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Introduction:

A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy)


between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid
particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. In heat
exchangers, there are usually no external heat and work interactions. Typical applications
involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of concern and evaporation or condensation
of single- or multicomponent fluid streams. 1 The simple principle of heat exchanger is
reject heat from hot fluid to get it to cold fluid. The direction of fluid motion inside the
heat exchanger can normally categorised as parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow.
In this experiment, we study only the parallel flow and counter flow in three types
of it. For parallel flow, also known as co-current flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in
the same direction. Both the fluids enter and exit the heat exchanger on the same ends.
For counter flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the opposite direction. Both the
fluids enter and exit the heat exchanger on the opposite ends. In this experiment, we
focused on the shell and tube heat exchanger.
The heat exchanger has many types, in this report will discussed three types:
1- Tubular heat exchanger: This is the simplest one of heat exchanger, that consist
of two co-axial tube the inner tube is made typically from steel or other ferrous
material and outer-called chill -tube made from typically plastic.

Figure 1: The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)


2- Plate heat exchanger: this type consists of thin corrugated plates (some 0.5 mm
thick, bended 1 or 2 mm) are stacked in contact with each other, and the two
fluids made to flow separately along adjacent channels in the corrugation.
The size and amount of plates determines the performance
of this heat exchanger. More plates give more heat transfer area,
but increased flow resistance. The plates of commercial plate
heat exchangers have chevron shapes pressed into their
surface, to increase their surface area and disturb the flow for
better heat transfer.
1

Figure 2:The Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)

Figure 3:The Plate Heat Exchanger

Hot in

Hot out

Cold out

Hot in

Coldin

Hot out

Cold in

Cold Water

Cold out

Cold Water

Hot Water

Hot Water

Cold Water

Cold Water

Hot Water

Hot Water

Cold Water

Cold Water

Parallel Flow

Counter

Flow
Figure 3 How the Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b) Works

Figure 4: The Plate Heat Exchanger


2

3- Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger:


Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers are one of the most popular types
of exchanger due to the flexibility the designer has to allow for a
wide range of pressures and temperatures. There are two main
categories of Shell and Tube exchanger:
1.

those that are used in the petrochemical industry which tend to


be

covered

by

standards

from

TEMA,

Tubular

Exchanger

Manufacturers Association.

2.

those that are used in the power industry such as feed water
heaters and power plant condensers.

A shell and tube exchanger consists of a number of tubes mounted inside a


cylindrical shell. Figure 1 illustrates a typical unit that may be found in a
petrochemical plant. Two fluids can exchange heat, one fluid flows over the
outside of the tubes while the second fluid flows through the tubes. The fluids can
be single or two phase and can flow in a parallel or a cross/counter flow
arrangement.

Figure 5: Shell and tube exchanger.

Coldin

Cold out

Baffles
Parallel Flow
Hot in

Hot out

Shell

Tubes( bundle)

Cold out

Coldin

CounterFlow
Hot in

Hot out

Figure 6 How the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c) Works

Procedure:
1. PROCEDURE:
a. PARALLEL FLOW

1.

Connect and set up your heat exchanger as shown in


To Fit a Heat Exchanger on page 27. Connect for
parallel flow and a heater tank temperature of 60 C.

Heat Exchanger Connection

Service Module
Connections

TH1 Hot In

TH1 and Hot Supply

TH2 Hot Out

TH2 and Hot Return

TH3 (only on the TD360a)

TH3

TC1 Cold In (swap with TC2 for


counter flow)

TC1 and Cold Supply

TC2 Cold Out (swap with TC1


for counter flow)

TC2 and Cold Return

TC3 (only on the TD360a)


TC3
Table 1: Heat Exchanger Connections
2.

Create a blank results table , and fill it.

3.

Use an accurate thermometer to check the local


ambient air temperature for reference.

4.

For the first test, use the hand operated flow control
valves to set the hot and cold flow rates as shown for
Test 1 in Table 3. Allow at least five minutes for the heat
exchanger temperatures to stabilize.

5.

Record the hot and cold circuit temperatures.

6.

Repeat the procedure for flow rates as shown in the


table for tests 2, 3 and 4.

b. COUNTER FLOW
Reconnect the heat exchanger for counter flow and repeat procedure
1.

Results :

Counter Consentric HE

Counter Consentric H
Counter Consentric C

Parallel Consentric HE

Position cm

Parallel Consentric H
Parallel Consentric C

70

60

Tc

50

70

40

60
50

20

T c 40

Position cm

30

10

20

10
0

0
0

2
1

Parallel Shell and Tube HE


9

PositionPlateHE
cm
Counter

70
60
50

Tc

40
30
20

Counter Parallel
Shell
andPlateHE
Tube HE
Position
cm

10
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

70
60
50
70

70

40

T c 60

60

30
50

Tc

50

20
40
10 T c
30
0
20

40

Position cm
Position cm

30

0 20

10

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

10

0
0

0
0

0.5

0.5

1.5

1.5

2.5

Figure 7: Simple Temperature Charts.

10

2.5

3.5

3.5

Discussion:
From the result , its clear that the efficiency of shell and tube heat
exchanger is the highest , then the plate heat exchanger , and the
lowest is coaxial heat exchanger , that because the design of shell and
tube is very good and the surface of contact between cold and hot
water is very large and the cold water can reach to all places in heat
exchanger and absorb heat from hot water , and for plate heat
exchanger the contact surface is good and the plate contain from 20
plate or more but the efficient of contact area not as shell and tube ,
for the shell and tube the measurement data has error m because the
flow meter get fault , for the coaxial , it has the lowest surface
contact , it considered as the simplest form
In practical life, the trend generally for plate because the efficiency is
acceptable compared with initial cost and maintenance time and cost.
The counter flow in heat exchanger more efficient than the parallel m
that because the simplest reason , the temperature differences in
counter flow is higher than in parallel flow.
More than , the time required for counter flow is lower than the parallel
, and the thermal stress is minimize at counter .
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The area of tube not measured, therefor accounting this cant exit , the
mass flow rate founded by dividing the volume flow rate of cold water
by specific volume for 20 C .

References:
[1]http://www.sparkleandboom.com/process-solutions/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/PS_Newsletter_Plate_Frame_vs_Shell_Tube.pd
f
[2]
http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/comparisonbetween-four-types-of-heat-exchangers/
[3]http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_exchanger/Camparison_heat_e
xchanger_types.htm
[4]
http://webserver.dmt.upm.es/~isidoro/bk3/c12/Heat
%20exchangers.pdf

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