in 6.2.3 of the NAD to DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992 (EC3-1.1).
6.2.3 Vibration
Where it is necessary to control vibration, the recommendations given in 6.4 of BS 5950-3.1:1990 should be
used.
2) In
preparation.
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DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994
Annex A (normative)
General recommendations for structural integrity
A.1 Introduction
All structures should follow the principles given in 2.1 of EC4-1.1. This annex gives application rules which
satisfy the principle of structural integrity given in 2.1 2) of EC4-1.1. These application rules apply to
buildings.
For the purposes of this provision, it may be assumed that substantial permanent deformation of members
and their connections is acceptable.
A.2 Tying forces
A.2.1 Recommendations for all buildings
Every building should be effectively tied together at each principal floor and roof level. All columns should
be effectively restrained in two directions approximately at right angles at each principal floor or roof which
they support.
This anchorage may be provided by either beams or tie members. Where possible these should be arranged
in continuous lines as close as practicable to the columns and to each edge. At re-entrant corners the
peripheral tie should be anchored into the framework.
Ties may be either steel members or steel reinforcement embedded in concrete or masonry provided that
they are properly anchored to the framework.
Steel members and reinforcement provided for other purposes may be utilized as ties. When checked as ties
other loading may be ignored. Beams designed to carry the floor or roof loading will generally be suitable
provided that their end connections are capable of resisting tension.
All ties and their end connections should be of a standard of robustness commensurate with the structure
of which they form a part and should have a design tension resistance of not less than 75 kN at floors
or 40 kN at roof level.
Ties are not required at a roof level where steelwork supports cladding weighing not more
than 0.7 kN/m2 and carries roof loads only.
Where a building is provided with expansion joints, each section between expansion joints should be
treated as a separate building for the purpose of this clause.
A.2.2 Additional recommendations for tall multi-storey buildings
Local or national regulations may stipulate that tall multi-storey buildings be designed to localize
accidental damage.
Composite steel-concrete framed buildings which satisfy the recommendations of A.2.1 may be assumed to
meet this requirement provided that the five additional conditions given below are met.
A tall multi-storey building which is required to be designed to localize accidental damage but which does
not satisfy these five additional conditions should be checked as recommended in A.3.
a) Bracing. The bracing or shear walls should be so distributed throughout the building that no
substantial portion of the structural framework is solely reliant on a single plane of bracing in each
direction.
b) Tying. The ties referred to in A.2.1 should be arranged in continuous lines wherever practicable
throughout each floor and roof level in two directions approximately at right angles. These and their
connections should be checked for the following design tensile forces, which need not be considered as
additive to other forces.
1) Generally: 0.5wf st La for any internal ties and 0.25wf st La for edge ties but not less than 75 kN for
floors or 40 kN at roof level,
where
wf is the total factored dead and imposed load per unit area of floor or roof;
st is the mean transverse spacing of the ties;
La is the greatest distance, in the direction of the tie under consideration, between the centres of
adjacent lines of supporting columns, frames or walls.
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2) At the periphery: ties anchoring columns at the periphery of a floor or roof should be checked for
the greater of:
the force given in item b) 1) and
1 % of the design vertical load in the column at that level.
c) Columns. All column splices should be capable of resisting a design tensile force of not less than
two-thirds of the design vertical load applied to the column from the floor level next below the splice.
Where the framework is not of continuous construction in at least one direction, the columns should be
carried through at each beam-to-column connection.
d) Integrity. Any beam which carries a column should be checked, together with the members which
support it, for localization of damage as recommended in A.3.
e) Floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units are used they should be
effectively anchored in the direction of their span either to each other over a support or directly to their
supports as recommended in BS 8110.
A.3 Localization of damage
At the accidental limit state, where required by A.2, the effect of the removal of any single column, or beam
carrying a column should be assessed for each storey of a building in turn. Where the removal of one of
these members would result in collapse of any area greater than 70 m2 or 15 % of the area of the storey,
that member should be designed as a key element as recommended in A.4.
In this check the appropriate value of of the ordinary wind load and of the ordinary imposed load should
be considered together with the dead load, except that in the case of buildings used predominantly for
storage, or where the imposed load is of a persistent nature, the full imposed load should be used. The
combination factors, 1 and 2, for accidental design situations are given in Table 3. The GA factor should
be taken as 1.05, except that where the dead load is considered as consisting of unfavourable and
favourable parts, the favourable part should be multiplied by a GA factor of 0.9 and the unfavourable part
should be multiplied by a GA factor of 1.05.
A.4 Design of key elements
Key elements or members are single structural elements which support a floor or roof area of more
than 70 m2 or 15 % of the area of the storey.
Any other member or other structural component which provides lateral restraint vital to the stability of a
key element should itself also be designed as a key element for the same accidental loading.
Where it is required by A.3 to design a member as a key element, the accidental loading, Ak, should be
chosen having particular regard to the importance of the key element and the consequences of failure and
should not be less than 34 kN/m2. The accidental load, Ak should be multiplied by a A factor of 1.05.
Accidental loads should be applied to members from appropriate directions together with the reactions
from other building components attached to the member which are subject to the same loading but limited
to the ultimate resistance of these components or their connections.
When designing for the accidental situation the member should be designed for the accidental load in
combination with the dead and imposed loads [see 2.3.2.2 2) of EC4-1.1]. The combination factors for use
with these loads are given in Table 3.
Annex B (normative)
Application rules for composite columns in simple framing
B.1 General
The application rules in B.2 to B.5 apply to columns in structures of simple framing, and are intended to
be used in conjunction with the method given in 4.8.3 of EC4-1.1.
B.2 Pattern loading
Pattern loading need not normally be considered in simple framing. However, unbalanced loading due to
variations in span or specified loading should be taken into account.
B.3 Buckling length of column
The buckling length of a composite column should be taken as the system length. When the nominal
moments obtained as described in B.5 are the only applied moments, the moment ratio, r, should be taken
as 1.0 giving a moment factor of 1.1 in 4.8.3.10 4) of EC4-1.1 and a ratio n of 0 in 4.8.3.13 4) of EC4-1.1.
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B.4 Eccentricities
Beam end reactions should be taken as acting at a distance from the face of the composite section equal
to 100 mm, or at the centre of the length of stiff bearing, whichever gives the great eccentricity.
B.5 Unbalanced loading
Where composite columns are subject to unbalanced loading, they should be designed for the resulting
moment. In multi-storey buildings where the columns are effectively continuous at each floor level, the net
moment at one level should be divided between the column lengths above and below that level in proportion
to the values of (EI/L), for each length. The value of EI for a composite column should be determined
according to 4.9.6.2 of EC4-1.1.
The moments due to the eccentricities given in B.4 should be assumed to have no effect at the levels above
and below the level at which they are applied.
B.6 Connections
Connections are to be designed as non-composite in accordance with the rules given in clause 6 of
DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992 (EC3-1.1), ignoring any reinforcement which may be provided for the control of
cracking. The connections should satisfy the requirements of 6.4.2.1 and 6.4.3.1 of DD ENV 1993-1-1:1992
(EC3-1.1) for nominally pinned connections.
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Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 2989:1992, Specification for continuously hot-dip zinc coated and iron-zinc alloy coated steel flat
products: tolerances on dimensions and shape.
BS 4449:1988, Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4482:1985, Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4483:1985, Specification of steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 5268, Structural use of timber.
BS 5400, Steel, concrete and composite bridges.
3)
In preparation
xx
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ISO publications
International Organization for Standardization, (ISO), Geneva (All publications are available
from BSI Sales)
ISO 1000:1981, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units.
ISO 3898:1987, Bases for design of structures Notations General symbols.
ISO 4997:1991, Cold-reduced steel sheet of structural quality.
ISO 4998:1991, Continuous hot-drip zinc-coated carbon steel sheet of structural quality.
ISO 6707-1:1989, Building and civil engineering Vocabulary Part 1: General terms.
ISO 8930:1987, General principles on reliability for structures List of equivalent terms.
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EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
PRNORME EUROPENNE
October 1992
EUROPISCHE VORNORM
UDC 624.92.016:624.07
Descriptors: Buildings, concrete structures, steel construction, building codes, design, dimensions
English version
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comit Europen de Normalisation
Europisches Komitee fr Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
1992 Copyright reserved to CEN members
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
BSI 05-2000
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
BSI 05-2000
Contents
Foreword
0.1
Objectives of the Eurocodes
0.2
Background to the Eurocode
programme
0.3
Eurocode programme
0.4
National Application Documents
0.5
Matters specific to this Prestandard
0.5.1
Cross-references to other Eurocodes
0.5.2
The treatment of *M for
structural steel
0.5.3
Notes in this Prestandard
1
Introduction
1.1
Scope
1.1.1
Scope of Eurocode 4
1.1.2
Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
1.1.3
Further Parts of Eurocode 4
1.2
Distinction between principles
and application rules
1.3
Assumptions
1.4
Definitions
1.4.1
Terms common to all Eurocodes
1.4.2
Special terms used in this Part 1.1
of Eurocode 4
1.5
S.I. Units
1.6
Symbols used in part 1.1 of
Eurocode 4
1.6.1
Latin upper case letters
1.6.2
Greek upper case letters
1.6.3
Latin lower case letters
1.6.4
Greek lower case letters
1.6.5
Subscripts
1.6.6
Use of subscripts in Part 1.1 of
Eurocode 4
1.6.7
Conventions for member axes
2
Basis of design
2.1
Fundamental requirements
2.2
Definitions and classifications
2.2.1
Limit states and design situations
2.2.2
Actions
2.2.3
Material properties
2.2.4
Geometrical data
2.2.5
Load arrangements and load cases
2.3
Design requirements
2.3.1
General
2.3.2
Ultimate limit states
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2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2
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4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.8
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.9
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.9.5
4.9.6
4.9.7
4.10
4.10.1
Effective section
Effective width of concrete
flange for beams in buildings
Flexural stiffness
Classification of cross-sections
of beams
General
Classification of steel flanges
in compression
Classification of steel webs
Resistances of cross-sections
of beams
Bending moment
Vertical shear
Bending and vertical shear
Shear buckling resistance
Interaction between bending and
shear buckling
Internal force and moments in
continuous beams
General
Plastic analysis
Elastic analysis
Lateral torsional buckling of
composite beams for buildings
General
Check without direct calculation
Buckling resistance moment
Web crippling
General
Effective web in Class 2
Composite columns
Scope
General method of design
Simplified method of design
Internal forces and moments in
frames for buildings
General
Design assumptions
Allowance for imperfections
Sway resistance
Methods of global analysis
Elastic global analysis
Rigid-plastic global analysis
Composite connections in braced
frames for buildings
General
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4.10.2
4.10.3
4.10.4
4.10.5
5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
6.3.7
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
Classification of connections
Connections made with bolts, rivets
or pins
Splices in composite members
Beam-to-column connections
Serviceability limit states
General
Deformations
General
Calculation of maximum deflections
of beams
Cracking of concrete in beams
General
Minimum reinforcement
Analysis of the structure for
the control of cracking
Control of cracking due to
direct loading, without
calculation of crack widths
Control of cracking by calculation
of crack widths
Shear connection in beams for
buildings
General
Basis of design
Deformation capacity of
shear connectors
Spacing of shear connectors
Longitudinal shear force
Beams in which plastic theory
is used for resistance
of cross sections
Beams in which elastic theory
is used for resistances of one or
more cross sections
Design resistance of shear
connectors
General
Stud connectors in solid slabs
Headed studs used with profiled
steel sheeting
Block connectors in solid slabs
Anchors and hoops in solid slabs
Block connectors with
anchors or hoops in solid slabs
Angle connectors in solid slabs
Detailing of the shear connection
General recommendations
Stud connectors
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Page
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3
6.6.4
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6.6.5
7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.2
8
8.1
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ENV 1994-1-1:1992
8.2
8.3
8.4
Actions
Partial safety factors for materials
Design, analysis, and detailing of
the floor system
8.4.1
Support arrangements
8.4.2
Joints between precast elements
8.4.3
Interfaces
8.5
Joint between steel beams
and concrete slab
8.5.1
Bedding and tolerances
8.5.2
Corrosion
8.5.3
Shear connection and
transverse reinforcement
8.6
Concrete floor designed for
horizontal loading
9
Execution
9.1
General
9.2
Sequence of construction
9.3
Stability
9.4
Accuracy during construction
and quality control
9.4.1
Static deflection during and
after concreting
9.4.2
Compaction of concrete
9.4.3
Shear connection in beams
and columns
9.4.4
Composite slabs with
profiled steel sheeting
10
Design assisted by testing
10.1
General
10.2
Tests on shear connectors
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Testing arrangement
10.2.3 Preparation of specimens
10.2.4 Testing procedure
10.2.5 Test evaluation
10.3
Testing of composite floor slabs
10.3.1 Parametric tests
10.3.2 Specific tests
Annex A (normative) Reference documents
A.1
Scope
A.2
Standards on materials and
products associated with Part 1.1 of
Eurocode 4
A.2.1
Standards mentioned in EC2
A.2.2
Standards mentioned in EC3
A.2.3
Other standards mentioned in EC4
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A.3
Reference documents for execution
A.4
General standards
Annex B (normative) Lateral-torsional
buckling
B.1
Methods based on a continuous
inverted-U frame model
B.1.1
Simplified method for
calculation of slenderness ratio
B.1.2
Elastic critical moment
B.1.3
Double symmetrical steel sections
B.1.4
Mono-symmetrical steel sections
Annex C (normative) Simplified
calculation method for resistance
of doubly symmetric composite
cross sections in combined compression
and bending
C.1
Scope and assumptions
C.2
Compressive resistances
C.3
Position of neutral axis
C.4
Bending resistances
C.5
Interaction with transverse shear
C.6
Neutral axes and plastic section
moduli of some cross sections
C.6.1
General
C.6.2
Major axis bending of encased
I-sections
C.6.3
Minor axis bending of encased
I-sections
C.6.4
Concrete filled circular and
rectangular hollow sections
Annex D (normative) Design of
composite columns with
mono-symmetrical
cross-sections simplified method
D.1
General
D.2
Scope
D.3
Design for axial compression
D.4
Design for compression and
uniaxial bending
D.5
Long-term behaviour of concrete
Annex E (normative) Partial shear
connection method for composite slabs
E.1
Scope
E.2
Determination of Eu.Rd
E.3
Verification of the longitudinal
shear resistance
E.4
Verification of composite slabs
with end anchorage
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ENV 1994-1-1:1992
Page
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Figure 7.12 Slip behaviour in
external spans
Figure 8.1 Joints between precast
floor elements
Figure 10.1 Possible failure modes of
the push specimens
Figure 10.2 Test specimen for
standard push test
Figure 10.3 Test specimen for
specific push test
Figure 10.4 Determination of
slip capacity $u
Figure 10.5 Illustration of possible
failure modes
Figure 10.6 Test set-up
Figure 10.7 Evaluation of test results
Figure 10.8 Test details
Figure B.1 Lateral-torsional buckling
Figure C.1 Polygonal interaction curve
Figure C.2 Composite cross section
symmetrical about two axes
Figure C.3 Encased I-sections with
notation
Figure C.5 Concrete filled circular
and rectangular hollow sections
with notation
Figure D.1 Axes of a mono-symmetrical
cross section
Figure D.2 Example for the two
interaction curves for a mono-symmetrical
cross section related to the same
bending resistance Mp=.y+.Rd
Figure E.1 Determination of the
degree of shear connection from Mtest
Figure E.2 Design partial
interaction diagram
Figure E.3 Verification procedure
Figure E.4 Design partial interaction
diagram for a slab with end anchorage
Figure E.5 Contribution of
additional longitudinal reinforcement
Table 1.1 List of Equivalent Terms
in various Languages
Table 2.1 Design values of actions for
use in the combination of actions
Table 2.2 Partial safety factors for
actions on building structures for
persistent and transient design situations
Table 2.3 Partial safety factors for
resistances & material properties
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1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4
1) Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering
works. The composite structures and members are made of structural steel and reinforced or prestressed
concrete connected together to resist loads. Eurocode 4 is subdivided into various separate parts,
see 1.1.2 and 1.1.3.
2) This Eurocode is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of
structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
3) Execution4) is covered in Chapter 9, and by reference to Eurocodes 2 and 3, to the extent that it is
necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products which should be used and the
standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. Generally,
the rules related to execution and workmanship are to be considered as minimum requirements which may
have to be further developed for particular types of buildings or civil engineering works4) and methods of
construction4).
[ENV Note: See also the Foreword; in the present document, execution is not covered in Chapter 9 to the
extent stated above.]
4) Eurocode 4 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to such
requirements are provided in Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance5) which
complements or adapts the rules of Eurocode 4 specifically for this purpose.
5) Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account in the
design are not given in Eurocode 4. They are given in Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on
structures5) applicable to the various types of construction4).
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
1) Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 gives a general basis for the design of composite structures and members for
buildings and civil engineering works.
2) In addition, Part 1.1 gives for composite slabs, beams, columns and frames detailed rules which are
mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical
reasons or due to simplifications; their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text where
necessary.
3) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1.1:
Chapter 1:
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6:
Chapter 7:
Chapter 8:
Chapter 9:
Chapter 10:
Annex A:
Annex B:
Annex C:
Annex D:
Annex E:
Annex F:
Introduction
Basis of Deign
Materials
Ultimate limit states
Serviceability limit states
Shear connection in beams for buildings
Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings
Floors with precast concrete slabs for buildings
Execution
Deign assisted by testing
Reference documents
Lateral-torsional buckling
Resistance of doubly symmetric composite cross sections
in combined compression and bending
Composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross section
Partial shear connection method for composite slabs
Checklists of the information required in test reports
BSI 05-2000
(Normative)
(Normative)
(Normative)
(Normative)
(Normative)
(Informative)
see 1.4.1 2)
ENV 1994-1-1:1992
4) Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are common to all Eurocodes, with the exception of some additional clauses
which are required for composite construction.
5) Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 shall in all cases be used in conjunction with Parts 1.1 of Eurocodes 2 and 3.
6) This Part 1.1 does not cover:
resistance to fire nor, more generally, resistance at non-climatic temperatures
resistance to highly repeated actions liable to result in fatigue
resistance to dynamic actions that are not quasi-static
particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as bridges, crane girders, masts,
towers, offshore platforms, nuclear containment vessels); see 1.1.3 2)
particular aspects of special types of buildings (such as industrial buildings as far as fatigue would
need to be considered)
prestressed structures
members the structural steel component of which has cross-sections with no axis of symmetry parallel
to the plane of its web
members the structural concrete component of which is made of no-fines concrete, or of aerated
concrete or of concrete including heavy aggregate, or has less reinforcement than the minimum values
given in clause 5.4 of EC2, or contains expanding or non-shrinkage admixtures
composite plates consisting of a flat steel plate connected with a concrete slab
sway frames
some types of shear connectors (see Chapter 6)
semi-continuous frames such that rigid-plastic global analysis cannot be used [see 1.4.2 1), and in
EC3 clause 5.2.2.4 and Table 5.2.1]
base plates beneath composite columns
particular aspects of composite piles for foundations
particular aspects of members with haunched or tapered steel components
particular aspects of box girders
particular aspects of totally or partially encased beams (see however 4.3.3.1 and Annex B)
and more generally particular aspects mentioned as not covered in the following chapters (relating
for example to the form of cross-sections).
7) The implicit inclusion of a type of building or a form of structure [as defined in 1.4.1 2)] does not imply
that all details of its design are coveted conclusively.
1.1.3 Further Parts of Eurocode 4
1) This Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 will be supplemented by further Parts which will complement or adapt it for
particular aspect of special types of buildings and civil engineering works, special methods of construction
and certain other aspects of design which are of general practical importance.
2) Further Parts of Eurocode 4 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned are the following:
Part 1.2 Fire resistance; Part 2 Bridges.
10
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ENV 1994-1-1:1992
5) It is permissible to use alternative design rules different from the Application Rules given in the
Eurocode, provided that it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant Principles and are
at least equivalent with regard to the resistance, serviceability and durability achieved by the structure if
designed using the present Eurocode.
6) The Application Rules are printed in italics. This is an Application Rule.
[Note: Tables and figures have the same status as the paragraphs to which they relate.]
1.3 Assumptions
1) The assumptions given in clauses 1.3 1) of EC2 and EC3, which are identical, are applicable.
2) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution workmanship given in
Chapter 9 are also complied with.
3) Numerical values identified by
are given as indications. Other values may be specified by
Member States.
1.4 Definitions
1.4.1 Terms common to all Structural Eurocodes
1) Unless otherwise stated in the following, the terminology used in International Standard ISO 8930
applies.
2) The following terms are used in common for all Structural Eurocodes with the following meanings.
Construction Works: Everything that is constructed or results from construction operations6). This
term covers both building and civil engineering works. It refers to the complete construction comprising
both structural and non-structural elements.
Execution: The activity of creating a building or civil engineering works. The term covers work on
site; it may also signify the fabrication of components off site and their subsequent erection on site7)
Structure: Organized combination of connected parts designed to provide some measure of rigidity8).
This term refers to load carrying parts.
Type of building or civil engineering works: Type of construction works designating its
intended purpose, e.g. dwelling house, industrial building, road bridge9).
Form of structure: Structural type designating the arrangement of structural elements, e.g. beam,
triangulated structure, arch, suspension bridge.
Construction material: A material used in construction work, e.g. concrete, steel, timber, masonry.
Type of construction: Indication of principal structural material, e.g. reinforced concrete
construction, steel construction, timber construction, masonry construction, composite construction.
Method of construction: Manner in which the construction will be carried out, e.g. cast in place,
prefabricated, cantilevered.
Structural system: The load bearing elements of a building or civil engineering works and the way
in which these elements are assumed to function, for the purpose of modelling.
3) The equivalent terms in various languages are given in Table 1.1.
1.4.2 Special terms used in this Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
1) The following terms are used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 with the following meanings:
Frame: A structure or portion of a structure, comprising an assembly of directly connected structural
members, designed to act together to resist load. This term covers both plane frames and
three-dimensional frames.
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FRANCAIS
Construction
Works
Construction
Bauwerk
DEUTSCH
Costruzione
ITALIANO
Bouwwerk
NEDERLANDS
Obras
ESPANOL
Execution
Execution
(Bau-)
Ausfuhrung
Esecuzione
Uitvoering
Ejecucion
Structure
Structure
Tragwerk
Struttura
Draagconstructie
Estructura
Nature de
Type of
Building or civil construction
engineering
works
Art des
Bauwerks
Tipo di
construzione
Form of
structure
Type de
structure
Art des
Tragwerks
Tipo di
struttura
Type draagconstructie
Tipologia
estructural
Construction
material
Materiau de
construction
Baustoff;
Werkstoff
(Stahlbau)
Materiale da
construzione
Constructie
materiaal
Material de
construccion
Type of
construction
Mode de
construction
Bauweise
Sistema
construttivo
Bouwwijze
Tipo de
construccion
Method of
construction
Procede
dexecution
Bauverfahren
Procedimento
esecutivo
Bouwmethode
Procedimiento
constrctivo
Structural
system
Systeme
structural
Tragsystem
Sistema
strutturale
Constructief
systeem
Sistema
estructural
Sub-frame: A frame which forms part of a larger frame, but is treated as an isolated frame in a
structural analysis.
Type of framing: Terms used to distinguish between frames which are either.
continuous, in which only both equilibrium and the structural properties of the members need be
considered in the global analysis;
semi-continuous, in which also the structural properties of the connections need explicit consideration
in the global analysis; or
simple, in which only equilibrium need be considered in the global analysis.
For sway frames and non-sway frames see 4.9.4.2 and EC3 clause 5.2.5.2.
For braced frames and non-braced frames see 4.9.4.3 and EC3 clause 5.2.5.3.
Composite frame: In Part 1.1 of EC4, a composite frame is a framed structure for a building or
similar construction works, in which some or all of the beams and columns are composite members and
most of the remaining members are structural steel members. The use of reinforced or prestressed
concrete or masonry members in bracing systems (as defined in EC3) is not excluded.
Composite member: A structural member with components of concrete and of structural or
cold-formed steel, interconnected by shear connection so as to limit the longitudinal slip between
concrete and steel and the separation of one component from the other.
Propped structure or member: A structure or member the steel elements of which are supported
until the concrete elements are able to resist stresses.
Unpropped structure or member: A structure or member in which the weight of concrete elements
is applied to steel elements.
Shear connection: An interconnection between the concrete and steel components of a composite
member that has sufficient strength and stiffness to enable the two components to be designed as parts
of a single structural member.
Except as provided in 4.8.2.7 and 7.1.2.2 shear connection means mechanical shear connection that
does not rely on bond or adhesion at interfaces between steel and concrete.
Full and partial shear connection are defined in 4.1.2 6).
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Composite connection: A connection between a composite member and any other member in which
reinforcement is intended to contribute to the resistance of the connection.
Rigid composite connection: A composite connection such that its deformation has no significant
influence on the distribution of internal forces and moments in the structure, nor on its overall
deformation (see 4.10.2.).
Composite column: A composite member subjected mainly to compression and bending. Only
columns with cross-sections of the types defined in 4.8.1 are treated in this Eurocode.
Composite beam: A composite member subjected mainly to bending. Only those in which the
structural steel section is symmetrical about its minor axis are treated in this Eurocode.
Continuous composite beam: A beam with three or more supports, in which the steel section is
either continuous over internal supports or is jointed by full-strength and rigid connections, with
connections between the beam and each support such that it can be assumed that the support does not
transfer significant bending moment to the beam. At the internal supports the beam may have either
effective reinforcement or only nominal reinforcement.
Composite slab: A bi-dimensional horizontal composite member subjected mainly to bending, in
which profiled steel sheets:
are used as permanent shuttering capable of supporting wet concrete, reinforcement and site loads,
and
subsequently combine structurally with the hardened concrete and act as part or all of the tensile
reinforcement in the finished slab.
Global analysis: The determination of a consistent set of internal force and moments in a structure
which are in equilibrium with a particular defined set of actions on the structure, and are based on the
properties of the materials.
[ENV Note: The terminology of the various types of analyses has not yet been fully harmonised between
EC2, EC3 and EC4.]
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M
MRd
MSd
N
PR
Q
R
S
V
W
X
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1.6.5 Subscripts
A
a
b
c
cr
cs
d
dst
eff
e
e=
f
G
h
i
inf
k
l
LT
M
m
max
N
nom
p
p=
Q
R
r
Accidental
Structural steel
Buckling; Bolt; Beam; Bottom
Compression; Concrete; Composite cross section
(or crit) Critical
Concrete shrinkage
Deign
Destabilizin
Effective
Effective (with further subscript)
Elastic
Flange; Full; Front
Permanent (referring to actions)
Haunch
Index (replacing a numeral)
Inferior; Lower
Characteristic
(or =) Longitudinal
Lateral torsional
Material
Allowing for bending moment; Mean
Maximum
Allowing for axial force
Nominal
(possibly supplementing a) Profiled steel sheeting
Plastic
Variable (referring to actions)
Resistance
Reduced
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S
s
stb
sup
t
ten
u
v
w
x
y
z
0,1,2,
2 Basis of design
2.1 Fundamental requirements
1) A structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that:
with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due regard
to its intended life and its cost, and
with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all actions and other influences likely to occur
during execution and use and have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs.
2) A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions,
impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
3) The potential damage should be limited or avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the following:
avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards which the structure is to sustain
selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the hazards considered
selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an
individual element
tying the structure together.
4) The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and
detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as relevant for the
particular project.
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2) Other representative values are related to the characteristic value Qk by means of a factor ?i. These
values are defined as:
combination value:
frequent value:
quasi-permanent value:
3) Supplementary representative values are used for fatigue verification and dynamic analysis.
4) The factors ?0, ?1 and ?2 are specified:
in Eurocode 1 or other relevant loading codes, or
by the client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions
specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authority are observed.
2.2.2.4 Design values of actions
1) The design value Fd of an action is expressed in general terms as:
Fd = *FFk
(2.1)
where *F is the partial safety factor for the action considered taking account of, for example, the
possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions, the possibility of inaccurate modelling of the actions,
uncertainties in the assessment of effects of actions and uncertainties, in the assessment of the limit state
considered.
2) Specific examples of the use of *F are:
Gd = *GGk
Qd = *QQk or *Q?iQk
Ad = *AAk (if Ad is not directly specified)
3) The upper and lower design values of permanent actions are expressed as follows:
where only a single characteristic value Gk is used [see 2.2.2.2 2)] then:
Gd,sup = *G,sup Gk
Gd,inf = *G,inf Gk
where upper and lower characteristic values of permanent actions are used [see 2.2.2.2 2)] then:
Gd,sup = *G,sup Gk,sup
Gd,inf = *G,inf Gk,inf
where
Gk,inf
Gk,sup
*G,inf
*G,sup
(2.2)
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2) For some material properties a nominal value is used as the characteristic value; this is the case for most
of the material properties relating to the steel parts of composite structures.
3) For other material properties the characteristic values are for some verifications substituted or
supplemented by mean or nominal values, which correspond to the most likely values throughout the
structure for which a minimum characteristic value has been specified; this is the case for concrete
properties and for physical coefficients.
4) A material property may have two characteristic values, the upper value and the lower value. In most
case only the lower values of strengths need to be considered. However the upper values shall be taken into
account where overstrength effect may produce a significant reduction in safety; this is for example the case
for the tensile strength of concrete in the calculation of the effects of indirect actions.
2.2.3.2 Design values
1) The design value Xd of a material property represented by its lower characteristic value is defined as:
Xd = Xk,inf/*M
where *M is the partial safety factor for the material property [see 2.3.3.2 1)].
However, the design value PRd of the resistance of a shear connector is defined in a similar way, as
PRd = PRk/*v where *v is a unified value applicable for any mode of failure of the shear connection.
2) For composite structures, the design values of the material strengths and geometrical data, when
relevant, shall be used to determine the design resistances of members or cross-sections, according to the
individual chapters, as:
Rd = R(Xd, ad ...)
(2.3)
in most cases. Where the resistance is influenced by the buckling of the structural steel, other formulations
are used, including a specific safety factor *Rd [see 4.1.1 5)].
3) The design value Rd may be determined form tests. In this case Rd is defined according to formula (2.3)
or as:
Rd = R(Xk, ak . . .)/*M
(2.3bis)
(2.4)
(2.5)
where %a is the additive partial safety margin for the geometrical datum.
The values of %a are given in the appropriate clauses.
[ENV Note: %a covers mainly imperfections but also, in some cases, deviations due to neglected parasitic
tic phenomena, e.g. thermal differences.]
3) Imperfections to be adopted in the global analysis of the structure are treated in 4.8.2.3 and 4.9.3.
2.2.5 Load arrangements and load cases
[Note: detailed rules on load arrangements and load cases are given in Eurocode 1.
1) A load arrangement identifies the position, magnitude and direction of a free action.
2) A load case identifies compatible load arrangements, sets of deformations and imperfections considered
for a particular verification.
3) For the relevant combinations of actions, sufficient load cases shall be considered to enable the critical
design conditions to be established.
4) Simplified load cases may be used, if based on a reasonable interpretation of the structural response.
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5) For continuous beams and slabs in buildings without cantilevers subjected to dominantly uniformly
distributed loads, it will generally be sufficient to consider only the following load arrangements:
a) alternate spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads (*Q Qk + *G Gk), other spans
carrying only the design permanent load *G Gk,
b) any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and permanent loads (*Q Qk + *G Gk), all other
spans carrying only the design permanent load *G Gk.
[ENV Note: 4) and 5) possibly to be transferred to Eurocode 1.]
(2.6)
where Ed,dst and Ed,stb are the design effects of destabilizing actions and stabilizing actions, respectively.
2) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or connection
(fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that:
Sd k Rd
(2.7)
where Sd is the design value of an internal force or moment (or of a respective vector of several internal
forces or moments) and Rd is the corresponding design resistance, as defined in 2.2.3.2 2) or 3).
3) When considering a limit state of transformation of the structure into a mechanism, it shall be verified
that a mechanism does not occur unless actions exceed their design values, taking account of the respective
design values of all structural properties.
4) When considering a limit state of stability induced by second-order effects, it shall be verified that
instability does not occur unless actions exceed their design values, taking account of the respective design
values of all structural properties. In addition, sections shall be verified according to 2) above.
[Note: Equation (2.8) of EC3 is not considered in this Part of EC4.]
2.3.2.2 Combinations of actions
1) For each load case, design values Ed for the effects of actions shall be determined from combination rules
involving design values of actions as identified by Table 2.1
Table 2.1 Design values of actions for use in the combination of actions
Design situation
Permanent
actions
Gd
Variable actions Qd
Leading
variable action
Accompanying
variable actions
*GGk
*QQk
?0*QQk
*GAGk
?1Qk
?2Qk
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Ad
*AAk
(if Ad is not
specified directly)
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2) The design values of Table 2.1 shall be combined using the following rules (given in symbolic form):
Persistent and transient design situations for verifications other than those relating to fatigue
(fundamental combinations):
(2.9)
Accidental design situations (if not specified differently elsewhere):
(2.10)
where:
Gk,j
= characteristic values of the permanent actions
Qk,l
= characteristic value of one of the variable actions
Qk,i
= characteristic values of the other variable actions
Ad
= design value (specified value) of the accidental action
*G,j
= partial safety factor for the permanent action Gk,j
*GAj
= as *G,j, but for accidental design situations
*Q,i
= partial safety factor for the variable action Qk,i
and ?0, ?1, ?2 are factors defined in 2.2.2.3.
3) Combinations for accidental design situations either involve an explicit accidental action A or refer to a
situation after an accidental event (A = 0). Unless specified otherwise, *GA =
may be used.
4) In expressions (2.9) and (2.10), indirect actions shall be introduced where relevant.
5) Simplified combinations for building structures are given in 2.3.3.1.
[Note: detailed rules on combinations of actions are given in Eurocode 1.]
2.3.2.3 Design values of permanent actions
1) In the various combinations defined above, those permanent actions that increase the effect of the
variable actions (i.e. produce unfavourable effects) shall be represented by their upper design values and
those that decrease the effect of the variable actions (i.e. produce favorable effects) by their lower design
values [see 2.2.2.4 3)].
2) Where the results of a verification may be very sensitive to variations of the magnitude of the same
permanent action from place to place in the structure, this action shall be treated as consisting of separate
unfavourable and favourable parts. This applies in particular to the verification of static equilibrium.
3) Where a single permanent action is treated as consisting of separate unfavourable and favourable parts,
allowance may be made for the relationship between these parts by adopting special design values
[see 2.3.3.1 3) for building structures].
4) Except for the cases mentioned in 2), the whole of each permanent action should be represented throughout
the structure by either its lower or its upper design value, whichever gives the more unfavourable effect.
5) For continuous beams and frames, the same design value of the self-weight of the structure [evaluated as
in 2.2.2.2 3)] may be applied to all spans, except for cases involving the static equilibrium of cantilevers
(see clause 2.3.2.4 of EC3).
2.3.2.4 Verification of static equilibrium
Clause 2.3.2.4 of EC3 is applicable.
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Accompanying
variable actions
Favourable effect
*F,inf
1.0a
Unfavourable effect
*F,sup
1.35a
1.5
1.5
a
See
b
also paragraph 3)
See Eurocode 1; in normal cases for building structures *Q,inf = 0
2) For accidental design situations to which equation (2.10) applies, the partial safety factors for the
variable actions are taken as equal to 1.0. For permanent actions see 2.3.2.2 3).
3) Where, according to 2.3.2.3 2), a single permanent action needs to be considered as consisting of
unfavourable and favourable parts, the favourable part may, as an alternative, be multiplied by
*G,inf = 1.1
and the unfavourable part by:
*G,sup = 1.35
provided that by applying *G,inf =
both to the favourable part and the unfavourable part does not give
a more unfavourable effect.
4) For imposed deformations [see 2.2.2.1 1) and 4)], where non-linear methods of analysis are used, the
factors for variable actions given above apply. For a linear calculation, the factor for unfavourable effects
shall be reduced by 20 %.
5) For vectorial (i.e. multi-component) effects in columns, if a component of the effect is favourable, reference
sum be made to 4.8.3.13 6).
6) For building structures, as a simplification, the expression (2.9) may be replaced by whichever the
following combinations gives the larger value:
considering only the most unfavourable variable action:
(2.11)
considering all unfavourable variable actions
(2.12)
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Concrete
Steel reinforcement
*a
*c
*s
*ap
Combination
(= *M0 in EC3)
Fundamental
1.10
1.5
1.15
1.10
Accidental
(except
earthquakes)
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
2) The values in Table 2.3 are assumed to take account of, inter alia, differences between the strength of
test specimens of the structural materials and their strength in situ. They are applicable to some elastic
mechanical properties, but only in cases specified in the relevant clauses; in other cases they should be
substituted by *M = 1.0. For physical non-mechanical coefficients (e.g. density, thermal expansion), *M shall
be taken as equal to 1.0.
3) Higher or lower values of *c may be used if these are justified by adequate quality assurance procedures
[see 1.3 2)].
4) Values of *M for shear connection are given as *v in 6.3.2.1 for studs, 6.3.7 for angle connectors
and 6.5.2.1 for friction grip bolts. [ENV Note: *v is not yet defined for other types].
5) Values of *M for bolts, rivets, pins, welds, and slip resistance of bolted joints are as given in clause 6.1.1 2)
of EC3.
6) Values of *M for longitudinal shear in composite slabs are given in 7.6.1.
7) For steel members in composite structures, values of *M for fundamental combinations are as given in
the relevant clauses of Chapter 5 of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3, or in Part 1.3 of Eurocode 3.
8) For reinforced concrete members in composite structures, values of *M are as given in clause 2.3.3.2 of
EC2 [i.e. as given in 1) to 3) above].
9) Where structural properties are determined by testing, reference shall be made to Chapter 10 and
Annex F.
2.3.4 Serviceability limit states
1) It shall be verified that:
Ed k Cd or Ed k Rd
(2.13)
where:
Cd
Ed
is a nominal value or a function of certain design properties of materials related to the deign effect
of actions considered, and
is the design value of the effect of actions, determined on the basis of one of the combinations
defined below.
The required combination is identified in the particular clause of chapter 5 for each serviceability
verification.
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2) Three combinations of actions for serviceability limit states are defined by the following expressions:
Rare combination:
(2.14)
Frequent combination:
(2.15)
Quasi-permanent combination:
(2.16)
where the notation is defined in 2.3.2.2 2).
Imposed deformations should be considered when relevant.
3) Where simplified compliance rules are given in the relevant clauses dealing with serviceability limit
states, detailed calculations using combinations of actions are not required.
4) Where the design considers compliance of serviceability limit states by detailed calculations, simplified
expressions may be used for building structures.
5) For building structures, as a simplification, expression (2.14) for the rare combination may be replaced
by whichever of the following combinations gives the larger value:
considering only the most unfavourable variable action:
(2.17)
considering all unfavourable variable actions:
(2.18)
These two expressions may also be used as a substitute for expression (2.15) for the frequent combination.
6) Values of *M shall be taken as 1.0, except where stated otherwise in particular clauses.
2.4 Durability
1) To ensure an adequately durable structure, the following inter-related factors shall be considered:
the use of the structure
the required performance criteria
the expected environmental conditions
the composition, properties and performance of the materials
the shape of members and the structural detailing
the quality of workmanship and level of control
the particular protective measures
the likely maintenance during the intended life.
2) The internal and external environmental conditions shall be estimated at the design stage to asses their
significance in relation to durability and to enable adequate provisions to be made for protection of the
materials.
3) Section 4.1 of EC2 is applicable to composite structures. [ENV Note: clause subject to development for
the steel parts.]
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3 Materials
3.1 Concrete
3.1.1 General
1) The properties most frequently required for design calculations are summarised hereafter. For
lightweight concretes they are given as functions of their oven-dry unit mass, @, which is in kg/m3 in the
formulae in this Chapter.
2) Concrete strength classes higher than C50/60 should not be used unless their use is appropriately
justified. No Application Rules are given for this case.
3.1.2 Concrete strength classes
This Eurocode is based on the characteristic cylinder strength, fck, measured at age 28 days in accordance
with clause 3.1.2.2 of EC2. The strength fck shall be at least equal to 20 N/mm2 (MPa).
2) The design should be based on a strength class of concrete which corresponds to a specified value of fck.
Table 3.1 gives for the different strength classes the characteristic strength fck and the corresponding values
of the associated cube strength (e.g. the classification of concrete C 20/25 refers to cylinder/cube strengths)
and, for normal-weight concrete, of the mean tensile strength fctm and characteristic tensile
strengths fctk 0.05 and fctk 0.95. The columns of this Table associated with fck equal to 12 and 16 are intended
only to provide information on the properties of concretes of higher class, being less than 28 days old.
Table 3.1 Concrete strength classes, characteristic compressive strength fck (cylinders)
and characteristic tensile strength fct of the concrete (in N/mm2)
Strength Class of Concrete
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
fck
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
fctm
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.5
3.8
4.1
fctk 0.05
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.9
fctk 0.95
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.3
3.8
4.2
4.6
4.9
5.3
[ENV Note: Pending a rule applicable to both EC2 and EC4, on the variation in time of fc and fct, guidance
may be found in existing national codes or standards.]
3) For lightweight concretes, tensile strengths can be obtained by multiplying the values obtained from the
Table by the factor
) = 0.30 + 0.70 (@/2400).
3.1.3 Shrinkage of concrete
1) Where accurate control of the profile during execution is essential, or where shrinkage is expected to take
exceptional values because of the composition of concrete or because of its environment (e.g. very frequently
wet concrete), or when shrinkage has to be assessed at intermediate times, reference should be made to
clause 3.1.2.5.5 and Appendix I of EC2.
2) In the most common cases generally and unless differently specified or justified for the particular project,
the total long-term free shrinkage strain from setting of the concrete, &cs, may be given the following values
as an acceptable approximation:
in dry environments (whether outside or within buildings, concrete-filled members excluded)
325
500
300
3) All these values are nominal values, for use in calculating the effects of shrinkage [see 2.2.2.2 4)].
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(12)
26
(16)
27.5
30.5
32
33.5
35
36
37
2) For an age t less than 28 days, Ecm should be obtained from Table 3.2 taking into account the actual
compressive strength at age t.
3) For lightweight concretes, secant moduli can be obtained by multiplying the values obtained from the
Table by (@/2400)2.
3.1.4.2 Modular ratios
[ENV Note: Possibly to be revised for lightweight concrete when the corresponding clause of Eurocode 2
have been drafted].
1) The deformation of the concrete due to creep shall be taken into account.
2) If it is specified for the particular project that the rules for application given below are not accepted, the
nominal values given in clauses 3.1.2.5.5 of EC2 should be adopted.
3) For the design of buildings, global analyses of sway frames excepted, it is accurate enough to take account
of creep by replacing in analyses concrete areas Ac by effective equivalent steel areas equal to Ac/n, where n
is the nominal modular ratio, defined by n = Ea/Ec, where
Ea is the elastic modulus of structural steel, given in 3.3.3 below, and
Ec is an effective modulus of concrete, taking in the various cases the values given below.
4) If specified for the particular project and in any case for buildings mainly intended for storage, two
nominal values Ec should be used: one equal to Ecm for short term effects, the other equal to Ecm/3 for long
term effects. In other cases Ec may be taken equal to Ecm/2, Ecm having the value defined in 3.1.4.1.
3.1.4.3 Poissons ratio
If needed for design purposes, the nominal value of Poissons ratio for elastic strains should be assumed to
be 0.2. It may be assumed to be zero when concrete in tension is assumed to be cracked.
3.1.5 Deformability of concrete other theories
1) If a rigid-plastic theory, as defined in Chapter 4, is used, a stress-block starting from the neutral axis is
assumed; the value of the design stress is defined in the corresponding clauses of Chapter 4 and Annex C,
Annex D, and Annex E.
[Note: In Sections 4.4 and 4.8 of EC4, for verifications relating to ultimate limit states a degree of
plastification similar to that admitted in EC3 may be considered. This is the reason why in these cases the
stress block is defined differently from EC2.]
2) If an elastic-plastic theory is used, whether for global analysis or for cross-section analysis or for both,
reference should be made to clause 4.2.1.3.3 of EC2.
3.1.6 Thermal expansion
The nominal value of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion !T should be taken as 10 106/C for
normal-weight concrete. [ENV Note: subject to the final version of Part 1C of EC2, the value 7 104 is
suggested for lightweight concrete.]
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t k 40 mm
fy(N/mm )
2
40 mm < t k 100 mm
fu(N/mm )
2
fy(N/mm2)
fu(N/mm2)
Fe 360
235
360
215
340
Fe 430
275
430
255
410
Fe 510
355
510
335
490
at
2) The nominal values in Table 3.3 may be adopted as characteristic values in calculations.
3) As an alternative, the nominal values specified in EN 10025 for a larger range of thicknesses may be used.
3.3.3 Design values of other material coefficients
1) The material coefficients to be adopted in calculations for the steels covered by this Eurocode shall be
taken as follows:
modulus of elasticity
shear modulus
Poissons ratio
unit mass
2) For simplification in design calculations for composite structures, the value of the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion !T may be taken as 10 104 per C, which is the value given in EC2 for reinforcing steel
and normal weight concrete.
3.3.4 Stress-strain relationship
1) In accordance with clause 5.2.1.4 of EC3, for design calculations the relation between stress and strain of
structural steel may be idealised as elastic-perfectly plastic, as shown in Figure 3.2.
2) To avoid possible computational difficulties when using a computer the alternative bilinear stress-strain
relationship indicated in Figure 3.3 may be used.
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EN 10025
prEN 10113-2
prEN 10113-3
ISO 4997
prEN 10147
fyb
Grade
(N/mm2)
Fe 360
235
Fe 430
275
Fe 510
355
Fe E 275 N
275
Fe E 355 N
355
Fe E 460 N
460
Fe E 275 TM
275
Fe E 355 TM
355
Fe E 420 TM
420
Fe E 460 TM
460
CR 220
220
CR 250
250
CR 320
320
Fe E 220 G
220
Fe E 250 G
250
Fe E 280 G
280
Fe E 320 G
320
Fe E 350 G
350
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2) The characteristic resistance PRk shall be the specified resistance below which not more than 5 % of
results of tests on samples of a homogeneous population may be expected to fall. When a guaranteed
minimum resistance is specified this may be considered as the characteristic resistance.
3) The design resistance PRd shall be the characteristic resistance divided by the appropriate partial
safety factor *v.
For the determination of the design resistance by testing, refer to Chapter 10.
4) The material of the connector shall be of a quality which takes into account its required, performance
and the methods of fixing to the structural steelwork. Where fixing is by means of welding, the quality of
material shall take account of the welding technique to be used. Where anchors or hoops act as shear
connectors, special care shall be taken that the material is of an appropriate weldable quality.
5) The specified mechanical properties of the connector material shall comply with the following
requirements:
the ratio of the specified ultimate tensile strength fu to the specified minimum yield strength fy is not
less than 1.2;
the elongation at failure on a gauge length of 5.65Ao (where A, is the original cross section area) is
not less than 12 %.
For studs, these material properties relate to the finished product.
[ENV Note: Testing of shear connector material is under consideration. Final proposals will be given after
consultation with stud manufacturers.]
6) Depending on the type of shear connector, reference should be made to European Standards or European
Technical Approvals or, in their absence, to national documents.
7) The head of stud connectors should have a diameter of not less than 1.5d and a depth of not less than 0.4d,
Where d is the shank diameter of the stud.
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9) For composite members in building structures, a fatigue check is not normally required, except for:
members supporting lifting applies or rolling loads
members supporting vibrating machinery
members subject to wind-induced oscillations
members subject to crowd-induced oscillations.
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Figure 4.4 Use of an effective web in Class 2 for a section in hogging bending
with a web in Class 3
4.3.3 Classification of steel webs
4.3.3.1 Sections where the compression flange is in Class 1 or 2
1) The class of the web shall be determined from Table 4.2. The plastic stress distribution for the effective
composite section shall be used; except at the boundary between Classes 3 and 4, where the elastic stress
distribution shall be used, as in 4.3.3.2.
2) A web in Class 3 that is encased in concrete in accordance with 4.3.1 6) to 9) may be represented by an
effective web of the same cross-section in Class 2.
3) An uncased web in Class 3 may be represented by an effective web in Class 2, by assuming that the depth
of web that resists compression is limited to 20t& adjacent to the compression flange, and 20t& adjacent to
the new plastic neutral axis, as shown in Figure 4.4 for hogging bending.
[Note. The method of paragraph 3) is intended to reduce discontinuities in design methods. Otherwise, the
classification of webs is over-sensitive to small changes in the area of longitudinal reinforcements or in the
effective width of the slab. The value 20t& a conservative approximation, which gives a small discontinuity
at the Class 2-3 boundary].
Table 4.1 Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for steel outstand flanges in compression
Rolled
Class
Welded
Type
Encased web
Web encased
Stress distribution
(compression positive)
1
2
3
Rolled
Welded
Rolled
Welded
Rolled
Welded
fy (M/mm2)
&
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c/t u 10&
c/t u 9&
c/t u 11&
c/t u 10&
c/t u 15&
c/t u 14&
235
1.0
275
0.92
c/t u 10&
c/t u 9&
c/t u 15&
c/t u 14&
c/t u 21&
c/t u 20&
355
0.81
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Class
Web subject to
bending
Web subject to
compression
Stress
distribution
(compression
positive)
when ! > 0.5:
1
d/t k 72&
d/t k 33&
d/t k 396&/(13! 1)
d/t k 36&/!
when ! > 0.5:
2
d/t k 83&
d/t k 38&
d/t k 456&/(13! 1)
d/t k 41,5&/!
Stress
distribution
(compression
positive)
3
d/t k 124&
d/t k 42&
when ? > 1:
d/t k 42&/(0.67 + 0.33?)
when ? k 1:
38
fy
235
275
355
&
0.92
0.81
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Av is the shear area of the structural steel member, given in clause 5.4.6 of EC3.
3) In addition, the shear buckling resistance of a steel web shall be verified as specified in 4.4.4 where:
for an unstiffened and uncased web, d/tw > 69&;
for an unstiffened web encased in accordance with 4.3.1,
d/tw > 124&;
for a stiffened and uncased web,
for a stiffened and encased web, d/tw exceeds both of the two preceding limits;
where
is the depth of the web as defined in Figure 1.1 of EC3 for rolled sections and
Figure 5.6.1 of EC3 for welded sections,
tw
kE
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Figure 4.6 Resistance in bending and vertical shear in absence of shear buckling
4.4.4 Shear buckling resistance
1) The Principles of paragraphs 5.6.1 2) and 3) of EC3 are applicable.
2) For composite beams, steel webs that shall be verified for shear buckling resistance are defined
in 4.4.2.2 3).
3) Webs shall be provided with transverse stiffeners at supports where:
for uncased webs, d/tw > 69&
for webs encased in accordance with 4.3.2, d/tw > 124&,
The symbols are as defined in 4.4.2.2 3).
4) No contribution from web encasement to the shear resistance of a web with d/tw > 124& shall be assumed,
unless verified by testing.
5) No account shall be taken of a contribution from the concrete slab to the anchorage of a web tension field
in a flange, unless the shear connection is designed for the relevant vertical force.
6) For unstiffened webs and for webs with transverse stiffeners only, the methods given in clauses 5.6.2
to 5.6.6 of EC3 are applicable, with *M1 for structural steel taken as the value given in clause 5.1.1 of EC3.
References to flanges in these clauses are to structural steel flanges only.
7) For simply-supported beams without intermediate stiffeners, with full shear connection, and subjected to
uniformly-distributed loading, the method of clause 5.6.3 of EC3 as modified by paragraphs a) to d) below
may alternatively be used.
a) The simple post-critical shear strength Eba should be determined as follows:
for
for
for
where fyw
w
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b) The number N of shear connectors in each half span should be sufficient to provide full shear connection
as defined in 4.1.2 6). Where VSd > Vcr, the N connectors should not be distributed in accordance
with 6.1.3, but as shown in Figure 4.7,
where
Vcr = dtwEcr,
cr
is as defined in clause 5.6.3 of EC3,
d
and tw are defined in 4.4.2.2 3),
N2 = N(1 Vcr/VSd)2,
N1 = N N2, and
beff
is the effective flange width, defined in 4.2.2.1.
c) The steel end post should be designed for a uniform axial compressive force equal to the maximum
design shear force VSd for the cross-section, considering stability both in and out of the plane of the web.
d) The welds connecting the web to the end post and to a length 1.5 beff of the steel top flange should be
designed for a shear force (fyw/ 3 ) tw per unit length of web.
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40
30
20
10
25
15
10
For steel members partly encased in concrete in accordance with 4.3.2, the spacing should not
exceed 50 % of the maximum spacing for the uncased beam.
e) The longitudinal spacing of connectors other than studs is such that the resistance of the connection to
transverse bending is not less than that required when studs are used.
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where Aw = hstw,
as in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2,
Aa is the area of the structural steel section, and
hs, tw, tf and b are as shown in Figure 4.8.
l) If the steel member is not partly encased, its depth h is in accordance with Table 4.4.
m) If the steel member is partly encased in concrete in accordance with 4.3.1, its depth h does not exceed
the limit given in Table 4.4 by more than 200 mm.
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Table 4.4 Maximum depth h (mm) of uncased steel member for which
clause 4.6.2 is applicable
Nominal steel grade
Steel member
IPE or similar
HE or similar
Fe 360
Fe 430
Fe 510
k 600
k 550
k 400
k 800
k 700
k 650
and
Mc=.Rd
2) Values of #LT for the appropriate slenderness LT may be obtained from Table 5.5.2 in EC3,
with = LT and # = #LT, using:
column a for rolled sections
column c for welded beams.
or may be determined from
but LT k 1.
where
and
is the value of Mp=.Rd when the *M factors *a, *c, and *s are taken as 1.0.
Mp=
is the value of Me=.Rd when the *M factors *a, *c, and *s are taken as 1.0.
Mcr
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4) A simplified method for the calculation of LT and information for the calculation of Mcr are given in
Annex B, based on the continuous U-frame model. Where a beam does not comply with the conditions of
Annex B, the value of Mcr shall be determined from specialist literature, or by numerical analysis, or
(conservatively) by determining Mcr from Annex F of EC3, for the steel member alone.
5) When the slenderness LT k 0.4, no allowance for lateral-torsional buckling is necessary.
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2) This clause 4.8 applies to isolated non-sway columns. These may be:
compression members which are integral parts of a non-sway frame but which are considered to be
isolated for design purposes, or
isolated compression members that satisfy the classification non-sway as given in clause 4.3.5.3.3
of EC2 or clause 5.2.5.2 of EC3, as appropriate.
Isolated columns are illustrated in Figure 4.26 of EC2.
3) Two methods of design are given:
a general method in 4.8.2 including columns with non-symmetrical or non-uniform cross section over
the column length,
a simplified method in 4.8.3 for columns of double symmetrical and uniform cross section over the
column length using the European Strut Curves of EC3. Application rules for columns of
mono-symmetrical section are given in Annex D.
4.8.2 General methods of design
4.8.2.1 General
A composite column of any cross-section, loaded by normal forces and bending moments, shall be checked
for:
resistance of member (4.8.2.2 to 4.8.2.3)
resistance to local buckling (4.8.2.4)
introduction of loadings (4.8.2.6)
resistance to shear (4.8.2.7 to 4.8.2.8).
4.8.2.2 Design procedures
1) Design for structural stability shall take account of second order effects including imperfections and
shall ensure that, for the most unfavourable combinations of actions at the ultimate limit state, instability
does not occur, and that the resistance of individual cross-sections subjected to bending and longitudinal
force is not exceeded.
2) The partial safety factors *M are as given in 2.3.3.2 1) and 4.1.1 5), except that *c for concrete may be
reduced where 12) below applies.
3) Second order effects shall be considered in any direction in which failure may occur, if they affect the
structural stability significantly.
4) In accordance with clause 4.3.5.1 5) of EC2, the influence of second order effects should be considered if
the increase above the first order bending moments, due to deflections within the column length,
exceeds 10 %. In this check, creep effects should be treated according to 9) and 10). (Note. This check should
be made by second-order elastic analysis of the column length, with its ends assumed to be pinned and
subjected to the internal forces and moments determined by the global analysis, and with transverse loading,
if any.)
5) Plane sections shall be assumed to remain plane. Full composite action up to failure shall be assumed
between the steel and concrete components of the member.
6) The following stress-strain relationships should be used in the (non-linear) analysis:
for concrete as given in 3.1.5,
for reinforcing steel as given in 3.2.5, and
for structural steel as given in 3.3.4.
7) Where second-order deformations are being calculated, the stress-strain diagram for concrete given in
clause 4.2.1.3.3 of EC2 should be used with fcd and Ecd taken as
fcd = fck/*c
Ecd = Ecm/*c
For the safety factor *c, clauses A.3.1 3) and A.3.1 6) of EC2 apply.
(Note. This paragraph does not apply to calculation of resistances of cross-sections.)
8) Shrinkage and creep effects shall be considered if they are likely to reduce the structural stability
significantly.
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9) For simplification, creep effects may be ignored if the increase in the first order bending moments due to
creep deformations and longitudinal force resulting from permanent load does not exceed 10 %.
10) According to clause A.3.4 9) of EC2, creep deformations of slender compression members in non-sway
frames for buildings with monolithic connections to slabs or beams at their two ends may normally be
disregarded.
11) The contribution of the tensile strength of the concrete between cracks (tension stiffening) may be taken
into account.
12) Partial safety factors for materials within precast concrete elements shall be in accordance with the
appropriate Parts of Eurocode 2.
4.8.2.3 Imperfections
1) Imperfections within the column length shall be taken into account for the calculation of the internal
forces and moments.
2) The equivalent initial bow imperfections should be related to the following buckling curves given in
clause 5.5.1 of EC3:
for concrete filled hollow sections, the appropriate curve from clause 5.5.1 of EC3.
curve b for fully or partly concrete-encased I-sections with bending about the strong axis of the steel
section.
curve c for fully or partly concrete-encased I-sections with bending about the weak axis of the steel
section
curve d for other concrete-encased steel sections.
4.8.2.4 Local buckling of steel members
1) The influence of local buckling of steel members on the resistance of the column shall be considered in
design.
2) The effects of local buckling of steel members in composite columns may be neglected for steel sections fully
encased to 4.8.2.5 and for other types of composite columns, provided that:
for circular hollow steel sections, d/t k 90&2
for rectangular hollow steel sections, h/t k 52&
for partly-encased I-sections, b/tf k 44&
where, as shown in Figure 4.9
d is the external diameter of a circular hollow steel section,
h is the greater overall dimension of the section parallel to a principal axis,
t is the thickness of the wall of a concrete-filled hollow section,
tf and b are the thickness and overall breadth of the flange of a steel I-section or a similar section,
and
fy is the yield strength of the steel in N/mm2 units.
3) If the values in 2) are exceeded, the effect of local buckling should be taken into account by an appropriate
experimentally confirmed method.
4.8.2.5 Cover and reinforcement
1) For fully-encased steel sections at least a minimum reinforced concrete cover shall be provided to ensure:
the safe transmission of bond forces
the protection of the steel against corrosion
that spalling will not occur
an adequate fire resistance, in accordance with EC4-1.2.
2) The concrete cover to a flange of a fully-encased steel section should be not less than 40 mm, nor less than
one-sixth of the breadth b of the flange. The cover to reinforcement should be in accordance with
clause 4.1.3.3 of EC2.
3) The longitudinal reinforcement in concrete-encased columns which is allowed for in the resistance of the
cross-section should be not less than 0.3 % of the cross-section of the concrete.
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0.6 N/mm2
0.4 N/mm2
0.2 N/mm2
zero.
3) Alternatively it may be shown by tests that full interaction can be relied upon until failure of the member.
4.8.2.8 Stud connectors attached to the web of a composite column
1) Where stud connectors are attached to the web of a concrete-encased steel I-section (Figure 4.11) or a
similar section, the lateral expansion of the concrete against which they bear is prevented by the adjacent
steel flanges. The resulting frictional forces provide resistance in longitudinal shear additional to that given
by 6.3.2.
2) This additional resistance may be assumed to be 4PRd/2 on each flange, for each row of studs, as shown
in Figure 4.11, where PRd is the design resistance of one stud, defined in 6.3.2, and 4 is the relevant
coefficient of friction given in 6.5.2.
3) In absence of better information from tests these values should only be allowed when the clear distance
between the flanges as shown in Figure 4.11 does not exceed
300 mm using one stud per row
400 mm using two studs per row
600 mm using three or more studs.
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,
is the design axial load, and
and Ncr
b) Otherwise,
*Ma = *Rd =
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
U 0.5
)10
4.90
3.22
1.88
0.88
0.22
0.00
)20
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
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Concrete-encased sections
0.8
0.5
Concrete-filled tubes
0.8/(1 $)
0.5/(1 $)
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where Npl.R is the value of Npl.Rd according to 4.8.3.3 when the *M factors *Ma, *c, and *s are taken as 1.0.
4.8.3.8 Resistance of members in axial compression
1) The member has sufficient resistance if for both axes
NSd k Npl.Rd
where
for columns with end moments, the relative slenderness do not exceed
where r is the ratio of the end moments according to Table 4.7. If there is any transverse
loading, r should be taken as 1.0.
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Table 4.7 Factors " for the determination of moments according to second order theory
line
moment distribution
comment
3) When checking second order effects, flexural stiffness should be calculated in accordance with 4.8.3.5.
4) For simplification, second order effects in an isolated non-sway column may be allowed for by increasing
the greatest first-order design bending moment MSd by a correction factor k given by
k = "/[1 (NSd/Ncr)] U 1.0
where Ncr is the critical load for the relevant axis according to 4.8.3.7 1) with the effective length = taken
as the column length, and
" is an equivalent moment factor given in Table 4.7.
In absence of more accurate calculation the value of " should not be taken less than 1.0 for combined action
of end moments and moments from lateral load.
4.8.3.11 Resistance of cross sections in combined compression and uniaxial bending
1) Points on the interaction curve of Figure 4.12, showing resistance in combined compression and uniaxial
bending, may be calculated assuming rectangular stress blocks as shown in Figure 4.13, and taking account
of the design shear force VSd according to 4.8.3.12.
2) Figure 4.13 shows stress distributions corresponding to the points A to D of the interaction curve
(Figure 4.12), for a typical concrete-encased I-section with bending about the strong axis of the steel section.
3) For concrete filled hollow sections the plastic resistances may be calculated with 0.85fck being
replaced by fck.
4) As a simplification, the curve maybe replaced by a polygonal diagram (dashed line in Figure 4.12). More
information for the calculations for points A to D is given in Annex C.
5) An additional point E should be determined approximately midway between point A and point C of
Figure 4.12 if the resistance of the column to axial compression (Npl.Rd) is greater than Npm.Rd, where Npm.Rd
is the plastic resistance of the concrete section alone. This is not necessary for I-profiles with bending about
the strong axis of the steel section.
4.8.3.12 Influence of shear forces
The design transverse shear force VSd may be assumed to act on the structural steel section alone, or may be
shared between the steel and the concrete. The influence on the bending resistance of the shear force assumed
to be resisted by the steel should be considered according to 4.4.3 1) and 2).
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Figure 4.13 Stress distributions corresponding to the interaction curve (Figure 4.12)
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where r is the ratio of the lesser to the greater end moment as shown in Figure 4.15. Otherwise, n should be
taken as zero.
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is the maximum design bending moment within the column length, calculated in
accordance with 4.8.3.10 including second order effects if necessary; and
is the bending moment calculated using the stress distribution shown in Figure 4.13 (B),
with *Ma in accordance with 4.8.3.11 3).
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Simple
Statically determinate
Types of connections
Continuous
Elastic
Rigid-plastic
Semi-continuous
Rigid-plastic
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6) Connections may be designed by distributing the internal forces and moments in the best rational way,
provided that the distribution is in accordance with clause 6.1.4 of EC3. In addition, the deformations
implied by the distribution shall be within the deformation capacity of the reinforcement and any concrete
assumed to resist compression.
7) Ease of fabrication and assembly shall be considered in the design of all joints and splices. Clause 6.3.3.5
of EC2 and clause 6.1.5 of EC3 are applicable.
4.10.2 Classification of connections
Section 6.4 of EC3 is applicable, with the reference to Table 5.2.1 and clause 5.2.2 of EC3 replaced by
reference to Table 4.8 and clause 4.9.2 of EC4.
4.10.3 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
4.10.3.1 General
Section 6.5 of EC3 is applicable, with the modifications given below.
4.10.3.2 Distribution of forces between fasteners
1) Due account shall be taken of the forces in the reinforcement and concrete components of the connection,
except as allowed in 4.9.2.1 5).
2) Figure 6.5.7 of EC3 is not applicable.
4.10.3.3 Pin connections
No provision is made for the use of pin connections to clause 6.5.13 of EC3 as part of a composite
connection.
4.10.4 Splices in composite members
Section 6.8 of EC3 is applicable provided that due account is taken of the forces in the reinforcement and
concrete when designing the splice between the structural steel components.
4.10.5 Beam-to-column connections
4.10.5.1 General
Section 6.9 of EC3 is applicable to composite connections, with the modifications given below.
4.10.5.2 Classification by rotational stiffness
1) Clause 6.9.6.2 of EC3 is applicable, except that semi-rigid connections and unbraced frames are outside
the scope of 4.10 of EC4.
2) For classification of a connection, the value taken for the flexural rigidity of the connected beam should
be consistent with that taken for a section adjacent to the connection in global analysis of the frame.
4.10.5.3 Classification by moment resistance
1) Clause 6.9.6.3 of EC3 is applicable.
2) If the connected beam is a composite member, the plastic moment resistance Mpl.Rd should be that of the
beams cross-section immediately adjacent to the connection, calculated in accordance with 4.4.1.2
or 4.4.1.3 of EC4.
4.10.5.4 Classification of moment-rotation characteristics
1) The classification boundary for braced frames given in Figure 6.9.8 of EC3 is applicable.
2) For composite beams, the plastic moment resistance and flexural rigidity are defined in 4.10.5.3
and 4.10.5.2 respectively.
4.10.5.5 Calculated properties
1) Clause 6.9.7 of EC3 is applicable provided that due account is taken of the forces in the reinforcement
and in concrete components of the connection.
2) The criteria for the tension zone shall include yielding of the reinforcement of the connection.
3) The buckling resistance of the column web can be improved by encasement in reinforced concrete.
Account may be taken of such improvement where it has been established by testing.
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5.1 General
1) This chapter covers the common serviceability limit states. These are:
deflection control, and
crack control.
Other limit states (such as vibration) may be of importance in particular structures but these are not
covered in this Part of Eurocode 4.
2) Calculation of stresses and deformations at the serviceability limit state shall take into account the
effects of:
shear lag;
increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete interaction, due to slip and/or uplift;
cracking and tension stiffening of concrete in hogging moment regions;
creep and shrinkage of concrete;
yielding of steel, if any, especially when unpropped construction is used;
yielding of reinforcement, if any, in hogging moment regions.
These effects shall be established by test or analysis, where practicable.
3) In the absence of a more rigorous analysis, the effects of creep may be taken into account by using modular
ratios, as given in 3.1.4.2, for the calculation of flexural stiffnesses.
5.2 Deformations
5.2.1 General
1) Deformations shall not adversely affect the use, efficiency, or appearance of the structure. Composite
members shall be so proportioned that deflections of beams and sidesway of unbraced frames are within
acceptable limits. Appropriate limits depend on the properties of any non-structural components, such as
partitions in buildings, and on the intended use and occupancy of the structure.
2) In buildings it will normally be satisfactory to consider the deflections under the rare combination of
loading.
3) For buildings the recommended limits for horizontal deflections at the tops of the columns are as given in
clause 4.2.2 4) of EC3.
4) For floor and roof construction in buildings, the deflection limits given in clause 4.2.2 of EC3 are
applicable. The sagging vertical deflection $max for unpropped beams should be determined for the underside
of the beam, only where the deflection can impair the appearance of the building. In all other cases the
reference level is the upperside of the composite beam.
5.2.2 Calculation of maximum deflections of beams
1) Deflections due to loading applied to the steel member alone shall be calculated in accordance with EC3.
2) Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member shall be calculated using elastic analysis
with corrections for the effects given in 5.1 2).
3) The influence of shear lag on deflections can usually be ignored. For members where breadth b of the
concrete flange exceeds one-eighth of the span, shear lag may be allowed for by using the effective area of
concrete flange given in 4.2.2.1 when calculating stiffness.
4) The effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored in spans or cantilevers where one or more of the
critical cross sections is in Class 3 or 4.
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5) The effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored in unpropped construction provided that:
a) the design of the shear connection is in accordance with Chapter 6;
b) either not less shear connectors are used than half the number for full shear connection, or the forces
on the shear connectors do not exceed 0.7 PRk, as defined in 3.5.2;
c) in case of a ribbed slab with ribs transverse to the beam, the height of the ribs does not exceed 80 mm.
6) If the conditions in 5) are not met, but N/Nf U 0.4, then in lieu of testing or accurate analysis, the
increased deflection arising from incomplete interaction may be determined from:
for propped construction:
where
$a
$c
N/Nf
7) The effect of cracking of concrete in hogging moment regions may be taken into account by adopting one
of the following methods of analysis:
a) The hogging bending moment at each internal support and the resulting top-fibre tensile stress in the
concrete, Bct, are first calculated using the flexural stiffnesses EaI1. For each support at which Bct
exceeds 0.15 fck, the stiffness should be reduced to the value EaI2 over 15 % of the length of the span on
each side of the support. A new distribution of bending moments is then determined by re-analysing the
beam. At every support where stiffnesses EaI2 are used for a particular loading, they should be used for
all other loadings.
Flexural stiffnesses EaI1 and EaI2 are defined in 4.2.3.
b) For beams with critical sections in Classes 1, 2 or 3 the following method may be used. At every
support where Bct exceeds 0.15 fck, the bending moment is multiplied by the reduction factor f1 given in
Figure 5.1, and corresponding increases are made to the bending moments in adjacent spans.
Curve A may be used when the loadings per unit length on all spans are equal and the lengths of all
spans do not differ by more than 25 %. Otherwise the approximate lower bound value f1 = 0.6 (line B)
should be used.
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8) In unpropped beams in buildings, account may be taken of the influence of local yielding of structural
steel over a support by multiplying the bending moment at the support, determined according to the methods
given in this clause, with an additional reduction factor as follows:
f2 = 0.5 if fy is reached before the concrete slab has hardened;
f2 = 0.7 if fy is caused by the loading after concrete has hardened.
9) In statically-determinate beams in buildings, the effect of curvature due to shrinkage of concrete should
be included when the ratio of span to overall depth of the beam exceeds 20 and the predicted free shrinkage
strain of the concrete exceeds 400 106.
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11) Application rules are given in clauses 5.3.2 and 5.3.4 for design crack widths wk of 0.3 mm, for general
use except where the exposure is class 5; and of 0.5 mm, which may be appropriate where the exposure is
Class 1. It is assumed that the reinforcing bars have high-bond action, in accordance with 3.2.2 1).
12) [Note. It may be found convenient to consider cracking of concrete in a composite beam in a building
as follows.
a) Determine those regions where concrete may be subjected to longitudinal tension due to loading and/or
to restraint of imposed deformation, and determine the area of reinforcement required for the ultimate
limit states.
b) Decide the exposure class, and the crack-width limit (if any). Use 5.3.1 5) if applicable.
c) In regions where only minimum reinforcement is required, and crack widths are influenced more by
imposed deformations than by loading, use 5.3.2. This gives the minimum area of tensile reinforcement
and the maximum diameter for the reinforcing bars.
d) In other regions, use 5.3.3 to determine internal forces and moments. Then use 5.3.4 if the
crack-width limit is 0.3 mm or 0.5 mm. Otherwise, use 5.3.5. Clause 5.3.4 gives the maximum spacing
for reinforcing bars. The required areas are known [paragraph a) above], so bar diameters can be
calculated.]
5.3.2 Minimum reinforcement
1) In determining the minimum area of reinforcement required to ensure that the reinforcement remains
elastic when cracking first occurs, account shall be taken of the different types of restraint distinguished
in clause 4.4.2.2 of EC2, and of the stress distribution in the concrete just before it cracks.
2) Where crack widths are to be controlled in a concrete flange of a composite beam, (and unless more
rigorous calculation shows a lesser area to be adequate), the cross-sectional area As of reinforcement within
the effective area of the concrete flange within the tensile zone, Act, should satisfy
As U kkcfcte Act/Bst
where:
fcte
is the effective tensile strength of the concrete at the time when cracks may first be expected to
occur. Values of fcte may be obtained by taking as the class the strength at the time cracking is
expected to occur, and using the value fctm given in Table 3.1. When the age of the concrete at
cracking cannot be established with confidence as being less than 28 days, it is suggested that a
minimum tensile strength of
Bst
k
kc
where hc
zo
(5.1)
N/mm2 be adopted;
is the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after cracking. It depends
on the chosen bar size, as given in Table 5.1, and should not exceed the characteristic yield
strength of the reinforcement;
is defined in clause 4.4.2.2 3) of EC2, and should be taken as 0.8;
is a coefficient that may conservatively be taken as 0.9. It takes account of self-equilibrating
stresses and the stress distribution in the slab prior to cracking, and is more accurately given by
is the thickness of the concrete flange, excluding any haunch or ribs, and
is the vertical distance between the centroids of the uncracked unreinforced concrete flange
and the uncracked unreinforced composite section, calculated using the modular ratio for
short term effects, Ea/Ecm.
At least half of the required minimum reinforcement should be placed between mid-depth of the slab and the
face subjected to the greater tensile strain.
3) Minimum longitudinal reinforcement for the concrete encasement of the web of a steel I-section should be
determined from eq.(5.1) with k = 0.8, kc = 0.4, and Bst = fsk.
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Table 5.1 Maximum steel stress for minimum reinforcement, high bond bars
Maximum bar size, mm
10
12
16
20
25
32
wk = 0.3 mm
450
400
360
320
280
240
200
160
wk = 0.5 mm
500
500
500
450
380
340
300
260
4) For restraint cracking, but not for load-induced cracking, the maximum bar diameter may be modified to
a value :s, where
:s = :s* (fcte/2.5)
where
:s*
fcte
is the bar diameter that relates to stress Bst, in accordance with Table 5.1;
is as defined in 5.3.2 2).
where:
is the stress in the reinforcement closest to the relevant concrete surface, calculated neglecting
concrete in tension and in accordance with 5.3.3 and 4.4.1.4 1), 2), and 4);
Act
is the effective area of the concrete flange within the tensile zone;
As
is the total area of all layers of longitudinal reinforcement within the effective area Act;
fctm
is the mean tensile strength of the concrete, from Table 3.1;
!
is given by ! = AI/(Aa Ia)
where A and I are area and second moment of area, respectively, of the composite section neglecting
concrete in tension and profiled sheeting, if any; and Aa and Ia are the corresponding properties
of the structural steel section.
Bse
3) In beams for buildings, Bse may be calculated neglecting the effects of shrinkage of concrete, except as
required by 4.5.3.3.
4) If the stress Bs is found to exceed the design yield strength for the reinforcement, fsk, the section should be
re-designed. This is not necessary if the maximum calculated stress in the structural steel exceeds its yield
strength fy, but Bs does not exceed fsk.
5) Where the steel stress Bs is within the range available in Table 5.2, the maximum spacing of the reinforcing
bars should be determined from that table.
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k 160
200
240
280
wk = 0.3 mm
250
200
160
110
(mm)
wk = 0.5 mm
250
250
250
250
320
360
400
140
80
6) Where Table 5.2 is not applicable, the maximum diameter of the reinforcing bars should be determined
from Table 5.1, for the relevant values of Bs and wk.
7) Control of cracking in the concrete encasement of the web of a steel I-section should be in accordance with
this cause 5.3.4, with Bs taken as 0.5 fsk.
5.3.5 Control of cracking by calculation of crack widths
1) The crack width to be compared with the design value wk shall be calculated in accordance with the
Principles of clause 4.4.2.4 of EC2.
2) Tensile stresses in reinforcement should be calculated taking account of tension stiffening in cracked
concrete. In the absence of a more accurate method, Bs may be calculated as given in 5.3.4.
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(6.1)
5 k L k 25
(6.2)
L U 25
(6.3)
For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area not exceeding 3 times the area of the upper flange:
L k 20
L U 20
where
L
Nf
N
(6.4)
3) The following shear connectors may be considered as having the same deformation capacity as headed
studs with the dimensions given in 2):
a) friction grip bolts designed in accordance with 6.5;
b) other connections having a characteristic slip capacity of not less than 6 mm at the characteristic
resistance, determined from push tests in accordance with 10.2.
4) Headed stud connectors may be considered as ductile over a wider range of spans than given in 2) above
where:
a) the studs have an overall length after welding not less than 76 mm, and a shank of diameter not less
than 19 mm and not exceeding 20 mm;
b) the steel section is a rolled I or H with equal flanges;
c) the concrete slab is composite with profiled steel sheeting that spans perpendicular to the beam and is
continuous across it;
d) there is one stud per rib of sheeting, placed centrally within the rib;
e) for the sheeting, bo/hp U 2 and hp k 60 mm, where the notation is as in 6.3.3.1;
f) the force Fc is calculated by the method of 6.2.1.2 3).
Where these conditions are satisfied, the ratio N/Nf should satisfy:
L k 10
10 k L k 25
L U 25
(6.5)
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(6.6)
where
or
whichever is the smaller, and
Aa
Ac
Ase
and these areas relate to the cross-section at the point of maximum sagging bending moment.
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2) For full shear connection, the total design longitudinal shear V= to be resisted by shear connectors spaced
in accordance with 6.1.3 between the point of maximum sagging bending moment and an intermediate
support or a restrained end support shall be
(6.7)
where
and these areas relate to the cross section at the support, and Fcf is as defined in 1) above, and is taken as
zero for a cantilever.
6.2.1.2 Partial shear connection with ductile connectors
1) If the connectors are ductile as defined in 6.1.2, it may be assumed that sufficient slip can occur at the
ultimate limit state for moments of resistance at critical sections to be calculated from plastic theory in
accordance with 4.4.1.3.
2) In the absence of a more rigorous calculation the longitudinal shear V= may be taken as:
V= = Fc
(6.8)
between the considered cross-section with a sagging bending moment and a simple end support; and
(6.9)
between the considered cross-section with a sagging bending moment and an intermediate support or a
restrained end support;
where Fc
is the compressive force in the concrete flange necessary to resist the design sagging bending
moment MSd, calculated from plastic theory in accordance with 4.4.1.3, and the other symbols
are as in 6.2.1.1.
The relation between Fc and MSd is qualitatively given by the curve ABC in Figure 6.1.
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3) For the method given in 2) a conservative value for Fc may alternatively be determined by the straight
line AC in Figure 6.1
(6.10)
where Mapl.Rd and Mpl.Rd are the design plastic resistances to sagging bending of the structural steel section
alone, and of the composite section with full shear connection, respectively.
6.2.1.3 Partial shear connection with non-ductile connectors
1) If the shear connectors are not ductile as defined in 6.1.2 the longitudinal shear shall be determined from
stress distributions at the critical cross-sections based on full continuity at the interface between steel and
concrete.
2) The total design longitudinal shear V= may be determined with the simplified method given in 6.2.1.2
except that Fc is determined from:
where
Me=.Rd
Ma.Sd
Fe=
(6.11)
(6.12)
is the moment that causes a tensile stress fy/*a in the extreme bottom fibre of the steel
section; where unpropped construction is used 4.4.1.4 4) is applicable,
is the sagging moment acting in the steel section due to actions on the structural
steelwork alone before the composite action becomes effective,
is the compressive force in the concrete slab at moment Me=:Rd.
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(6.13)
or
(6.14)
whichever is smaller,
where
d
fu
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Figure 6.3 Beam with profiled steel sheeting parallel to the beam
The design shear resistance should be taken as their resistance in a solid slab (see 6.3.2.1) multiplied by the
reduction factor k= given by the following expression:
k= = 0.6 (bo/hp) [(h/hp) 1] k 1.0
(6.15)
where h is the overall height of the stud, but not greater than hp + 75 mm.
6.3.3.2 Sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beams
1) Where studs of diameter not exceeding 20 mm are placed in ribs with a height hp not exceeding 85 mm
and a width bo not less than hp, the design shear resistance should be taken as their resistance in a solid slab
(calculated as given by 6.3.2.1, except that fu should not be taken as greater than 450 N/mm2) multiplied by
the reduction factor kt given by the following expression:
(6.16)
where Nr is the number of stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection, not to exceed 2 in computations,
and other symbols are as defined in 6.3.3.1.
For studs welded through the steel sheeting, kt should not be taken greater than 1.0 when Nr = 1 and not
greater than 0.8 when Nr U 2.
2) For the other cases not within the scope of 1), the design resistance should be determined from tests in
accordance with 10.2.
6.3.3.3 Biaxial loading of shear connectors
Where the shear connectors are provided to produce composite action both for the beam and for the
composite slab, the combination of forces acting on the stud should satisfy the following:
(6.17)
where
F=
is the design longitudinal force caused by composite action in the beam, and
Ft
is the design transverse force caused by composite action in the slab (Chapter 7).
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2) Bar, T, [ and horseshoe connectors may be designed as block connectors if the detailing provisions
in 6.4.4 are satisfied.
Af1
)
Af2
*c
(6.18)
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Figure 6.7 Example of combination of block connector with anchor and hoop
1) Block connectors may be assumed to share load with anchors or hoops, provided due account is taken of
the differences of stiffness of the block connector and the anchors or the hoop.
2) In the absence of more accurate calculations or tests, the design resistance of the combination should be
determined from one of the following expressions, whichever is applicable
PRd comb = PRd block + 0.5 PRd anchors
PRd comb = PRd block + 0.7 PRd hoop
(6.20)
(6.21)
3) The welds fastening the block connector with anchors or hoop to the steel beam should be designed
for 1.2 PRd for the block plus PRd for each anchor or the hoop.
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(6.22)
is in Newtons
is the length of the angle in mm,
is the width of the upstanding leg of the angle in mm,
is the characteristic strength of concrete in N/mm2.
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where the slab is not in contact over the full length (e.g. slab with ribs transverse to the beam)
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The clear distance from the edge of a compression flange to the nearest line of shear connectors should not
exceed
where t
fy
3) The maximum longitudinal centre-to-centre spacing of shear connectors should not exceed 6 times the
total slab thickness nor 800 mm.
4) Alternatively, connectors may be placed in groups, with the spacing of groups greater than that specified
for individual connectors, provided that consideration is given in design to the non-uniform flow of
longitudinal shear, to the greater possibility of slip and vertical separation between the slab and the steel
member, and to buckling of the steel flange.
6.4.1.6 Dimensions of the steel flange
1) The thickness of the steel plate or flange to which a connector is welded shall be sufficient to allow proper
welding and proper transfer of load from the connector to the plate without local failure or excessive
deformation. [For studs see 6.4.2 4).]
2) The distance between the edge of a connector and the edge of the flange of the beam to which it is welded
should be not less than 20 mm (Figure 6.9).
6.4.2 Stud connectors
1) The overall height of a stud should be not less than 3d, where d is the diameter of the shank.
2) A stud connector should have a head in accordance with 3.5.2 7) or be provided with ties to resist
separation forces in accordance with 6.1.1.
3) The spacing of studs in the direction of the shear force should be not less than 5d; the spacing in the
direction transverse to the shear force should be not less than 2.5d in solid slabs and 4d in other cases.
4) Except when the studs are located directly over the web, the diameter of a welded stud should not
exceed 2.5 times the thickness of that part to which it is welded, unless test information is provided to
establish the resistance of the stud as shear connector.
6.4.3 Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
6.4.3.1 General
1) Studs may be welded through the steel sheeting provided that it is shown by procedure trials that the
quality can be consistently achieved. Otherwise, holes for placing studs shall be made through the sheets
as necessary.
2) It is possible to weld through a profiled steel sheet overlapping an edge trim. The sheets should be in close
contact and the total thickness of the sheeting should not exceed 1.25 mm if galvanised or 1.5 mm if not
galvanised. The maximum thickness of galvanising should not exceed 30 microns on each sheet face.
(Note. Welding through two galvanised profiled steel sheets is not recommended.)
3) After installation, the connectors should extend not less than 2d above the top of the steel deck, where d is
the diameter of the shank.
4) The minimum width of the troughs that are to be filled with concrete should be not less than 50 mm.
6.4.3.2 Sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beam
1) The profiled steel sheeting should be anchored in each trough to each steel beam designed for composite
action. Such anchorage may be provided by stud connectors, a combination of stud connectors and arc spot
(puddle) welds, or other devices specified by the designer.
2) When the sheeting is such that studs cannot be placed centrally within a trough, they should be placed in
accordance with 9.4.3.1 4).
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(6.24)
where
Fpr.Cd
4
is the preloading force in the bolt, based on Fp.Cd given by clause 6.5.8.2 of EC3, reduced to
take account of the effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete;
is the coefficient of friction, which may be taken as 0.50 for steel flanges not less than 10 mm
thick and 0.55 for steel flanges not less than 15 mm thick, blasted with shot or grit, with loose
rust removed and no pitting;
2) The reduction in the preloading force in the bolt due to creep and shrinkage of the concrete should either
be determined by long-term tests, or should be assumed to be not less than 40 % of Fp.Cd. The loss of the
preloading force can be reduced by re-tightening after an interval of time.
3) For other friction surfaces, the value of 4 should be determined by suitable testing in accordance with the
appropriate standard in force.
6.5.2.2 Deign resistance of a bolt in shear and bearing
Where the shear resistance is assumed to be developed by the resistance of the bolts alone in shear and
bearing, the maximum design longitudinal shear per bolt should not exceed the design shear resistance of a
bolt, determined in accordance with clause 6.5.5 of EC3, nor the bearing resistance, which may be taken
equal to PRd determined with equation (6.14) in this code.
6.5.2.3 Combined resistance
Where the shear resistance is assumed to be developed by a combination of friction and shear, the combined
shear resistance should be established by suitable testing.
6.5.2.4 Effects of slip
The effects of slip may be neglected for verifications at the ultimate limit state in beams with cross-sections
in Class 1 and 2 and holes with a clearance not exceeding 3 mm.
6.5.3 Serviceability limit state
1) Slip shall be limited to a level such that the Principles of Chapter 5 are fulfilled.
2) The slip may be ignored, if the longitudinal design shear per bolt does not exceed the longitudinal shear
resistance per bolt PRd developed by friction alone, as given by equation (6.24) but with * = 1.0.
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(6.25)
or
(6.26)
whichever is smaller,
where
ERd
fck
fsk
) =
) =
Ac
Ae
pd
3) For a ribbed slab the area of concrete shear surface Ac should be determined taking into account of the
effect of the ribs. Where the ribs run transverse to the span of the beam, the concrete within the depth of the
ribs may be included in the value of Ac in equation (6.25); but for potential shear surfaces of type e-e in
Figure 6.12, it should not be included in Ac in equation (6.26).
4) Transverse reinforcement taken into account for resistance to longitudinal shear shall be anchored so as
to develop its yield strength in accordance with EC2.
5) Anchorage may be provided by means of U-bars looped around the shear connectors.
6.6.3 Contribution of profiled steel sheeting
1) Where the profiled steel sheets are continuous across the top flange of the steel beam, the contribution of
profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam should be taken as
(6.27)
where
86
pd is per unit length of the beam for each intersection of the shear surface by the sheeting,
Ap is the cross-sectional area of the profiled steel sheeting per unit length of the beam, and
fyp is its yield strength, given in 3.4.2.
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2) Where the profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam is discontinuous across the top flange
of the steel beam, and stud shear connectors are welded to the steel beam directly through the profiled steel
sheets, the contribution of the profiled steel sheeting should be taken as
where
Ppb.Rd
s
is the design bearing resistance of a headed stud welded through the sheet according
to 7.6.1.4, and
is the longitudinal spacing centre-to-centre of the studs.
Figure 6.13 Potential shear surfaces in a slab with profiled steel sheeting
6.6.4 Minimum transverse reinforcement
6.6.4.1 Solid slabs
The area of reinforcement in a solid slab should be not less than 0.002 times the concrete area being
reinforced and should be uniformly distributed.
6.6.4.2 Ribbed slabs
1) Where the ribs are parallel to the beam span, the area of transverse reinforcement should be not less
than 0.002 times the concrete cover slab area in the longitudinal direction and should be uniformly
distributed.
2) Where the ribs are transverse to the beam span the area of transverse reinforcement should be not less
than 0.002 times the concrete slab area in the longitudinal direction and should be uniformly distributed.
Profiled steel sheets continuous across the top flange of the steel beam may be assumed to contribute to this
requirement.
6.6.5 Longitudinal splitting
To prevent longitudinal splitting of the concrete flange caused by the shear connectors, the following
additional recommendations should be applied in all composite beams where the distance from the edge of
the concrete flange to the centreline of the nearest row of shear connectors is less than 300 mm:
a) Transverse reinforcement should be supplied by U-bars passing around the shear connectors. These
U-bars should be located below the top of the shear connectors.
b) Where headed studs are used as shear connectors, the distance from the edge of the concrete flange to
the centre of the nearest studs should not be less than 6d, where d is the nominal diameter of the stud,
and the U-bars should be not less than 0.5d in diameter.
c) The U-bars should be placed as low as possible while still providing sufficient bottom cover.
(Note: These conditions normally apply to edge beams but may also occur adjacent to large openings.)
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4) For overlapping and continuous sheets bearing on steel or concrete, the minimum bearing should
be 75 mm and for other materials 100 mm [see Figure 7.3(e) and Figure 7.3(f)].
5) The minimum bearings given above may be reduced, if speckled in the project specifications and provided
the design takes into account relevant factors such as tolerances, loading, span, height of support and
provision of continuity reinforcement. When reduced bearings are used, precautions should be taken that
fastening of the sheet can still be achieved without damage to the bearings, and that collapse cannot occur
as a result of accidental displacement during erection.
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2) The construction loads represent the weight of operatives and concreting plant and take into account any
impact or vibration which may occur during construction. In any area of 3 m by 3 m (or the span length, if
less), in addition to the weight of the concrete, the characteristic construction load and weight of surplus
concrete should together be taken as 1.5 kN/m2. Over the remaining area a characteristic loading
of 0.75 kN/m2 should be added to the weight of concrete. These loads should be placed to cause the maximum
bending moment and/or shear.
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3) If the effects of cracking of concrete are neglected in the analysis, the bending moments at internal
supports may optionally be reduced by up to 30 %, and corresponding increases made to the sagging bending
moments in the adjacent spans.
4) A continuous slab may be designed as a series of simply supported spans. Nominal reinforcement in
accordance with 7.6.2.1 should be provided over intermediate supports.
5) Plastic analysis without any direct check on rotation capacity may be used for the ultimate limit state if
reinforcing steel of class H in accordance with clause 3.2.2 of EC2 is used and the span is less than 3.0 m.
7.4.2.2 Effective width for concentrated point and line loads
1) Where concentrated point or line loads parallel to the span of the slab are to be supported by the slab, they
may be considered to be distributed over a width bm, measured immediately above the ribs of the sheeting,
as shown in Figure 7.5 and given by:
bm = bp + 2(hc + hf)
where:
bp
is the width of the concentrated load, perpendicular to the span of the slab;
hc
is the thickness of the slab above the ribs of the profiled sheeting and
hf
is the thickness of the finishes, if any.
(7.1)
(7.2)
(7.3)
(7.4)
is the distance from the centre of the load to the nearest support;
is the span length.
4) To ensure the distribution of line or point loads over the width considered to be effective, transverse
reinforcement shall be placed on or above the sheeting. This transverse reinforcement shall be designed in
accordance with Eurocode 2 for the transverse bending moments.
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5) If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the following values, a nominal transverse reinforcement
may be used without calculation:
concentrated load: 7.5 kN
distributed load: 5.0 kN/m2.
This nominal transverse reinforcement should have a cross-sectional area of not less than 0.2 % of the area
of structural concrete above the ribs, and should extend over a width of not less than bem as calculated in this
clause. Minimum anchorage lengths should be provided beyond this width in accordance with clause 5.2.3.4
of EC2. Reinforcement provided for other purposes may fulfil all or part of this rule.
6) In the absence of such reinforcement, effective widths for both shear and moment calculations are limited
to bm.
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(7.5a)
is Ap fyp/*ap;
is the effective area of the steel sheet in tension according to paragraph 2);
is the distance from the top of the slab to the centroid of the effective area of the steel sheet;
is the depth of the stress block for the concrete, given by
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5) The sagging bending resistance of a composite slab with the neutral axis in the sheeting may be calculated
from Figure 7.8 or for simplification as follows (concrete in the ribs neglected):
Mp.Rd = Ncf z + Mpr
(7.5b)
where:
Mpr
is the design plastic resistance moment of the effective cross-section of the sheeting;
is the total depth of the slab:
is the distance from the centroid of the effective area of the steel sheet to its underside;
is the distance of the plastic neutral axis of the effective area of the sheeting to its underside
p.n.a.
plastic neutral axis
c.a.
centroidal axis
Figure 7.8 Stress distribution for sagging bending if neutral axis is in the steel sheet
7.6.1.3 Longitudinal shear for slabs without end anchorage
1) The provisions in this clause 7.6.1.3 apply to composite slabs with mechanical or frictional interlock
[types a) and b) as defined in 7.1.2.2].
The design resistance of these slabs against longitudinal shear shall be determined by the empirical
method (m-k method) as outlined in this clause or by the partial connection method as given in Annex E
to this Eurocode.
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2) The maximum design vertical shear V for a width of slab b should not exceed the design shear resistance
V=.Rd determined from the following semi-empirical relation:
V=.Rd = bdp[(m Ap/bLs) + k)]/*s
(7.6)
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(7.7)
Ppb.Rd is the design bearing resistance of a headed stud welded through the sheet;
ddo
is the diameter of the weld collar which may be taken as 1.1 times the diameter of the
shank of the stud;
a
is the distance from the centre of the stud to the end of the sheeting, to be not less
than 2 ddo; and
t
is the thickness of the sheeting.
(7.8)
where: bo is the mean width of the concrete ribs (minimum width for re-entrant sheeting);
ERd
is the basic shear strength to be taken as 0.25 fctk/*c;
fctk
is fctk 0.05 as given in 3.1.2 2) and 3.1.2 3);
@ = Ap/bodp < 0.02;
Ap
is the effective area of the steel sheet in tension, according to 7.6.1.2 2), within the
considered width bo;
k = (1.6 dp) U 1 with dp expressed in m.
7.6.1.6 Punching shear
The punching shear resistance Vp.Rd of a composite slab at a concentrated load should be determined from:
Vp.Rd = CphcERdk(1.2 + 40@)
(7.9)
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6) For external spans, end slip can have a significant effect on deflection. For non-ductile behaviour, initial
end slip and failure may be coincident [Figure 7.12 a)], while for semi-ductile behaviour, end slip may also
affect the deflection [see Figure 7.12 b)]. Results of tests carried out on composite slabs and approved by the
relevant authority should be consulted to establish the serviceability behaviour for external spans.
7) Where test behaviour indicates initial slip at the desired service load level for the non-anchored slab, end
anchorage should be used in external spans.
8) If the influence of the shear connection between the sheeting and the concrete is not known from
experimental verification for a composite floor with end anchorage, the design should be simplified to an
arch with a tensile bar. From that scheme the lengthening and shortening gives the deflection that should
be taken into account.
9) Generally no account need be taken of end slip if the initial slip load in the tests (defined as the load
causing an end slip of 0.5 mm) exceeds 12 times the desired service load.
10) Where end slip exceeding 0.5 mm occurs at a load below 1.2 times the design service load, then end
anchors should be provided. Alternatively, deflections should be calculated including the effect of end slip
(which should be carried out by consulting approved test information), or the design service load should be
reduced so that initial end slip occurs at not less than 1.2 times the new service load.
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8.2 Actions
1) Attention shall be given to the local effects of heavy concentrated loads applied above or adjacent to joints
between precast elements.
2) The following loads shall be taken into account in calculations for precast elements as permanent
formwork:
weight of insitu concrete and precast elements;
construction loads, including local heaping of concrete during construction, and storage load, if any;
ponding effect (increased depth of insitu concrete due to deflection of the precast elements).
[ENV Note: Until sufficient information is given in Eurocode 1, the rules given in the following paragraph
are provided.]
3) Clauses 7.3.2.1 2) and 7.3.2.1 4) are applicable to precast elements acting as permanent formwork. The
minimum loads given in 7.3.2.1 2) are not necessarily sufficient for excessive impact or heaping of concrete,
or pipeline or pumping loads. If appropriate, provision should be made in design for the additional loading.
4) In the design of the composite member, reduced values for shrinkage and creep of the precast concrete may
be used, by considering its age when composite action is first established.
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9 Execution
9.1 General
1) This chapter specifies the minimum standards of workmanship required during execution to ensure that
the design assumptions of this Eurocode are satisfied and hence that the intended level of safety can be
attained.
2) This chapter gives specific recommendations related to the design of composite structures. In addition,
the relevant clauses of appropriate Parts of Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 3 are applicable to composite
structures.
3) This chapter is neither intended, nor extensive enough, for a contract document.
4) This chapter defines what is to be provided, irrespective of the persons, according to the national
practice, who will have the responsibility for providing it.
[ENV Note: It is assumed that all matters not related to design but to responsibility or other
requirements to the contractor will be found in Reference Standards or other Documents].
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2) These shall include instructions for control measurements in the different phases construction, if
appropriate.
3) The speed and sequence of concreting should be required to be such that partly matured concrete is not
damaged as a result of limited composite action occurring from deformation of the steel beams under
subsequent concreting operations.
9.3 Stability
1) The stability of the steelwork shall be ensured during construction, particularly before the development
of composite action.
2) It shall not be assumed that permanent or temporary formwork provides restraint to steel members
susceptible to buckling unless it has been demonstrated that the formwork and its fixings are capable of
transferring sufficient restraining forces from the supports to the steel member.
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cracking off of the concrete rib or tension shear failure, occurring after
very large deformations of the shear connector, due to plastic hinges.
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fu
fut
*
2) If the deviation from the mean exceeds 10 %, at least three more tests of the same kind should be made.
The test evaluation should then be carried out in accordance with Annex Z of EC3.
3) Where the connector is composed of two separate elements, one to resist longitudinal shear and the other
to resist forces tending to separate the slab from the steel beam, the ties which resist separation shall be
sufficiently stiff and strong so that separation in push tests, measured when the connectors are subjected
to 80 per cent of their ultimate load, is less than half of the longitudinal movement of the slab relative to the
beam.
4) The slip capacity of a specimen should be taken as the maximum slip measured at the characteristic load
level, as shown in Figure 10.4.
The characteristic slip capacity $uk should be taken as the minimum test value of $u reduced by
or
determined by statistical evaluation from all the test results. In the latter case, the characteristic slip
capacity should be taken as the 5 % fractile with a confidence level of 75 %.
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NOTE
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Annex A (normative)
Reference documents
A.1 Scope
1) This Annex gives a list of existing or anticipated documents which are recognized as usefully
supplementing Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4.
2) This list should not be considered to be exhaustive, because many such documents in turn refer to further
documents.
[Note: For use of this annex, reference should also be made to the Foreword and to 1.1.2 3).]
A.2 Standards on materials and products associated with Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4
The following standards, mentioned in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 2, Eurocode 3 or Eurocode 4 should be
considered, at least partially, as defining Application Rules complementary to this Eurocode.
A.2.1 Standards mentioned in EC2
DP 9690 (in preparation) classifying physical and chemical environments in relation with the
durability of concrete structures
ENV 206 (1989/02), Concrete Performance, Production, Placing and Compliance Criteria
EN 10080 (in preparation) on reinforcing steels.
A.2.2 Standards mentioned in EC3
Refer to Annex B of EC3: clauses B.2.1 to B.2.6.
A.2.3 Other standards mentioned in EC4
No other standard is mentioned in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4.
[ENV Note: It is considered that non-standardized types of shear connectors should be defined by technical
approvals issued by national or local relevant authorities or bodies, as far as they are not yet defined by
European technical approvals.]
A.3 Reference documents for execution
Partial guidance may be found in the documents mentioned in Annex B of EC3, clauses B.2.7 and B.2.8.
[ENV Note: It is considered that there should be European or International Standards for the aspects of
execution particular for composite structures, for example for welding of shear connectors.]
A.4 General standards
1) Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 generally is in accordance with the two following standards:
ISO 3898 (2nd edition 1987/12/15). Bases for design of structures Notations General symbols.
ISO 8930 (1st edition 1987/0/0). General principles on reliability of structures List of equivalent
terms.
2) When symbols or terms supplementing those used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 are necessary in designs, it is
recommended for the sake of easy understanding that they should be chosen to avoid any discrepancy with
these two standards. ISO 8930 should also be strictly followed for translating this Eurocode.
Annex B (normative)
Lateral-torsional buckling
This Annex is for use with clause 4.6.3.
B.1 Methods based on a continuous inverted-U frame model
B.1.1 Simplified method for calculation of slenderness ratio
1) For uncased beams that satisfy the conditions of B.1.2 1) and have a double symmetrical steel section, the
slenderness ratio LT for a Class 1 or Class 2 cross-section may conservatively be taken as
where fy is the yield strength of the structural steel, and the other symbols are defined in B.1.2 or
Figure B.1.
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2) For a cross-section in Class 3 or Class 4, the value given in 1) should be multiplied by (Mel/Mp=), in
accordance with 4.6.3 3).
where
L
is the length of the beam between points at which the bottom flange of the steel member is laterally
restrained,
C4
is a property of the distribution of bending moment within length L given in Table B.1 to
Table B.3. Where the bending moments at the supports are unequal, C4 relates to the support with
the larger hogging moment. The bending moment Mo in Table B.1 and Table B.3 is the mid-length
moment on a simply supported span of length L.
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5) The properties of the effective cross-section in the hogging moment region are as follows:
kc
is a factor given in clause B.1.3 or B.1.4;
Ea and G are respectively the modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus for steel, given in 3.3.3;
A
is the area of the equivalent composite section, as defined in 4.2.3 1), neglecting concrete in
tension;
Iy
is the second moment of area for major-axis bending of the composite section of area A;
Aa
is the area of the structural steel section;
Iay
and Iaz are second moments of area of the structural steel section about its centre of area, C;
ix2 = (Iay + Iaz)/Aa;
Iafz
is the second moment of area of the bottom flange about the minor axis of the steel member;
Iat
is the St. Venant torsion constant of the steel section;
ks
is a transverse stiffness per unit length of the beam, given by
k1
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is the flexural stiffness of the cracked concrete or composite slab in the direction transverse to the
steel beam, which may be taken as
k1 = 4EaI2/a
for a slab continuous across the steel beam and
k1 = 2EaI2/a
for a simply supported or cantilever slab;
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? = 0.50 ? = 0.75 ? = 1.00 ? = 1.25 ? = 1.50 ? = 1.75 ? = 2.00 ? = 2.25 ? = 2.50
41.5
30.2
24.5
21.1
19.0
17.5
16.5
15.7
15.2
33.9
22.7
17.3
14.1
13.0
12.0
11.4
10.9
10.6
28.2
18.0
13.7
11.7
10.6
10.0
9.5
9.1
8.9
21.9
13.9
11.0
9.6
8.8
8.3
8.0
7.8
7.6
28.4
21.8
18.6
16.7
15.6
14.8
14.2
13.8
13.5
12.7
9.8
8.6
8.0
7.7
7.4
7.2
7.1
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C4
? = 0.00
? = 0.25
? = 0.50
? = 0.75
? = 1.00
11.1
9.5
8.2
7.1
6.2
11.1
12.8
14.6
16.3
18.1
Table B.3 Values of factor C4 at end supports, for spans with a cantilever extension
Loading and support
conditions
EaI2
k2
Lc/L
C4
? = 0.00
? = 0.50
? = 0.75
? = 1.00
0.25
47.6
33.8
26.6
22.1
0.50
12.5
11.0
10.2
9.3
0.75
9.2
8.8
8.6
8.4
1.00
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.6
is the cracked flexural stiffness per unit width of the concrete or composite slab, as defined
in 4.2.3 2);
and I2 should be taken as the lower of:
the value at midspan, for sagging bending, and
the value at an internal support, for hogging bending;
is the flexural stiffness of the steel web, to be taken as
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6) Except where specific account is taken of the influence of inverted-U frame action on the resistance of the
shear connection, the longitudinal spacing of studs or rows of studs, s, should be such that
where
d
fu
where
zc
is the distance between the centre of area of the steel member and mid-depth of the slab,
where
zf = hsIafz/Iaz
is the distance from the centroid of the steel section (C in Figure B.1) to its shear centre, positive when
the shear centre and the compression flange are on the same side of the centroid;
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Annex C (normative)
Simplified calculation method for resistance of doubly symmetric composite
cross sections in combined compression and bending
C.1 Scope and assumptions
1) This method is applicable to design in accordance with 4.8 of columns with cross sections that are
symmetrical about both principal axes and consist of any arrangement of structural steel, concrete, and
reinforcing bars. Examples are shown in Figure 4.9.
2) The resistance of cross sections to any combination of axial force N and bending moment M about a
principal axis is represented by a curve. This Annex gives methods for the calculation of the compressive
resistances which define the five points A, B, C, D and E on the curve shown in Figure C.1. The interaction
curve may be replaced by the polygonal diagram AECDB through these points.
3) Plastic analysis is used, with rectangular stress blocks for structural steel, reinforcement, and concrete in
accordance with 4.8.3.3 and 4.8.3.11.
(C.1)
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(C.3)
(C.4)
where Rc is the compressive resistance of the whole area of concrete, which is easily calculated.
(C.5)
where
Wpa, Wps and Wpc are the plastic section moduli for the structural steel, the reinforcement, and the concrete
part of the section (for the calculation of Wpc the concrete is assumed to be uncracked), and
fyd, fsd and fcd are the design strengths for the structural steel, the reinforcement and the concrete:
fyd = fy/*Ma
fsd = fsk/*s
fcd = fck/*c for concrete filled sections and
fcd = 0.85 fck/*c for other sections.
3) The bending resistance at point B is
Mpl.Rd = Mmax.Rd Mn.Rd
(C.6)
with
Mn.Rd = Wpanfyd + Wpsnfsd + Wpcnfcd/2
(C.7)
where Wpan, Wpsn and Wpcn are the plastic section moduli for the structural steel, the reinforcement and the
concrete parts of the section within region (2) of Figure C.2.
4) Equations for the plastic section moduli of some cross sections are given in C.6.
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(C.8)
2) The value of the plastic section modulus of the total reinforcement is given by
(C.9)
where ei are the distances of the reinforcement bars of area Asi to the relevant middle line (y-axis or z-axis).
3) The equations for the position of the neutral axis hn are given for selected positions in the cross sections.
The resulting value hn should lie within the limits of the assumed region.
4) An additional point E may be found by placing the neutral axis at a significant line between line CC and
the border of the section [region (3) in Figure C.2] and determining the resulting normal force and bending
moment.
C.6.2 Major axis bending of encased I-sections
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2) For the different positions of the neutral axes, hn and Wpan are given by:
a) neutral axis in the web: hn k h/2 tf
(C.12)
Wpan = twhn2
(C.13)
where Asn is the sum of the area of reinforcing bars within the region of depth 2hn;
b) neutral axis in the flange: h/2 tf < hn < h/2
(C.14)
(C.15)
c) neutral axis outside the steel section: h/2 k hn k hc/2
Wpan = Wpa.
(C.16)
(C.17)
3) The plastic modulus of the concrete in the region of depth 2hn then results from
Wpcn = bchn2 Wpan Wpsn
(C.18)
with
(C.19)
where Asni are the areas of reinforcing bars within the region of depth 2hn and ezi are the distances from the
middle line.
C.6.3 Minor axis bending of encased I-sections
1) The notation is given in Figure C.3.
2) The plastic section modulus of the structural steel may be taken from tables or be calculated from:
(C.20)
and
(C.21)
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3) For the different positions of the neutral axes, hn and Wpan are given by:
a) neutral axis in the web: hn k tw/2
(C.22)
Wpan = hhn2
(C.23)
(C.25)
c) neutral axis outside the steel section: b/2 k hn k bc/2
(C.26)
Wpan = Wpa.
(C.27)
4) The plastic modulus of the concrete in the region of depth 2hn then results from
Wpcn = hchn2 Wpan Wpsn
(C.28)
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Figure C.5 Concrete filled circular and rectangular hollow sections with notation
1) The following equations are derived for rectangular hollow sections with bending about the y-axis of the
section (see Figure C.5). For bending about the z-axis the dimensions h and b are to be exchanged as well as
the subscripts z and y. The equations C.30 to C.35 may be used for circular hollow sections with good
approximation by substituting h = b = d and r = d/2 t.
(C.30)
with Wps according to equation (C.9).
2) Wpa may be taken from tables or be calculated from
(C.31)
(C.32)
Wpcn = (b 2t)hn2 Wpsn
Wpan = bhn2 Wpcn Wpsn
(C.33)
(C.34)
(C.35)
where AsE is the sum of the areas of reinforcement lying in the additionally compressed region between hE
and hn.
5) The plastic section moduli are calculated by using equations C.33 and C.34, substituting hn by hE.
Equation C.6 then leads to the moment ME.Rd.
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Annex D (normative)
Design of composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross sections
simplified method
D.1 General
For the design of composite columns with mono-symmetrical cross sections all rules of 4.8.3 should be
observed, except those referring only to doubly symmetrical sections and/or biaxial bending. The following
application rules should be observed additionally for the non-symmetrical plane of bending.
D.2 Scope
1) The elastic centre of area of the uncracked composite cross section should be determined using the elastic
stiffnesses with the secant modulus of elasticity for concrete according to 3.1.4.1.
2) The amount of non-symmetry, determined by the distance between the axis through the centre of area and
the middle line of the cross section (Figure D.1), should not exceed h/10, where h is the overall depth of the
section parallel to the axis of symmetry.
D.3 Design for axial compression
1) A normal force acting through the elastic centre of area is assumed to create only axial compression.
2) The slenderness according to 4.8.3.7 should be determined using elastic stiffnesses according to D.2 1).
3) For design according to 4.8.3, the relevant buckling curves in clause 5.5.1 of EC3 are:
curve b for concrete filled hollow sections,
curve c for concrete encased I-sections with bending about the strong axis of the section
curve d for all other sections.
D.4 Design for compression and uniaxial bending
1) The M-N interaction curve for the cross section should be calculated according to the plastic centroidal
axis. This axis is defined by the centre of the strength distributions under pure compression, i.e. it is the axis
about which the bending moment of the internal forces is zero when the section resists a compressive force
equal to Npl.Rd.
2) The distance from the plastic centroidal axis to the elastic centroidal axis (epl in Figure D.1) is given by
where
Ai
Ei
fi
zi
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Figure D.2 Example for the two interaction curves for a mono-symmetrical cross
section related to the same bending resistance Mp=.y+.Rd
D.5 Long-term behaviour of concrete
1) The influence of long-term loads should be taken into account if significant.
2) The influence may be allowed for by an additional eccentricity of the permanent normal force
ecs = ee= ee=,t
where
ee=
ee=,t
is the elastic centroidal axis for short term loading calculated using stiffnesses according to D.2
with Ec according to 3.1.4.1, and
is the elastic centroidal axis for long term loading calculated using stiffnesses according to D.2
with Ec = Ec according to 3.1.4.2.
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Annex E (normative)
Partial shear connection method for composite slabs
E.1 Scope
1) In this annex the partial shear connection method is given which is allowed in 7.6.1.3 1) as an alternative
to the m-k method.
2) The partial shear connection method should be used only for composite slabs with a ductile behaviour as
defined in 10.3.1.5 1).
3) The partial shear connection method may be used to account for contributions from end anchorage and
additional reinforcement, provided that it is proved by the additional tests specified in 10.3.1.2 8) and 9)
that the method is valid.
E.2 Determination of Eu.Rd
1) The horizontal shear strength at the steel-concrete interface shall be determined by means of tests in
accordance with 10.3.1.
2) The partial interaction diagram, as shown in Figure E.1, should be determined using the measured
dimensions and strengths of the concrete and the steel sheet. For the concrete strength the mean value fcm of
a group as specified in 10.3.1.3 9) may be used.
and other symbols are as defined in 7.6.1.2, except that in the equation for Mpr, Ncf is replaced by Nc.
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3) From the maximum applied loads, the bending moment M at the cross-section under the point load due
to the applied load, dead weight of the slab and spreader beams should be determined. The
path A F B F C in Figure E.1 then gives a value ) for each test, and a value Eu from:
For Lx U Lsf the shear connection is full, so the bending resistance (flexural failure) is critical.
For Lx < Lsf the shear connection is partial, so the longitudinal shear resistance is critical.
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Figure E.4 Design partial interaction diagram for a slab with end anchorage
E.5 Verification of composite slabs with additional reinforcement
1) If additional bottom reinforcement is taken into account the verification should essentially follow the same
procedure as given in E.3 but the design partial interaction diagram should be modified by
calculating MRd as follows (Figure E.5):
MRd = Np z1 + Mpr + Nas z2
where
Np = b Lx Eu.Rd
Nas = As fsk/*s
z2 = ds 0.5 x
As is the area of fully-anchored bottom reinforcement within width b, and other symbols are as in 7.6.1.2 5).
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2) The validity of the partial connection method for composite slabs with additional reinforcement should
be proved by three additional tests as specified in 10.3.1.2 9).
3) For each test the theoretical maximum moment should be calculated as given in 1) above, with the
following modifications:
use of measured dimensions and strengths;
Np = b (Ls + Lo) Eum
where Eum is the mean value of Eu determined by the tests with the same sheeting but without additional
reinforcement.
4) The partial connection method is deemed to be valid if no bending resistance obtained from the tests is
more than
lower than the theoretical value calculated according to 3) above.
Annex F (informative)
Checklists of the information required in test reports
F.1 Push tests
F.1.1 Scope
In this section the information is listed which normally should be included in reports of push tests in
accordance with Section 10.2.
F.1.2 Test specimens
1) Specimen description (nominal):
shape and dimensions of the shear connection;
dimensional tolerances agreed by the manufacturer;
guaranteed or specified ultimate strength of the connection material.
For specimens with ribbed slabs and profiled steel sheeting the following additional information is required:
shape and dimensions of the steel sheet;
dimensional tolerances agreed by the manufacturer;
guaranteed or specified ultimate strength of the sheeting material;
through deck welding or punching.
2) Specimen preparation:
surface condition of the steel flange;
position of concrete member during casting and curing;
curing time of specimen and of test cubes/cylinders.
curing procedure of specimen and of test cubes/cylinders.
For specimens with ribbed slabs and profiled steel sheeting the following additional information is required:
surface condition of the steel sheet.
3) Specimen properties (measured):
geometrical properties of the concrete slabs (height), width and length;
mean geometrical properties of five shear connectors taken from the lot to be used (height, shank
diameter and head diameter);
geometry of the weld collar if any;
position and dimensions of the reinforcement;
spacing and number of shear connectors;
details of the composition of the concrete mix (grading and type of aggregate, type of cement,
water/cement ratio);
mechanical properties of the concrete (cylinder or cube compressive strength);
mechanical properties of the shear connectors (yield strength, tensile strength and maximum
elongation at fracture);
mechanical properties of the reinforcement (yield strength and tensile strength).
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For specimens with ribbed slabs and profiled steel sheeting the following additional information is required:
geometrical properties of the steel sheet;
mechanical properties of the steel sheet.
F.1.3 Testing
1) Testing arrangement:
description of the testing assembly and position of load;
description of the concrete base conditions.
2) Test loading procedure:
frequency, number of cycles and value of the dynamic loading;
loading increment.
3) Description of instrumentation:
applied load;
slip measurement;
measurement of transverse separation between the steel member and the slabs.
F.1.4 Results
1) Load-slip curve with the characterization of:
ultimate load
ultimate deformation
load at first observable crack.
2) Transverse separation between the steel member and the slabs.
3) Additional information on test:
identification of the failure mode;
any significant event.
F.2 Testing of composite slabs
F.2.1 Scope
In this section the information is listed which normally should be included in reports of tests on composite
slabs in accordance with Section 10.3.
F.2.2 Test specimens
1) Specimen description (nominal):
shape and cross-section geometry of the steel sheet;
dimensional tolerances agreed by the manufacturer;
guaranteed yield point (or specified yield point of the steel sheet).
2) Specimen preparation:
surface condition of the steel deck (steel surface coating and condition),
propping during casting and curing;
curing time concrete curing procedure.
3) Specimen properties (measured):
cross-section geometry of the profiled steel sheet, including the spacing and dimensions of the shear
transfer devices (embossment or indentation);
position and dimensions of the mesh reinforcement;
geometrical dimensions of the composite slabs (height, width and length);
mechanical properties of the profiled steel sheet (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation);
details of the composition of the concrete mix (grading and type of aggregate, type of cement,
water/cement ratio);
mechanical properties of the concrete at the date of testing: cylinder or cube strength and tensile
strength.
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F.2.3 Testing
1) Testing arrangement:
description of the testing assembly;
position of loads;
width of the load application;
shear span;
span length;
crack inducers;
overhang.
2) Test loading procedure:
spreader beams weight;
steel deck dead load;
concrete dead load;
loading increment;
type of loading;
rate of loading;
cyclic loading variation;
number of cycles.
3) Description of instrumentation:
deflection at midspan;
applied load (including self weight, spreader beams, jacks, etc. if of influence to the composite action);
end slip (at both ends of specimen).
F.2.4 Results
1) Load-deflection curve with the characterization of:
end slip at each load increment;
load at first observable crack, and at midspan deflection of L/50;
ultimate load (maximum load);
deflection at first slip;
deflection under maximum load;
maximum deflection (deflection at the end of the test).
2) Additional information on test:
any significant event;
identification of the mode of failure;
location of failure crack.
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DD ENV
1994-1-1:1994
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