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Civil Law
SUMMER REVIEWER
SUCCESSION
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS
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the Testator be Deaf or Deaf-Mute: If
i.
Testator must personally read the will, if
able to do so;
ii.
Otherwise, he shall designate two
persons to read it and communicate to
him, in some practicable manner, its
contents (Art 807)
b. If the Testator be Blind: The will shall be read
to the testator twice i.
Once by one of the subscribing
witnesses
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the testator
c.
must explicitly declare that the will and the
signature are in the handwriting of the
testator. (Art 811)
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mortem probates and not to ante mortem
probates since in such cases the testator
himself files the petition and will identify the
document himself.
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INSERTION, CANCELLATION, ERASURE OR
ALTERATION IN A HOLOGRAPHIC WILL
a. If made after the execution of the will, but
without the consent of the testator, such
insertion is considered as not written
because the validity of the will cannot be
defeated by the malice or caprice of a third
person
b. If the insertion after the execution of the will
was with the consent of the testator, the will
remains valid but the insertion is void.
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c. If the insertion after the execution is validated
by the testator by his signature thereon, then
the insertion becomes part of the will, and the
entire will becomes void, because of failure
to comply with the requirement that it must
be wholly written by the testator
d. If the insertion made by a third person is
made contemporaneous to the execution of
the will, then the will is void because it is not
written entirely by the testator
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WHO MAY BE A WITNESS TO A WILL
Any
person may be a witness provided he is:
a.
Of sound mind
b.
Of the age of 18 years or more
c.
Not blind, deaf or dumb
d.
will
NATIONAL LAW OF THE DECEDENT: 2.
the will must clearly describe and identify the
same, stating among other things the number of
a.
Order of succession pages thereof
b.
Capacity to succeed 3. it must be identified by clear and satisfactory
c.
Amount of successional rights proof as the document or paper referred to
d.
Intrinsic validity (Art 16) therein
4.
it must be signed by the testator and the
witnesses on each and every page, except in
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VALIDITY OF JOINT WILLS
case of voluminous books of account or
inventories
Two or more persons cannot make a will jointly,
or in the same instrument, either for their
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REVOCATION OF WILLS
reciprocal benefit or for the benefit of a third
person. (669)
1.
By operation of law
instances of revocation by
express.
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REPUBLICATION AND REVIVAL OF WILLS
If the testator wishes to republish a will that is
void as to form, the only way to republish it is to
execute a subsequent will and reproduce it
The testator need only execute a subsequent will
or codicil referring to the previous will if the
testator wishes to republish a will that is either:
a.
Void for reason other than a formal defect
b.
Previously revoked
REPUBLICATION REVIVAL
Takes place by an act of
the testator
Takes place by
operation of law
Corrects extrinsic and
extrinsic defects
Restores a revoked will
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a.
If the formalities required by law have not
been complied with;
b. If the testator
was insane, or otherwise
mentally incapable of making a will, at the
time of its execution;
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c.
If it was executed through force or under
duress, or the influence of fear, or threats;
d.
If it was procured by undue and improper
pressure and influence, on the part of the
beneficiary or of some other person;
e.
If the signature of the testator was procured
by fraud;
f.
If the testator acted by mistake or did not
intend that the instrument should be his will
at the time of affixing his signature
thereto.(Art 839)
REVOCATION DISALLOWANCE
Voluntary act of the
testator
Given by judicial decree
With or without cause Always for a legal cause
May be partial or total Always total EXCEPT
when the ground of fraud
or influence for example
affects only certain
portions of the will
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CHAPTER 7: INSTITUTION OF HEIRS
INSTITUTION OF HEIR
1.
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act by virtue of which a testatorIt is an
designates in his will
2.
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person or persons who are to succeed him in the
his property and transmissible
3.
a.
There are more than one instituted heir
b.
The testator intended the heirs to inherit the
whole estate
c.
The aliquot parts of each share do not cover
the whole inheritance
3.
Each heir s share shall be proportionally
decreased:
a.
There are more than one instituted heir
b.
The testator intended the heirs to inherit the
whole estate
c.
The aliquot parts of each share exceed the
whole inheritance
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PRETERITION
1.
There must be an omission of one, some or all of
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2.
The omission must be that of a COMPULSORY
HEIR
3.
Compulsory heir omitted must be of the DIRECT
LINE
4.
The omitted compulsory heir must be LIVING at
the time of testator s death or must at least have
been CONCEIVED before the testator s death
5.
The omission must be complete and total
in character. : There is no omission if
a.
A devise or legacy has been given to the heir
b.
A donation inter vivos has been previously
given to the heir
c.
Anything is left from the inheritance which the
heir may get by way of intestacy
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EFFECTS OF PRETERITION:
1.
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Vulgar or Simple
the testator may designate
one or more persons to substitute the heir or
heirs instituted in case such heir or heirs should:
a.
die before him (PREDECEASE)
b.
should not wish, (RENOUNCE) or
c.
should be incapacitated to accept the
inheritance (INCAPACITATED)
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2.
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Brief or Compendious
two or more persons
may be substituted for one; and one person for
two or more heirs
3.
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Reciprocal
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heirs instituted in unequal shares
if
should be reciprocally substituted, the substitute
shall acquire the share of the heir who dies,
renounces, or incapacitated, unless it clearly
appears that the intention of the testator was
otherwise. If there are more than one substitute,
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must be
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Primary
those who have precedence over and
exclude other compulsory heirs
Legitimate children and descendants
(legitimate), with respect to their legitimate
parents and ascendants
2.
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Secondary
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those who succeed only in the
absence of the primary heirs
Legitimate parents and ascendants
(legitimate), with respect to their legitimate
children and descendants
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3.
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Concurring those who succeed together with
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the primary or the secondary compulsory heirs
Widow or widower (legitimate)
the surviving
spouse referred to is the spouse of the
decedent.
NOTE:
a.
Mere estrangement is not a ground for
the disqualification of the surviving
spouse as heir
b.
Effect of decree of legal separation:
i.
On the offending spouse
disqualified
ii.
On the innocent spouse no effect
c.
Death of either spouse during the
pendency of a petition for legal
separation dismissal of the case
1062)
b.
Testamentary dispositions made by the
predecessor to the compulsory heir, unless
the testator provides that it should be
considered part of the legitime.
SHARES OF COMPULSORY HEIRS
1.
Legitimate Children or Descendants Share of legitimate children
and descendants
of the net estate
Free portion of the net estate
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b.
By bequeathing or devising it either to the
potential reservista or to other third person
c.
By partitioning it and assigning the property
to parties other than the reservista
3.
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RESERVISTA
The ascendant, not belonging to
the line from which the property came that is the
only compulsory heir and is obliged to reserve
the property.
4.
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RESERVATARIOS
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relative of the The
propositus within the 3rg degree and who belong
to the line from which the property came and for
whose benefit reservation is constituted. They
must be related by blood not only to the
propositus but also to the originator.
NOTE: The Civil Code did not provide for the
rules on how the reservatarios would
succeed to the reservista. However, the
following rules on intestacy have been
consistently applied:
a. Rule of preference between the lines
b. Rule of proximity
c.
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Right of representation
provided that the
representative is a relative within the 3rd
degree, and that he belongs to the line from
which the reservable property came
d.
full blood/double share rule in Article 1006
NOTE: Gonzales v. CFI, 104 Phil 479, the
reservista had no power to appoint, by will, which
reservatarios were to get the reserved property
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is born subsequently
4.
Total Fortuitous loss of the reserved property
5.
Confusion or merger of rights
6.
Prescription or adverse possession
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CHAPTER 12: DISINHERITANCE
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d.
Induced daughters to lead a disgraceful life
Adultery and Concubinage
with the spouse of also applicable to sons.
the testator
2. Attempt on the life of one parent against
another parent.
1.
It must be the heir who committed such liaison a. Parent v. parent
2.
With the legal spouse of the testator b. Even if parents are not married, it is
still a
3.
Not necessarily incestuous ground.
4.
Applicable to both legitimate and illegitimate c. No need for conviction. As lon
g as the heir
descendant can prove that there is an attempt.
d. They do not need to be spouses. However,
Grounds for Disinheritance Common Ascendant the testator must be a common child.
and Spouse (in addition to A, B)
Grounds for Disinheritance Only against spouse
Loss of parental authority
refers to legal spouses only, legally married to
each other
1.
Causes: Arts. 230, 231, 232 of the Family Code
2.
Ascendant of testator 1. Giving cause for legal separation
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3.
Spouse has given cause for loss of parental a. No need for previous conviction
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b. Prove infidelity if cause is contested
4.
No actual deprivation, but it must exist. It means c. No need to prove grounds u
nless contested
that the act is committed which may be a cause by the heir.
for loss of parental authority over their common d. Legal separation instituted
but not
children, EXCEPT for those enumerated in A. terminated, OK
5.
There are no common grounds between spouse e. If there is already a decree:
and descendants. i. Ground is conclusive
ii. But, there is a need to disinherit
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institution of heirs
Effect: total annulment of
institution of heirs
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REVOCATION OF DISINHERITANCE
1.
Reconciliation
2.
Subsequent institution of the disinherited heir
3.
Nullity of the will which contains the
disinheritance
NOTE: Where the ground for disinheritance is
also a ground for unworthiness to succeed, what
is the effect of a subsequent reconciliation upon
the heir s capacity to succeed?
1.
If disinheritance has been made: Rule on
reconciliation applies, the disinheritance
becomes ineffective
2.
If disinheritance has not been made: The rule on
reconciliation does not apply, the heir continues
to be incapacitated to succeed unless the testator
pardoned him under Art. 1033.
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CHAPTER 13: LEGACIES AND DEVICES
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PERSONS CHARGED WITH LEGACIES AND
DEVICES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Compulsory heir;
Voluntary heir;
Legatee or devisee;
Estate.
1.
Remuneratory legacies or devises
2.
Legacies or devises declared by the testator to
be preferential
3.
Legacies for Support
4.
Legacies for Education
5.
Legacies or devises of a specific, determinate
thing which forms a part of the
6.
estate
7.
All others, pro-rata
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WHEN LEGACY/DEVISE CAN BE REVOKED BY
OPERATION OF LAW
1.
If the testator transform the thing bequeathed or
devised in such a manner that it does not retain
its form and denomination
2.
If the testator, by any title or for any cause,
alienates the thing bequeathed or devised or any
part thereof
3.
If the thing bequeathed or devised is totally lost
during the lifetime of the testator, or after his
death without the heir s fault
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The nearer excludes the farther
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rule of (
proximity)
the relative nearest in degree
exclude the farther one.
3.
Direct line is always preferred over collateral
4.
Ascending line is always preferred over collateral
5.
Descending line is always preferred over
ascending and collateral lines.
6.
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Rule of equal division
the relatives who are
in the same degree shall inherit in equal shares
same class
Exception:
a. Descending line difference in class in the
cases of legitimate or illegitimate filiation.
i. In case of paternal/maternal lines
ii. Collateral half or full blood
b.
Ascending line the shares are divided
equally between maternal and paternal lines,
which could result to unequal shares when
there is only one grandparent in the maternal
line while both grandparents survived in the
paternal side.
NOTE: In all cases where there has been an
institution of heirs, follow the I.S.R.A.I. order of
Justice Paras.
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If the Institution fails, Substitution
occurs. If there is no substitute, right of
Representation applies in the direct descending line
to the legitime of the vacancy is caused by
predecease, incapacity or disinheritance. The right of
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Accretion applies to the free portion when the
requisites in Article 1016 are present. If there is no
substitute, and the right of representation or accretion
does not apply, the rule of Intestate succession shall
take over.
REPRESENTATION -Instances when
Representation Occurs:
1.
Predecease
2.
Incapacity of Unworthiness
3.
Disinheritance
NOTE: In case of repudiation, accretion takes
place.
Sayson v. CA, 205 SCRA 324, although a
renouncer cannot be represented, he can
represent the person whose inheritance he has
renounced.
a.
In the direct descending line.
b.
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collateral lineIn the , it takes place only in
favor of the children of brother or sisters
(nieces and nephews of the decedent, not
grand-nieces or grand-nephews).
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NOTE: If
all the brothers and sisters are disqualified,
the nephews and nieces shall inherit per
capita.
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REPRESENTATION OF ILLEGITIMATE OR
ADOPTED CHILDREN
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sor
1.
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legitimate children and descendants can
represent him.
2.
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illegitimate
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bothIf the child to be represented is
legitimate and illegitimate children/descendants
can represent him.
2.
An adopted child can neither represent nor be
represented
Teotica v. Del Val, 13 SCRA 406, the
rationale why an adopted child can neither
represent or be represented is because the
legal relationship created by the adoption is
strictly between the adopter and the adopted
In Testamentary Succession
Predecease
Incapacity
Repudiation
Non-fulfillment of suspensive condition
e.
Ineffective testamentary disposition
2. In Intestate Succession
a.
Predecease of a legal heir (only when
representation does not apply)
b.
Incapacity of legal heir (only when
representation does not apply)
c.
Repudiation by a legal heir
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ELEMENTS OF ACCRETION IN TESTAMENTARY
SUCCESSION
1.
Two or more persons are called to the same
inheritance, or to the same portion thereof, pro
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a.
In cases of legacy or devise, as long as there
is no specific designation of the specific
share of each legacy or devise.
b.
Not necessarily equal.
c.
Once a certain specific part of the free
portion has already been specifically
earmarked, there is no accretion and there is
no express provision on accretion.
portion as long as no specific property has
been designated.
NOTE: The heir to whom the portion goes by
the right of accretion takes it in the same
proportion that they inherit
2.
Renunciation, predecease or incapacity of one
(or more but less than all) of the instituted heirs.
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN ACCRETION
1.
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Accretion in testate succession only takes place in
the
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free portion. No accretion in the legitime
because when the compulsory heir repudiates his
legitime, the other co-compulsory heir inherits the
repudiated share in their own right and not
through accretion. If the cause of the vacancy is
PID, representation will occur.
2. Accretion also takes place in cases of devisees
and legatees and usufructuaries under the same
conditions established for heirs.
3. Accretion is subordinate to substitution, because
substitutes are instituted by the testator; hence,
express will prevails over presumed will.
NOTE: if there is neither accretion nor
substitution in testamentary succession, the part
left vacant will lapse into testacy
4.
The one that the heir gets from accretion can be
renounced separate from the inheritance
attributed to the heir who will renounced the
accrued inheritance.
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CAPACITY TO SUCCEED
The following are capable of succeeding:
1.
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Natural Persons
a.
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General Rule
must be living when
succession opens. NOTE: It is enough that
the heir, devisee or legatee be already
conceived in accordance with Arts 40 and 41,
to be considered living.
b.
If institution subject to a suspensive
condition
successor must be living both
when decedent dies and when the
condition happens
c.
If institution subject to a suspensive term
must be alive only at the moment of
decedent s death, successor need not be
alive when the term alives.
2.
Juridical Persons
a.
Organizations or associations which
possess juridical personality
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Any person who falsifies or forges a
have been approved, even if the testator supposed will of the decedent. (756, 67
3,
should die after the approval thereof; 674a)
EXCEPT if the guardian is his ascendant,
descendant, brother, sister, or spouse
NOTE: The cause of unworthiness shall be
d.
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Attesting witness to execution of will, their without effect if the testator had
knowledge
spouses, parents, children or any one thereof at the time he made the will, or i
f,
claiming under such witness, spouse, having known of them subsequently, he
parents or children should condone them in writing. (757a)
e.
Physician, surgeon, nurse, health officer or
druggist
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who took care of the testator during
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ADDITIONAL NOTES
his last illness
f.
Individuals, associations, and corporations 1. The capacity to succeed is govern
ed by the law
not permitted by law to inherit of the nation of the decedent.
2.
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Those prohibited under Art 739 from giving and 2. Persons not incapacitated by l
aw may succeed
receiving donation from each other. by will or ab intestato.
a.
Those made between persons who were 3. If the heir excluded from the inheritance
by
guilty of adultery or concubinage at the time reason of incapacity is a compulso
ry heir, and if
of the donation; such compulsory heir has children or
b.
Those made between persons found guilty of descendant, the latter shall acquire
the
the same criminal offense, in consideration incapacitated heir s right to the legi
time (by
thereof; representation.).
c.
Those made to a public officer or his wife, 4. A testamentary provision in favor
of a disqualified
descedants and ascendants, by reason of his person, even though made under the g
uise of an
office. onerous contract, or made through an
3.
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The following are incapable of succeeding by intermediary, shall be void. (755)
reason of unworthiness:
a.
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Parents who have abandoned their children
or induced their daughters to lead a corrupt
or immoral life, or attempted against their
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ACCEPTANCE OF INHERITANCE
Two kinds:
virtue;
b.
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Any person who has been convicted of an 1. Express
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her spouse, descendants, or ascendants;
b. Private Writing
2.
Tacit Acceptance
c.
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Any person who has accused the testator of a. When heir sells, donates, or assig
ns his right.
a crime for which the law prescribes b. When heir renounces it for the benefit o
f one
imprisonment for six years or more, if the or more heirs.
accusation has been found groundless;
c. When renunciation is in favor of all heirs
d.
Any heir of full age who, having knowledge of indiscriminately for consideration
the violent death of the testator, should fail to d. Other acts of tacit accepta
nce:
report it to an officer of the law within a i. Heir demands partition of the inh
eritance
Collation
is the act by virtue of which,
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the
persons who concur in the inheritance bring
back to the common hereditary mass the
property which they have received from him,
so that a division may be effected according to
law and the will of the testator.
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To collate is to
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bring back or to return to the
hereditary mass, in fact or by fiction, property
which came from the estate of the decedent,
during his lifetime, but which the law considers
as an advance from the inheritance.
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PROPERTIES OR RIGHTS RECEIVED BY
COMPULSORY HEIR NOT SUBJECT TO
COLLATION
1.
Property left by will
2.
Property which may have been donated by an
ascendant of the compulsory heir
3.
Property donated to the spouse of the
compulsory heir
4.
Expenses for support, education, medical
attendance even in extraordinary illness,
apprenticeship, ordinary equipment or customary
gifts
5.
Expenses incurred by parents in giving their
children a professional, vocational, or other
career
6.
Wedding gifts consisting of jewelry, clothing and
outfit, given by parents or ascendants, so long as
they do not exceed 1/10 of the disposable portion
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OPERATIONS RELATED TO COLLATION
1.
Collation
adding to the mass of the hereditary
estate the value of the donation or gratuitous
disposition
2.
Imputing or Charging crediting the donation
as an advance on the legitime (if the donee is a
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WHO CAN DEMAND PARTITION
1.
Compulsory heir;
2.
Voluntary heir
3.
Legatee or devisee;
4.
Any person who has acquired interest in the
estate
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WHEN PARTITION CANNOT BE DEMANDED
(PAPU)
1.
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Prohibited by the testator himself When expressly
for a period not exceeding 20 years;
2.
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Agreed that the estate shall When the co-heirs
not be divided for a period not exceeding 10
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years, renewable for another 10 years;
3.
When Prohibited by law;
4.
When to partition the estate would render it
Unserviceable for the use for which it is intended.
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Partition Inter VivosNOTE:
it is one that
merely allocates specific items or pieces of
property on the basis of the pro-indiviso shares
fixed by law or given under the will to heirs or
successors.
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EFFECTS OF INCLUSION OF INTRUDER IN
PARTITION
1.
Between a true heir and several mistaken heirs
Partition is VOID
2.
Between several true heirs and a mistaken heir
transmission to mistaken heir is VOID
3.
Through error or mistake; share of true heir is
allotted to mistaken heir
partition shall not be
rescinded unless there is bad faith or fraud on the
part of the other persons interested, but the latter
shall be proportionately obliged to pay the true
heir of his share
NOTE: Partition with respect to the mistaken
heir is VOID.
IMPORTANT PERIODS TO REMEMBER
Please Refer to Succession Table 4
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