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COMPUTER

The earlier computers, which were massive in size,

were based on vacuum tubes.
Computer is a fast and accurate electronic symbol
processing machine that can accept, store and
process data and can produce useful information
as output.
The computer system is divided into two parts,
hardware and software. I. Hardware is the electrical
and electronic components of a computer that can
be seen and touched. 2. Software is the collection
of programes written for computer to perform
certain tasks.
A computer program refers to the range of
programs that are used to perform various
functions.
The three important parts of a computer are Input
device, Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Output
device.
Main chip of the computer is called CPU
The CPU is the brain of the computer.
Parts of CPU are ALU, CU, MU

The 1st commercially produced and sold

computer (1951) was UNIVAC.

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Control Unit (CU) controls the processing of data

inside computer.
Memory Unit stores data temporarily during the
processing.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs all the
mathematical calculations.
WINDOWS is a Software.
Windows is an operating system that helps the
user to work on the computer.
The My Computer folder on the Desktop shows
the program icons present in your computer such
as hard disk, floppy disk, CD-Rom, Pendrive and
Printer.
The My Documents Folder is a desktop folder that
stores all the documents, graphics and other files.
The Recycle Bin is a folder in which deleted files
are stores.
MS DOS, Linux, Unix, MS Windows etc are the
most popular Operating System.
My Computer, My Documents, Recycle Bin and
Network Neighbourhood are the common icons
found on the Windows Desktop.
The free programs that we get from start menu is
called Accessories
Mouse is a device for moving the cursor on the
screen of a computer.
The part of a computer that contains the screen
where messages to and from the Central Processing
Unit are displayed - Monitor.
Scanner is a device that converts images into
digital form so that they can be stored and
manipulated on computer.
Early computing machines, like the ENIAC, were
actually meant to assist the armed forces.
The printers in pre-1950s were punch cards.
An improvement on the ENIAC, which pioneered

'stored program', was made possible with the help

of the mathematician John von Neumann.
The B-programming language was developed by
Ken Thompson.
Famous people, associated with the ENIAC,
EDVAC, UNIVAC computers are Eckert &
Mauchly.
IBM was provided software for PCs by
Microsoft.
Time-sharing, teletyping, were associated with
mainframe computers.
The transformation from heavy computers to PCs
was made possible using microprocessors.
The first microprocessor was developed in 1971
by Intel.
The term 'micro' (extremely small) denotes 10-6m.
The Harvard student, who chose to write computer programs and dropped studies was Bill
Gates.
The newly released microprocessor from Intel is
Pentium-4.
The Pentium is the semiconductor chip used in
todays computer.
A pentium 4 (P-4) employs roughly 40 million transistors.
Mark-1, Apple-1, and collossus were initial desktop computers.
Binary digits are briefed as bit.
A collection of 8 bits is called byte.
A megabyte has 106(million) bytes.
C++, is a computer language.
The process of eliminating programming faults is
called debugging.
Starting up on operating system is called booting.

The invention related to Jack Kilby - Integrated Circuit

How to measure memory ?

A memory of a computer is usually measured in

bytes.
The smallest measurement of memory is bit.
8 bits = 1 byte.
1 Kilobyte = 1,024 Bytes
1 Megabyte = 1,024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte = 1,024 Megabytes
1 Terabyte = 1,024 Gigabytes

A program used to browse the web is called

browser.
An error in software designing which can even
cause a computer to crash is called bug.
Click and double-click are achieved using the
mouse.
Java, C, ForTran, Pascal and BASIC are computer
programming languages.
The device which sends computer data using a
phone line is called MODEM.
'Worm' and 'virus' are actually programs.
A 'file' is a unit of information.
A small, single-site network is called LAN.
A processor that collects several data and sends
them over a single line is called bridge.
'Nano' stands for one billionth part.
The number of bit patterns using an n-bit code is
2n.
To convert a binary number to a decimal, we have
to express it in power of 2.
www stands for world wide web.
Mathematics employed in computers is called
Boolean algebra.
The first home computer (1977), which was sold in
millions of units was Apple II.
'PARAM' is a supercomputer.
A website containing periodic posts is called blog.
While cutting and pasting, the cut item is temporarily stored in the clipboard.
http stands for hyper text transfer protocol.
The unwanted or non-requested emails are called
"spam".

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A computer framed to give various network services is called server.

The new processor introduced by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is Athalon.
Divine Logic is a software that prevents piracy.
Divine Logic has been developed by Shaju
Chacko, a native of Kottayam.
The new supercomputer built by IBM can perform 12.3 trillion operations per second.
New version of microsoft office automation software - Office 2007
Internet explorer software.
DOS (Disc Operating System) was developed by
Tim Patterson in microsoft.
Paul Brainard developed the publishing software
pagemaker.
Philipcan invented cameraphone
Founder of Satyam Technologies - Ramalingaraju
Computer chess was discovered by - Citric G.
Prince
Simputer was discovered by - Vinay Despandey
First E. Paper - The - Thejith (from Belgium)
ATM system was first launched in London in the
year 1967
Powered by Intellect driven by values - Infosys
motto
Intel 4004 - First microprocessor
December 2 - World Computer literacy day
E-sewa - E-governance programme launched in
Andhra Pradesh
Archie - (Anomymous FTP) It is considered to be
the first internet search engine allowing people to
find specific files.
Operating systems used in personal computers.
Windows -98, 95, Dos Apple Mac
Latest Search Engine - Altavista
Online free encyclopedia - Wiki Pedia
New version of microsoft operating system Windows 7.
Main Googles are
Google Earth
Google Book Search
Google Blog Search
Google Talk
Google Scholar
Google Malayalam etc

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A set of eleven rods which could be used for multiplying

numbers, made by John Napier is called Napiers
bones. Napiers bones was used for multiplying numbers.

Travel Search Engine in India 0

WWW.godo.com (90 . com)
Electronic money - Cyber cash, Digital cash,
E-cash
First Super Computer reached teraflopp speed Asky Red
Google's browser plug-ins that runs web applications when online or offline - Google Gears.
Google's image editing software - Picasa
India's Ist IT company with 100 crore Turn over
Infosys
The basic architecture of computer was developed
by John Von Neumann
In the history of computer the fifth generation was
started in 1980.
Wordpad is a simple word processing program.
Laser Printer was first Introduced by IBM
The study of creating an efficient, comfortable,
and healthy workplace while working on a
computer is called Ergonomics
Device that are not part of the main computer
system and are often added later to the system is
known as Peripheral
A computer which links several PCs together in a
network is called a Server
. Ethernet is also known as 802.3
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface

Mouse was invented by Douglas Carl Engelbart.

Screensaver, virus checkers, PDF viewers, image

viewers and system tool like disk defragmenter
can be categorised into Utility software
The smallest component of an image that can be
transmitted or received in a video display system
is known as Pixel
The process of making an object appear to have a
movement is called Animation
In an electronic spreadsheet, intersection of a
column and a row is called Cell
A program that searches the Internet for Specified
keywords and returns a list of the documents where
the keywords were found Search Engine
A browser is A piece of software that acts as an
interface between the user and the inner workings
of the internet.
IP Address is the address given to a computer
connected to a network.
A host on the Internet finds another host by its IP
address
In reality, Internet protocol recognizes only An IP
address
The server on the Internet is also known as a
Gateway
For connection of the Internet, you will need An
ISP
The first page that you normally view at a Web
site is its Home page
The communication protocol used by internet is
TCP / IP
Optical Fibre Cable can transmit data at high
speeds
Ethernet, LAN, Token Ring and Token Bus are
types of LAN

The first network that planted the seeds of internet

was ARPANET
In MS Word, RTF stands for Rich Text Format
The physical devices of a computer system are
called as Hardware
The first UNIX operating system was written in
the Assembly Language
BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System
Laser technology is used in Compact disks
The information stored in CD-ROM is in the form
of Digital.
Hard Disk are organised as Cylinders and Tracks
Floppy disks are organized as Tracks and sectors
Input device widely used for playing video games
in computers Joy stick and Tracker ball
ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit
The earliest calculating device are Abacus.
Machine language is known as the first generation
of computer languages.
High level languages are third generation
computer language.
The first real mechanical calculating machine is
Pascaline.
The first programmable machine ever designed is
Analytical Engine.
The Difference Engine, which actually worked
was made by Charles Babbage.
First commercial computer is called UNIVAC
A personal computer is a type of Micro computer
Laptop and Palmtop are portable computers run
by rechargeable batteries.
A computer language also known as Programming
Language consists of symbols and characters
used to give instructions to a computer.
The language of numbers is called Machine
language.
The language of binary numbers is known as
Machine language.

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440

Disk defragmenter really rearranges the files on

your harddisk so that the hard disk space is
properly utilised. More space becomes available
and hard disk works faster.
All computers are based on the binary system
Binary system is based on zero and one.
Deep Blue is the computer which defeated Gary
Kasparov at Chess.
Deeper Blue is the new version of Deep Blue
computer, which finds its application in the medical
field.
The Internet is the ubiquitous online medium that
connects all users worldwide. Internet Explorer
is internet browsing software of Microsoft.
The Intranet is a restricted version of the internet
within a group of users. The Extranet is a closed
online connecting two or more organisations.
E-Mail (Electronic Mail) - A way to send text based
messages and files to any computer with an
address on Internet.
The largest Computer Network in the world :
Internet.
Surfing is the process of visiting a number of
websites in rapid succession.
Uniform Resources Locator (URL) is an electronic
address that identifies a website.
World Wide Web is simply a vast collection of
information bearing documents resident on the
computers connected by the Internet.
The first world wide web Information service in
India was launched on January 14, 1995. Originally
it can link 160 countries through the international
network of computers.
Tim Berners Lee is the inventor of World Wide
Web.
High level languages are languages used by men
to operate a computer.
Some important high level languages are BASIC,
COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ALGOL, LISP,
JAVA, C++ etc.
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
is the widely used language for business
application.
Nikalus Writh is the creator of PASCAL language.

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Mr. Ray Tomlinson introduced E-mail.

C Language is created by Dennis M. Ritchie.

COMPILER is a translatory program which
translates the high level language into machine
language before running the program.

MICROFILM is a medium used for recording

computer output data, reduced in size and data
stored on film to be read by a display device.

A file is a collection of related records that are

treated as single unit. The size of file is limited by
the size of memory or storage medium.

Programme 150 is the first Robert developed by

C-DAC

Computerised reservation of Indian railway

Consert.

CAT (Computerised Auxial Tomography) is in

medical field.

The first village to have its own websiteHansdehar village in Jind District of Haryana.
Information Kerala Mission is a project recently
taken up by the Government of Kerala.

First Technopark in India is in Trivandrum.

IT Act was enacted in 2000.

The first Internet movie Heart Beat.

HDFC, the first Bank to get online Banking facility.

Ist IT University of India - J.P. University.

HEC-2M was the first computer installed in India

in Kolkata in 1955.

Floppy Disk was

invented by
Alan Shugart.

The first computer graphics used movie -TRON

(1982)

The first film which uses the morphing WILLOW

can change the memory. RAM chips store only

the information that is currently needed by the
microprocessor.
Read Only Memory (ROM) chips holds its memory
even when the computer is turned off. User cannot
change the memory of ROM. ROM chips are used
to hold instructions that a computer runs
repeatedly.
First generation electronic computers were built
with vacuum tubes.

The second generation computers were built with

semiconductors.

The third generation computers used integrated

circuits.

The fourth generation computer use Very Large

Scale Intergration (VLSI) normally called
Miracle Chips.

The fifth generation

USB
The first computer magazine computers (present day) use
It is a type of plug-in
Computers and Automation first
artificial intelligence.
connection that is used
published by Edmund Berkely in

Founders of Yahoo - Jerri

to connect devices,
1950.
Yang
and
David Filo
including some phones,
The first real time computer
Founders of Google to desktop or laptop
Whirlwind built in 1951, it was
Larrie
Page
and Sergybin
computer.
employed to keep tabs on flying

In
1822
Charles
Babbage made the
aircraft.
first difference engine and in 1832 the first
The first computer that was employed for
analytical
engine which are the true predecessors
performing statistical calculations - Holleriths
of
computer.
tabulator (It was employed by the U.S. census to
conduct its studies regarding the American
The first electronic computer which could store
population)
programs in the memory EDVAC (Electronics
The first computer game - Space War
The first Super Computer installed in India - Cray
X-MP - 14 (Made in USA)
Indias first private Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Worlds first (woman)
- Satyam Infoway Ltd.
computer programmer Augusta Ada King.
The first computer animated news reader Ada Lovelace was a
ANANOVA (Russia)
daughter of Lord Byron
The first all electronic and general purpose
who became interested
electronic digital computer - ENIAC (Electronic
in Babbage's analytic
Numerical Integrator And Calculator)
engine and described
The first Personal Computer - The Altair (1975)
how it could be
A Random Access Memory (RAM) chips holds
programmed.
its memory as long as power is on, but the user

442

Discrete Variable Computer) was invented by John

Von Neumann in 1945.

In 1945 John W. Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

invented the first digital computer ENIAC (it
could not store programs)

Maruan Edward Ted Hoff, Stanley Mazor and

Federico Faggin designed the first
microprocessor.

Transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Water

Brattain and William Shockley.

James T. Russell invented the Compact Disc.

The first book on personal computers Computer
Liberation and Dream Machine, was written by
Ted Nelson.
Harvard Mark I computer designed by Howard
Alken is the first digital computer.
National School Computerisation Programme is
Vidya Vahini.
Goa is the first state to introduce e-mail system in
Govt. Office.
Indias Ist IT company with 100 crore turn over Infosys.
The first IT Park in the Private Sector in Kerala The Muthoot Technopolis.
Akshaya project is a computer literacy programme
launched in Malappuram District in Kerala.
The newly released microprocessor from Intel is
Pentium - 4
Seymour Cray made the first Super Computer,
UNIVAC 1103 and he is known as father of Super
Computers.
Super-computers are advanced versions of
computers which can do calculations much faster
than ordinary computers. The super-computer
developed in USA in 1970 could do 20 million
operations per second. But todays super
computer can do 3 billion calculations per second.

Bluetooth : It is a short range wireless

technology. It provides a way to connect and
exchange information between devices such as
mobile phones, laptops, PCs, digital Camera and
Video game consoles over a secure, globally
unlicensed short range radio frequency.

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First cyber crime police station in India

Bangalaroo
First cyber police station in Kerala - Pattom
(Trivandrum)
First fully computerised Panchayat in Kerala
- Vellanad

Popular Computer Virus

1. ILOVEYOU - (2000) ILOVEYOU virus spread via email, posing as an executable attachment sent by a
friend from the target's contact list.
2. Code Red - (2001) IIS on Windows servers were the
target of this virus.
3. Nimda - (2001) Nimda used seemingly every possible method to spread, and was very effective at doing so.
4. Melissa - (1999) The Melissa virus is notable because it is a Word macro virus. It cleverly spread via emails.
5. Sasser - (2004) Sasser exploited a buffer overflow
and spread by connecting to port 445 on networked
Windows systems. The chaos caused was possibly
the worst ever, as systems restarted or crashed.
6. The Morris Internet Worm - (1988) The grandfather of computer worms, the Morris worm infected Unix
systems and was notable for its "accidental" virulence.
7. Blaster - (2003) Blaster exploited a Windows operating system vulnerability and let users know of its
presence with a system shutdown warning.
8. SQL Slammer - (2003) This tiny virus infected servers running Microsoft's SQL Server Desktop Engine,
and was very fast to spread.
9. Elk Cloner - (1982) Despite Apple's marketing that
their systems are less prone to viruses that was not
always the case. Notable as possible the first personal
computer virus, Elk Cloner infected the boot sector of
Apple II floppies.
10. Creeper - (1971) This is noted as possibly the first
ever computer virus. It infected computers on
ARPANET. Mostly harmless, the concept of Creeper
has infected the minds of rogue programmers through
today.