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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Percentage of recovery, temperature, time and distillation rate of ASTM Distillation Unit

Recovery Percentage

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

Distillation Rate (%)

38.5

6m 28s

52.5

6m 24s

10

57.1

4.6

20

64.6

4.7

30

72.4

4.6

40

82.1

4.2

50

96.3

4.2

60

114.6

4.5

70

132.6

4.4

80

148.2

3.7

90

168.7

4.0

92

174.9

21m 5s

Final Boiling Point

196.1

2m 29s

(%)
Initial Boiling Point
(IBP)

(FBP)
94.4

Percentage Recovery: 94.6%


Percentage of Residue: 1.2%
Total Percentage of Recovery: 95.8%

Volume percent distilled (%)

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

92 94.4

Temperature (C)

Figure 1: The percentage of distilled amount against temperature of petroleum product sample

Generally, ASTM distillation is one of the test methods for gasoline, which based on the
determination of boiling point by performing batch distillation. The distillation characteristics of
hydrocarbon have an important effect on their safety and performance of solvents and fuels. The
boiling point range gives information on the compositions, the properties and the behavior of
fuel during storage and use. The presence of high boiling point components can significantly
affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits. Before starting up the experiment,
analyzer and other apparatus are prepared. The petroleum sample is distilled under prescribed
condition. Both temperature and volume of condensate and time are systematically recorded.
From the data obtained, the distillation or volatility characteristics are determined for safety and
performance of the sample.
In this experiment, 100 ml of sample is distilled at uniform rate of 5ml per min where the
distillate is condensed. Based on the experiment, distillation rate is 4.6% at 57.1C with 10%
recovery. The distillation rate is inconsistent as the temperature increase. Temperature of the
petroleum sample (kerosene) increase as the percentage recovery increase. The final boiling
temperature (FBP) is at 94.4% where the temperature is 196.1 C. However, the highest
distillation rate produced is 4% at 168.7C with 90% of the recovery. As the temperature

increase, the viscosity of the petroleum would be reduced and it is easier for the sample to
vaporize.
Initial boiling point (IBP) is basically the temperature at the instant of the first drop falls
from the lower end of the condenser tube. In other hand, final boiling point is the maximum
thermometer reading obtained as the test is conducted. It occurs after the evaporation of all liquid
from the bottom of the flask. Referring to the result, the IBP is at 38.5C and the time taken is
6min and 28 seconds. In this state, there is no distillation rate produced. There is also no
distillation rate produced at the FBP, which is at 196.1 C. As the temperature increase, the
recovery percentage also increases. The highest recovery percentage is 94.4%.
ASTMs petroleum standards are instrumental in the evaluation and assessment of the
physical, mechanical and also chemical properties of crude oils. These fuels are tested for their
composition, purity, density as well as its compatibility with other fluids. These petroleum
standards allow petroleum refineries and other chemical processing plants to appropriately
examine and process these fuel oils in order to ensure their quality towards safe and efficient use.
From the result, the percentage recovery is 94.6%, while the percentage of residue is 1.2%. The
total percentage of recovery is 95.8%. The percentage of recovery is high as it might due to the
fact that it contains various fractions of petroleum. Roughly, the fraction of petroleum can be
differentiated into three different categories which are light, middle and heavy distillate.
The main objectives of this experiment are to determine the percentage of the distilled
amount against the temperature of petroleum product sample, to determine the initial and final
boiling points of petroleum sample and to determine the quantity of various fractions of
petroleum sample.

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