SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

INVASION IN SPACE AND TIME

M. Peeters, Colorado School of Mines Golden Colorado
D. Allen, Schlumberger Doll Research, Ridgefield Connecticut,
R. Gomes, Colorado School of Mines, Golden Colorado / Petrobras Brazil
J. I. Kristiansen, Norsk Hydro, Bergen Norway

Abstract

Introduction

All wireline and logging while drilling tools are to

some extend adversely affected by the borehole
fluids and invasion. The severity of these effects
depends on the depth of investigation of the tools,
and at the moment in time that the measurements are
made. Logging while drilling tools often measure
while the invasion process is still in progress, and
wireline logging tools after a steady state is reached.
Environmental corrections charts and algorithms for
individual tool have been available for a long time,
but corrections are usually still based on simplistic
invasion profiles, and seldom take the time factor into
account. The sophistication of modern tools is
apparently not matched by improvements in invasion
correction programs.

An IT manager once said: Computing would be a lot

easier without clients. In the same vein logging
tools would give superb data without boreholes.
Unfortunately this option will for the time being
remain a thought experiment. It is well known that
not only the borehole itself has an adverse effect on
the measurements, but that in permeable intervals,
where we need the highest accuracy, ironically the
largest disturbances occur. Almost every physical
property of the mud affects the borehole
measurements. The correction chart of the neutron

tool (CNL Figure1) demonstrates this statement.

This paper reviews the invasion process and

discusses the effects of various mud types on most
common logging tools. Logging suites are
recommended for certain mud types that allow the log
analyst to alleviate invasion and borehole effects.
Several field cases are used to illustrate the invasion
process. A MWD log with 7 repeat runs was
analyzed with forward models, in which the user can
specify the invasion parameters interactively. The
results prove that the piston invasion model is
usually adequate for deep resistivity calculations, but
a more detailed invasion profile is required for
porosity log corrections.
It is concluded that borehole and invasion effects
can probably never be completely eliminated, but by
combining the responses of various tools and
forward modeling, the most likely solution can be
found, and erroneous interpretations avoided.

The CNL nomo-graph shows the effects of

respectively borehole size; mud-cake thickness;
borehole salinity; mud density; mud pressure; mud
type (water or oil base mud); borehole temperature;
lithology; and formation water salinity. The graph
clearly shows that some of the effects such as the
combination of pressure and oil-base mud can lead to
very large corrections of 5 to 10 porosity units. This
already daunting list of correction parameters is often
compounded in horizontal holes by the presence of
debris on the low side of the hole, and anisotropy of
the formation (Bedford et al, 1997). Most important of
all, as will be discussed in some detail, is however the
shape and fluid composition of the invasion area.
In wireline log interpretation this invasion profile is
usually considered to be stable and to consist of a
stepwise change from a zone with mud-filtration to a
zone with virgin saturation conditions. Laboratory
results and comparison of measurements made while
drilling (MWD) with measurements made after drilling
(MAD), demonstrated clearly that after the initial spurt
loss a steady invasion continues until casing has been

Page 1 of 9

Mark of Schlumberger

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

set (Fordham et al. 1988), (Woodhouse et al, 1991).

This time dependency is illustrated in Figure 2 by the
reduction of resistivity measured with a CDR tool
over 8 consecutive runs and 1120 hrs, due to the
progressive invasion of salt saturated mud (Gomes,
1998).
The piston like displacement of formation fluids by
mud-filtrate is a much too simple concept to describe
the invasion process, and this is further complicated
by the development of saturation and salinity fronts,
which were observed in hydrocarbon bearing
intervals. Invading mud filtrate displaces formation
water in front of it, which in turn displaces movable
hydrocarbons. Two fluid banks are thus created: one
with water with mud filtrate salinity and the second
bank with formation water salinity. The latter is
conceptually shown in Figure 3 (Allen et al, 1991).
When oil base muds are used the filtrate can have an
effect on the wettability of the rock, which in turn can
lead to reduction of the water saturation below the
irreducible level, and to dehydration of shales.
Considering the foregoing we conclude that we are
faced by disturbances that not only affect our
measurements in space but also in time, and the
invasion often changes the very rock properties that
we want to measure.
After this general discussion on the effect of
borehole and invasion, all commonly used wireline
and MWD tools are discussed, with the emphasis on
their vulnerability for certain borehole fluids and mud
filtrate properties.
Borehole and mud filtrate effects
There are literally hundreds of mud additives that can
be used to mix thousands of different muds. A
representative selection was recently listed in a World
Oil (1997) article. More details are found in the Baker
Hughes Fluid facts handbook (1998), and an article on
formate muds (Vollmer et al, 1996). We restrict
ourselves here to the main mud types: baryte / formate
/ high salinity / oil base / silicate muds, and we will
only highlight the major problems.
In general, logs run in holes drilled with an engineered
mud system will yield better results than logs run in
holes drilled with a simple mud system in which low
cost is the primary objective. Wells in which the

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objectives of an engineered mud system are

accomplished will generally yield high quality logs.
Such objectives include a smooth gauge hole, a thin
tight mud cake, low fluid loss, and a good match
between mud particle size and pore throat size to
minimize whole mud invasion through spurt loss. Mud
systems that do not achieve one or more of these
objectives yield logs which are of poor quality or
cannot be interpreted. Problems which are particularly
challenging for logging include rough washed out
holes, thick mud cakes, excessively high fluid loss, and
penetration by mud solids beyond the first grain
diameter or two of the wellbore wall.
The primary ways, in which these problems affect logs
are summarized in the following table.
Simple mud effects
Rough, Washed
out holes
Enlarged holes

Thick mud cake

High fluid loss

Impact on logs
Poor contact by pad tools
on the wellbore wall.
Calipers & bow springs
unable to push pads against
borehole wall.
Excessive borehole signals
Excessive mud cake signal on
pad tools, especially density.
Deep invasion by mud filtrate
reducing quality of resistivity

Resistivity type tools

Dual laterologs can obviously not be applied in nonconductive borehole fluids like oil base muds, air and
foam, when induction tools come into their own. The
latter tools, when run in very conductive mud, are
unreliable due to the well-known borehole effect. Deep
invasion of moderately conductive mud, in a
hydrocarbon zone with highly conductive formation
water, can also give problems due to the formation of
an annulus of banked up formation water (Bittar et al,
1994). The tornado chart technique can then give
errors up to 50% for wireline logs, and for MWD tools
with a smaller depth of investigation, the errors can
even be higher.
Micro-resistivity tools require conductive muds, but
are adversely affected by a thick highly conductive
mud cake, which blurs the formation micro-images.
Resistivity imaging is virtually impossible in oil base
muds. Dipmeter tools with small induction sensors
have not been able to fully fill the void. However dips

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

derived from acoustic imagers have been successful

in certain cases (Chemali et al, 1989). Dielectric tools
are almost insensitive to filtrate salinity at high
frequencies (>200 MHz), but high attenuation in salt
saturated muds can render the measurements
useless. Moreover the very shallow depth of
investigation (~2") makes this tool very sensitive to
thick mud cakes.
Mud cake properties can also have a major impact on
the density, epithermal neutron, and micro resistivity
measurements. Both the mud cake and the formation
affect these tools. Corrections are required, which
normally are performed automatically as part of the
logging software. The in situ mud cake thickness is
often calculated as a by-product of the correction,
and can then be used to improve other log readings
(Scott, 1994). The maximum mud cake thickness at
which the corrections are valid depends on details of
the tool and the algorithm employed. Good results
are routinely available up to a thickness of .
Density tools
The most obvious effect of mud filtrates with a very
high density (formate muds) is the reduction of the
dynamic range of the porosity calculation and the
drowning of the photo-electric effect by cesium.
Correction algorithms are available for logs recorded
in foam or air, but the uncertainty of the pore fill
mixture in the first few inches restricts their
application.
MWD density tools give often more reliable density
measurements, if wash-outs and shale de-hydration
occur after the bit has passed (Spross et al, 1994).
This is despite the higher chance that the MWD
detectors loose contact with the formation in a
rotating string. Selective counting of scattered
gamma's when the tool is in contact with the
formation is used to reduce this problem.
Neutron tools
High density muds usually have a much lower
hydrogen index (HI) than light muds, but
compensations can be made on a routine basis. The
formate muds can have very low HI values and
require non-standard corrections.

Page 3 of 9

The well-known high thermal neutron capture crosssection of chlorine necessitates an accurate
assessment of the mud filtrate salinity. For oilbase
muds porosity corrections are strongly dependent on
pressure and can be as high as 5 porosity units. Gas
filled holes cannot be logged with thermal neutron
tools, but epithermal tools usually give good results
after borehole fluidcompensation. The epithermal
capture cross-section measured with the APS tool is
relatively insensitive for salinity and can be used to
estimate the residual gas-saturation in the invaded
zone (Scott et al, 1994), when oil base mud prohibits
the use of micro-resistivity logs.
Pulsed neutron tools require large corrections for low
salinity muds, but can give reliable results in gas filled
holes up to capture cross sections of 40 c.u. Carbon
oxygen (C/O) tools do not suffer from these salinity
restrictions, but are sensitive to the carbon and
oxygen content of the borehole fluid. The standard
C/O ration vs. porosity plots give the impression that
the dynamic range is larger for holes filled with oil
instead of water. This is caused by the lack of oxygen
rather than a higher sensitivity to formation oil
(Jacobson et al, 1993). One of the few disadvantages
of silicate muds is that corrections for the Ca/Si ratio
can be required.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Unless the hole is severely washed out NMR tools are
virtually insensitive to most borehole fluids. However
when the mud is very conductive the depth of
investigation of mandrel style NMR tools is reduced, in
some cases dropping below the borehole diameter. In
addition under these circumstances long polarization
times may be required, and logs can underestimate
porosities if logging speeds are too high. Oil base mud
can change wettability of the formation, which reduces
the "irreducible" water saturation, and thus invalidates
the relation between the relaxation time spectrum and
permeability. It also can affect the remaining oil
saturation evaluation (Flaum et al, 1998). NMRs like all
tools based on induction principles work well in gas
filled holes. It is noteworthy that even traces of
magnetic materials in the mud filtrate will produce much
shorter relaxation times and lead to an underestimation
of porosity, and erroneous permeability predictions.

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

Acoustic tools
The path of the acoustic wave from source to
receiver depends strongly on the mechanical
properties of the first few inches around the
borehole. The drilling and invasion process might
have weakened this zone which leads to the familiar
increase in travel time. When long spaced sonic tools
or the modern multi-spacing tools are used these
effects can usually be recognized and compensated
for. High density muds can decrease the dynamic
range due to the reduction of the compressional
velocity.
Oil base muds sometimes dehydrate shale layers,
which can increase the velocity and give erroneous
velocities and impedances (Boonen, et al, 1998). This
hampers comparisons with seismic velocities.
Acoustic measurements are as a rule not possible in
gas filled holes. Acoustic borehole imaging tools are
less reliable in heavy muds (>14 lb/gl), and lower
operating frequencies and focussing techniques
have not fully resolved this problem.
Gamma-Ray tools
Correction algorithms for high mud densities and the
presence of potassium are available. The K40
radiation of KCl muds can drown the radiation from
the formation and limit mineral identification by
means of the potassium over thorium ratio.
Field examples
Norway
In figure 4 the original and a repeat run of a MWD
resistivity log are depicted for a well drilled with oil
base mud. The runs were taken several days apart.
The deep resistivity measurements (heavy) overlay
and seem to be hardly affected by invasion. However
the shallow resistivity measurements (dashed) are
affected, and the comparison clearly shows that oil
based mud invasion in the water zone increased the
shallow resistivity curves in time.
In the hydrocarbon bearing zone the lack of
resistivity contrast between the filtrate and the
indigenous oil masks this invasion. This example
warns us that calibrating wireline resistivity logs in

Page 4 of 9

an apparent 100% water zone when oil base mud is

used can be dangerous.
Brazil
In a horizontal well a total of 8 CDR runs were made,
of which the first one was immediately after the bit
penetrated the formation, and the last one 1120 hrs
later. Three of these runs are depicted in Figure 2, and
demonstrate that salt saturated mud filtrate invasion
continued over the entire period. The many repeat runs
made this an ideal case for testing experimental
"invasion" correction software. We used a proto-type
invasion program which allows the user to choose an
invasion profile (step / ramp / annulus), the diameters of
the flushed zone (d 1), the transition or annulus zone
(d 2), the resistivity of the flushed (Rxo), annulus (Rann)
and the uninvaded (Rt) zone. These parameters are
used to calculate both the phase (shallow Rps) and
attenuation (deep Rad) resistivities, with a 2-D
axisymetric forward modeling code (Allen et al., 1993).
The user can interactively change the parameters to
improve the match between the measured and modeled
logs.
Figure 5 shows the results of the modeling exercise. In
track one of Figure 5a the diameter of invasion is small
because the logs were recorded while drilling. This
situation changes abruptly at x807 m, the depth to
which the CDR tool was logged while drilling. At this
point the drill string was pulled for a coring operation
and resistivities below that depth were measured 425
hrs later when invasion had progressed to some 30".
The Rxo and Rt values displayed in track two were taken
respectively from the micro-cylindrical resistivity and
the deep attenuation resistivity log readings. Note the
drop in the measured attenuation resistivity coincident
with the top of the cored interval. It was not possible
to generate a satisfactory fit between the modeled
(light) and measured (heavy) MWD resistivities by
varying only the diameter of invasion. The best fit, as
shown in track 3 of Figure 5a, does not reproduce the
full separation between Rps and Rad.. This implies that
invasion was affecting the log, that the Rt used is too
low, and that the measured attenuation resistivity was
affected by invasion.
In Figure 5b, Rt in the cored interval is increased by
25% to over 9 Ohmm. A two front invasion model
(figure 3) is used. By varying diameters d 1 and d 2 a very
good agreement was reached. This illustrates the need

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

to correct LWD resistivity logs for invasion if they are

not run while drilling. In addition the invasion profile
may now be used to correct the density and neutron
logs for hydrocarbon and salinity effects. This is
expected to be much more accurate than using the
notional depth of investigation methods applied to
date. In Figure 5c we attempted to reconstruct the
resistivity logs 1120 hrs after the well was drilled with
only one invasion diameter. The mismatch of the logs,
shown in track 3, demonstrates that the simple step
profile does not adequately describe the invasion
process.
In Figure 5d a formation water bank with resistivity
Rann and bounded by diameters d 1 and d 2 is
introduced. This improves the match between the real
and reconstructed logs, as depicted in track 3.

et al, 1990). The use of a dielectric tool was already

advocated by Boyeldieu et al (1984) in the eighties. We
can however now profit more effectively from this
information because for most porosity tools forward
models are available. The interactive program that was
discussed above can provide a more accurate invasion
profile and fluid distributions, which in turn can be
used in forward modeling of common porosity tools
that all measure in the first 10 of the invaded zone. To
date most forward modeling programs of porosity tools
assume a simplistic stepwise invasion profile, and do
not distinguish between a saturation and a salinity
front.
The development of a program that simultaneously
inverts resistivity and porosity logs, by minimizing
the differences between real tool readings and the
reconstructed logs, is recommended.

Discussion
Conclusions
In the section on borehole and mud-filtrate effects the
conditions were identified under which tool readings
are less reliable. If these conditions are recognized it
is often possible to compensate the readings using
existing environmental correction algorithms.
However there are important exceptions. Combining
the density and neutron tool readings can usually
compensate for the invasion effect in a gas zone, but
in shaly gas bearing zones the situation is more
complicated due to the opposite directions of shale
and gas effects. Freedman (1998) introduced an
evaluation method that uses the nuclear magnetic
resonance porosity and the density porosity to
eliminate the masking of the gas by bound water.

1.

2.

3.

EPT 2, LDT 4, APS 6, CNL 8, DSI 6-10 ).

4.
For oil base muds it is difficult to determine the
resistivity of the first few inches even when the most
advanced induction logs (HDIL*), AIT#) with a
minimum coil spacing of 10 are available (La Vigne,
1997). It is recommended to run a dielectric tool
[D200*), or EPT#)], because their very shallow depth
of investigation (2-4) ensures that they can measure
the water saturation Sxo of the flushed zone. Sxo can be
important for the correction of the induction log
readings if deep oil base mud invasion occurs. This is
fortunately not often the case. Sxo can however be
vital for porosity log corrections e.g. to unmask false
gas indications (Chardac 1985, Peeters 1986, Solomon

5.

6.

7.

8.

mark from Baker Atlas

#)
mark from Schlumberger
*)

Page 5 of 9

Invasion occurs in space and time, and

invasion fronts of saturation and salinity can be
different. This hampers the combination of wireline logs, and wireline with MWD logs.
Simple Piston invasion models are not adequate
for log evaluation in hydrocarbon zones. Both
deep resistivity logs and porosity tools require
compensation based on a more realistic 2 front
model of invasion.
Modern muds may reduce invasion to a few
inches, but this is just where the investigation
depths of porosity tools differ most (CMR 1.5,
Forward models that calculate invasion effects are
currently not readily available for these shallowreading tools.
It is recommended to run dielectric tools in oilbase muds, and nuclear magnetic resonance tools
in shaly gas sands. The combination of these tool
readings with the density and neutron logs greatly
enhances the porosity and pore fill evaluation.
Forward modeling of tool responses, followed by
simultaneous inversion of porosity and shallow
resistivity logs, is recommended to improve the
accuracy of porosity determination.
It is also recommended to use resistivity tool
modeling for situations where an annulus (space)
or continued invasion (time) is suspected.
Rugosity and wash-out effects can either be
compensated for by environmental corrections, or

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

are so severe that log(s) are useless. Modeling is

not expected to alleviate this situation.
Acknowledgements
This paper is a condensed version of the borehole
and mud effects study on wireline and MWD log
responses which is part of the larger Norwegian FIND
(Forum for Exploration Technology Co-operation)
project "The effects of mud components on the
quality of geological data". This project, administered
by Mr. G. van Graas, is supported by Amoco Norway,
BP Norge, Elf Norge, Enterprise Oil Norge, Mobil
Norway, Norsk Agip, Norsk Hydro, Norske Conoco,
Norske Shell, Saga and Statoil. The managements of
these companies are gratefully acknowledged for
permission to publish the results. Special thanks go to
Norsk Hydro and Petrobras who both made field
examples available.

Boyeldieu, C., Coblentz, A., Plissier-Combescure, J.

Formation evaluation in oil-base mud wells.
SPWLA 25th logging symposium. June 1984

Chardac, J.M.L.
EPT applications in the Middle East
Society of Petroleum engineers, Middle East Oil
Technical Conference. Bahrain, March 1985.
Chemali, R., Su, S.M., Goetz, J.F.
Measuring Rxo and dip in oil based mud with the six
arm dipmeter. SPWLA 30th Annual logging
symposium. June 1989.
Classification of fluid systems (no author)
World Oil, June 1997
Flaum, C., Kleinberg, R.L.
Bound water volume, permeability, and residual oil
saturation from incomplete magnetic resonance logs.
SPWLA 39th logging symposium. May 1998.

References
Allen, D. et al
Invasion revisited.
Oilfield Review July 1991
Allen, D., Anderson, B., Barber, T., Liu, Q.,
Luling. M., Supporting Interpretation of Complex,
Axisymetric Invasion by Modeling Wireline
Induction and 2 MHz LWD Resistivity Tools
SPWLA 34th logging symposium. June 1993.

Freedman, R. et al
Combining NMR and density logs for petrophysical
analysis in gas-bearing formations
SPWLA 39th logging symposium. May 1998

Baker Hughes
Fluid Facts
Engineering Handbook, March 1998

Fordham, EJ et al.
Dynamic Filtration of Bentonite Muds Under Different
Flow Conditions
SPE 18038 Society of Petroleum Engineers 63rd Annual
Tech. Conference, Houston, October 1988

Bedford, J., Cuddy, S., White, J.

The emperical investigation of density anisotropy in
horizontal gas wells. SPWLA 38th Annual logging
symposium. June 1997.

Gomes, R. M. R.
Time-lapse resistivity log responses in horizontal wells,
Namorado reservoir, Albacora field, Brazil. AAPG
bulletin, v. 82, 11, November 1998

Bittar, M.S., Rodney, P.F., Hendricks, W.E.

Invasion profiling with a multiple depth of
investigation EWR sensor. SPE 28425, Society of
Petroleum Engineers, 69th Annual Technical
Conference, New Orleans, September 1994.

Gossenberg, P., Casu, O.A., Andreani, W., Klopf.W, A

complete fluid analysis method using nuclear magnetic
resonance in wells with oil base mud. Offshore
Mediterranean Conference, March 1997

Boonen, P., Bean, C., Tepper R., Deady, D.

Important implications from a comparison of LWD
and wireline acoustic data. SPWLA 39th Annual
logging symposium. May 1998.

Page 6 of 9

Jacobson, L.A., Beals, R., Wyatt, D.F.,

Response characteristic of an induced gamma
spectrometry tool. The log-analyst July-August 1993.
La Vigne, J., Barber, T. , Bratton, T.
Strange invasion profiles: what multi-array induction
logs can tell us about how oil-based mud affects the

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

invasion process and wellbore stability. SPWLA 38th

Annual logging symposium. June 1997

Meyer, W.H., Jian-Qun Wu, Macune,D., Harvey, P.

Near bit propagation resistivity for reservoir navigation.
SPE 28318. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 69th Annual
Technical Conference.
New Orleans, September 1994.
Peeters, M.
Triple fluid evaluations with density, neutron, and
dielectric logs. Formation Evaluation Journal, SPE paper
13301, April 1986.
Scott, H.D., Wraight, P.D., Thornton, J.L., Olesen, J-R,
Hertzog, R.C., McKeon, D.C., Albertin, I.J.
Response of pulsed neutron porosity tool. SPWLA 35th
Annual logging symposium. June 1994.
Solomon, S.T., Amiard, J.P.
Evaluation of the 200MHz dielectric tool response in
gas reservoir drilled with oil base mud. SPWLA
Annual logging symposium. June 1990.
Spross, R.L., Ball, M.S., Zannoni, S.A.
Case histories of MWD and wireline density log
comparisons: An improved understanding of density
log response. SPE 28430. Society of Petroleum
Engineers, 69th Annual Technical Conference. New
Orleans, September 1994.
Vollmer, D.P. Javora, P.H., Horton, R.L., Chaubaud,
G.J., Watts, W.P.
Potassium Formate Based fluids solves high
temperature drill-in problem. Journal of Petroleum
Technology, November, 1996.
Woodhouse, R., Opstad, E.A., Bryce, A.
Vertical migration of invaded fluids in horizontal wells.
SPWLA Annual Symposium, June 1991
Authors
Max Peeters is professor of Borehole Geophysics and
Petrophysics at the Colorado School of Mines and
holder of the Distinguished Baker Hughes Chair. Prior
to this he was professor at Delft University of
Technology, and Petrophysical Adviser with Shell.
Peeters received a MSc in Physics of Delft University
of Technology in 1968, and worked 30 years for Shell
in operations and research. Peeters is a founder
member of the Dutch
Petrophysical Society, and one of the editors of the
Petroleum Geoscience Journal. His current research
interests are acoustic wave propagation, and

Page 7 of 9

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

subsurface imaging Peeters received the 1996

SPWLA Distinguished Technical Achievement
Award, and recently initiated the Center for
Petrophysics at the Colorado School of Mines.
mpeeters@mines.edu
http://www.geophysics.mines.edu/petrophysics/
David Allen David received a B.S. in Physics and a
B.A. in Economics from Beloit College in 1978 and
was a field engineer for Schlumberger in Texas from
1979 to 1982. David then worked in a variety of
interpretation, technical marketing, and engineering
roles. He was involved in development of MWD
tools, research on invasion, and the design and
introduction of software for horizontal well planning,
steering & formation evaluation. From 1995 to 1997,
prior to his current assignment as Petrophysical
Advisor at Schlumberger-Doll Research, David was
the chief Petrophysicist for Schlumberger Wireline &
Testing. He received Best Paper awards from the
SPWLA for a 1987 paper on invasion, and a 1997
paper on resistivity anisotropy. David has been an
SPWLA Distinguished Speaker and has co-chaired
two SPWLA topical conferences.
allen@ridgefield.slb.sdr.com

Figure 1
CNL departure curves

Ricardo Gomes is a geologist and log analyst with

Petrobras, the Brazilian Petroleum Company, where he
has worked as an exploration geologist since 1977.
Gomes has been in charge of the geological
description and log analysis of major fields offshore
Brazil. He holds a B.S. degree in geology from the
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (1976) and is
currently pursuing his MSc. degree in Geology at the
Colorado School of Mines USA.
rgomes@email.msn.com
Jan Ingolf Kristiansen received his M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees in Geophysics and Geology from rhus
University, Denmark, in 1978 and 1982. He has more
than ten years of university research and educational
experiences within the fields of Petrophysics,
Reservoir Geology and Geophysics. Since 1990 he
has been employed as a Principal Petrophysicist at
Hydros research centre in Bergen Norway. He is
currently heading an R&D project on low permeable
reservoirs and his main activities relate to the
petrophysical aspects of that project.
Jan.Ingolf.Kristiansen@hydro.com.

Page 8 of 9

Figure 3
Two front model of fluid displacement
during invasion after Allen et al. 1991

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

OIL ZONE

0.2--------------Ohmm-------------20
x

XX50

WATER
ZONE

X120

x
0.2----------CDR shallow (Ohmm)--------20

0.2

CDR deep(Ohmm)

20

x
Figure 4

Reduction of shallow CDR resistivities in

water zone due to oilbase mud invasion
Figure 2
Three of the 8 CDR logs run in a horizontal well
offshore Brazil resp. 420 and 1120 hrs apart

Page 9 of 9

SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium 31st May - 3 rd June, 1999

Figure 5 a, b, c, d

Page 10 of 9