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Report for
Pudimadaka Super Thermal Power Project
(4 X1000 MW)
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
NTPC Limited, the largest power generating company in the country contributes
about 25% of total Indias power generation with less than 20% of installed
capacity. The company is committed to generate and provide reliable power at
competitive prices in sustainable manner by optimising the use of multiple energy
resources with innovative eco-friendly technologies thereby contributing to the
economic development of the nation, social upliftment of the society and
promoting a healthy environment.
In view of the frequent power shortages and the goal to provide 24X7 power to
industry in the state, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh invited NTPC to consider setting up
a large capacity thermal power plant in the state. In pursuance for identification
of new green field site for setting up of large capacity thermal power plants, a site
contiguous to Special Economic Zone (SEZ) area near Pudimadaka village in
Atchutapuram & Rambilli Mandalas in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh
(AP) developed by Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Limited
(APIIC) was shortlisted.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has issued Government Order (GO) MS No: 96 dated
04.09.2014 for allotment of land to an extent of 1200 acre acquired by APIIC in
Atchutapuram & Rambilli Mandals of Visakhapatnam District to NTPC on long
lease basis of 33 years. Further to the above G.O, APIIC vide letter dated
07.10.2014 informed regarding provisional allotment of land measuring to an
extent of 1200 acre to M/s NTPC for establishment of 4000 MW Super Thermal
Power Plant.
1.2
Chapter-1: Introduction
provided by NTPC. A copy of the TOR letter and its compliance with cross
referencing of the relevant section is enclosed as Annexure-IA and AnnexureIB respectively.
This EIA report has been prepared for assessing the environmental impacts due
to the proposed project and to obtain EC from MoEF&CC after public consultation.
This report will be made available to public for comments and concerns. Public
hearing will be conducted through APPCB and the EIA report will be further
upgraded on the basis of public consultation.
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
Chapter-1: Introduction
TABLE-1.1
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF PROPOSED PLANT SITE
Sr. No.
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Particulars
Details
Plant location
Chapter-1: Introduction
Propose
d Plant
FIGURE-1.1
INDEX MAP
Chapter-1: Introduction
FIGURE-1.2
STUDY AREA MAP
Chapter-1: Introduction
Unit
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
MW
MW
MW
%
229287
214093
15194
7.10
241043.5
229465
11578.5
5.00
250229.3
246068
4161.3
1.70
270667.4
264041
6626.4
2.50
282206
283470
-1264
-0.40
MKWH
1615547
1721979.4
1796555.3
1879070
2001933.3
MKWH
MKWH
%
1450982
164565
11.30
1552008
169971.4
11.00
1660783
135772.3
8.20
1778109
100961
5.70
1904861
97072.3
5.10
(Source: CEA)
TABLE-1.3
SOUTHERN REGION DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)
Description
Peak Availability
Peak Load
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
Energy
Availability
Energy
Requirement
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
Unit
MW
MW
MW
%
2017-18
45824
61525
-15701
-25.50
2018-19
47224.1
66111
-18886.9
-28.60
2019-20
49890.1
71063
-21172.9
-29.80
2020-21
55227.3
76413
-21185.7
-27.70
2021-22
57282.2
82199
-24916.8
-30.30
MKWH
329479.8
336762.2
356540.8
387792.5
419507.9
MKWH
MKWH
%
384252
-54772.2
-14.30
412367
-75604.8
-18.30
442696
-86155.2
-19.50
475426
-87633.5
-18.40
510786
-91278.1
-17.90
(Source: CEA)
Chapter-1: Introduction
TABLE-1.4
ANDHRA PRADESH DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)
DESCRIPTION
Peak Availability
Peak Load
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
Energy Availability
Energy Requirement
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
2019-20
9888.5
14224
-4335.5
-30.5
68955.9
82239
-13283.1
-16.2
2020-21
10809.2
15389
--4579.8
-29.8
73873.4
88975
-15101.6
-17
2021-22
11148.4
16651
-5502.6
-33
79086.7
96267
-17180.3
-17.8
(Source: CEA)
Units
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
MW
MW
MW
%
229288.8
214093
15195.8
7.10
241045.3
229165
11580.3
5.00
251533.6
246068
5465.6
2.20
272948.5
264041
8907.5
3.40
283463.8
283470
1993.8
0.70
MKWH
1615562.1
1721994.4
1802199.8
1896454.7
2027519
MKWH
MKWH
%
1450982
164580
11.30
1552008
169986.4
11.00
1660783
141416.8
8.50
1778109
118345.7
6.70
1904861
122658
6.40
TABLE-1.6
SOUTHERN REGION DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)
Description
Peak
Availability
Peak Load
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
Energy
Availability
Energy
Requirement
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
Unit
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
MW
MW
MW
%
45824
61525
-15701
-25.5
47224.1
66111
-18886.9
-28.6
50411.1
71063
-20651.9
-29.1
56399.5
76413
-20013.5
-26.2
58584.6
82199
-23614.4
-28.7
MKWH
329479.8
336762.2
359934.4
396534.1
430203.9
MKWH
MKWH
%
384252
-54772.2
-14.3
412367
-75604.8
-18.3
442696
-82761.6
-18.7
475426
-78891.9
-16.6
510786
-80582.1
-15.8
(Source: CEA)
Chapter-1: Introduction
TABLE-1.7
ANDHRA PRADESH DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)
DESCRIPTION
Peak Availability
Peak Load
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
Energy Availability
Energy
Requirement
Surplus/Deficit
Surplus/Deficit
UNIT
MW
MW
MW
%
MKWH
2017-18
9495.1
12154
-2658.9
-21.9
66207.4
2018-19
9540.2
13148
-3607.8
-27.40
67444.4
2019-20
10241.8
14224
3982.2
-28.00
70482.8
2020-21
11427.4
15389
-3961.6
-25.7
78584.7
2021-22
12031.6
16651
-4619.4
-27.7
86022.4
MKWH
MKWH
%
70268
-4060.6
-5.8
76018
-8573.6
-11.30
82239
-11756.2
-14.30
88975
-10390.3
-11.70
96267
-10244.6
-10.6
(Source: CEA)
1.5.1 Conclusion
From the above demand supply scenario it is observed that both Andhra Pradesh
and southern region are projected to experience peak and energy shortage by
end 13th plan without addition of the proposed project.
Considering the above, Pudimadaka (4 x 1000 MW), planned to be commissioned
during 13th Plan period, is justified from demand supply consideration.
1.6
To conduct literature review and to collect data relevant to the study area;
Field sampling of environmental attributes at various representative locations in
the study area to establish the baseline environmental status;
Collate and compile secondary data including socio-economic data from
published literature / government publications;
Estimate pollution loads that would be generated by the proposed project;
Predict incremental levels of pollutants in the study area due to the proposed
project;
Evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes by using
scientifically developed and widely accepted Environmental Impact Assessment
Modelling Methodologies;
Chapter-1: Introduction
The baseline status of the environment in the study area will be determined by
monitoring/ sampling of selected environmental attributes during the study
period. The details of the attributes to be monitored are given in Table-1.8.
TABLE-1.8
DETAILS OF MONITORING
Sr. No.
1
Attribute
Ambient air quality
Parameters
PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx,
O3 & Hg
Meteorology
Water quality
Ecology
Noise levels
Soil characteristics
Land use
Socio-economic aspects
Geology
10
11
Risk
Disaster
Plan and
Health and
Chapter-1: Introduction
assessment,
Management
Occupational
Safety
Frequency of Monitoring
The monitoring was carried out
at 4 locations and 24 hourly
samples collected at a frequency
of twice a week.
Once in a month on 8 hourly
basis
a] Continuous hourly recording
through setting up of site
meteorological station;
b]
Data
collected
from
secondary sources like IMD
station, Visakhapatnam.
Grab Samples are collected
monthly during the study from
3 surface, 3 ground
Twice during the study period
also based on secondary data
Twice during the study period at
10 locations
Twice during the study period at
10 locations.
Chapter-1: Introduction
Chapter-1: Introduction
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter addresses the details of the proposed 4000 MW power project in
context with the basic raw material requirement, processes & capacities, utilities
& services, infra-structural facilities, sources of pollution and proposed mitigation
measures.
2.1
2.2
Features
Capacity
Configuration
Technology
Fuel
Source of Coal
Coal Requirement
Sulphur content
Ash Content in Coal
Description
4000 MW
4X1000 MW
Super-Critical Technology
Coal
Imported Coal
13.7 MTPA
0.6 % (Max.)
12 %
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
10
11
12
13
Features
Ash generation
Bottom ash
Fly Ash
ESP efficiency
Stack
Source of water
Water Requirement
Description
1.68 MTPA
0.33 MTPA
1.35 MTPA
99.99%
Two twin flue stack of 275 m height
Sea water is from Bay of Bengal
6,69,675 m3/hr (Once through system)
Description
Main Plant and associated facilities
Ash dyke
Township
Green Belt and Afforestation
Make-up water (MUW) corridor
Total
Area in Acres
800
200
20
180
300
1500
Physical demarcation of High Tide Line (HTL) and Low Tide Line (LTL) was carried
out by National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) which is an authorized agency by
MoEF&CC. Based on the survey, Pudimadaka site is located at about 1 km from
the HTL of open sea and about 0.1 km from the HTL of Pudimadaka creek. Hence,
the project site is compatible with the regulations of CRZ Notification, 2011.
Environmental Clearance (EC) and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) clearance for
the APSEZ site was accorded by MoEF&CC vide letter no. 21-379/2007-1A-III
dated 13th February 2012 and is enclosed as Annexure-III.
30
12
4600 - 5800
0.6
Details of Fuel
HFO
LDO
2.4
provision for FGD has been kept in the direction of east of main plant beyond
chimney.
Open cycle CW system has been shown with intake and discharge corridor from
sea. The water treatment plant and the DM water facilities are located close to
main plant. The coal handling plant and the coal stockyard are located in the
direction of west of the main plant considering the conveyor connectivity from
Sea port.
Service building for all four units is envisaged at the beginning of the unit # 1.An
interconnection walkway is also provided between Service Building and TG
building at operating floor level in AB bay for movement of personnel. Adequate
space provision has been kept in the layout for lay-down and pre-assembly
activities, open stores, contractors offices and stores etc. Construction offices
and storage sheds are located close to the main approach road to the plant.
Administration building is proposed to be located near the main approach road.
Thick green belt has been provided all along the periphery of the plant boundary.
FIGURE-2.1
GENERAL LAYOUT PLAN
Chapter-2: Project Description
heated up (by about 10 C). Once through open channel CW system shall be
provided for cooling the hot water discharge back into the sea. It will be
ensured that the temperature of the discharge water does not exceed 70C
over and above the ambient temperature of the receiving water body.
Parameters
Main steam flow at super heater outlet
Pressure at super heater outlet
Temperature at SH outlet
Steam temperature at reheater outlet
Values
3100 T/Hr
256 to 279 kg/cm2 (a)
5680 C to 6030 C
5960 C to 6030 C
2.5.2.2 Furnace
The furnace will be radiant, dry bottom type with tangential or opposed wall firing
and enclosed by water cooled and all welded membrane walls. The furnace
bottom shall be suitable both for installation of water impounded bottom ash
system and submerged scrapper chain conveying system. Spray type
attemperator is envisaged to control the superheater outlet temperature for
varying loads. The superheater and reheater tubes will be a combination of
radiation and convection type. Economizer will be non-steaming type and shall
be of modular construction.
2.5.2.3 Steam Generator Circulation System
The steam generator start up system envisages boiler start up with SG start up
drain recirculation pump. Provision shall also be made in the startup system in
case of non-availability of start-up drain recirculation pump. Separator(s) will be
used during start up for separating the steam water mixture upto a load of 30%
BMCR, above which it will be running dry. Lower part of furnace / water wall will
consist of vertical plain/rifle tubes or wrap around /helical tubes.
2.5.2.4 Steam Turbine
The steam turbine shall be tandem compound, single reheat, regenerative,
condensing, multi cylinder design with separate HP, separate IP and separate LP
casing(s), OR combined HP-IP and separate LP casing(s), directly coupled with
the generators suitable for indoor installation. The plant would be designed to
operate as a base load station. However, continuous operation under two-shift
and cyclic modes during certain periods of the year is also envisaged. The
Chapter-2: Project Description
turbine design shall cover adequate provision for quick start-up and loading of the
units to full load at a fast rate. The turbine shall be capable of operating on
variable pressure mode as well as modified sliding pressure mode. The turbine
shall be provided with suitable margins for VWO flow.
2.5.2.5 Condenser
Sea water cooled single pass or double pass condenser of tubes of Titanium B338 Gr-II shall be adopted. The condenser shall be with divided water box
construction. It shall be horizontal, surface type with integral air cooling section.
Condenser hot-well shall be sized for three (3) minutes storage capacity (between
normal and low-low level) of total design flow with the turbine operating at VWO
condition, 3% make-up, and design back pressure. The condenser shall be
adequately sized to cater to all the conditions of turbine operation including the
abnormal operating conditions such that condenser would not be a bottle neck at
any stage of operation. The exact condenser parameters shall be optimized on
the basis of site data and most economical combination of cooling surface and
circulating water quantity. The condenser shall be designed, manufactured and
tested in accordance with the latest applicable requirements of the Heat Exchange
Institute (HEI), USA. Provision of separate sponge rubber ball type condenser
on-load tube cleaning system for each CW Inlet pipe to the condenser shell
including ball circulation pumps, strainer, ball monitoring system etc. shall be
made.
2.5.2.6 Air Extraction System
Each unit shall comprise of (2x100%) vacuum pumps per condenser shell along
with all accessories and instrumentation for condenser air evacuation. The
vacuum pumps and accessories shall be used to create vacuum by removing air
and non-condensable gases from steam condenser during plant operation.
Vacuum pumps shall be of single/two stage liquid ring type with both stages (if
two-stage pump is selected) mounted on a common shaft. Vacuum pumps shall
be sized as per latest HEI requirements
2.5.2.7 Power Evacuation System
The power plant capacity being planned in this stage is 4x1000 MW and
evacuation voltage is likely to be 765 kV. As per planned grid network of
Southern region, Vemagiri 765/400 kV pooling station is being constructed by
PGCIL under Common Transmission System Associated with IPPs in Vemagiri area
having following high capacity corridors:
i. Vemagiri pooling station Cpeta Warangal Hyderabad 765 kV D/C line;
ii. Vemagiri Srikakulam Angul 765 kV D/C line
Considering project capacity of 4000 MW, provision of 6 nos of line bays has been
kept for power evacuation.
Chapter-2: Project Description
FIGURE-2.2
WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM
Chapter-2: Project Description
TABLE-2.5
WATER REQUIREMENT (ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM)
Plant Water Usages
Makeup for CW System
Makeup for HVAC System
Potable Water
CHP & Dust Suppression System
Ash Handling Plant
Plant Service Water
Make up to Boiler
AHP Miscellaneous & Vaccum Pump
* Rejects from DM Plant + RO +
Desalination Plant
2.6.2
electrostatic precipitator hoppers. This dry ash is taken to buffer hoppers for its
onward transportation in dry form to storage silos near plant boundary for
utilization. In case of non-utilization, fly ash shall be taken to HCSD system,
where in it shall be mixed in agitator tanks for its ultimate disposal in high
concentration slurry form to ash disposal area.
2.7.2 Bottom Ash Handling System
Bottom ash is extracted by using a continuously operating dry bottom ash
evacuation system.
The bottom ash extracted in dry form from each unit shall be crushed in primary
and secondary crusher to granular size of less than 6 mm and shall be collected
in an Intermediate Silos (IM silos). BA can be unloaded and transported through
trucks from this IM silo. In case of non-utilization of BA ash or disposal though
trucks, BA from IM silos shall be transported to a BA silos near High
Concentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD) pump house. This shall be further mixed
with fly ash and disposed off in form of HCSD slurry.
Economizer ash shall be handled in dry form through vacuum system. Two nos.
common buffer hopper and 4 nos. (2W+2S) vacuum pumps are envisaged for
4x1000MW units for eco ash conveying.
The BA extraction air compressor for conveying BA shall be used for conveying
Eco ash also to BA silo near HCSD pump house. This shall be further disposed off
in form of HCSD slurry.
2.7.3 Fly Ash Handling System
Pneumatic conveying system (either vacuum system or pressure system) shall be
employed for conveying of fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator hoppers and
APH hoppers in dry form. This dry ash shall be taken to buffer hoppers of each
unit. The dry ash buffer hoppers shall be located adjacent to the ESP. Dry ash
from buffer hoppers shall be transported either to HCSD silos to be located near
the chimney or to storage silos near the plant boundary. The transportation
system shall be provided for each unit for transportation from buffer hoppers to
the silos. The user industries shall take the dry fly ash from these storage silos
either in closed tankers or in open tankers.
Space provision shall be kept near storage silos for installation of dry fly ash
classification system, in future, for users for classified fly ash.
2.7.4 Ash Slurry Disposal System
2.7.4.1 Fly Ash, Bottom and Economizer Ash Disposal
The fly ash collected in HCSD silos near chimney and Economiser & BA ash from
BA silo shall be mixed with water in an agitator tank at controlled rate to obtain
the desired high concentration. This high concentration slurry shall be further
pumped to Ash dyke approximately 3 km from the plant by HCSD pumps. One
HCSD pump house is envisaged for 4x1000 MW units. There shall be Four (4)
Chapter-2: Project Description
working streams (one for each unit) and two (2) standby streams of HCSD
pumps. All the pumping streams shall be provided with its individual disposal
pipes. No crossover is being envisaged in the disposal piping.
2.7.4.2 Ash Water System
There shall be no recirculation from dyke as the disposal of BA and FA system
shall be only by HCSD .Thus the plant make up shall be used for water
requirement of ash handling system throughout the life of the plant.
Sea water shall be used for ash sluicing and ash slurry applications. Accordingly it
is proposed that the MOC of the equipment, vessels, pumps, pipes & accessories
handling sea water & ash slurry shall be suitable for sea water application.
However for sealing purpose & cooling of auxiliaries sweet water shall be used. To
meet the requirement of the water for ash handling required number of ash water
pumps shall be provided which shall take suction from the ash water sump.
2.7.4.3 Ash Water Recirculation System
HCSD systems is supposed to have no excess water. However a recirculation
system is envisaged for pumping any excess decanted water from Dyke.
Decanted water from ash pond of HCSD pond shall be led to the plant area by
using 2x100% (30 cum/hr) capacity pumps and the same shall be conveyed
through one number steel pipe (suitable for sea water use) from ash dyke to
plant area. This water will be used further in the ash handling system.
2.8
A set of pressurizing pumps shall draw the oil from the storage tanks for pumping
the oil to the steam generator units. The auxiliary boiler shall be designed for
firing light oil (LDO). A separate day oil tank of 100 kl capacity for auxiliary boiler
shall be provided. Oil shall be drawn from the main LDO storage tanks for feeding
to day oil tank.
The auxiliary boiler shall use either or both heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) and light oil
(LDO) and the oil shall be drawn from the main storage tanks.
2.9
Space provision has been kept in the layout for retrofitting Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) system, if required in future;
The appropriate low NOx burners shall be adopted during the boiler design for
controlled NOx emission;
For control of fugitive dust emissions within and around the coal handling
plant, dust extraction / suppression systems would be provided. Dust
suppression system shall also be provided in the coal stockyard; and
The liquid effluents shall be collected and treated/ recycled as per the following
design philosophy:
A coal particle settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles from
coal handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped to CEMB;
The plant shall have two different systems for ash disposal conventional wet
slurry disposal for bottom ash and High Concentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD)
for fly ash. HCSD system will require less quantity of water and the excess
decanted water from ash dyke shall be recirculated through ash handling
plant. Hence, there will be no effluent discharge from the fly ash disposal site;
All the plant liquid effluents shall be mixed in CEMB and disposed off to the
final disposal point;
The sewage from plant and township shall be treated in a common sewage
treatment plant. The treated sewage conforming to prescribed standards shall
be utilized for plantation/horticulture to the extent possible. The balance
effluent shall be discharged; and
water re-circulation for bottom ash and High Concentration Slurry Disposal
(HCSD) for fly ash. HCSD system will require less quantity of water.
2.9.5 Afforestation and Greenbelt Development
An action plan will be prepared for undertaking extensive afforestation and
plantation activities for various select species based on recreational and socioeconomic importance, nativity, capability for controlling pollution etc. in all
available spaces in the main plant and township area and raising shelterbelt
plantations along the vicinity of ash storage/ disposal sites and along boundary
walls.
2.10
Ash Utilization
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has issued a Gazette Notification dated
03-11-2009 which is an amendment to its earlier notifications dated 14-09-1999
and amendment dated 27-08-2003. The new notification stipulates that all coal
based power stations/ units commissioned after the date of issue of notification
have to utilize at least 50% of ash generated within 1 year, 70% within 2 years,
90% within 3 years and 100% within 4 years respectively from the
commissioning of the units.
The unutilized fly ash with respect to the target during a year, if any, shall be
utilized within next two years in addition to the targets stipulated for those years
and the balance unutilized ash accumulated during the first 4 years shall have to
be utilized progressively over next 5 years in addition to 100% utilization of
current generation of ash.
NTPC - a socially conscious utility considers utilization of ash produced at its coal
based power station as a thrust area of its activities. Pudimadaka Super Thermal
Power Project, (4x1000 MW) planned to be set up in Dist Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh. As per plan, imported coal having ash content of about 12% shall be
used at Pudimadaka STPP. It is estimated that about 1.68 MTPA of ash would be
produced in the power generation process. In order to have maximum ash
utilization in various areas and also to comply with the requirements of MOEFs
Gazette Notification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009, following actions are proposed
to be taken up by NTPC:
o
NTPC shall provide a system for 100% extraction of dry fly ash along with
suitable storage facilities. Provision shall also be kept for segregation of
coarse and fine ash, loading this ash in tankers/ bulkers and also for loading
fly ash into rail wagons. This will ensure availability of dry fly ash required for
manufacture of Fly Ash based Portland Pozzolona Cement (FAPPC) for cement
plants, Ready Mix Concrete plants & export.
NTPC shall also set up fly ash brick manufacturing plant at proposed project,
fly ash brick thus produced shall be utilized for in-house construction works.
With all the efforts mentioned above, it is expected that fly ash generated at
proposed thermal power station shall be utilized in the areas of cement, concrete
& building products manufacturing, road embankment construction etc. However
in order to prepare realistic road map for 100% ash utilization, a detailed market
study shall be carried out. Based on recommendations of the study, detailed Road
Map for achieving 100% Ash Utilization in the line with MOEFs Gazette
Notification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009 shall be prepared.
2.11
3.1
Introduction
This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the
study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study
area covers 10 km radius from project boundary.
EIA notification requires that 10 km radius area surrounding the project site shall
be covered under the study to adjudge the existing baseline environmental
conditionand the same is denoted as study area. As part of the study, description
of biological environment and human environment such as environmental
settings, demography & socio-economics, land-use/land cover, ecology &
biodiversity have been carried out for entire 10 km radius. However, as a
universally accepted methodology of EIA studies, physical environmental
attributes such as meteorology, ambient air quality, water quality, soil &
sediment quality, noise levels, physiography, geology and hydrogeology, ecology
(terrestrial, aquatic and marine) have been studied at selective locations
representing rural/residential land sensitive locations including the densely
populated areas, agricultural lands, forest lands and other ecologically sensitive
areas, if any falling within 10 km radius study area.
This report incorporates the baseline primary data monitored on several
environment and ecological attributes for the period of three months (March 2015
May 2015) representing pre-monsoon season and secondary data collected
from various government and semi-government organizations.
3.2
3.2.1 Geomorphology
Geomorphologically, the district can be divided into three regions, viz., northern
hilly terrain with valleys, middle pediplains and alluvial coastal plains. The
northern half of the district is mainly occupied by the structural hills and valleys,
which is part of the Eastern Ghats. The hill range trends parallel to coast. The
average altitude of hills is over 900 m amsl. The hills are densely forested. By
virtue of their topography, these hilly terrains largely form run off areas and are
not suitable for ground water development. The valley fill areas underlain by
weathered formations in the Araku and Paderu areas possess high infiltration and
high permeability. These areas form good to moderate aquifers depending on
their thickness. The hard rock terrain exposed in the Tandava-Varaha-SaradaGosthani river basins constitutes the vast denudational pediplains, exhibiting the
gradational phase of denudational-residual-inselbergpediment areas. Pediment
is well developed around the khondalite outcrops, whereas in the charnockite
outcrops, it is not extensively developed. The pediment area accelerates surface
run off with moderate to less infiltration along the jointed and weathered zone.
The Tandava, Varaha, Sarada and Gosthani rivers and their tributaries have
contributed to the formation of extensive flood plain areas. There is not much
surface drainage in the plains because of the high infiltration and permeable
characteristics of the sediments. The district has a coastline of about 132 km. The
coastal plain is a feature of the marine deposition, which is very extensive, wide
and even extends to several kilometers inland. The coastline is broken by a
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
number of bold headlands, which protect the land against constant erosion by the
sea.
3.2.2 Rainfall & Climate
Climatologically the district experiences tropical sub-humid type of climate with
moderate summer and good seasonal rainfall. The southwest monsoon sets in the
second week of June and lasts till September end. October and November receive
rainfall from northeast monsoon. Winter season with cool and fine weather
prevails from December to February followed by summer season upto early June.
The average annual rainfall of the district is 1116 mm. and monthly rainfall
ranges from nil rainfall in January to 207.5 mm in October. October is the wettest
month of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 673.5 mm. in
southwest monsoon (June September), 271.8 mm. in northeast monsoon
(October-December), 10.9 mm. rainfall in winter (Jan-Feb) and 159.6 mm in
summer (MarchMay). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is
60.36% in southwest monsoon, 24.36 % in northeast monsoon, 0.97 percentage
in winter and 14.3 % in summer.
The annual rainfall ranges from 708 mm in 2002 to 1703 mm in 2010. The annual
rainfall departure ranges from-37% in 2002 to 53% in 2010. The southwest
monsoon rainfall contributes about 60 % of annual rainfall. It ranges from 459
mm in 2002 to 864 mm in 2006. The year 2002 and 2009 experienced drought
conditions in the district as the annual rainfall recorded in these two years is 37%
and 34% less than the long period average (LPA) respectively. The cumulative
departure of annual rainfall from LPA indicates that the rainfall departure as on
2011 is negative i.e. 40%, showing deficit rainfall. The annual rainfall during 2012
is 1218 mm.
3.2.3 Soils
The different soils in the district are red loams, sandy loams, sandy soils and
black cotton soils. Red loamy soils are predominate and occupy about 70% in the
district. Sandy loamy soils are largely confined to the coastal areas and to certain
stretches in the interior mandals of Chodavaram, Narsipatnam, K.Kotapadu and
Madugula. Black cotton soils occur in parts of K.Kotapadu, Devarapalli,
Chedikada, Paderu and Hukumpeta mandals.
3.2.4 Drainage
The most important rivers drained in the district are Machikund, Tandava,
Varaha, Sarada and Gostani. Most of the rivers are ephemeral in nature.
However, some of the tributaries of Machikund are perennial with indications of
substantial ground water discharge. Almost all the rivers and streams experience
flash floods during rainy season. A good number of springs exist in Paderu and
Araku areas. The district is characterized by sub-dendritic to dendritic nature of
drainage pattern and is of coarse texture. In general the density is in the range of
0.6 to 1/Km2. Many of the hill streams in Paderu valley disappear on entering the
plains due to high permeability of the pediment gravels. The disappearance of
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
streams in and along the hill slopes is contributing to the ground water, which is
again discharged through the silty soils at lower elevations.
3.2.5 Geology
The district forms a part of Easter Ghat Mobile Belt exposing all the characteristic
lithounits of the Eastern Ghat Supergroup such as the Khondalite, Charnockite
and migmatite. The Khondalite group is represented by Khondalite (QuartzFeldspar-garnet sillimanite-graphite gneiss), calc granulite and quartzite which
occur as impersistent bands within the khondalite. The Charnockite group
consists of acid, intermediate, and basic varieties. The migmatite group consists
various rock types including leptynite. Porphyroblastic gneiss, quartzo felspathic
mobilesates and other associated hybrid rocks. Bauxite laterite occupies several
flat topped and gently sloping hills at elevation of 1000 m and above. Laterite are
mostly developed on khondalites and rarely on charnockites. Tirupathi, sandstone
of Gonwana Supergroup occurs unconformably over the Archaean Crystallines.
This is represented by coarse sandstone and clays exposed close to the coast.
Quaternary sediments in the district are of both fluvial and marine regimes. The
fluvial sediments are restricted to inland valleys of Sarada, Tandava and Gosthani
rivers, in the form of flood plains mostly comprising brown silty clay. Channel
bars and active channels contain brown silts and coarse sand. The marine
sediments of active beach and tidal flat are seen in the narrow coastal plain. The
coastal plain south of Elamanchili is rocky, scarp faced and believed to be fault
controlled. The rocks along the coast bear the impressions of sea level
fluctuations up to an elevation of 130 m. above m.s.l. The structural grain of the
lithounits is defined by foliation which is considered to have developed because of
first phase of folding and uniformly shows parallelism with the primary layering
wherever preserved. The strike of the foliation varies form NE-SW to NW-SE with
moderate to steep dips. The rocks have been subjected to tight isoclinals folding
having a regional trend of NE-SW. As a result of cross folding on NW-SE axis
structural domes and basins have been formed in the area. These are well
developed in the proximity of the ridges around Visakhapatnam. Faults and
lineaments trending mostly NE-SW and NW-SE are seen in the area.
3.2.6 Hydrogeology
The hydrogeological studies to understand the local geology, geomorphic
features, drainage network, aquifer characteristics and yield of water.
Accordingly, various components controlling the hydrogeological regime. The
hydrogeological map of the Visakhapatnam District is shown in Figure-3.2.1.
Ground water occurs in almost all geological formations. From the ground water
point of view, the aquifers in the district can be broadly classified into hard
formations (khondalites, charnockites, granitic gneisses etc.) and soft formations
(sand stones and alluvium). Ground water occurs under unconfined to semiconfined conditions in the hard formations, while it occurs under unconfined to
confined conditions in soft formations. The yields in the weathered zones of hard
formations range from 25 to 100 m3/day. The bore wells drilled in the hard
formations, generally tap the fractured and fissured zones. The yields of the bore
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
wells in these formations range between 5 to 25 m 3/hr. Sand stones are exposed
in the small isolated places around Nakkavanipalem and Elamanchili. In these
formations, ground water occurs under both unconfined and confined conditions.
The depth of dug wells in alluvium formations ranges from 2 to 10 m bgl and the
yields generally ranges from 40 to 250 m3/day. The depth of filter
points/tubewells varies from 9 to 35 m with discharges ranging from 15 to 30
m3/hour.
The transmissivity values of the aquifers in the consolidated formations generally
vary from 1 to 772 m2/day, whereas specific capacity ranges from 1 to 290
lpm/mdd.
As per the CGWB report, September-2013. The Pre-monsoon (May, 2012) depth
to water levels, in general, the water levels are deep particularly in the hilly area
of the district. Depth to water levels varies from 5 to 10 m bgl, except at
Chintapalli, where water level recorded 15.78 m bgl. In the southern part of the
district i.e., near to the coast, the water levels are comparatively shallow (<5.00
m) except in Payakaraopeta and Nakkapalli mandals where it is in between 5 and
10 m bgl.
During the post monsoon period (November, 2012), in general, the water levels
follow nearly same trend. Water levels in the most part of northern area show
less than 5 m. except at Potinamallaya Palem (5.80 m). The Shallow water levels,
<2 m, were observed in South-Western part of the district. The shallow water
level was recorded at Addaroddu (0.30 m). The shallow water levels in the area
might be due to location of wells close to surface water bodies/in topographic low
levels. From the trend of both pre and post monsoon levels it can be safely
concluded that the area, in general, is not prone to water logging.
The project site is located in Atchutapuram and Rambilli mandals of
Visakhapatnam District. As per the CGWB report September-2013. The depth to
water levels in Rambilli Mandal ranges from 2 to 10 m bgl in pre-monsoon season
(May-2012) and in post monsoon season (November-2012) the depth to water
level ranges from <2 to 5 m bgl.
The seasonal water level fluctuation varies from 0.03 m. (G.K. Veedhi) to 14.22
m. (Chintapalli). In general, the seasonal fluctuation is more in the hilly area
compared to coastal plains.
Water level fluctuation between decadal mean of May (20012010) Vs May 2012
shows a total number of 34 wells show rise in water levels between 0.03 m to
4.65 m and water level fall in 03 wells between 0.20 m to 4.00 m.
Water level fluctuation between decadal mean of November (2001-2010) Vs
November, 2012 shows water level rise in 15 wells ranging from 0.02 m to 1.37
m and fall in 19 wells ranging from 0.10 in to 3.69 m.
The main source of ground water recharge is by the rainfall by direct percolation
to the zone of saturation. A significant part of the rainfall is lost as runoff from
area while a limited percentage of rainfall therefore reaches zone of saturation
and becomes the part of ground water storage after meeting the evaporation and
evapo-transpiration losses. There is also ground water recharge from the return
flow of irrigation water from dug wells and tube wells operated by the cultivators
and from canals.
The dynamic groundwater resources of Visakhapatnam District has been
estimated jointly by CGWB and SWID. Govt of Andhra Pradesh, following the
norms laid down by GEC-1997 methodology and projected as on 31.03.2009.
As per the present ground water resource estimation (2008-2009) the total
annual ground water recharge in the district is estimated to be 78,383 ham.
(Command area = 11,794 ham and Non Command area = 66,689 ham) and the
net annual ground water availability in the district after allowing the unavoidable
natural discharges is 71689 ham (command area 10683 ham. and in Noncommand area 61,006 ham). The gross ground water draft for all purposes is
estimated as 23,100 ham out of which 6300 ham is in command area and 16,800
ham is in Non-Command area. Thus the ground water available for future
irrigation needs after allocating the ground water for future domestic and
industrial needs is 38,264 ham in the entire district, which is 3,282 ham in
command area and 34,982 ham in Non-command areas of the district.
The project site is located in Atchutapuram and Rambilli mandals of
Visakhapatnam District. As per the present ground water resource estimation
(2008-2009) the net annual ground water availability in the Rambilli mandal after
allowing the unavoidable natural discharges is 1243 ham (command area 142
ham and in Non-command area 1101 ham). The gross ground water draft for all
purposes is estimated as 554 ham out of which 83 ham is in command area and
471 ham is in Non-Command area. Thus the ground water available for future
irrigation needs after allocating the ground water for future domestic and
industrial needs is 689 ham in the entire Rambilli mandal, which is 59 ham in
command area and 630 ham in Non-command areas of the Rambilli mandal and
the stage of ground water development is 45% Safe category.
Project Site
FIGURE-3.2.1
HYDROGEOLOGY MAP OF VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
3.3.1 Objectives
The objectives of land use studies are:
To analyze the impacts on land use due to plant activities in the study area;
and
To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern vis-a-vis
growth of plant activities in the study area and its associated impacts.
3.3.2 Methodology
For the study of land use, literature review of various secondary sources such as
District Census Handbooks, regional maps regarding topography, zoning
settlement, industry, forest etc., were taken. The data was collected from various
sources like District Census Handbook, Revenue records, state and central
government offices and Survey of India (SOI) Topo sheets and also through
primary field surveys. Classification of landuse is done based on latest satellite
imagery (13th March 2015) for the study area.
3.3.3 Land Use Based on Satellite Imagery
The methodology adopted for preparation of land use/ land cover thematic map is
monoscopic visual interpretation of geocoded scenes of IRS-P6 satellite LISS-III
and field observations taken. The various steps involved in the study are
preparatory field work, field survey and post field work.
Also, literature review of various secondary sources such as District Census
Handbooks, regional maps regarding topography, zoning settlement, industry,
forest etc were taken.
3.3.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover Classification System
The present land use / land cover maps were prepared based on the classification
system of National standards. For explanation of each of the land use category the
details as given in Table-3.3.1 were considered.
TABLE-3.3.1
LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Sr. No.
1
Level-1
Built-up Land
Level-2
Town/cities
Villages
Institution/Industry/Godown etc
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
Level-1
Agriculture Land
Forest
Wastelands
Water Bodies
Others
Level-2
Plotted Area/Layout
Crop Land
Plantations
Fallow
Evergreen/Semi evergreen
Deciduous
Forest Plantation
Rocky/Stony Waste
Land with /without scrubs
Saline/sandy & Marshy/swampy
River/Stream
Lake/Reservoir/Tanks
Orchard/Other Plantation
Shifting cultivation
Salt Pans, Snow covered/Glacial
Barren/Vacant Land
Final Output
The final output would be the land use/land cover map on 1:1,55,000 scale,
numerals were given different colour code for each category as shown in map.
Area estimation of all features of Land use/Land cover categories was noted.
Observations
The following are the main interpreted land use/land cover classes of the study
area and their respective areas are given in hectares in Table-3.3.2 for the year
2015. The thematic map and land use pattern within 10 km radius based on IRS-P6
for 13th March 2015 are shown in Figure-3.3.1 and Figure-3.3.2 respectively.
TABLE-3.3.2
LAND USE BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGERY
Sr.
No.
Built-up Land
1
Forest
2
Agricultural
land
3
Waste Land
4
Water Body
5
Wetlands
6
Others
7
Land Use
Level-II
Area
(Hectares)
Area
(%)
Settlements
Industry/Institutional Land
New Development/Layout
Dense/Open Forest
Degraded Scrub
Forest Blank
Plantation
892
617
690
1655
243
5
1692
2.13
1.47
1.65
3.95
0.58
0.01
4.04
Irrigated/Double Crop
Other Agriculture Land/Single Crop
3089
6301
7.38
15.05
3282
6300
16
72
191
824
17
15196
20
7
197
229
322
41856
7.84
15.05
0.04
0.17
0.46
1.97
0.04
36.31
0.05
0.02
0.47
0.55
0.77
100.00
Level-I
Fallow Land
Land with/without Scrub
Rocky/Stony/Barren Land
Quarry/Mining Land
Stream/River/Canal
Reservoir/Tank/Pond
Water Logged
Bay of Bengal
Mudflats/Marshy Land
Mangroves
Aquaculture Ponds
Salt Pans
Coastal Sand/Sand dunes
Total
Conclusions
As per satellite imagery, majority of the study area is occupied by water body i.e
Sea (Bay of Bengal) (38.77 %), followed by agricultural land (34.32 %) and
waste land (15.26 %). Built-up land and forest land occupy 5.25% and 4.55 %
respectively.
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
FIGURE-3.3.1
SATELLITE IMAGERY
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
FIGURE-3.3.2
LAND USE BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGERY
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
Soil Characteristics
It is essential to determine the potentiality of soil in the area and to identify the
impacts of urbanization on soil quality. Accordingly, the soil quality assessment
has been carried out.
Location
Project Site
Vesilipalem
Pallwanpuram
Lalamkoduru
Narasapuam
Near Gokivada
Chinnapudi
Pudimadaka
Rambilli
Kavalapalli
Distance
from Plant Boundary
(km)
0.2
0.3
3.4
7.0
1.3
0.7
4.9
5.5
Direction w.r.t
Proposed Plant
Boundary
W
WSW
WNW
NW
ENE
ESE
SW
WSW
FIGURE-3.4.1
SOIL QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
TABLE-3.4.2 (A)
SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Parameters
pH
Conductivity
Texture
UOM
-s/cm
--
Sand
Silt
Clay
Bulk Density
Exchangeable Calcium as Ca
Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg
Exchangeable Sodium as Na
Available Potassium as K
Available Phosphorous as P
Available Nitrogen as N
Organic Matter
Organic Carbon
Water soluble Chloride as Cl
Water soluble Sulphate as SO4
Sodium Absorption Ratio
Aluminium
Total Iron
Manganese
Boron
Zinc
%
%
%
g/cc
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
Kg/ha
Kg/ha
Kg/ha
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
-%
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
S1
7.1
78.7
Sandy
clay
45
21
34
1.13
400
121.4
22.5
126.7
40.6
24.9
0.39
0.23
70.8
87.8
0.25
0.35
0.46
105.4
<0.1
30.1
S2
7.6
2770
Silty
clay
32
48
20
1.21
3196
1212.1
1530
677.7
73.7
20.2
0.3
0.17
5316.3
1929.5
5.84
1.03
1.05
105.1
<0.1
26.3
S3
6.8
50.1
Sandy
clay
47
21
32
1.17
300
121.3
14.6
112.0
78.2
21.3
0.32
0.19
70.8
133.1
0.18
0.10
0.23
26.2
<0.1
30.6
S4
7.0
160.7
Sandy
clay
43
26
31
1.09
3601.5
364.2
300.6
564.6
215.2
100.8
1.65
0.95
102.1
212.2
1.28
1.95
1.78
245.3
<0.1
20.1
S5
7.4
385.0
Sandy
clay
30
45
25
1.25
799.6
242.6
477.0
102.9
86.8
29.3
0.42
0.24
424.0
117.9
3.79
0.90
1.31
125.0
<0.1
2.69
TABLE-3.4.2(B)
SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Parameters
pH
Conductivity
Texture
UOM
-s/cm
--
Sand
Silt
Clay
Bulk Density
Exchangeable Calcium as Ca
Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg
Exchangeable Sodium as Na
Available Potassium as K
Available Phosphorous
Available Nitrogen as N
Organic Matter
Organic Carbon
Water soluble chloride as Cl
Water soluble sulphate as SO4
Sodium Absorption Ratio
Aluminium
Total iron
Manganese
Boron
Zinc
%
%
%
g/cc
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
Kg/ha
Kg/ha
Kg/ha
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
%
-%
%
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
S6
6.9
131.7
Sandy
clay
44
20
36
1.15
900.9
182.2
59.1
286.4
144.9
61.9
0.96
0.56
141.5
152.9
0.47
0.87
1.59
200.4
<0.1
5.65
S7
6.5
103.8
Sandy
clay
44
20
36
1.03
599.4
121.3
27.3
229.4
121.3
42.5
0.73
0.43
106.1
108.2
0.27
0.66
1.25
209.9
<0.1
14.82
S8
7.5
551.0
Sandy
clay
42
20
38
1.18
2096.5
302.9
508.2
860.4
418.6
27.5
0.42
0.24
708.3
399.2
2.75
0.64
1.28
199.1
<0.1
9.23
S9
7.2
183.4
Sandy
clay
46
21
33
1.20
2001.3
303.6
188.7
308.5
92.4
73.6
1.09
0.63
70.6
382.0
1.04
2.03
3.09
235.2
<0.1
31.72
S10
7.6
643.0
Sandy
clay
44
22
34
1.11
2401.4
242.9
559.7
1693.2
261.0
80.1
1.28
0.75
708.0
882
2.91
1.30
2.33
395.2
<0.1
54.94
Soil Test
pH
Organic Carbon
Nitrogen (kg/ha)
Classification
<4.5 Extremely acidic
4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic
5.51-6.0 moderately acidic
6.01-6.50 slightly acidic
6.51-7.30 Neutral
7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline
7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline
8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline
9.01 very strongly alkaline
Upto 1.00 Average
1.01-2.00 harmful to germination
2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive
to salts)
Upto 0.2: very less
0.21-0.4: less
0.41-0.5 medium,
0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient
0.81-1.00: sufficient
>1.0 more than sufficient
Upto 50 very less
51-100 less
101-150 good
151-300 Better
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
Soil Test
Phosphorus (kg/ha)
Potash (kg/ha)
Classification
>300 sufficient
Upto 15 very less
16-30 less
31-50 medium,
51-65 on an average sufficient
66-80 sufficient
>80 more than sufficient
0 -120 very less
120-180 less
181-240 medium
241-300 average
301-360 better
>360 more than sufficient
3.4.3
Duration
(minutes)
180
160
180
160
160
Initial
Infiltration
Rate
(mm/h)
790
341
614
975
321
Final
Infiltration
Rate
(mm/h)
59
18
48
121
13
Average
Infiltration
Rate
(mm/h)
193
66
142
248
71
Near
Near
Near
Near
Near
Gurujapalem Village
Krishnampalem Village
Appanapalem Village
Goropudi Village
Lalamkoduru Village
Duration
(minutes)
140
180
160
130
180
Initial
Infiltration
Rate
(mm/h)
712
653
156
712
282
Final
Infiltration
Rate
(mm/h)
8
23
60
692
51
Average
Infiltration
Rate
(mm/h)
107
108
108
587
94
Conclusions
The infiltration rate curves indicate that at all the sites except at site no 9, stabilized
infiltration rate is reached.
In the ash pond area, the infiltration rate varies from 66 mm/h to 248 mm/h
In the villages around NTPC, the infiltration rate varies from 71 mm/h to 587 mm/h
FIGURE-3.4.2
INFILTRATION CURVES IN ASH POND AREA
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
FIGURE-3.4.2 (Contd)
INFILTRATION CURVES IN SURROUNDING VILLAGES
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
Meteorology
The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful for proper
interpretation of the baseline information regarding project site area and
surrounding area for air quality dispersion. Historical data on meteorological
parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general
meteorological regime of the region.
The year may broadly be divided into four seasons:
3.5.1
Winter season
Pre-monsoon season
Monsoon season
Post-monsoon season
:
:
:
:
December to February
March to May
June to September
October to November
Methodology
The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the
standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS : 8829) and India
Meteorological Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for various
meteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data was
collected every hour continuously from 1st March2015 to 31st May2015.
TABLE-3.5.1
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA-STATION: IMD, VISAKHAPATNAM (1991-2000)
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Annual
Pre monsoon
Temperature
Min
15.8
18.1
22.3
24.2
26.6
26.7
25.3
25.4
24.5
24.1
19.9
15.9
(0c)
Max
30.3
33.7
35.4
36.2
37.7
35.5
35.1
34.1
33.5
33.6
32.3
30.3
Range
Rainfall
63-81
65-72
1296.4
94.9
15.8-37.7
22.3-37.7
11.9
13.2
5.0
20.0
69.9
132.8
116.8
233.4
201.5
337.2
147.4
7.3
Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year. Winds were light
and moderate particularly during the morning hours. While during the afternoon
hours the winds were stronger. The wind roses for the study period representing
pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons along with annual wind
roses are shown in Figure-3.5.1 to Figure-3.5.3 and presented in Table-3.5.2.
1.0% W C-1.0%
W
WS
0%
3.0% S
SW
%
SS
W
35.
8%
0.7% S
N 0%
N
N NE 0.
E
4%
0.
3%
.6
N 0.5%
NN
E0
%
N
E
2.
3%
26.2% S
SS
W
%
E0
EN
C-4.8%
E 3.3%
8%
0.
SE E 0.9%
SS
ES
E3
SW
%W
9.5% S
5.1
2
10.
SW
SW
SW
Monsoon
8-30hrs
SCALE
Monsoon
17-30hrs
18.
2
41
.0
32
.3
%S
11.
3%
.5
%
SW
18
WN
W
7.4% W
0%
SE E 0%
SS
%S
SW
0%
2.
5.8
%
%
E0
EN
C-13.3% E 0.3%
ES
E0
%
9.2% W
Pre Monsoon
17-30hrs
NW
%N
0.9
W
N
42
.7%
.7%
W
NN
0%
W
N
9%
2.
%W
NW
SW
ES
E4
7%
2.
E3
SS
Pre Monsoon
8-30hrs
2.9
.0%
E1
EN
E 3.0%
SE
W
WS
W
8%
21.
N 0.3%
N
N NE 0.
E
3%
0%
N 0%
NN
N E 0%
E
0.
7%
W
NN
W
N
1.0
%W
NW
%
E0
EN
C-10.7% E 0.5%
ES
E0
.5%
5%
0.
SE 0%
E
SS
0%
20.
7%
0.
5.7% W
W
NN
W
N
%W
NW
0%
0%
6%
2.
2.0
5%
SPEED CALM
1.0
11
19
>19 Km/hr
FIGURE-3.5.1
PRE MONSOON & MONSOON WINDROSE - IMD VISAKHAPATNAM
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
.2%
E1
2.5
%
4.6% S
SW
SS
W
0%
3.0
%
2.
E
N
10
.8
%
N
N 0%
NN
E0
.8%
N
E
2.
7%
6.
0%
E5
.7%
NN
SW
4%
3.
ES
E1
SS
W
9.9
%
0%
10.
5%
11
19
>19 Km/hr
13.3% S
N 3.5%
0.7% S
%S
SW
SW
N 1.3%
NN
E1
.5%
12
.9
%
NN
0% S
%S
SW
1.0
0.7
2%
5.
.5%
SCALE
SPEED CALM
5
SE
Winter
8-30hrs
1.0
.1%
E8
E 32.4%
E1
0%
E0
%
EN
5.7
%
0% W C-2.7%
W
WS
0%
SS
2.
ES
0%
SE E 0%
SS
SW
%W
E 2.8%
E1
5%
C-37.7%
0%
WN
W
ES
4.
SW
SE
EN
6.6% W
W
NN
W
0%
N
0%
W
NN
W
N
.7%
E3
.0%
%
5.0
%
WN
W
2.0
E2
0%
SS
4.
E 4.5%
E0
%
Post Monsoon
17-30hrs
.6
0%
1%
15.
E 29.0%
Post Monsoon
8-30hrs
10
13.
E
EN
0.5% W C-9.0%
W
WS
.5%
0%
SE E 0%
SS
SW
%W
3.0
W
NN W
N
C-17.0%
ES
0.5
%W
NW
%
4.5
E
EN
6.5% W
0%
WN
W
0%
W
N
NW
%N
%
0%
N 8.6%
.0
4.5
11
10.
Winter
17-30hrs
FIGURE-3.5.2
POST MONSOON & WINTER WINDROSES IMD VISAKHAPATNAM
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
5.
5%
E4
.6%
N
E
W
NN
W
N
WN
W
NN
%
2.4
8%
6.
7.0% W
SS
W
SW
%W
1%
0.
SE E 0%
SS
.0%
E2
EN
C-19.7%
E 2.0%
ES
E0
.1%
1.0% S
7.0
%
N 3.2%
Annual
8-30hrs
WN
W
N 0.4%
NN
E0
.7%
N
E
3.
4%
W
NN
W
N
7%
0.
1.9
%
1%
22
.4
SW
4.5
%
7
11.
.0%
E6
EN
C-4.4%
2.2% W
3.
E1
3%
E2
SS
ES
SE
SW
%W
2.7
E 16.9%
0.8
%
16.
7
%S
SW
14
13.4% S
.2
SW
.1%
Annual
17-30hrs
SCALE
5%
SPEED CALM
1.0
11
19
>19 Km/hr
FIGURE-3.5.3
ANNUAL WIND ROSE (IMD- VISAKHAPATNAM)
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
TABLE-3.5.2
SUMMARY OF WIND PATTERN-IMD VISAKHAPATNAM
Season
First Predominant
Wind Direction (%)
0830
1730
WNW
E
(13.0)
(32.4)
Winter
Second Predominant
Wind Direction (%)
0830
1730
NW
ESE
(10.6)
(19.9)
PreMonsoon
SW (42.5)
SSW
(35.8)
WSW
(20.0)
S
(26.2)
Monsoon
SW
(41.0)
SW
(32.3%)
WSW
(21.8)
SSW
(18.2)
PostMonsoon
NE
(12.9)
E
(29.0)
NNE
(12.5)
ESE
(15.7)
Annual
SW
(22.4)
E
(16.9)
WSW
(11.7)
SSW
(16.7)
Predominant Wind
Speeds (kmph)
0830
1730
1.0-5.0
5.0-11.0
5.0-11.0
11.0-19.0
11.0-19.0
19.0->19.0
19.0->19.0
5.0-11.0
11.0-19.0
11.0-19.0
19.0->19.0
19.0->19.0
5.0-11.0
5.0-11.0
11.0-19.0
11.0-19.0
19.0->19.0
19.0->19.0
5.0-11.0
5.0-11.0
11.0-19.0
11.0-19.0
19.0->19.0
19.0->19.0
5.0-11.0
5.0-11.0
11.0-19.0
11.0-19.0
19.0->19.0
19.0->19.0
Calm (%)
0830
37.7
1730
2.7
10.7
1.0
13.3
4.8
17.0
9.0
19.7
4.4
3.5.1.3 Analysis of Meteorological Data Recorded at the Proposed site (Primary Data)
The recorded meteorological data during study period i.e. pre-monsoon season,
2015 has been processed for calculating the monthly averages and presented in
Table-3.5.3.
1) Temperature
It was observed that the maximum temperature of 43.0oC was recorded in the
month of May 2015 and minimum temperature was recorded during the month of
March 2015 as 21.7oC.
2) Relative Humidity
During the period of observation the Relative Humidity ranged from 58%-73%.
The humidity was observed to be very less in the month of March, whereas the
higher humidity levels were also observed during the month of May2015.
3) Rainfall
Total Rain fall observed during the study period is 25 mm.
4) Cloud Cover
Mostly clear skies were observed during the study period.
TABLE-3.5.3
SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA GENERATED AT SITE
Month
March, 2015
April, 2015
May, 2015
Temperature
(0C)
Max
Min
36.4
38.2
43.0
21.7
23.5
26.9
Relative
Humidity (%)
Max
Min
71
68
73
58
61
62
Rainfall
(mm)
Atm
Pressure
hPa
Solar
Radiation
1001.1
1000.9
1001.4
4.0
4.1
4.3
0
19
6
Kwh/m2
Observations
Pre-monsoon Season - 2015
The predominant wind directions observed during the pre-monsoon season, 2015
are SW (24.0%), SSW (21.0%) followed by S (8.4%), W (8.3%), WSW (5.8%),
NNE (4.6%), SSE (4.1%), N (3.6%), SE (3.0%), NW (2.9%), WNW (2.7%), E
(1.6%), NNW (1.6%), ENE (1.5%), ESE (1.4%), and NE (0.9%). The prevailing
calm condition has been observed 4.6%.
W 8.3%
NN
E4
.6%
N
E
9%
2.
WN
W2
.7%
0.
9%
.6%
W1
NN
W
N
N 3.6%
.5%
E1
N
E
C-4.6%
E 1.6%
ES
E1
.4%
SE
.8%
W5
S
W
0%
3.
.1%
E4
SS
SS
W2
1.0
%
SW
24
.0
%
S 8.4%
SCALE
SPEED
5%
CALM
1.0
11
19
>19
Km/hr
FIGURE-3.5.4
SITE WIND ROSE (PRE-MONSOON SEASON, 2015)
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) records the data at two times a day
viz. 0830 hr and 1730 hr while the site specific data has been recorded at an hourly
interval. On comparison of site specific data generated for study period vis--vis
the IMD data, slight variations were found. The following observations are brought
out:
The predominant wind directions observed at the project site during pre
monsoon were SW for 24.0 % followed by SSW 21.0 % and S 8.4% of the
total time.
The temperature recorded on site when compared vis--vis the IMD data, slight
variations was found. The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at
site during the study period were 21.7C and 43.0C, whereas the minimum and
maximum values recorded at IMD-Visakhapatnam during the same period are
22.3C and 37.7C respectively; and
The Relative Humidity was observed to range from 58 % to 73% during the
study period at the site, whereas according to IMD-Visakhapatnam the Relative
Humidity was observed to be in the range of 65 % to 72% during the same
season.
The data generated at the site when compared with the data recorded at IMD, it is
observed that the data generated at the site is broadly in comparison with regional
meteorology, except minor variations as described above. The minor variations are
there because the site data is recorded continuously for 24 hours where as the IMD
data is recorded only twice a day at 0830 and 1730 hours.
3.6.1
Ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at four locations with
due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table-3.6.1 gives the details of
environmental setting around each monitoring station. The location of the selected
stations with reference to the proposed project boundary is given Table-3.6.1 and
shown in Figure-3.6.1.
TABLE-3.6.1
AIR QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS
3.6.2
Station
Code
Name of the
Station
AAQ1
AAQ2
AAQ3
AAQ4
Pudimadaka village
Rambilli village
Tallapalem village
Achutapuram village
Distance from
the Boundary of
Project Site (km)
0.7
4.9
2.1
5.9
Direction w.r.t.
the Boundary
of Project Site
ESE
SW
NE
N
Environmental
Setting
Cross wind
Up wind
Down wind
Cross wind
baseline data of air environment was monitored for parameters mentioned below
as per latest Gazette Notification of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on
NAAQ dated 18th November 2009. The ambient air quality parameters along with
their frequency of sampling are given in Table-3.6.2.
TABLE-3.6.2
MONITORED PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING
Parameters
Particulate Matter(PM10)
Respirable Particulate
Matter(PM2.5)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ozone (O3)
Ammonia, NH3
Benzene, C6H6
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)
Arsenic (As)
Nickel (Ni)
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Sampling Frequency
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly samples twice a week for three months
24 hourly samples twice a week for three months
8 hourly samples for 24 hour twice a week for three months
8 hourly samples for 24 hour Once in month
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
24 hourly sample twice a week for three months
8 hourly samples for 24 hour Once in month
The details of method of sampling and analysis adopted are given in Annexure-V.
The applicable Environmental Standards are given in Annexure-VI.
3.6.3
Method of Analysis
The air samples were analyzed as per standard methods specified by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), IS: 5184 and American Public Health Association
(APHA). The techniques used for ambient air quality monitoring and minimum
detectable levels are given in Table-3.6.3.
TABLE-3.6.3
TECHNIQUES USED FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Parameters
Respirable Particulate
PM10
Particulate Matter, PM2.5
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NOx)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ozone (O3)
Ammonia, NH3
Benzene, C6H6
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)
Arsenic (As)
Nickel (Ni)
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Test Method
Matter,
NN
E4
.6%
N
E
WN
W2
.7%
W 8.3%
0.
9%
.6%
W1
NN
9%
2.
W
N
N 3.6%
.5%
E1
EN
C-4.6%
E 1.6%
ES
E1
.4%
SE
.8%
W5
WS
0%
3.
.1%
E4
SS
SS
W2
1.0
%
SW
24
.0
%
S 8.4%
SCALE
SPEED
5%
CALM
1.0
11
19
>19
Km/hr
FIGURE-3.6.1
AIR QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS
TABLE-3.6.4
SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS (PRE-MONSOON SEASON, 2015)
Station
Code
AAQ1
AAQ2
AAQ3
AAQ4
Locations
Min
Pudimadaka village
Rambilli village
Tallapalem village
Achutapuram village
Range
Station
Code
Locations
AAQ1
AAQ2
AAQ3
AAQ4
Pudimadaka village
Rambilli village
Tallapalem village
Achutapuram
village
Range
PM10 (g/m3)
Max
Avg
46.8
35.8
38.7
51.6
Min
274
202
296
331
53.4
41.4
49.2
60.8
35.8
CO (g/m3)
Max
Avg
418
326
420
481
344
280
377
410
202 - 481
50.4
38.8
44.5
55.8
60.8
98th
%le
411
326
417
479
98th
%le
53.2
41.2
49.2
60.4
Min
3.5
2.3
2.3
4.1
Min
23.2
14.4
19.7
26.1
PM2.5 (g/m3)
Max
Avg
27.6
17.9
25.7
30.6
14.4
O3 (g/m3)
Max
Avg
6.2
4.9
6.4
6.9
4.9
3.8
4.3
5.4
2.3 6.9
26.0
16.5
22.4
28.2
30.6
98th
%le
6.1
4.9
6.4
6.8
98th
%le
27.6
17.9
25.2
30.6
Min
9.5
9.2
11.4
11.6
SO2 (g/m3)
Max
Avg
11.8
10.8
13.6
13.8
9.2
10.5
9.9
12.4
12.9
13.8
98th
%le
11.7
10.8
13.6
13.8
Min
12.3
11.7
13.0
14.1
NOx (g/m3)
Max
Avg
14.3
14.9
15.8
16.9
11.7
13.3
13.3
14.3
15.7
16.9
98th
%le
14.3
14.8
15.8
16.8
NH3
(g/m3)
C6H6
(ng/m3)
BaP
(ng/m3)
As
(ng/m3)
Ni
(ng/m3)
Pb
(ng/m3)
<20.0
<20.0
<20.0
<20.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<20.0
<1.0
<1.0
<0.2
<0.1
<0.05
<0.001
Hg
(g/m3)
Summary of Observations
The results of the monitored data indicate that the ambient air quality of the region
in general is in conformity with respect to rural/residential and commercial norms
of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of CPCB, with present level of
activities.
1]
2]
3]
4]
5]
6]
7]
Lead (Pb): Lead concentrations were observed <0.05 ng/m3 in all the
sampling locations.
8]
Arsenic (As): Arsenic values in all the locations are observed to be <0.2
ng/m3.
9]
Nickel (Ni): Nickel values in all the locations are observed to be <0.1
ng/m3.
10]
11]
Mercury (Hg): Hg values observed in all the locations are <0.001 g/m3.
12]
13]
Water Quality
Selected water quality parameters of surface and ground water resources within 10
km radius of the study area has been studied for assessing the water environment
and evaluate anticipated impact of the project. Understanding the water quality is
essential in preparation of environmental impact assessment and to identify critical
issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.
The purpose of this study is to:
Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters;
Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational
resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and
Predict impact on water quality by this project and related activities.
The information required has been collected through primary surveys and
secondary sources.
3.7.1
Methodology
Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized
based on:
The ground water and surface water sources covering 10 km radial distance were
examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in
order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground
water. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater' published by American
Public Health Association (APHA).
Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples
collected for metal content were acidified with 1 ml HNO3. Samples for
bacteriological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physicochemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the
existing water quality status in the study area.
3.7.2
TABLE-3.7.1
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Code
Location
Surface Water
SW1
Saradha river near Kummarapalli village
SW2
Sea water near Loyapalem
SW3
Pond near Krishnapalem
Ground Water
GW1
Pudimadaka village
GW2
Rambilli village
GW3
Lalamkoduru
Distance from
Plant Boundary
(km)
Direction
w.r.t. Plant
Boundary
6.7
3.4
1.6
W
SSW
WNW
0.7
4.9
0.3
ESE
SW
WSW
FIGURE-3.7.1
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
TABLE-3.7.2
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
Sr. No
Parameter
IS: 10500
Limits
6.5 8.5 (NR)
Units
-
7.9
5(15)
Hazen
$
500(2000)
-
SW3
SW1
April 2015
SW2
SW3
SW1
May 2015
SW2
SW3
7.9
8.1
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.4
7.6
7.7
S/cm
mg/l
15370
8920
57300
37354
553
274
14840
9650
55580
36130
612
405
15100
9815
58100
37765
535
360
4.6
36.2
278.3
890
2.8
28.6
240
3120
5.6
208
1120
64
5.0
69.5
250.2
809.0
3.6
64.2
225.0
2873.0
5.9
296.0
1080.0
73.0
5
72.6
235.5
853
3.5
59.5
212.8
3258
5.8
315.6
1145
60
SW1
March 2015
SW2
pH
Colour
3
4
Conductivity
5
6
7
8
Dissolved Oxygen
BOD ( 3 days at 27oC)
COD
200(600)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Total Alkalinity as
Calcium
200(600)
mg/l
188.9
128.6
144.7
177.0
132.0
151.0
186
136
146
TDS
10
75(200)
mg/l
60
152.0
11.2
54.5
141.8
13.5
59.2
165.4
10.8
11
30(100)
mg/l
179.8
665.8
87
163.5
612.0
9.6
171.4
691.2
8.1
12
250(1000)
mg/l
4612
17786
65.2
4502.0
17650.0
78.6
4567
17650
60.2
13
14
15
16
17
0.2(1)
200(400)
1.0(1.5)
45(NR)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
<0.2
0.36
882.3
0.72
0.03
<0.2
0.253
3240
1.15
0.08
<0.2
0.149
35.4
0.17
0.27
<0.2
0.45
810.0
0.8
0.1
<0.2
0.32
3190.0
1.4
0.1
<0.2
0.21
40.1
0.2
0.5
<0.2
0.39
854
0.7
0.1
<0.2
0.26
3225
1.3
0.2
<0.2
0.22
31.8
0.2
0.4
18
19
Sodium as Na
Potassium as K
$
$
mg/l
mg/l
3072
92
11395
584
89
14.2
2990.0
84.6
11150.0
525.0
97.2
16.1
3028
89.5
11480
609.6
86.4
13.4
Phosphate as PO4
20
21
Boron (as B)
Cyanides(as CN)
22
Phenolic Compounds(as
C6H6oH)
23
24
25
26
0.5(1)
0.05 (NR)
mg/l
mg/l
4.7
<0.02
5.6
<0.02
6.6
<0.02
5.1
<0.02
6.08
<0.02
6.9
<0.02
4.9
<0.02
5.5
<0.02
6.1
<0.02
0.001(0.002)
mg/l
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.003 (NR)
0.01 (0.05)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
<0.1
<0.003
<0.01
0.05 (1.5)
mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
27
0.01 (NR)
mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
28
0.3(NR)
mg/l
0.11
1.14
0.19
0.19
1.23
0.26
0.15
1.56
0.21
29
0.05(NR)
mg/l
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
30
0.01(NR)
mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
31
5(15)
mg/l
0.45
0.86
0.04
0.65
1.02
0.09
0.54
0.92
0.09
32
0.03(0.2)
mg/l
0.15
2.08
0.132
0.17
2.18
0.17
0.21
1.95
0.20
33
0.001(NR)
mg/l
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
34
35
36
SAR
Insecticides
mg/l
mg/l
44.8
Absent
Absent
88.7
Absent
Absent
4.84
Absent
Absent
45.7
Absent
Absent
90.5
Absent
Absent
4.9
Absent
Absent
45.1
Absent
Absent
87.5
Absent
Absent
4.9
Absent
Absent
37
Total Coliforms
MPN/
100 ml
10
12
12
16
10
12
14
10
Anionic Detergents(as
MBAS)
0.2 (1.0)
10
TABLE-3.7.3
GROUND WATER QUALITY
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Parameter
pH
Colour
Taste
Odour
Conductivity
Turbidity
TDS
Total Hardness
(as CaCO3 )
Total Alkalinity
as Calcium
Calcium (as Ca)
Magnesium (as
Mg)
Free residual
Chlorine
Boron (as B)
Chlorides (as Cl)
Sulphates (as
SO4)
Fluorides (as F)
Nitrates (as NO3)
Sodium as Na
Potassium as K
Phenolic
Compounds(as
C6H6oH)
Cyanides(as CN)
IS:10500
Limits
Units
Hazen
uS/cm
NTU
mg/l
mg/l
GW1
7.6
2
Agreeable
UO
2280
02
1198
106
200(600)
mg/l
478.4
209
430
408
220
75(200)
30(100)
mg/l
mg/l
14.4
17.0
21.6
63.2
52.0
54.9
13.6
15.2
20.8
55.4
0.2(1)
mg/l
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
0.5(1)
250(1000)
200(400)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
1.03
264
258.4
0.956
1278
500
0.671
1020
492.3
0.98
243.6
232.5
1.0(1.5)
45(NR)
$
$
0.001(0.002)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
1.15
<0.02
471
5.8
0.16
0.16
982
76.6
0.14
0.14
712
389.3
<0.001
<0.001
<0.02
<0.02
0.05 (NR)
mg/l
March 2015
GW2
GW3
7.5
8.0
3
2.5
Agreeable Agreeable
UO
UO
5100
4800
02
03
3024
3200
314
356
GW1
7.5
4
Agreeable
UO
1825
2
1215
88
May 2015
GW2
7.6
4
Agreeable
UO
5025
2
3200
298
GW3
7.8
5
Agreeable
UO
4910
3
3185
371
460
376
228
455
56.4
61.8
12.8
13.5
21
59.7
53.8
57.4
<0.2
<0.2
0.1
1220
482
0.8
1065
515.2
0.89
221.5
212.3
0.11
1250
492
0.59
1036
503.6
1.1
0.1
412
4.6
0.3
0.3
960
69.4
0.2
0.3
734
408.2
1.0
0.1
378.2
4.1
0.3
0.2
976
72.4
0.1
0.3
721
401.2
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
GW1
7.7
3
Agreeable
UO
1995.0
3
1330
97
April 2015
GW2
GW3
7.4
7.9
4
4
Agreeable Agreeable
UO
UO
4920.0
5025.0
2
3
3200
3300
280
395
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
Sr.
No.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Parameter
Anionic
Detergents(as
MBAS)
Mineral Oil
Cadmium (as
Cd)
Total Arsenic (as
As)
Copper (as Cu)
Lead (as Pb)
Manganese (as
Mn)
Iron (as Fe)
Total Chromium
(as Cr)
Selenium (as Se)
Zinc (as Zn)
Aluminum (as
Al)
Mercury (as Hg)
Pesticides
E. Coil
Total Coliforms
IS:10500
Limits
Units
0.2 (1.0)
mg/l
0.5 (NR)
0.003 (NR)
mg/l
mg/l
0.01 (0.05)
mg/l
0.05 (1.5)
0.01 (NR)
0.1 (0.3)
GW1
March 2015
GW2
GW3
GW1
April 2015
GW2
GW3
GW1
May 2015
GW2
GW3
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.18
<0.01
<0.01
0.21
<0.01
<0.01
0.24
<0.01
0.3(NR)
0.05(NR)
mg/l
mg/l
<0.01
0.024
0.036
<0.01
0.03
0.04
<0.01
0.02
0.03
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.01(NR)
5(15)
0.03(0.2)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
<0.01
0.29
<0.01
0.42
<0.01
0.54
<0.01
0.26
<0.01
0.51
<0.01
0.63
<0.01
0.18
<0.01
0.76
<0.01
0.59
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.001(NR)
Absent
Absent
10
mg/l
mg/l
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<0.001
Absent
Absent
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
MPN/10
0 ml
<0.01
<0.001
Presentation of Results
The results of the water quality monitored during the study period representing
pre-monsoon season are given in Table 3.7.2 and Table-3.7.3.
Chlorides at all the locations is ranging in between 243.6 to 1220 mg/l. Fluorides
were observed to be ranging in between 0.2 mg/l and 1.1 are found to be within
the permissible limit. Nitrates are found to be in range of 0.1 0.3 mg/l. The heavy
metal contents were observed to be in well within the limits.
May 2015:
The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 7.5 to 7.8, which is well
within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. Total hardness was observed to be
ranging from 88 to 371 mg/l. The hardness was found to be well within the limit of
600 mg/l at all locations.
Chlorides at all the locations is ranging in between 221.5 to 1250 mg/l. Fluorides
were observed to be ranging in between to 0.1 mg/l and 1.0 are found to be
within the permissible limit. Nitrates are found to be in range of 0.1 0.3 mg/l. The
heavy metal contents were observed to be in well within the limits.
3.8
The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in
residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance; and
The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive land use, which
determines the loudness and period of exposure.
The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise
Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The
environmental impact assessment of noise due to construction activity, and
vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like
potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, annoyance and general
community responses. Noise monitoring has been undertaken for 24 hours duration
at each location.
3.8.1
have been identified based on the activities in the village area and ambient noise
due to traffic.
The noise monitoring has been conducted for determination of noise levels at ten
locations during the study period. The noise levels at each of the locations were
recorded for 24 hours.
The environment setting of each noise monitoring location is given in Table-3.8.1
and shown in Figure-3.8.1.
3.8.2 Methodology of Data Generation
3.8.2.1 Method of Monitoring
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The
readings were taken for every hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been
monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the
locations covered in 10 km radius of the study area.
TABLE-3.8.1
DETAILS OF NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS
Location
Code
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
Location
(Village)
Project site
Lalam Koduru
Krishnampalem
Moturupalem
Achutapuram
Tallapalem
Chinnapudi
Pudimadaka
Gorapudi
Rambilli
Distance from
Boundary
(km)
0.3
1.9
1.1
5.9
2.1
0.7
0.7
1.9
4.9
Direction w.r.t
Plant Boundary
Present Settings
WSW
W
N
N
NE
NE
ESE
SW
SW
Rural/Residential
Rural/Residential
Rural/Residential
Commercial
Rural/Residential
Rural/Residential
Rural/Residential
Rural/Residential
Rural/Residential
FIGURE-3.8.1
NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
(L10 - L90)2
+ -----------60
Lday is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during
day (6 am to 10 pm).
Lnight is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during
night (10 pm to 6 am).
A noise rating developed by E P A for specification of community noise from all the
sources is the Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn).
Day-Night Sound Level (Ldn):
The noise rating developed for community noise from all sources is the Day-Night
Sound Level (Ldn). It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except that during
night time period (10 pm to 6 am) a 10 dB (A) weighting penalty is added to the
instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average.
This night time penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night
when people usually sleep is judged as more annoying than the same noise during
the day time.
The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq's,
by the following equation.
Ldn = 10 log {1/24[16(10 Ld/10) + 8 (10(Ln+10)/10)]}
Where Ld is the equivalent sound level during the day time (6 am to 10 pm) and Ln
is the equivalent sound level during the night time (10 pm to 6 am).
Locations
Project site
Lalam Koduru
Krishnampalem
Moturupalem
Achutapuram
Tallapalem
Chinnapudi
Pudimadaka
Gorapudi
Rambilli
Area
Code
A
B
C
D
Category of Area
Industrial Area
Commercial Area
Residential Area
Silence Zone
L10
L50
L90
Leq
Ld
Ln
Ldn
46.3
43.8
45.2
49.7
56.1
48.7
46.3
47.8
42.9
39.8
42.6
39.9
41.4
46.1
52.2
45.0
42.7
44.0
39.2
35.9
39.0
36.1
37.9
42.4
48.4
41.4
39.0
40.5
35.6
32.1
43.5
40.9
42.3
47.0
53.2
45.9
43.6
44.9
40.1
36.9
44.2
42.8
42.9
47.5
54.2
46.4
44.1
45.7
40.8
38.8
40.0
38.1
39.9
43.5
50.3
43.5
41.0
42.5
36.6
34.1
47.3
45.6
46.9
50.8
57.5
50.5
48.0
49.5
43.9
41.6
3.8.2.4 Observations
a)
The daytime noise levels at the residential locations ranged between 38.8 - 47.5 dB
(A). The maximum value of 47.5 dB (A) was recorded at Moturupalem village (N4)
and the minimum value of 38.8 dB (A) was recorded at the Rambilli village (N10).
It is observed that the day time noise levels at maximum residential locations are
within the prescribed limit of 55 dB (A).
The day time noise level at the commercial location is 54.2 dB (A) observed at
Achutapuram village (N5). It is observed that the day time noise level at
commercial location is within the prescribed limit of 65 dB (A).
b)
The night time noise levels were ranged between 34.1 to 43.5 dB (A). The
maximum value was recorded at Moturupalem (N4) and Tallapalem village (N6)
and the minimum value was recorded at the Rambilli village (N10). It is observed
that the night time noise levels at maximum residential locations are within the
prescribed limit of 45 dB (A).
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
The night time noise level at the commercial location is 50.3 dB (A) observed at
Achutapuram village (N5). It is observed that the night time noise level at
commercial location is within the prescribed limit of 55 dB (A).
3.9
3.9.1 Introduction
Ecological evaluation aims at developing and applying methodologies to assess
the relevance of an area for nature conservation. As such, it is to support the
assessment of the impact of a proposed development by providing guidance on
how to describe the ecological features within the area affected, how to value
them, and how to predict the value losses caused by the development. The
evaluation of the ecological significance of an area can be undertaken from
different perspectives and consequently with different objectives. One of such
perspectives focuses on the conservation of the biological diversity or
biodiversity. Among the human activities that pose the highest threat to the
conservation of biodiversity are the developmental projects in particular. Such
projects represent artificial elements that cut through the landscape and interfere
with the natural habitat and its conditions by emissions that may be solid, liquid
and or gaseous. This in turn influences the abundance and distribution of plant
and animal species, i.e., the biodiversity of the areas impacted.
Most of the background data needs to be acquired from the governmental
agencies or the scientific literature. This information is typically complemented by
field visit, site surveys and sample collection. The description of the actual
ecological assessment provided by the ecological baseline study serves to set a
reference for the subsequent impact analysis. Moreover, it helps decision-makers
and EIA reviewers to become familiar with the environmental features and the
needs of the study area
3.9.2 Objectives of the study
The present study was undertaken with the following objectives to assess both
terrestrial and aquatic habitats of the study area:
To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation in and around the proposed
project site;
To assess the Flora and fauna in the study area;
To understand the ecology of the water bodies;
To ascertain the migratory routes of fauna, presence of breeding grounds and
sensitive habitats in the study area, if any;
To assess the presence of protected areas in the study area;
To review the information from secondary sources and discuss the issues of
concern with the relevant authority and stakeholders; and
Impact prediction based on primary and secondary data sources to formulate
mitigation measures.
3.9.3 Methodology
To achieve the above objectives a detailed study of the area was undertaken with
the existing plant site as its centre. The different methods adopted were as
follows:
The list of Terrestrial and Aquatic sampling locations in the study area is
presented in Table-3.9.1 and shown in Figure-3.9.1.
TABLE-3.9.1
LIST OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Code
Terrestrial Location
TE-1
Core area
TE-2
Near Rambilli village
TE-3
Near Gokivada village
TE-4
Near Dopperla village
Aquatic Location
AE-1
Sharada River Near Kotturu
AE-2
Sharada River Near Rajala
3.9.4
Distance from
Plant Site (Km)
Direction w.r.t.
Proposed Plant Site
W
WNW
FIGURE-3.9.1
ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
The strand sand vegetation along the sandy beaches exhibits zonations
distinguishable into open pioneer, closed herbaceous, middle mixed and inner
woodland zones.
This zone is the first in the supra tidal region immediately preceding the drift line.
In this, vegetation is rather sparse with a few plants like Ipomea pes-carpae,
Cyperus arenarius, Lannea saarmentosa, Trachy muricata and Zoysia sp.
Vegetation attains a little more densely with some mat forming herbaceous
plants, which Ipomea pes-capre, Crotalaria herbecarpa, Trachy muricata, Tribulus
terrestris, Portulacca oleracea, Portulacca quadrifida, Perotis indica Phyla
nudiflora, Mollugo nudicaulis, Gisekia pharmaceoides, Fimbrystylis polytrichoides,
Solanum surrattense and Spinefex littoreus are common.
This is chiefly dominated by tree species like Borassus flabellifera and Prosopis
cineraria. Some climbers like Gloriosa superba, Leptadenia raticulata, Pergularia
daemia and hemidesmus indicus grow in this zone. This zone gradually merges
into wastelands and the cultivated fields in the hindered land region in the coastal
belt.
Strand Rock
This particular type of habitat is much limited to small strips at Waltair and
Pudimadaka where inland hillocks and their rocky promontories project into the
sea. The vegetation and flora are mostly a mixture of coastal and inland plants
occurring in the following zones.
Coastal vegetation;
Vegetation of the interior plains; and
Vegetation of the hills.
Coastal Vegetation
The soil is sea sand often blown and accumulating in low dunes with adequate time,
but poor in nitrogen and mineral nutrient. Most of these have been converted into
different commercial plantations. These plantations have been carried out as wind
breakers and protection from natural hazards. The natural vegetation around the
project site consists of plant species Borasus flabellifer, Anacardium occidentale,
Lannia coromandalica, Opuntia dellenii, Cassia auriculata, Sesuvium portulacastrum,
Cyperus arenarius.
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Natural vegetation is mostly restricted to shrub layer having drought resistance.
Borassus flabelifera, Phoenix aculis,Cocus nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Ficus sp.
Cassia tora, Cassia occidentlis, Eupatorium odarattum, Abution indicum,
Achyranthes aspera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tephrosia purpurea which are
mainly restricted to wastelands and cultivable waste lands
Near the villages and in case of agricultural lands the areas are represented by
Azadirchta indcia, Cocos nucifera, Psidium guava, and Tamarindus indica.
Agriculture and Agronomy
Agriculture, being the major occupation of the community, the economy of the
community is dependent upon it to a great extent. Based on the seasonality of
the region, two main crop seasons are recognized which include the first crop
season during the rainy season and the second crop season during the winter and
early pre-monsoon seasons. The major crop of the first season is paddy,
sugarcane, groundnut, finger millet and jowar. Of the, finger millet and jowar are
grown in dry lands with low irrigation facility. The crop of second season consists
of Green gram, and vegetable crops like tomato, bhendi, and other leafy
vegetables. Besides these crops lot of commercial crops are grown which includes
papaya, banana, cashew. The irrigation facilities in the study mainly by South
West monsoon, tanks and tube wells.
3.9.7
Distance (km)
6.7
6.0
4.8
2.5
1.2
9.3
Direction
N
WNW
WSW
WSW
E
NE
Scientific Name
Azadiractha indica
Borassus flabellifer
Cocos nucifera
Anacardium occidentale
Casuarina eqisetifolia
Cassia auriculata
Ficus reilgiosa
Prosopis juliflora
Phoenix aculis
Sena auriculata
Mimosa pudica
Hybanthus
enneaspermus
Common Name
Vepa, Neem
Toddy Palm
Coconut
Cashew Nut
Sarugudu, Casuarina
Tangedu
Raavi
Mulla Tumma
Drawf Date Palm
Tanners Cassia
Touch me not
Ratna Purusha
Family
Meliaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Anacardiaceae
Casuarinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Moraceae
Fabaceae
Arecaceae
Ceasalpinaceae
Mimosaceae
Violaceae
Scientific Name
1
Acridotheres tristis
2
Passer domesticus
3
Mesophoyx intermedia
4
Bubulcus ibis
5
Egretta garzetta
6
Corvus macrorhynchos
7
Corvus splendens
Amphibians & Reptiles
8
Bufo melanosticus
9
Rana tigrina
10
Calotes versicolor
11
Bungarus sp
Mammals
12
Bandicota indica
13
Funambulus sp
14
Herpestes edwardsii
Common Name
Common myna
House Sparrow
Median egret
Cattle egret
Little egret
Jungle crow
House crow
Conservation as
per WPA (1972)
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-V
Common frog
Bull frog
Common garden lizard
Krait
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Greater Bandicoot
Squirrel
Mongoose
Sch-V
Sch-IV
Sch-II
Common Name
Saptaparni
Maredu
Crossvine
Sarugudu
Gulmohar
Kadamba
Niligiri
Copper Pod, Petlophorum
Family
Apocynaceae
Rutaceae
Bigniniaceae
Casuarinaceae
Fabaceae
Rubiaceae
Myrtaceae
Fabaceae
Ipomea carnea
Adhatoda vasica
Jasmimum arborens
Jatropha gossypifolia
Lantana camara
Mangifera indica
Mallotus phillipensis
Malvastrum
coramandelianum
Melia azadirach
Mollugo hirta
43
Moringa oleifera
44
45
46
47
Ocimum sanctum
Oogeinia oojeinensis
Opuntia dilleni
Pithcellobium dulce
48
Polyalthia longifolia
49
50
51
52
53
Phoenix aculis
Punica granatum
Psidium guajava
Syzgium cumini
Sapindus emerginatus
Common Name
Kanugua
Mahogani
Arjuna
Family
Fabaceae
Meliaceae
Combertaceae
Nalla Tumma
Cashew Nut
Siris
Bhramadandi
Uttareni
Toddy Palm
Tangedu
Chinnakasinda
Fish Tail Palm
Giledu, Milkweed
Coconut
Janumu, Sum hemp
Dhatura, Umettha
Raavi Chettu
Marri Chettu
Konda Vepa
Medi Chettu
Kanru
Adavi Nabhi
Mandaram, Hibiscus
Tutikura, Water Morning
Glory
Pink Morning Glory
Addasarum
Jasmine
Nepalam
Lantana
Mango
Kusum Chettu
False Mallow
Mimosaceae
Anacardiaceae
Mimosaceae
Papavaraceae
Amaranthaceae
Arecaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Arecaceae
Asclepidaceae
Arecaceae
Fabaceae
Solanaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Burseraceae
Moraceae
Flacourtiaceae
Liliaceae
Malvaceae
Convolvulaceae
Meliaceae
Aizoaceae
Convolvulaceae
Acanthaceae
Oleaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Verbanaceae
Anacardiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Malvaceae
Moringaceae
Labiatae
Papillionaceae
Opuntiaceae
Mimosaceae
Annonaceae
Arecaceae
Puniaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Sapindaceae
Scientific Name
Saraca indica
Tephrosia purpurea
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia catappa
Tectona grandis
Zizyphus jujuba
Thesepsia populnea
Common Name
Ashoka Tree
Pili Pisara, Sarpunkha
Chinta, Tamarind
Jangli Badam
Teku, Teak
Regi, Drawf Jujuba
Portia Tree, Ganga Raavi
Family
Caesalpinaceae
Fabaceae
Casealpinaceae
Combretaceae
Verbinaceae
Rhamnaceae
Malvaceae
Cenchurus ciliaris
Apluda mutica
Cyonodon dactylon
Dichanthium annulatum
Themeda quadrivalvis
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
The Importance Value Index (IVI) is a statistical quantity which gives an overall
picture of the importance of the species in the vegetative community. It considers
the relative values of density, frequency and basal area of every species in given
area. It thus incorporates three important parameters which are measures of
diversity and productivity of every species. In any community structure, the
quantitative value of each of the frequency, density and basal area and basal
cover has its own importance. But the total picture of ecological importance
cannot be obtained by one of these vegetation structure in respect to varying
environmental factors can also be studied through such study of basal area,
density and frequency of the community. The Importance Value Index as such,
gives the total picture of sociological structure of species in a community but it
does not give the dimension or share of relative values of frequency, density and
dominance. The dominant plant species observed in all sampling locations are,
Borasssus flabellifer, prosopis juliflora, Seena auriculata, Abutilon indicum,
Tephrosia purpurea, Parthernium hysterophorus, Anacardium occidentale,
Calotropis, Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica, and Ficus sp. The details of IVI
are presented in Table-3.9.6.
TABLE-3.9.6
DETALS OF IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX IN STUDY AREA
Location
Proposed plant site
Near Rambilli village
Range of IVI
2.50-20.82
1.21-27.78
1.65-27.70
1.55-19.54
Highest IVI
Borassus flabellifer
Anacardium
occidentale
Borassus flabellifer
Cocos nucifera
Lowest IVI
Abutilon indica
Zizyphus jujube
Prosopis juliflora
Ailanthes excelsa
Plant Diversity
th
(individual) species
The species diversity indices for four sampling locations are presented in Table3.9.7.
TABLE-3.9.7
SPECIES DIVERSITY INDICES IN STUDY AREA
Location
Diversity Index
2.72
3.14
2.65
2.04
Core area
Near Rambilli village
Near Gokivada village
Near Dopperla village
3.9.10 Fauna (Buffer Zone)
The study area shows many different land uses thus the forests of the region are
fragmented due to villages and agricultural land as well as recent developmental
activities in the region.
The avifaunal species were mostly prevalent in the forest areas only. Amphibians
are mainly restricted to open waste land and marshy areas. Frogs and toads were
present in this area. No tailed amphibians were cited in the survey. Cultivated
lands provide ample of microhabitat and food for many bird species in the study
area.
The observed major wildlife from the buffer zone of the study area is presented in
Table-3.9.8.
TABLE-3.9.8
FAUNA OF THE BUFFER ZONE
Sr.
No
Scientific Name
Avifauna
1
Acridotheres tristis
2
Corvus splendens
3
Corvus machrorhynchos
4
Coracious bengalensis
5
Dicrurus macrocerus
6
Bubulcus ibis
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
Common Name
Common myna
House crow
Jungle crow
Indian roller
Black drongo
Cattle egret
Scientific Name
Ardeola grayii
Haliastur indicus
Columbus livia
Alcedo atthis
Eudynamys scolopacea
Anas acuta
Milvus migrans
Quills contronix
Saxicoloides fulicata
Apus affinis
Ploceus phillippinus
Egretta garzetta
Vanellus indicus
Vanellus malabaricus
20
Phalacrocorax niger
21
Streptopelia chinensis
22
Accipiter badius
23
Laurus ridibundus
24
Dendrocitta vagabunda
Reptiles
22
Calotes versicolor
23
24
25
26
27
Ptyas mucosus
Naja naja
Vipera russelli
Bangarus caerleus
Lepidochelys olivacea
Amphibians
27
Rana hexadactyla
28
Rana tigrina
29
Bufo melanosticus
Mammals
30
Hystrix indica
31
Funambulus palmarum
32
Sus scrofa
33
Bandicoota indica
34
Rattus sp.
35
Herpestis edwardsii
Common Name
Pond heron
Brahminy kite
Rock pigeon
Common king fisher
Koel
Common teal
Common kite
Grey quail
Indian Robin
House swift
Weaver bird
Little egret
Red-wattled lapwing
Yellow
wattled
lapwing
Cormorant
Spotted Dove
Shikra
Seagull
Indian Treepie
Common garden
lizard
Rat snake
India cobra
Russels viper
Krait
Olive Ridley Sea
Turtle
Sch-IV
Frog
Bull frog
Common toad
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Porcupine
Squirrel
Wild Boar
Greater Bandicoot
Rat
Common Mongoose
Sch-IV
Sch-IV
Sch-III
Sch-V
Sch-V
Sch-II
Sch-II
Sch-II
Sch-II
Sch-IV
Sch-I
Zooplankton: The zooplanktons of the aquatic water body are the primary
consumers and also in cases secondary producers which play an important role
for the fisheries of that system. The diversity and abundance of zooplankton also
depends on whether the water body is eutrophic or oligotrophic. They also are
good representatives of the ecosystem health. The amount and type of pollutants
in the water body determine the type of zooplankton species. Species of copepod
will usually dominate in the tropical region while more eutrophicated waters with
high nutrient or organic loads will harbor high number of crustaceans and
arthropods. The less polluted waters will have more of cladocerans and rotifers.
TABLE-3.9.9
LIST OF OBSERVED PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Phytoplankton
Aphanocapsa SP
Chroococus sp
Closterium sp
Dictylum sp
Eudorina sp
Enteropmorpha sp
Fragilaria sp
Navicula sp
Melosira sp
Oscillatoria sp
Oedogonium sp
Pediastrum sp
Pleurosigma sp
Surirelia sp
Scenedesmus sp
Zooplankton
Cyclops sp
Ceriodaphnia sp
Ciliates
Moina sp
Nauplius sp
Marine Ecosystem
Among the marine states of East Coast, Andhra Pradesh finds unique place with
980 km. Coastal length and a Continental shelf of 3.30 Million hectares. The list
of Marine water sampling locations Sediment characteristics and list of Fishes
presented in Table-3.9.10, 3.9.11 and 3.9.12.
Marine Turtles
The presence of Olive Ridley Turtles were observed in the Pudimadaka beach,
which are notified
Schedule I species of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972,
based on the Skeletal evidence found in the study area of the Pudimadaka beach,
upon observation of the shell, it is been confirmed about the presence of the
Olive Ridley turtles near Pudimadaka sea coast area, and also the local fishermen
also reported their presence in the Pudimadaka beach area. The occasional
occurrence of Olive Ridley Turtles was reported in the fishing gear of the
fishermen of the Pudimadaka area. The Secondary data also supports the
presence of Olive Ridley turtles along the coast of the Yarada ranges of
Visakhapatnam sea coast.
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
TABLE-3.9.10
Distance from
Plant Site (Km)
Direction w.r.t.
Proposed Plant Site
2.1
4.1
SSE
SSW
TABLE-3.9.11
WATER AND SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE
(SEA WATER) SAMPLE MW1
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Parameter
Water Temp.
Salinity
DO
Free co2
Total Alkalinity
Water PH
Turbidity
Conductivity
Total Hardness
Total Dissolved Solids
Sediment Ph
Sediment Organic Carbon
Unit
o
C
PPT
mg/l
mg/l
NTU
Umhos/cm
mg/l
mg/l
%
Quality
26.9
32.4
4.2
Nil
136
8.0
22.0
43600
5980
40142
8.2
1.02
TABLE-3.9.12
LIST OF FISHES IN THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No.
Fish
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Scientific Name
Thunnus albacores
Spyraena jello
Thunnus obesus
Setapinna breviceps
Lactarius lactarius
Parastromateus niger
Eulomia spallomonza
Epinephalus undulosus
Arius macalatus
Anchoveilla commersonii
Johnius axillaarius
Johnius dussermieri
Arius thalassinus
Protonibea decanthes
Upeneus sp
Rhynochobatus diddenis
Mugil cephalus
Sphyma zygaema
Caranogoides malabaricus
Local Name
Yellow fin tuna
Barracuda
Big-eye-tuna
Anchovy
Big-jawed jumper
Black pomfret
Black tip shark
Brownines reed cod
Cat fish
Commersony, anchovy
Croaker
Dhoma
Giant marine catfish
Ghol
Goat fish
Guitar fish
Grey mullet
Hammerhead shark
Horse mackerel
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
Scientific Name
Conger cinereus
Psettodes erumei
Rasterliger kanagurta
Sarinella longiceps
Megalops cypernoides
Nemipterus japonicas
Rhinoptera javanica
Sciaena aneus
Sillago sihama
Priaeanthus sp
Scomboberodies lysan
Euthynnus affinis
Saurida tumbili
Saurida undosquaris
Canos charios
Decapterus russlii
Eutroplus surattensis
Latjanus malabaricus
Trichiurus lepturus
Epinephalus latifasciatus
Epinephalus tauvina
Dussumeiria hasseltii
Sardinella gibbosa
Sardinella fimbriata
Tachysurus sp
Scomoberomorus commerson
Drepane punctata
Chirocentrus dorab
Peneaus semisulcatus
Metapeneaus affinis
Peneaus japonicas
Scylla serrata
Thenus orientalis
Neptunus pelagicus
Peneaus monodon
Peneaus indicus
Chrbdis cruciata
Loligo duvancell
Musculus strigatus
Sepia aculeate
Sepia pharaonis
Sepia prashadi
Sepia birostrata
Local Name
Indian conger eel
Indian halibut
Indian mackerel
Indian oil sardine
Indian tapon
Japanese thredfin bream
Javanese cowaray
Jew fish
Lay fish
Leather fish
Leather skin
Little tunny
Lizard fishq
Lizard fish
White mullet
Nakedbreast traverly
Parlay spot
Red snapper
Ribbon fish
Rock perch
Rock perch
Round herring
Sardine
Sardine
Sea catfish
Sea fish
Sickle fish
Silver barfish
Flower prawn
King prawn
Marine shrimp
Mud crab
Sand lobster
Sea crab
Tiger prawn
White prawn
Sea crab
Squids
Squids
Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton group were evaluated from the samples that were represented by
centric and pinnate diatoms, dino flagellates, blue-green algae and silico
flagellates/radiolarians. The highest percent group abundance was of blue-green
algae (32%) followed by centric diatoms (30%) while the lowest was by
silicoflagellates/radiolarians (1%). The highest total dominance of the entire
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
community was at MW2 (1210 nos/ml) and lowest was at MW1 (1115nos/ml).
The station wise group abundance is given in Table-3.9.13.
Some of the prominent phytoplankton species within the observed groups were
Oocystis sp., Nitzschia sp., Chlorella sp., Noctiluca sp. And Euglena acusformis
being present at many locations. The other species which made their
representation in large number were Skeletonema costatum, Leptocylindricu ssp.,
Rhizosolenia crassispina, and Chaetoceros sp.).
TABLE-3.9.13
PHYTOPLANKTON GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/ML) FROM THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
Group
Centric Diatoms
Pinnate Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Blue-green algae
Silicoflagellates/
Radiolarians
Total
MW1
348
172
384
211
MW2
352
108
174
536
Avg.
350
140
279
373
Percent
30
19
19
32
1115
1210
1142
100
3.9.11 Zooplankton
Altogether 11 diverse groups represented the zooplankton community from the
study area. The total zooplankton abundance ranged from minimum of
3257nos/m3 up to 9910nos/m3. The average was 5782nos/m3. Copepods
dominated the numerically at all the sampled locations with an average
dominance of 91%.
The second most dominant group was Cladocerans contributing 4% of the total
zooplankton. The other two groups that had subsequently high percent
contribution were Amphipods and Other larvae with 2% contribution each.
The most important species that dominated the copepod community were
Oithona sp., Temoradis caudata, Oitho narigida, Euterpina acutifrons, Microsetella
sp., Macrosetella sp. Sagitta sp., Centropages furcatus, Oncea sp., Rhincalanus
sp., Metacalanus sp., Eucalanus sp., Acartiadanae, Acartia sp., Penilia avirostris,
Evadne tergestina with other crustacean zoea, proto-zoea, bivalve & gastropod
veligers also represented the total diversity of the zooplankton community.
Some of the gelatinous zooplanktons contributed at some locations with low
numbers but with very high biomass due to their relatively large bodied
representation. These gelatinous zooplankton were represented by cnidarians,
chaetognaths, appendicularians, siphonophores, ctenophores and tunicates.
Mostly the gelatinous species tend to show a swarming behavior or blooming
characteristics apparently overwhelming the entire water column but during the
present study no such occurrence was noted. There was no indication of any
jellyfish bloom in the water column. The zooplankton recorded at all the locations
is given in Table-3.9.14.
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
TABLE-3.9.14
ZOOPLANKTON GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/M 3) FROM THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Group
Copepods
Cladocerans
Amphipods
Euphausiids
Ostracodes
Apendicularians
Siphonophores
Decapod larvae
Ctenophora
Tunicates
Other Larvae*
Total Abundance
MW1
2590
360
98
34
48
0
0
66
7
1
53
3257
MW2
3830
20
46
8
36
0
0
8
0
0
231
4179
Avg.
3210
190
72
21
42
0
0
37
7
1
142
3729
Percent
91
4
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
100
Group
Copepods
Nematodes
Polychaetes
Turbellarians
Nemertins
Foraminifera
Kinorynchs
Halacarids
Others
Total
MW1
74
1427
22
45
0
0
0
1
2
1571
MW2
23
796
81
0
5
0
3
0
17
925
Avg.
48
1111
51
45
5
0
3
1
9.5
1273
Macro Benthos
The highest macro benthic abundance was at location MW1 with 1930nos/m 2
while the lowest was at MW2 with 1263nos/m2. The average macro benthic
abundance was 1659 nos/m2. Polychaetes dominated the macro benthic group at
all the stations with an average of 1530nos/m 2 followed by Molluscs with
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
122nos/m2. The other groups that represented macro benthos were less than 100
nos/m2.
The group others was represented by cumaceans, capelins, stomatopods,
decapods, priapulids, ophiuroids, holothurians and other minor phyla. The macro
benthic Sgroup abundance at all the stations is given in Table-3.9.16.
TABLE-3.9.16
MACROBENTHIC GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/M 3) FROM THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Group
Polychaetes
Molluscs
Cumceans
Amphipods
Isopods
Cnidarians
Oligochaetes
Tanaidacea
Others
Total
MW1
1697
43
23
94
3
2
54
2
12
1930
MW2
786
256
65
32
73
0
10
7
34
1263
Avg.
1241
149
44
126
38
2
32
4.5
23
1659
Conclusion:
There are no rare and endangered and vulnerable species of fishes in the study
area.
Among birds Accipiter badius (Shikra) and Haliastur indicus (Brahminy Kite) and
Milvus migrans (Common Kite) only three bird species figuring the Schedule I of
Indian Wildlifes Protection Act, 1972, are found in the study area.
Amongst reptiles Olive Ridley turtles only are listed in the Schedule I found in the
study area, and rest of the remaining reptiles, sea birds, terrestrial birds and
mammals are listed in the Schedules of II, II, and III , IV and V of the Indian
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Incidentally there is no presence of endangered botanical flora in the study area,
which is listed in the Schedule VI of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
3.10
0-3 km
5715
11497
11370
22867
1396
1283
2679
11.72
4.00
50.28
49.72
989
512
3-7 km
6909
13400
13256
26656
1512
1355
2867
10.76
3.86
50.27
49.73
989
412
7-10 km
6593
12967
13082
26049
1439
1392
2831
10.87
3.95
49.78
50.22
1009
347
0-10 km
19217
37864
37708
75572
4347
4030
8377
11.08
3.93
50.10
49.90
996
410
The study area has a household size of 3.93 as per 2011 census.
Population Density
The density of population reveals that the study area has an overall density of
410 people per km2 (People per km2) as per 2011 census reports. In comparison
the study area density is more than to Andhra Pradesh state and Visakhapatnam
district density. As per the 2011 census the density of population of Andhra
Pradesh state is 308 and Visakhapatnam district is 384 people per sq.km.
Sex Ratio
The configuration of male and female indicates that the males constitute to about
Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status
50.10% and females to 49.90% of the total population as per 2011 census
records. The study area on an average has 996 females per 1000 males as per
2011 census reports. In comparison to the Visakhapatnam district rural sex ratio
(1025) the study area has recorded less sex ratio. The sex ratio in the study area
indirectly reveals certain sociological and cultural aspects in relation with female
births.
3.10.4 Social Structure
In the study area, as per 2011 census, 5.94% of the population belongs to
Scheduled Castes (SC) and 0.19% to Scheduled Tribes (ST). Overall the data of
social stratification reveals that the SC and ST % to population is more than 6%,
The SC and ST community are marginalized and they are at considered at low
level of social strata and calls for a special attention in Social Impact Management
Plan for improving their socio-economic status apart from preservation and
protection of their art, culture and traditional rights of livelihood. The distribution
of population by social structure is shown in Table-3.10.2.
TABLE-3.10.2
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Particulars
0-3 km
3-7 km
Schedule caste
874
1557
% To the total population
3.82
5.84
Schedule Tribes
16
61
% To the total population
0.07
0.23
Total SC and ST population
890
1618
% To total population
3.89
6.07
Total population
22867
26656
Source: District Census Hand Book 2011
7-10 km
2055
7.89
64
0.25
2119
8.13
26049
0-10 km
4486
5.94
141
0.19
4627
6.12
75572
0-3 km
11497
11370
22867
1396
1283
2679
20188
6075
4671
10746
56.53
3-7 km
13400
13256
26656
1512
1355
2867
23789
7961
6227
14188
56.11
7-10 km
12967
13082
26049
1439
1392
2831
23218
7617
5962
13579
56.09
0-10 km
37864
37708
75572
4347
4030
8377
67195
21653
16860
38513
56.22
0-3 km
43.47
30.09
23.14
53.23
7-10 km
43.91
32.81
25.68
58.48
0-10 km
43.78
32.22
25.09
57.32
The percentage of male literates to the total literates of the study area works out
to be 56.22%. The percentage of female literates to the total literates, which is
an important indicator for social change, is observed to be 43.78% in the study
area as per 2011 census records.
3.10.6 Occupational Structure
The occupational structure of residents of work participation rate in the study
area is studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and nonworkers. The main workers include 10 categories of workers defined by the
Census Department consisting of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged
in live-stock, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying; manufacturing, processing
and repairs in household industry; and other than household industry,
construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and other
services.
The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of
less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The
non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired
persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all other
non-workers who do not fall under the above categories.
Total work participation in the project study areas is 45.52% and the non-workers
constitute 54.48% of the total population respectively. The distribution of workers
by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population.
The main workers to the total workers are 71.94% and the marginal workers
constitute to 28.06% to the total workers. The occupational structure of the study
area is shown in Table-3.10.4.
TABLE-3.10.4
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
Particulars
Total Population
Total workers
Work participation rate (%)
Total main workers
% of main workers to total workers
Marginal workers
% of marginal workers to total workers
Non-workers
% of non-workers to total population
Source: District Census Hand Book-2011
0-3 km
22867
10162
44.44
7238
71.23
2924
28.77
12705
55.56
3-7 km
26656
11834
44.40
9301
78.60
2533
21.40
14822
55.60
7-10 km
26049
12401
47.61
8207
66.18
4194
33.82
13648
52.39
0-10 km
75572
34397
45.52
24746
71.94
9651
28.06
41175
54.48
4.0
4.1
Introduction
This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts from the
proposed power plant in the study area. Generally, the environmental impacts
can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those
which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts are those
which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and
changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action.
Quantification of assessments in terms of measurable units would be the ideal
method for impact assessment. Mathematical models are the best tools to
quantitatively describe cause-effect relationships between sources of pollution and
different components of environment. However, due to lack of information/data,
uncertainties involved and complex interrelationships between various sectors of
environment, it is not always possible or at least not easily achievable. In such
cases, only qualitative predictions have been made based on experience and
judgements.
The affected environmental attributes in the region are air quality, water quality,
soil, land use, ecology and public health. The management action plan aims at
controlling pollution at the source level to the extent possible with the available
and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are
discharged. The proposed project would create impact on the environment in two
distinct phases:
During the operation phase which would have long term effects.
The construction and operational phase of the proposed project comprises various
activities each of which will have an impact on some or other environmental
parameters. Various impacts during the construction and operation phase on the
environmental parameters have been studied and mitigation measures for the
same are discussed briefly below and elaborated in the subsequent sections.
4.2
TABLE-4.1
IDENTIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
AND PROBABLE IMPACTS
Construction Activities
A) Long Term Impacts
Sector
Probable Impacts
Land
Socioeconomics
Land Acquisition
B)
Water
Land
Ecology
Air
Water
Soil
Public Utilities
Air
Civil Construction Activities
Water
Air
Water
Socioeconomics
Land
Water
Air
Sector
Water
Soil
Probable Impacts
Spillage and fugitive emissions of
debris materials
Spillage/ spread of debris material
and flow into streams
Run-off from Disposal Areas
Spillage/ spread/ deposition of
debris
Conversion of land into waste land
Mitigation Measures
Although, the impact on land use will be long term and permanent it can be
considerably reduced by taking following measures:
during construction phase shall be mainly due to loss of top soil in the
construction areas and contamination of the soils of surrounding area due to
construction materials such as cement, sand, oils, etc. The disturbances would be
more pronounced during the summer and monsoon seasons with strong rains.
However, it shall be temporary and shall be confined to the areas of construction
only. Generally, such disturbances are confined to the area of activity i.e. the
main plant, township and ash disposal area. Appropriate soil conservation
measures associated with improved construction techniques would minimize such
impacts. Timely afforestation activities would also contribute positively towards
soil conservation.
Apart from localized construction impacts at the plant site, no adverse impacts on
soil in the surrounding area are anticipated.
4.2.3 Impact on Air Quality
Impacts of construction activities on air quality are cause for concern mainly in the
dry months due to dust particles. The main sources of emission during the
construction period are the movement of equipment at site and dust emitted during
the levelling, grading, earthworks, foundation works and other construction related
activities. The dust emitted during the above mentioned activities depend upon the
type of soil being excavated and the ambient humidity levels. The dust generated
during the construction activities will however, settle quickly. Therefore, the impact
will be for short duration and confined locally to the construction site. The
composition of dust in this kind of operation is, however, mostly inorganic and nontoxic in nature.
The impact will be confined within the project boundary and is expected to be
negligible outside the plant boundaries. Exhaust emissions from vehicles and
equipment deployed during the construction phase is also likely to result in marginal
increase in the levels of SO2, NOx and PM. Proper upkeep and maintenance of
vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads and existing lush green plantation would
greatly reduce the impacts during the construction phase.
4.2.4 Impact on Water Quality
Effluents from the construction area mainly contain suspended solids mainly
resulting from site leveling, excavation etc. while the sanitary waste emanating
from the labour colonies contains suspended as well as organic matter. The loose
construction material like sand, cement etc. and excavated earth/construction
debris may get washed off during heavy precipitation and finally reach the nearby
nala. This may increase the suspended solid of the receiving water body.
Adequate arrangements for proper drainage and disposal of wastewater and
routing of the effluents from construction area through sedimentation basins and
provision of proper sanitary facilities with treatment will eliminate these problems
of water pollution. Moreover, these impacts will be temporary in nature.
4.3
TABLE-4.2
IDENTIFICATION OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
ACTIVITIES AND PROBABLE IMPACTS
Operation and
Maintenance Activities
Transportation of Coal/ Oil
Sector
Air
Probable Impacts
Noise and Air Emissions from Vehicles
Fugitive Dust Emissions due to Traffic
Movement
Spillage and fugitive emissions of coal/
oil
Water
Burning of Fuel
Water Treatment for
various uses
Spillage
Public
Utilities
Air
Water
Air
Water
Equipment Cooling
Transportation, Storage &
Use of Chemicals/ Cl2
Transportation and
Disposal of Ash
Operation of Transformers
and Switchyard
Maintenance (Cleaning,
Over-haul, Oil Change,
Lubrication etc.)
Domestic Use of Water in
Plant and Township
Water/
Ecology
Air/ Water
Land
Air
Water
Water
chemicals
Water
Model Set-up
Parameter
Model Name
Model Type
Topography
Averaging Time
Source Type
Boundary Limits
Co-ordinate System
Receptor Height
Anemometer
Surface meteorological data
Upper air Data
Details
AERMOD (Version 7.1.0)
Steady state Gaussian Plume Air
Dispersion model
Rural, Flat
24 hours
Point Source
10 km X 10 km
Uniform Polar Grid
0
10 m
Site Specific data processed by AERMET
Upper air Estimator using AERMET
processor
TABLE-4.4
DETAILS OF PROPOSED STACK EMISSIONS
Parameters
Stack Height
No. of Stacks
Units
M
No.
Flue Diameter
Flue gas velocity/ flue
Flue Gas Temperature/ flue
Volumetric Flow Rate
coal combustion
Sulphur
Estimated Emission Rates
Sulphur di oxide
NOx @ 510 mg/Nm3
Particulate Matter @ 50 mg/Nm3
M
m/sec
K
Nm3/sec/unit
Tonne/h/unit
%
Values
275
02
(twin flue)
9.0
22-25
398
956
355
0.6
g/s/unit
g/s/unit
g/s/unit
1250
487.5
47.8
The simulations have been carried out to evaluate SO2, NOx and PM likely to be
contributed by the proposed project. For the short-term simulations, the
concentrations were estimated to obtain an optimum description of variations in
concentrations over the site in 10 km radius covering 16 directions. The predicted
results for PM, SO2 and NOx are presented in Table-4.5 and isopleths showing
the incremental concentrations are shown in Figure-4.1 to Figure-4.3.
TABLE-4.5
PREDICTED SHORT-TERM MODELLING RESULTS (24-HOURLY)
Pollutants
Maximum Incremental
Levels (g/m3)
Particulate Matter
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
1.8
48.7
18.9
Distance
(km)
5.5
5.5
5.5
Direction
NE
NE
NE
The resultant concentrations after the implementation of the proposed project are
given in Table-4.6.
TABLE-4.6
RESULTANT GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS (24-HOURLY)
Pollutant
PM
SO2
NOx
Baseline Max
60.8
13.8
16.9
Concentrations (g/m3)
Incremental
Resultant
1.8
62.6
48.7
62.5
18.9
35.8
NAAQS Limits
100
80
80
0.80
1.2
0
0.6
0
1.40
1.20
1.40
0.80
2000
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
0.4
0.20
-2000
0.60
0.20
-8000
-6000
0.2
0
-4000
Y-Direction [m]
1 .6
0.40
4000
6000
0.60
0.8
0
0.20
8000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
X-Direction [m]
PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL
0.200
0.400
0.600
COMMENTS:
0.800
SOURCES:
1.000
1.200
1.400
ug/m^3
1.600
1.800
2.000
COMPANY NAME:
2
RECEPTORS:
MODELER:
441
M. Janardhan
Mr. Kishore Kumar
OUTPUT TYPE:
SCALE:
Concentration
MAX:
DATE:
1.86282 ug/m^3
6/27/2015
1:140,980
5 km
PROJECT NO.:
FIGURE-4.1
ISOPLETH SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR PM
Chapter-4: Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures
PROJECT TITLE:
15
20
30
25
10
20
2000
35
5
15 10
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
Y-Direction [m]
40
25
4000
15
30
40
6000
35
20
8000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
X-Direction [m]
PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL
5.000
10.000
15.000
COMMENTS:
20.000
25.000
SOURCES:
30.000
35.000
ug/m^3
40.000
45.000
50.000
COMPANY NAME:
2
RECEPTORS:
MODELER:
441
M. Janardhan
Mr. Kishore Kumar
OUTPUT TYPE:
SCALE:
Concentration
MAX:
DATE:
48.71395 ug/m^3
6/27/2015
1:140,980
5 km
PROJECT NO.:
FIGURE-4.2
ISOPLETH SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR SO2
Chapter-4: Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures
12
2000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
Y-Direction [m]
16
12
4000
6000
8000
12
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
X-Direction [m]
PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL
2.000
4.000
COMMENTS:
8.000
SOURCES:
12.000
ug/m^3
16.000
20.000
COMPANY NAME:
2
RECEPTORS:
MODELER:
441
M. Janardhan
Mr. Kishore Kumar
OUTPUT TYPE:
SCALE:
Concentration
MAX:
DATE:
18.99845 ug/m^3
6/27/2015
1:140,980
5 km
PROJECT NO.:
FIGURE-4.3
ISOPLETH SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR NOx
4.3.5
The R.O rejects from the desalination plant shall be routed through Central
Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB) and finally discharged to the CW return
channel.
The waste effluents from neutralization pits of DM Plant and Condensate
Polishing Plant shall be collected in the respective neutralization pits and
neutralized before pumping to the CEMB before final disposal;
A coal settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles from coal
handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped to CEMB;
The plant shall have two different systems for ash disposal conventional wet
slurry disposal for bottom ash and High Concentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD)
for fly ash. HCSD system will require less quantity of water and the decanted
water from ash dyke will be recycled/reused for ash handling system. Hence,
there will be no effluent discharge from the fly ash disposal site;
All the plant liquid effluents emanating from different point shall be treated
and mixed in Common Central Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB) and disposed
off to the final disposal point; and
The sewage from plant and township shall be treated in a common sewage
treatment plant. The treated sewage conforming to prescribed standards shall
be utilized for plantation/horticulture to the extent possible. The balance
effluent shall be discharged.
Sources
Turbine units
Air compressors
Transformer
Boilers
Nature of Noise
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
-1000
1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
400
600
800
1000
1000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
-200
-200
-400
-400
-600
-600
-800
-800
-1000
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
400
600
800
-1000
1000
FIGURE-4.4
NOISE DISPERSION CONTOURS
Chapter-4: Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures
The noise generation during operational phase would be at source itself through
different measures such as inspection, operation and maintenance at regular
intervals. The occupational noise exposure to the workers in the form of 8-hourly
time weighted average will be maintained well within the prescribed OSHA
standards (<90 dB (A)). Hence, the impact on occupational health of workers
would be insignificant.
4.3.5.2 Impact on Community
As per the location of power plant, the minimum distance available between
proposed major noise sources and the outer periphery of the project site would
be more than 500-m. The cumulative incremental impact of all noise sources at
boundary will range in between 31 to 39 dB (A). As the ambient noise levels are
higher than the predicted noise levels, due to masking affect no increase in
ambient noise levels during construction and operation phase are envisaged.
4.3.5.3 Mitigation Measures
The recommendations to mitigate higher noise levels are:
During the operation phase, since the predicted ground level concentration of
pollutant in ambient air is well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards,
the impact on the surrounding agricultural fields and trees will be slightly
negligible.
Marine Ecology
Water intake for the cooling system may affect a localized zone of the marine
ecosystem where the intake structure is located. Primary impacts of concern are
impingement of marine life on the intake screens and entrainment of marine
species in the cooling water system. An intake bar screen will be used to prevent
large fish from being entrained in the system.
Further, cooling water will be discharged back to sea through open channel. It will
be ensured that the temperature of the discharge water does not exceed 70 C
over and above the temperature of the receiving water body.
Mitigation Measures
4.4
The surface run off originating from various construction activities should be
collected and treated;
Sanitation facility should be provided to construction labourers at the site; and
Efficient effluent treatment and recycling and reuse of wastewater to the
maximum extent possible to minimise the impact on aquatic fauna should be
adopted.
Majority of the people living in this area are involved in agricultural and auxiliary
activities. The tribal people depend on forests and other natural resources for
their livelihood and sustenance perspective but also with livelihood perspective.
Many a times, these indigenous tribal populations remain marginalised. This is a
major developmental challenge both in terms of economic growth and, more
importantly, socio-cultural perspective.
Mitigation Measures
During the construction phase, labour colony will be constructed at the earmarked
space for the labour force. The labour colony shall be provided drinking water and
sanitation facilities. Temporary toilets as per PHED norms will be constructed for
the work force during construction period. Suitable septic tanks and soak pits of
appropriate capacities will be constructed for treatment of sewage before
disposal.
NTPC proposes to implement the community development programmes under
Corporate Social Responsibility for surrounding villages like capacity building,
infrastructure development, provision of drinking water and sanitation, women
empowerment, irrigation, agricultural development, education and health services
etc. This problem will be solved by capacity building of local youth by vocational
training, development of ITI. Other facilities include self employment
opportunities in the form of small contracts like vehicles, gardening etc. through
PAP Cooperatives, Shops and other services in township, Employment
opportunities with Contractors will be provided to develop confidence in local
people regarding employment. NTPC will provide necessary training to affected
woman for self employment like stitching, weaving, tailoring, making house hold
items etc. will be provided for self development & employment for women.
Emphasis would be given to increase girl education in the affected area.
5.0
5.1
Land
About 5221 acres of land is under possession of APIIC, which has been allotted to
some industrial units. As per discussion with Dy. Zonal Manager, APIIC, about
1500 acres of land was identified for establishing power plant. The land identified
for the proposed project is dry in nature. The land is already acquired and
villagers are compensated. It was learnt that topo-graphical survey was carried
out by APIIC and the data can be made available from Hyderabad head office
once the formalities for allocating the said land in name of NTPC gets completed.
Water
Water for the project has to be drawn directly from sea by constructing a suitable
intake well in the sea, which is about 2-3 km from the proposed site. However,
for meeting sweet water requirement desalination plant is proposed. Sweet water
Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternative Sites & Technology
can be made available from Yelluru canal (18 km) and pipeline has been laid by
APIIC for supplying water to SEZ units but availability of sweet water for power
project is difficult. Commitment for water needs to be obtained.
Coal
Imported coal is proposed as fuel. Import of coal shall be explored to meet coal
requirement. Coal could be brought to the Gangavaram port through the sea
route. Gangavaram port is located about 30 km. The port has cargo handling
facility for coal and iron ore.
Coal can also be brought to the Visakhapatnam port through the sea route and
same is located about 50 km from site. Presently M/s Vedanta is operating coal
handling activities with capacity of 6 MT per month. However, availability of coal
for the project needs further elaboration.
Power Evacuation
Environmental Aspects
The land identified is dry land. The site is 500 m away from railway line, river
and National Highway. The land identified is 2-3 Km away from the sea coast.
Panchadarla RF, Pudimadaka RF, Rambilli RF and Gokivada RF are located within
10 km radius.
5.1.2 SITE II: Near Nakkapali Mandal (Visakhapatnam District)
Location
The site is located at a distance of 8 km from NH-5 and about 18 km from Tuni
town. Nearest railway station is Tuni about 18 km on double track, broad gauge
electrified line in Vijayawada Kolkata Section and Yelamanchali railway station
is located at about 20 km from site. Vishakhapatnam airport is at a distance of
100 km. A vicinity plan indicating the site is shown in Figure-5.2.
Land
About 4500 acres of land is being acquired by APIIC, out of which APIIC informed
that for setting of 4000 MW plant capacity, they can identify about 2000 acres
land. Around 2000 acres of land is earmarked for this project. The area has
Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternative Sites & Technology
commercial crops viz. coconut and cashew plantation and has permanent
settlements with 4 to 5 villages mainly Rajyyapeta (approx population 4500),
Chandanada (approx population 2300), Bughiraju Peta (approx population 1300)
and their hamlets. There are 5-6 hillocks in the area and the ground level is
varying from 5 m to 60 m with lots of undulations.
Water
Sea water can be drawn to meet the water requirement by constructing suitable
intake well in sea which is 1-2 km from the proposed project site. Sweet water
may not be available for the proposed project as informed by APIIC officials.
Further, suitable desalination plant shall be installed in the plant to meet plant
and township requirement.
Coal
Imported coal is proposed as fuel. Import of coal shall be explored to meet coal
requirement. Gangavaram port at a distance of 75 km and Vishakhapatnam port
at a distance of 110 km may be explored for imported coal through the sea route.
Environmental Aspects
The site is 500 m away from railway line, river and National Highway. The area
comprises of dry and wet land and there are commercial crops like coconut,
cashew and palm trees. The site is surrounded by Payakaraopeta RF and
Vempadu RF within 10 km radius. Social forest is existing near Rajayyapeta
village. The land identified is along the sea coast and CRZ demarcation is to be
carried out for the project land. There is a salt pan near village Rajayyapeta
village. There is a creek passing through Chandanada village connecting to sea.
HETERO drug is the major Industry existing in the vicinity.
5.1.3 Site-III: Near Nayudupeta (Nellore district)
Land
The Industrial Park area is already allotted to various industries and few of them
are fully established and in operation. The area shown to NTPC is the main
MPSEZ area which is around 2550 acres. Out of which, about 100 acres has been
already allotted to M/S PEL and the manufacturing unit of transformers fully
established and is in operation. Another plot of 33 acres is allotted to another
unit which is in the agreement stage. The total area is boundary walled by APIIC
(leaving the non-processing and open space). All other surrounding villages area
are totally agricultural land and under cultivation. This land is acquired under
MPSEZ notification. This land needs to be de notified from SEZ before allotment
to some other purpose. This de-notification is to be done through Ministry of
Commerce, Government of India.
Water
Water has to be drawn directly from sea by constructing a suitable intake well in
the sea, which is about 40 km from the proposed site. However, for meeting
sweet water requirement desalination plant is proposed.
The Swarnamukhi River (Rain fed) is flowing in the vicinity. There are small
ponds and reservoirs are available which are feeding mainly for cultivation in the
area. APIIC has got an allocation of 1 TMC of water from Kandeluru reservoir
which is about 70 kms away from this industrial area. Availability of sweet water
for power project is difficult.
Coal
Imported coal is proposed as fuel. Krishnapatnam port has cargo handling facility
for coal. Coal could be brought to the Krishnapatnam Port through the sea route.
However, availability of coal for the project needs further elaboration.
Environmental Aspects
The identified land is dry land. All other surrounding villages area are totally
agriculture land and under cultivation. The cooling water and sweet water
requirements is to be drawn from sea which is about 40 km away. Being a
comparatively heavily populated zone and large industrial developments in the
region getting a corridor for water and ash disposal is difficult. The site is
surrounded by Rosanuru RF, Venumbaka RF within 10 km radius.
The comparative summary of the three alternate sites proposed for STPP is
detailed under Table-5.1.
TABLE-5.1
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATE SITES
Sr.
No.
1
Description
Land
Site#1
Pudimadaka
Dry Land.
Identified
in
APSEZ
area
of
1500 Acres.
Water
Fuel
Imported coal
Imported coal
Environmental Sensitive Zones (within 10 km)
National Parks
Nil
Nil
4
5
Site#2
Nakkapalli
Dry
and
Wet
land.
Around
2000
acres
(to
be
acquired by
APIIC)
Sea Water (Bay
of Bengal)
Site#3
Nayudupeta
Dry land.
An area of 2550
acres of land is
identified in the
MPSEZ.
Sea water
(Bay of Bengal)
Imported coal
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Wildlife
Sanctuaries
Monuments
Nil
Nil
Nil
Hills / Valleys
Nil
Yes
Nil
Rivers/sea
Nearest railway
station
Nearest Airport
10
11
12
13
Bay of Bengal
Anakapalli,
15 km
Visakhapatnam, 40
Km.
Nearest town
Atchutapuram,
4 km
Nearest
Sea Gangavaram, 30
Port
Km
Nearest forest
Panchadarla RF,
Pudimadaka RF,
Rambilli RF &
Gokivada RF
Bay of Bengal
Tuni,
18 km
Visakhapatnam,
100 Km.
Tuni,
18 Km
Gangavaram,
75 Km.
Payakaraopeta
RF and Vempadu
RF
Swarnmukhi River/
Bay of Bengal
Nayudupeta,
10 Km.
Chennai,
140 Km
Nayudupeta,
10 Km
Krishnapatnam,
70 Km
Rosanuru PF and
Venumbaka RF
5.1.4 Conclusion
The site near Pudimadaka at Atchutapuram (Site-I) was preferred and selected
after examining the following advantages & facts over the site near Nakkapali
Mandal (Site-II) and Nayadupeta (Site-III).
Site-I
The land has already been acquired by APIIC and in their position. The
compensation has been already paid to the villagers. No Rehabilitation and
Resettlement is involved for this land;
The land use of site near Pudimadaka is completely dry land (identified in
SEZ) and also free from any forestland;
The land identified near Pudimadaka is about 2-3 km away from the sea
coast; and
Hence, the proposed site is most suitable for setting up of the power project.
Site-II
Land use of Nakkapali site comprises of dry and wet land with some
commercial crops like coconut, cashew and palm trees etc. and also
surrounded by Payakaraopeta and Vempadu Reserved Forest;
About 5-6 hillocks are located near Nakkapali site and the ground levels are
highly undulated ranging from 5 m to 60 m;
The land identified near Nakkapali site is along the sea coast and attracts
CRZ demarcation study from the sea coast;
The site near Nakkapali is having a salt pan near village Rajayyapeta; and
Hence, the proposed site is not suitable for setting up of the power project.
Site-III
The land has already been acquired by APIIC under MPSEZ Notification and is
in their position. The compensation has already been paid to the villagers. No
Rehabilitation and Resettlement is involved for this land;
Land use of Nayadupeta site comprises of dry and wet land with some
agricultural crops;
Hence, the proposed site is not suitable for setting up of the power project.
FIGURE-5.1
MAP SHOWING SITE-I
Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternative Sites & Technology
FIGURE-5.2
MAP SHOWING SITE-II
Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternative Sites & Technology
FIGURE-5.3
MAP SHOWING SITE-III
Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternative Sites & Technology
6.1
Objectives
6.3
Meteorology;
Air Quality (stack missions & ambient air including fugitive missions) ;
Water Quality (treated and untreated effluents);
Soil Quality;
Impact on ecology & green belt cover; and
Noise level.
TABLE-6.1
AIR QUALITY MONITORING SCHEDULE
Sr.
No.
1
Discipline of
Monitoring
Meteorology
Ambient
Quality
Air
Stack Emission
Number of
Frequency of
Monitoring Stations
Monitoring
One observatory in the Daily/ continuous
Plant area
4 (four)
locations in
consultation
with
APSPCB
Continuous
hourly)
(24
Two
On-line Continuous
(24 hourly)
Parameters to be
Analysed
Relative Humidity,
Atmospheric
Pressure:
Rainfall
PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and
Hg
SPM, SO2, NOx and Hg
emission from stack
Discipline of
Monitoring
Surface Water
Quality
Number of
Monitoring Stations
2 to 3 locations near
project area and ash
pond area
Parameters to be
Analyzed
Physico-chemical and
Bacteriological
parameters: Monthly
Heavy metals: Quarterly.
2
Ground Water
2 to 3 locations,
Monthly/
As per parameters
Quality
around ash pond
Quarterly
specified under IS:10500
Physico-chemical and
Bacteriological
parameters: Monthly,
Heavy metals: Quarterly
3
Plant
Main plant effluent
Fortnightly/
In accordance with EPA
Effluents*
from Central Effluent
quarterly
Rule, 1986 or guidelines
Monitoring Basin.
of AP SPCB.
Physio-chemical
Heavy metals
4
Sanitary
Treated water quality
Once in a
As per EPA rule 1986,
effluents
from STP
month
Physio-chemical and
Bacteriological parameters
* All Plant discharges including boiler blow down, ash pond effluent etc. are routed to
Central Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB)
Frequency of
Monitoring
Monthly/
Quarterly
6.3.3 Noise
The ambient noise monitoring should be carried out at six locations in nearby
villages around the plant boundary twice a year.
The noise levels should be monitored for the work environment. The noise level
inside the power plant near noise generating equipment shall be monitored
continuously for 8 hours. The Leq value and frequency analysis should be done.
The noise monitoring has to be done once in six months at all the individual
equipment, which produces more than 90 dB (A) noise level.
6.3.4 Soil
The soil monitoring program will include monitoring of physical and chemical
parameters, including organic content and heavy metals. Soil sampling and
analysis will be carried out at selected locations near the ash disposal site and onsite hazardous waste storage areas. Soil quality of nearby villages will also be
assessed once in a year.
6.3.5 Ecology
Impact on ecology of the greenbelt and surrounding area will be undertaken once
in three years.
The records of the monitored values have to be properly maintained. The
monitoring reports have to be submitted to regional office of MoEF&CC every six
months. Additionally, the monitoring results have to be part of environmental
statement audit report to be submitted to CPCB/ MoEF&CC every year.
6.4
BOD incubator;
COD reflux set up;
Refrigerator;
Oven;
Single pan balance;
Thermometer;
pH meter;
Titration set;
Dissolved oxygen analyzer;
Conductivity meter; and
Relevant chemicals for air and water analysis.
C) Noise levels
An integrating sound level meter to record noise levels in different scales like
weighting with slow and fast response options should be procured.
6.5
Environmental Cost
The cost of setting up the laboratory for regular monitoring of various
environmental parameters will be approximately Rs. 1.5 Crores including the cost
of online stack and ambient air quality monitoring systems with their installations.
6.6
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
This chapter describes the public consultation for the proposed project, social
impacts assessment, details of land to be acquired and action plan, Rehabilitation
& Resettlement (R&R) Plan, Socio-economic development activities, Risk
assessment due to plant operation and Disaster management plan etc.
7.1
Public Consultation
The public hearing for the proposed project will be conducted through Andhra
Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB) at the project site. The public
hearing will be conducted inline with the EIA Notification dated 14th September
2006 and subsequent amendments. The public hearing notice will be published in
2 leading newspapers widely circulated in the region, one in English and one in
Telugu language indicating the date and venue. In addition, the nearby villagers
will be informed about the public hearing in local language (Telugu) by loud
speakers. After completion of the public hearing, the Public Hearing minutes
along with its action plan will be incorporated in the Final EIA report.
7.2
7.2.1 Introduction
An industrial disaster arises when a major accident occurring in the factory
becomes uncontrollable and its consequences go out of the factory boundaries.
Hazards are inherent to all industrial operations since they involve handling of
hazardous materials (flammable, explosive, corrosive and toxic materials).
Risk assessment is a methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by
analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that
could pose a potential threat or harm to people, property, livelihoods and the
environment on which they depend.
Risks are inherent in proposed thermal power plant operations since they involve
working with;
Nevertheless, a properly designed and operated plant will have a very low
probability (to a level of acceptable risk) of accident occurrence. Subsequently, a
properly designed and executed management plan can further reduce the
probability of any accident turning into an on-site emergency and/or an off-site
emergency. The four major steps in risk assessment are hazard identification,
dose response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization.
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
ii)
iii)
iv)
7.2.2 Approach
Risk involves the occurrence or potential occurrence of some accidents consisting
of an event or sequence of events. The risk assessment study covers the
following:
7.3
Site assessment;
Assess the overall damage potential of the identified hazardous events and the
impact zones from the accidental scenarios;
Assess the overall suitability of the site from hazard minimization and disaster
mitigation point of view;
Hazard Identification
Identification of hazards is of primary significance in the analysis, quantification
and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals and processes. A
classical definition of hazard states that it is the characteristic of system/process
that presents potential for an accident. Hence, all the components of a
system/process need to be thoroughly examined to assess their potential for
initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events, which can be
termed as an accident.
Estimation of probability of an unexpected event and its consequences form the
basis of quantification of risk in terms of damage to property, environment or
personnel. Therefore, the type, quantity, location and conditions of release of a
toxic or flammable substance have to be identified in order to estimate its
damaging effects, the area involved, and the possible precautionary measures
required to be taken. Based on the areas and unit operations involved in
generation of power various hazards are identified which are given in Table-7.1.
TABLE-7.1
POTENTIAL RISK AREAS DUE TO PROPOSED THERMAL POWER PLANT
Sr. No.
1
2
3
Blocks/Areas
Coal storage in open yard
Coal Handling Plant including
Bunker area
Boilers
Hazards Identified
Fire, Spontaneous Combustion
Fire and/or Dust Explosions
Fire (mainly near oil burners), steam;
Explosions, Fuel Explosions
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
Blocks/Areas
Turbo-Generator Buildings
5
6
Power Transformers
Switch-yard Control Room
7
a
b
Hydrogen Plant
Hydrogen and oxygen holders in
Open
Hydrogen Cylinders in R.C.C.
building
Oxygen cylinders in R.C.C. building
Tank Farms
HFO
LDO
Water Treatment
8
a
b
9
a
b
10
Pre-treatment plants
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Steam turbine
Hazards Identified
Fires in a) Lube Oil systems
b) Cable galleries
c) Short circuits in
i) Control Rooms
ii) Switchgears
Explosion due to leakage of Hydrogen and
fire following it.
Fire in Oil Drum Storage
Explosion and fire
Fire in cable galleries and
Switchgear/Control Room
Explosion and/or fire, Physical dangers
Fire
The major hazards associated with the plant (Table-7.2) have to be carried out
followed by consequence analysis to quantify these hazards. Finally the
vulnerable zones have to plotted for which risk reducing measures will be
deduced and implemented.
The following scenarios have been considered for the PHA:
Description of
Plausible Hazard
Spillage of chemicals
while
handling
(HCl,
NaOH)
Spillage of chemicals or
baths into trench
Chlorine leakage
Recommendation
The spillage should be treated as per
MSDS of each chemical. A copy of MSDS
should be kept in chemical laboratory and
stores
The source of the spillage should be
immediately identified and plugged;
The spilled chemical should be
washed with copious water and the
washed water should be collected in
floor wash tank; and
The washed water in floor wash tank
should be treated as per waste
treatment
procedure
till
it
is
exhausted.
An automatic chlorine leak absorption
system should be provided for
chlorination
plant
to
neutralise
chlorine leakage;
Chlorination plant shall be provided
with required chlorine containers,
instrumentation panels, chlorine leak
detectors etc.;
Use ammonia spray or swab for
identifying leakage. (A white cloud
indicates Chlorine leakage);
For persistent leakage connect a
flexible hose pipe and put the pipe in
the tank containing Caustic soda; and
Isolate the area until the gas has
dispersed.
summarized in the Table-7.3. The fuel storage details and properties are given in
Table-7.4 and Table-7.5 respectively.
TABLE-7.3
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STORED, TRANSPORTED AND HANDLED
Materials
LDO
Hazardous Properties
UN 1203. Dangerous Goods class 3 Flammable
Liquid
Dangerous Goods class 3 - Flammable Liquid
HFO
TABLE-7.4
CATEGORY WISE SCHEDULE OF STORAGE TANKS
Sr.
No.
1
2
Material
LDO
HFO
No. of
Tanks
2
3
Design
Capacity (KL)
500 (each)
3700 (each)
Classification
Non-dangerous Petroleum
Non-dangerous Petroleum
TABLE-7.5
PROPERTIES OF FUELS USED IN THE PLANT
Chemical
HFO
LDO
TLV
:
MP
:
UEL
:
Codes/Label
TLV
Flammable
5 mg/m3
Flammable
5 mg/m3
Threshold Limit Value
Melting Point
Upper Explosive Limit
FBP
c
350
400
FBP
FP
LEL
MP
-26
:
:
:
FP
UEL
LEL
%
66
6.0
0.5
32 - 96
7.5
0.6
Final Boiling Point
Flash Point
Lower Explosive Limit
Fire Damage
A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This
releases heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid. A
part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convicted away by rising hot air and
combustion products. The radiations can heat the contents of a nearby storage or
process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a spread of fire.
The radiations can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers or fire fighters
located within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to know beforehand the
damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be created due to leakage or
catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel. This will help to decide the
location of other storage/process vessels, decide the type of protective clothing the
workers/fire fighters need, the duration of time for which they can be in the zone,
the fire extinguishing measures needed and the protection methods needed for the
nearby storage/process vessels.
Table-7.6 tabulates the damage effect on equipment and people due to thermal
radiation intensity.
TABLE-7.6
DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITIES
Sr.
No.
1
Incident
Radiation
(kw/m2)
37.5
25.0
19.0
12.5
4.5
1.6
--
1% lethality in 1 min.
Causes pain if duration is
longer
than
20
sec,
however blistering is unlikely (First degree burns)
Causes no discomfort on
long exposures
Damage Distances
The level of damage caused by heat radiation due to fire is a function of duration
of exposure as well as heat flux (i.e. radiation energy onto the object of
concern).This is true both for the effect on building and plant equipment and for
the effect on personnel. However the variation of likely exposures times is more
marked with personnel, due to possibility of finding shelter coupled with
protection of the skin tissue (clothed or naked body). Further, it is assumed that
everyone inside the area by the pool fire will be burned to death (100% lethality)
or will asphyxiate.
The damage and fatality (percentage of the exposed people to be killed) due to
the exposure time is very important in determining the degree of fatality and
corresponding effect distance. It is observed that the exposed persons normally
find shelter or protection from the heat radiation (e.g. against a wall) within 10
seconds. However, exposure time of 30 seconds is normally assumed for
pessimistic calculation which applies if people do not run away immediately or
when no protection is available.
For planning purposes, the various damage effects of flammable gas releases
must be converted to a common unit of measure. Since spacing allowances are
the main design tool, a damage distance is defined for this purpose as the
distance within which damage exceeds a specified threshold level.
Ignition of a flammable vapour leak may cause a fire, explosion, or boiling liquid
expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). Damage or death may occur due to blast
overpressures, fire or radiation effects or projectiles.
Bulk storages for furnace oil and storage of raw materials are separately located.
Three nos. of heavy oil (HFO) storage tank of capacity 3700 KL & two numbers of
LDO tank of 500 KL capacity is located to store the fuel oil. Raw materials will be
received in drums/bags either by rail or road pipeline and would be pumped into
storage tanks. Failure of hose pipe or catastrophic failure of any storage tanks
can result in spread out of the contents. The details of release of HFO and LDO
from the storage facilities are presented in Table 7.7. If these vapours come in
contact with source of ignition, it can result in a major fire and intensities of
radiation of this fire are computed to know the damage distances and to assess
the risk involved. The damage distances for HFO and LDO have been estimated
for instantaneous spill, the results are presented in Table-7.8 and Table-7.9 and
are shown in Figure-7.1 and Figure-7.2 respectively.
TABLE-7.7
RELEASE OF HFO AND LDO FROM THE STORAGE FACILITIES
Scenario
One storage tank on fire
Catastrophic rupture of
storage facility
Release of quantity
HFO
LDO
3700 KL
500 KL
11100 KL
1000 KL
TABLE-7.8
RADIATION INTENSITIES VS. DISTANCE FOR HFO
Radiation Intensities
(kw/m2)
37.5
25
19.0
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
TABLE-7.9
RADIATION INTENSITIES VS. DISTANCE FOR LDO
Radiation Intensities
(kw/m2)
37.5
25
19
12.5
4.5
1.6
FIGURE-7.1
RADIATION CONTOURS - HFO
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
FIGURE-7.2
RADIATION CONTOURS - LDO
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
Risk Assessment
The risk assessment determines whether the risks are tolerable or if risk
mitigation measures are required to reduce the risk to a level which can be
considered to be As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). UK standards are
generally followed here. Risk assessment depends on failure frequency of the
system and probability of ignition and explosion. These are assessed below.
Failure Frequency
The range of possible releases for a given component covers a wide spectrum
from a pinhole leak upto a catastrophic rupture (of a vessel) or full bore rupture
(of a pipe). It is both, time consuming and unnecessary to consider every part of
the range; instead, representative failure cases are generated. For various types
of component and for each of the representative failure frequencies are
summarized in below in Table-7.10.
TABLE 7.10
FAILURE FREQUENCY
Type
Pipe Damages
Failure Case
Leaks
Holes
Ruptures
Significant Leak
Ignition Probability
Ignition probability data is important in quantification of risks. Historical data on
ignition of flammable releases are used as a basis for determining suitable
ignition probabilities. As probability of ignition depends upon availability of source
of ignition, it also depends on the maintenance of safety level.
Estimated Risk Level
Tank fire will take place mostly due to occurrence of leak at rim and subsequent
Struck by lightning. Tank fire and Dyke fire will take place due to full rupture of
liquid outlet and then delayed ignition. As described before Risk level will be
decided on two important parameters of failure frequency and ignition probability.
For Chlorine dispersion it will take place due to failure of pressurized vessel or
some leak at the inlet outlet pipes.
Limitation of the Risk Assessment Study
Any mathematical expression of physical events has some limitations. The
properties of chemicals, release conditions, meteorological data are all used as
ideal data which can have variation in the actual condition. Therefore the
consequences of hazardous incidents will have varying accuracy. Many types of
hazardous incidents can only be assessed by making a variety of simplifying
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
assumptions. Many times an ideal simple mode of failure could not be identified in
real disaster event.
Thus Risk Assessment and consequence analysis have a lot of subjective input
and should not be considered an end in itself. These results should be used in
judicious manner utilizing practical knowledge and common wisdom.
7.5
i)
Sea water after desalination process shall be used for supply to fire water
tank. Two numbers of Steel tanks each of 2130 m3 capacity shall be provided.
for storage of fire water shall be provided. Fire water pumps shall be located
in the fire water pump house and horizontal centrifugal pumps shall be
installed in the pump house for hydrant and spray system and the same shall
be driven by electric motor and diesel engines as per the regulations of TAC.
The water for foam system shall be tapped off from the hydrant system
network;
ii)
For the above fire water pumping station, automatic pressurization system
consisting of jockey pumps shall be provided;
iii)
Hydrant system for complete power plant covering main plant building, boiler
area, turbine and its auxiliaries, coal handling plant, all pump houses and
miscellaneous buildings of the plant. The system shall be complete with
piping, valves, instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose boxes/stations etc.;
iv)
Automatic high velocity water spray system for all transformers located in
transformer yard and transformers having oil capacity of 2000 liters and
above located within the boundary limits of plant, Main and unit turbine oil
tanks and purifier, Oil canal, generator seal oil system, lube oil system for
turbine driven boiler feed pumps, boiler burner fronts, fuel oil station rack in
boiler, etc. This system shall consist of QB detectors, deluge valves,
projectors, valves, piping & instrumentation;
v)
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for cable vaults and cable
galleries of main plant, switchyard control room and ESP control room
consisting of smoke detectors, linear heat sensing cable detectors, deluge
valves, isolation valves, piping, instrumentation, etc.;
vi)
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for coal conveyors, transfer
points, Stacker reclaimer consisting of QB detectors, linear heat sensing
cables, deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.;
vii)
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for un-insulated fuel oil tanks
storing fuel oil having flash point 65 deg C and below consisting of QB
detectors, deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.;
viii)
Fixed foam system of bladder tank foam proportioning tank type, consisting of
skid mounted foam bladder tank assembly, foam makers, discharge outlets,
interconnection piping, valves, fitting and instrumentation etc. shall be
provided for fuel oil tanks;
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
7.6
Portable and mobile extinguishers, such as pressurized water type, carbondioxide type, foam type, dry chemical powder type, shall be provided at
strategic locations throughout the plant.
Disaster Management Plan (DMP)
Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses that
exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.
Disasters could be categorized into:
1. Natural Disasters: A natural disaster is the result of a natural phenomenon
(e.g., flood, tornado, earthquake, land slide etc). It leads to financial,
environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the
vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their
resilience.
2. Manmade disasters: Manmade disasters are of an anthropogenic origin, and
exemplify some of the terrible accidents that have resulted from human
beings interaction with artificial environment, which they themselves have
created.
Industrial accidents are one good example of manmade disasters.
to the site impossible for the rescue team. Due to explosions and smoke leading
to confusion of common people, coordination becomes difficult and without the
cooperation of these persons, the situation becomes uncontrollable.
Though the probability values of occurrence of major hazards considered yet give
a message of not to panic, but at the same time asks us to keep ourselves ready
to face such type of eventualities. Emergency preparedness planning can be
divided in two subsections:
1) On-site Emergency Planning
2) Off-site Emergency Planning
The On-site and Off-site emergency plans cover personnel employed and the
population of various localities around the project.
7.6.4 On-Site Disaster Management Plan
a) Preventive and predictive system;
b) Protective systems;
c) Personnel protective equipment;
d) Mock drill and simulation exercises;
e) Mutual aid scheme;
f) Communications;
g) Medical facilities; and
h) Reporting to external agencies.
The Onsite Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection
of environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage
operation in this same order of priorities. The objective of the emergency plan is
to make use of the combined resources of the plant and the outside services to
achieve the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Proposed project will have the facility to store various hazardous chemicals (such
as liquid chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas, liquid
ammonia) and flammable Combustible materials (such as furnace oil, light diesel
oil, lubricants, petrol, diesel, coal etc.) Considering the process and the material
to be used, the following hazards are identified along with the probable areas of
occurrence as summarized in Table-7.11.
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
TABLE-7.11
NATURE OF HAZARDS
Nature of Hazard
Fire Hazards (Slow
Isolated or Fast
Spreading)
Explosion Hazard
Bursting of Pipe
Lines & Vessels
Release of Gases /
Dust
Release of Liquid
Support Team to
Work Incident
Controller (IC)
In addition to the support teams mentioned above, there will be a team for each
functional area, as described below:
Task Force
Maintenance Team
Communication
Team
Security Team
Administration
Team
Safety Team
Medical Team
Monitoring Team
On-site fire crew led by a fire marshal will arrive at the scene of incident with
fire fighting equipment as necessary;
Emergency Security Controller will commence his role from the main gate
office;
Incident Controller will rush to the scene of emergency;
Works Main Controller will arrive at the ECC with members of Emergency
Control team and will assume absolute control of the site. He will receive
information continuously from Incident Controller & Emergency Security
Controller and give directions to:
Incident Controller;
All plant control rooms;
Emergency Security Controller;
Site or Shift Medical Officer; and
Personnel Manager.
under control as declared by the incident controller, WMC will send two of his
assisting managers for inspection of:
o
o
o
o
o
The post-emergency inspectors will return to ECC with their observations and
report their findings to WMC.
Based on these reports WMC will communicate further directive to all sub-centers
of emergency management and will finally declare and communicate termination
of emergency and authorize step by step restoration of normal operation of the
site. The sirens will be sounded giving all clear signal.
Important Information
Once the plant goes on stream, important information such as names and addresses
of key personnel, essential employees, medical personnel outside the plant,
transporters address, address of those connected with Off Site Emergency such as
Police, Local Authorities, Fire Services, District Emergency Authority would be
prepared and maintained. The on-site emergency organization chart for various
emergencies is shown in Figure-7.3.
FIGURE-7.3
ON-SITE EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION CHART
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
The progress of the evacuation efforts will be monitored by WMC who will also
provide continuous direction to evacuation assistance personnel.
7.6.5.3 Security in Evacuated Areas
Once an area is evacuated, law enforcement personnel will guard the area to
prevent looting and other unauthorized sections. Security forces operating in or
around an evacuated area will be dressed in appropriate protective gear.
7.6.5.4 Re-Entry Into Evacuated Areas
Before making the decision to authorize re-entry, data collected by the
monitoring crews will be verified and the advice of health officials to be
considered.
7.6.5.5 Updation of On-Site Plan
On-site plan will be updated based on modifications in the factory or at-least once
a year on specific authorization of Works Manager. Safety Officer will maintain a
record to this effect.
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
All employees are trained about their responsibilities/duties. They all are
aware about evacuation routes, direction of evacuation, equipment to be used
during evacuation or the method of evacuation;
All employees are fully trained to rescue their colleagues, who may be
affected due to cause of disaster. In case they are unable to rescue their
colleagues, they should know to whom they have to inform about such
persons;
All employees are fully trained in first aid & use of desired equipments
including breathing apparatus. First Aid boxes etc are available at the desired
location;
All warning alarms are functional. Public Address System is in healthy
condition;
Under the Environmental Protection Act, the responsibility of preparation of OffSite Emergency Plan lies with the State Government. The Collector/Deputy
Collector are ordinarily nominated by State Government to prepare Off-Site
Emergency Plan.
The District Collector or his nominated representative would be the team leader
of planning team, who shall conduct the planning task in a systematic manner.
The members of planning team for offsite emergencies are Collector/Deputy
Collector, District Authorities, In-charge of Fire Services, Police and members
drawn from Medical Services, Factory Inspectorate, Pollution Control Board,
Industries and Transport. In addition to these members, there are co-opted
members from district authorities concerned, civil defence, publicity department,
Municipal Corporation, and non officials such as elected representative (MPs,
MLAs, voluntary organization, nongovernmental organizations etc).
7.6.7.1 Post Emergency Relief to the Victims
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 provides for the owner who has control
over handling hazardous substances to pay specified amount of money to the
victims as interim relief by taking insurance policy for this purpose. The District
Collector has definite role in implementation of this act. After proper assessment
of the incident, he shall invite applications for relief, conduct an enquiry into the
claims and arrange payment of the relief amount to the victims.
7.6.7.2 Disaster Prevention and Reduction
NTPC Ltd. recognizes, and accepts its responsibility for establishing and
maintaining a safe working environment for all its employees. This responsibility
arises from:
Participate
Make Use
Take
Potential Hazards
Safety rules, procedures and codes of practice
With all reasonable care the tools, equipment, safety equipment and
protective clothing provided by the Company, these items should be kept
in good condition.
In safety training courses when called upon to do so.
Of safety suggestions schemes.
An active and personal interest in promoting health and safety at work.
Accepted rules, procedures and codes of practice which are formulated with
proper regard to health and safety consideration must be strictly observed by
all concerned. Contracting Agencies executing works should be made
responsible, through various measures including appropriate provisions in the
contract, for discharging their safety obligations;
TABLE-7.12
OFF-SITE ACTION PLAN
Sr.
No.
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
Sr.
No.
F1
Meteorological Department
H1
I1
G1
7.6.8 Tsunami
Upto December 2004, Tsunami was a little known phenomenon in India, but the
Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26th December 2004 affecting the coastal areas of
Tamilnadu and Pondicherry, changed the scenario.
Tsunami Characteristics
a) Tsunami Definition
Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave.
A tsunami is a series of waves with a long wavelength and period (time between
crests). Time between crests of waves can vary from a few minutes to over an
hour. Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves; they have no relation to
the daily ocean tides.
Tsunamis can occur at any time of day or night.
b) Causes of Tsunami
Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the sea bed.
Earthquakes generate tsunamis by vertical movement of the sea floor. However if
the sea floor movement is horizontal, a tsunami is not generated. Generally
earthquakes of M > 6.5 cause Tsunami. Tsunamis are also triggered by landslides
into or under the water surface, and can be generated by volcanic activity and
meteorite impacts.
c) Speed of Tsunami
Tsunami velocity is dependent on the depth of water through which it travels. The
velocity is governed by the following equation
V =g h
where,
V is the velocity of Tsunami in m/sec
g is the gravitational force in m/sec2
h is the depth of water in m
Tsunamis travel approximately at a velocity of 700 kmph in 4000 m depth of sea
water, but in 10 m of water depth the velocity drops to about 36 kmph. For
example, the tsunami from Sumatra coastal earthquake travelled to Tamil Nadu
coast in about two hours.
Even on shore, Tsunamis speed could be 35 40 km/h, much faster than a
person can run.
d) Size of Tsunami
Tsunamis range in size from centimeters to over 30 m height. Most tsunamis are
less than 3 m in height. A large tsunami can flood land up to 1.5 km from the
coast. In deep water (greater than 200 m), tsunamis are rarely over 1m high and
will not be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests).
As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over
10 times. Tsunami heights can vary greatly along a coast. The waves are
amplified by certain shoreline and bathymetric (sea floor) features.
The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tonnes
along with boats and other debris can be moved hundreds of feet inland by
tsunami wave activity. Homes and other buildings are destroyed. All this material
and water move with great force and can kill or injure people.
Frequency of Occurrence
a) On the average, there are two tsunamis per year in the Pacific Ocean which
cause damage.
Approximately every 15 years a destructive tsunami occurs in Pacific.
b) Frequency of Tsunami in India
The details of Tsunami in India are given below:
Date
April 12, 1762
August 19, 1868
December
1881
1883
1884
26-Jun-1941
27-Nov-1945
26-Dec-2004
31,
Occurrences
Earth Quake in the Bay of Bengal generated tsunami wave
of 1.8 m in coastal Bangladesh
Earthquake Magnitude 7.5 in the Bay of Bengal. Tsunami
wave run-up level at Port Blair, Andaman Island 4.0 m.
Earthquake of magnitude Ms 7.9 in the Bay of Bengal,
reported tsunami run-up level of 0.76m at Car Nicobar,
0.3m at Dublat , 0.3 m at Nagapattinam and 1.22 m at
Port Blair in Andaman Island
Karakatau, volcanic explosion in Indonesia. 1.5 m tsunami
at Chennai, 0.6 m at Nagapattinam.
Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal.
Tsunamis at Port Blair & mouth of Hoogly River
Earthquake of magnitude MW 8.1 in the Andaman Sea at
12.90 N,92.5o E. Tsunamis on the east coast of India with
amplitudes from 0.75 to 1.25 m. Some damage from East
Coast was reported.
Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude Ms 8.3 ). 12 to 15 M wave
height in Ormara, 13 m at Pasni, and 1.37 m at Karachi
(Pakistan) . In Gulf off Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of
11.0 m was estimated, and 2 m at Mumbai, where boats
were taken away from their moorings.
An earthquake of rear Magnitude (MW 9.3) generated
Occurrences
giant tsunami waves in North Indian Ocean. Tsunami
made extensive damage to many coastal areas of
Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka and
Thailand. A trans-oceanic tsunami, observed over areas
beyond the Ocean limit of origin. More than 2,00,000
people lost their lives in above countries which is a record.
Tsunami in shores
Normally, a tsunami appears as a rapidly advancing or receding tide.
In some cases, a bore (wall of water) or series of breaking waves may form.
Sometimes a tsunami causes water near the shore to recede by 0.5 2.0 km,
exposing the ocean floor, and then the wave crest comes with a high speed.
Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the sea.
Tsunami vs wind-generated wave
Wind-generated waves usually have periods (time between crests) of 5 to 20
seconds. Tsunami periods are usually between 5 minutes and an hour.
Wind-generated waves break as they shoal and lose energy offshore. Tsunamis
act more like a flooding wave.
Tsunami Emergency Management Plan
Training
a. Educating the Personnel
The operation and Maintenance Personnel of the power plant will be trained
properly to handle the situation smoothly without any panic. For training the
personnel, the services of relevant body like Disaster Management cell etc., will
be utilized. A detailed manual will be prepared and handed over to all plant
personnel, which will be the basis of the periodical training programs.
b. Educating the community
Community near to power plant will be educated about Tsunami. People around
the power plant will be advised to move to an elevated place or away from the
sea shore.
7.7
Eye
Ear
Equipment
Fire Helmet
Electrical resistance
helmet
Welder's leather cap
Panorama goggles with
clear plastic vision
Leather mask goggles
Spectacles type goggles
with plain shatter proof
lens
Spectacle type goggles,
with blue lens
Panorama goggles with
green plastic visor
Ear plugs or muffs
Protection against
Fall of objects / hitting against objects
during construction, maintenance, etc.
Electrical Shock
Splashing of liquid etc.
Oil and paint splashes, dust and chips
Foreign bodies entering the dyes and
smoke.
Foreign bodies entering the eyes and
reflected arc rays
High temperature flame during furnace
work
Reflected arc rays during arc welding
job.
High noise level
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
Face
Body
Hand
Leg
Equipment
Dust respirators
Light fume mask
Heavy fume mask
Canister gas mask
Plastic face shield
Welding helmet and shield
Asbestos hood
Leather apron
Asbestos apron
PVC apron
Safety Belt
Leather gloves
Asbestos gloves
Acid and Alkali proof
rubber gloves
Electrical resistance gloves
Canvas gloves
Leg guards
Leather safety boots
Asbestos safety boots
Gum boots
Protection against
Fine dust particles
Acid fumes, vapours and gases (2.0%)
Toxic gases (0.1%)
Acid fumes, vapours and gases (2.0%)
Liquid chemicals, dust particles
Welding fumes, sparks and UV rays
Heat radiation during furnace work
Falling of hot chips, slag's etc.
Heat radiation
Splashing of chemicals
Falling of persons from height
Cuts due to handling
Heat radiation
Burns due to chemical handling
Electric shock
Contact with oil, grease etc.
Welding sparks
Striking by objects, fall of objects and
stepping on sharp or hot objects.
Eat radiation, stepping on hot or sharp
objects, striking by stationary or
moving objects
Liquid splashing, in submerged area
and chemically hazardous area
In addition, medical facilities should be made available round the clock for
attending any medical emergency during construction and operation phases.
7.7.3 Safety and Emergency Plan
Safety of both men and materials during construction and operation phases is of
prime concern. Safety requirement during construction & erection, operation and
maintenance phases should be covered in the safety policy with the following
requirements:
Separate safety rules should be prepared for each type of occupation / processes
involved in the project in consultation with manufacturer / supplier of equipment
and materials and regular safety inspection should be ensured by a competent
person of all buildings, equipments, work places and operations.
7.7.4 Safety Organization
7.7.4.1 Construction and Erection Phase
A qualified and experienced Safety Officer will be posted at site. The
responsibilities of the safety officers include identification of the hazardous
conditions and unsafe acts of workers and advise on corrective action, organize
training programmes and provide professional expert advice on various issues
related to occupational safety and health. He is also responsible to ensure
compliance of Safety Rules/Statutory provisions.
7.7.4.2 Operation & Maintenance Phase
When the construction is completed the posting of safety officers shall be in
accordance with the requirement of Factories Act and their duties and
responsibilities shall be as defined thereof.
7.7.4.3 Safety Circle
In order to fully develop the capabilities of the employees in identification of
hazardous processes and improving safety and health, Safety Circles should be
constituted in each area of work, consisting of 5-6 employees from that area and
it should meet for about an hour every week.
7.7.4.4 Safety Training
Safety training should be provided by the safety officers with the assistance of
professionals in the area (e.g., Safety Experts at Corporate Centre & other
Projects of NTPC, Safety Institutions, Academic Institutions etc.).
5. In order to minimize the risk of accidental movement, the tanker will stand on
a level site during loading or unloading. Checks will be placed against the
Chapter-7: Additional Studies
PROJECT BENEFITS
This section of the report describes the direct and indirect benefits of the
proposed power plant which is expected to have at the local, regional or even
national scale. The benefits from the project on the infrastructure in general and
on the socio-economic status are listed. It is anticipated that the proposed power
plant will provide benefits for the locals in two phases i.e. during the construction
phase as well as during operation phase.
8.1
8.2
Apart from the temporary employment during construction phase, the setting up
of the unit will also open up good employment opportunities, especially for the
skilled workers. The current occupational status of the region shows that about
52.90% of the population is unemployed. The setting up of the plant will further
improve this status of unemployment and provide opportunities to the
unemployed population.
8.3
No Project Scenario
It is well recognized fact that in order to sustain economic growth rate of around
8 to 10% and to meet the target of power to all, the existing domestic
manufacturing capacity needs to be up-grade and enhanced.
A No Project Scenario was also examined.
Without the project, power
shortages would result in the state and the country. Without project there will be
work stoppage, increases in pollution resulting from the use of small generators,
reduced economic growth, increased poverty and complete social inconvenience.
Without the project, opportunity will be lost for 1200 jobs for 4-5 years of
construction, 1000 permanent jobs during operation and indirect jobs and
business opportunities that the project would create. The substantial increase in
local taxes and revenues, including the direct and indirect local benefits expected
to accrue as a result of the project, would be foregone. Hence, the project which
is expected to being prosperity in the region needs to be implemented at the
proposed site.
9.2
TABLE-9.1
PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Air Pollution Control
Water sprinkling in vulnerable
areas
Proper maintenance of vehicles &
construction equipment
Transportation
of
construction
material
in
covered
trucks,
wherever possible
Noise Pollution Control
Proper maintenance of vehicles,
equipment and machinery
Provision of accoustic covers/
enclosures on equipment and
machinery, wherever possible
Provision of earmuffs/ earplugs to
the workers in high noise areas
and enforcement of its use
Water Pollution Control
Channelization and Construction of
temporary sedimentation tanks for
effluents from construction area
through
network
of
drains.
Construction
of
temporary
sedimentation
tanks
for
the
effluents from construction area.
Socio-Economic Environment
Provision of environmentally safe
camping area for the migrant
Responsibility for
Implementation
Regulation
Targets to Achieve
NTPC+ contractor
NTPC + Contractor
NTPC + Contractor
Contractor
Contractor
Contractor
Protection of workers
NTPC
MOEF
Notification
dated
19.05.1993
Control
of
suspended
solids in effluents from
construction area
NTPC + contractor
NTPC + contractor
Responsibility for
Implementation
Regulation
laborers
Arrangements for water supply and
sanitation
Solid Waste Management
Disposal of surplus earth and
construction debris
Reclaiming of un-built area with
appropriate vegetation/ land
scaping
Targets to Achieve
force
NTPC + contractor
To
reduce
stress
on
surrounding population
Contractor
Control of pollution
NTPC
Unpleasant surroundings
TABLE-9.2
PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED DURING OPERATION PHASE
Mitigation Measures Proposed
Responsibility for
Implementation
Regulation
AIR ENVIRONMENT
High Efficiency ESPs
NTPC
NTPC
NTPC
NTPC
MoEF
Notification
dated
19.05.1993
NTPC
MoEF
Notification
dated
19.05.1993 and
initiative of
NTPC
MoEF
Notification
dated
03.01.1989
MoEF
Notification
dated
30.08.1990
-
NTPC
NTPC
Targets to Achieve
Wider dispersion of
emitted air Pollutions
Removal
of
suspended
solids, oil and grease and
neutralization of pH, to
conform
to
regulatory
standards for discharge of
effluents
Removal
of
suspended
solids
for
recycle
of
effluents into ash water
system
Responsibility for
Implementation
NTPC
NTPC
NTPC
NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Design of equipment
NTPC
CPCB Guidelines
NTPC
NTPC
NTPC
NTPC+Other entrepreneurs
Regulation
MoEF
Notification
dated
19.05.1993
MoEF
Notification
dated
22.12.1998
MoEF
Notification
03.11.2009
MoEF
Notification
03.11.2009
Targets to Achieve
Removal
of
suspended
solids, oil and grease and
organic matter to conform
to regulatory standards for
discharge of effluents into
inland surface waters
Reduce the CW water
temperature
at
the
discharge point so that
resultant shouldnt exceed
the ambient temperature
Meeting for sweet water
requirement for drinking &
Various process i.e DM
service water, fire etc
Responsibility for
Implementation
Regulation
NTPC
NTPC
OTHERS
Afforestation and Green Belt
Development
NTPC
NTPC
Targets to Achieve
site.
Environmentally
safe
disposal of unused ash
Environmentally
safe
disposal of municipal waste
from township
Ecological improvement
Attenuation
of
air
pollutants (SPM, SO2 and
NOx) and noise in source
receptor pathway
Safety
TABLE-9.3
IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES FOR OPERATION PHASE
Mitigation measures
AIR ENVIRONMENT
High Efficiency Electrostatic Precipitators
275 m high stack
Coal dust extraction and suppression systems
Water Environment
Cover over ash pond/ sprinklers in dry areas
Reclamation of ash pond after abandonment
Main Plant Effluent Treatment Plant including Central
Monitoring Basin
Ash Water Recirculation
Sewage Treatment Plant
Desalination Plant
NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Design of equipment
Provision of acoustic enclosures/ barriers/ shields to reduce
noise
Provision of personal protective equipments like ear plugs
and ear muffs
SOLID WASTE
Dry fly ash collection and loading system
Disposal of Unused Ash
Others Afforestation and Green Belt Development
Control of Fire and Explosion Hazard
Environmental Lab. Equipment
Mode of implementation
9.3
Recommendations
Time Requirement
Schedule
Before commissioning of
respective units
Before commissioning of
the Plant
Along with the
commissioning of the Plant
Stage wise implementation
Immediate
Ecological preservation
and up gradation
Immediate
Immediate
Immediate &
Progressive
Regional
Headquarters
Projects
Engineering
Operations
Personnel &
Administration
Environmental
Management
Coordinator
Operation &
Maintenance
Personnel &
Administration
The R.O rejects from the desalination plant shall be routed through Central
Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB) and finally discharged to the CW return
channel.
The waste effluents from neutralization pits of DM Plant and Condensate
Polishing Plant shall be collected in the respective neutralization pits and
neutralized before pumping to the CEMB before final disposal;
A coal settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles from coal
handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped to CEMB;
The plant shall have two different systems for ash disposal conventional wet
slurry disposal for bottom ash and High Concentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD)
for fly ash. HCSD system will require less quantity of water and the decanted
water from ash dyke will be recycled/reused for ash handling system. Hence,
there will be no effluent discharge from the fly ash disposal site;
All the plant liquid effluents emanating from different point shall be treated
and mixed in Common Central Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB) and disposed
off to the final disposal point; and
The sewage from plant and township shall be treated in a common sewage
treatment plant. The treated sewage conforming to prescribed standards shall
be utilized for plantation/horticulture to the extent possible. The balance
effluent shall be discharged.
shall
be
provided,
which
will
On an average 2500 trees per ha with local native species and other suitable
species will be planted in order to achieve average green belt width of 100 m all
around the periphery of the plant. However, the density of plantation will depend
on factors such as the type of species, location factors, future use of the planted
site availability of inputs like watering etc. Moreover, treated sewage water will be
used for horticulture and green belt development purposes.
Scientific Name
Alstonia scholaris
Azadirachta indica
Tamarindus indica
Dalberbia sissoo
Eucalyptus sp
Ficus benghalensis
Pongamia pinnata
Madhuca indica
Tectona grandis
Casuarina equisetifolia
Thespesia populnea
Common Name
Saptaparni
Vepa, Neem
Chinta
Shisham
Niligiri
Raavi
Kanuga
Ippa , Mahua
Teku, Teak
Sarugudu, Sarvi, Casuarina
Ganga Raavi
The detailed plantation work plan and final selection of species shall be
finalized in consultation with the State Forest Department and Research
Institute/Centre;
9.6
Species and location wise plan of the plantation will be depicted on a general
layout plan and project site map before the actual plantation work begins;
The required seedling will be raised in the nursery established at the site for
the purpose of plantation or will be procured from the local forest
department/private nursery grower/agencies to meet the requirement of the
plantation. Adequate arrangement for watering, particularly during early
years, weeding and hoeing, replacing the casualties and fencing will be
envisaged in the plan; and
Plantation work will, preferably, be entrusted to a government agency, such
as Forest Department/Forest Corporation.
NTPC shall provide a system for 100% extraction of dry fly ash along with
suitable storage facilities. Provision shall also be kept for segregation of
coarse and fine ash, loading this ash in tankers/ bulkers and also for loading
fly ash into rail wagons. This will ensure availability of dry fly ash required for
manufacture of Fly Ash based Portland Pozzolona Cement (FAPPC) for cement
plants, Ready Mix Concrete plants & export.
NTPC shall also set up fly ash brick manufacturing plant at proposed project,
fly ash brick thus produced shall be utilized for in-house construction works.
With all the efforts mentioned above, it is expected that fly ash generated at
proposed thermal power station shall be utilized in the areas of cement,
concrete & building products manufacturing, road embankment construction
etc. However in order to prepare realistic road map for 100% ash utilization, a
detailed market study shall be carried out. Based on recommendations of the
study, detailed Road Map for achieving 100% Ash Utilization in the line with
MOEFs Gazette Notification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009 shall be prepared.
Shadow free flat roof top area having proper drainage such as TG building,
service building, Admin building, switchyard building etc;
Total distributed load of the roof top PV due to panels, supporting structures,
equipments and concrete blocks etc. and imposed load will not be more than
100 kg/m2;
Proper approach to the roof top through lift / staircase; and
Availability of water for panel washing.
The actual solar radiation available in the area of project will be measured to
access the potential of power generation;
Approx 15 m2 area per kW is required for roof top solar. Effective area for
utilization for roof top solar PV on rooftop building will be estimated after
detailed study;
Panel should be inclined at the angle equal to the latitude, facing towards
south;
The total generation is estimated to be approx 1300-1400 units per year from
1000 W solar PV roof top plant;
The O&M of the solar PV plant after completion of one year of operation shall
be ensured by site O&M department.
TABLE-9.7
COST PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Description
Electrostatic Precipitator
Chimney
Cooling Systems
Ash Handling
Ash Dyke-First 9 years
Ash Water Recirculation including ETP
Dust Extraction & Suppression System
DM Plant Waste Treatment Systems
Sewerage Collection, Treatment & Disposal
Environmental Lab Equipment
Green Belt, Afforestation & Landscaping
Total
Amount (Rupees in
Crores)
450.27
73.89
0.38
175.07
84.2
359.7
5.0
5.0
4.0
1.5
5.0
1164.01
10.1
10.2
FIGURE-10.1
STUDY AREA MAP
Chapter-10: Summary & Conclusions
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Particulars
Details
Plant location
15
16
10.3
Particulars
Defence Installations
Seismicity
Details
Rambilli R.F (3.00 km)
Panchadarla RF (6.7 km)
Nil in 10 km
Zone-II
Project Features
Features
Capacity
Configuration
Technology
Fuel
Source of Coal
Description
4000 MW
4X1000 MW
Super-Critical Technology
Coal
Imported Coal
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad
10
11
12
13
10.4
Features
Coal Requirement
Sulphur content
Ash Content in Coal
Ash generation
Bottom ash
Fly Ash
ESP efficiency
Stack
Source of water
Water Requirement
Description
13.7 MTPA
0.6 %
12 %
1.68 MTPA
0.33 MTPA
1.35 MTPA
99.99%
Two twin flue stack of 275 m height
Sea water from Bay of Bengal
6,69,675 m3/hr
10.4.1 Topography
The study area is predominantly plain with few hillocks observed adjacent to the
project site. Maximum difference in levels would be about 36 m 40 m.
10.4.2 Geology and Hydrogeology
The study area forms part of the eastern ghat tectonic complex of Archaen age.
The infiltration capacity within the project site will be very high as the entire site
has a geological setting of Alluvium layer.
The study area has crystalline/hard rock terrain underlain by granites,
charnockites and Khondalites. Ground water occurs under unconfined/water table
conditions in shallow weathered and fractured/fissured rocks. Ground water levels
in the study area are around 5-10 m Below Ground Level (BGL) and fluctuations
were about 2 4 m.
Temperature
(0C)
Max
Min
36.4
38.2
43.0
21.7
23.5
26.9
71
68
73
Rainfall
(mm)
58
61
62
0
19
6
Atm
Pressure
hPa
Solar
Radiation
1001.1
1000.9
1001.4
4.0
4.1
4.3
Kwh/m2
0.
9%
NN
E
N 3.6%
N
E
W2
.6%
W1
NN
9%
2.
WN
4.6
March, 2015
April, 2015
May, 2015
Relative
Humidity (%)
Max
Min
.7%
W 8.3%
EN
C-4.6%
.5%
E 1.6%
ES
.8 %
W5
E1
.4%
SE
3.
WS
E1
0%
SS
.1%
E4
SS
W2
1.0
SW
24
.0
S 8.4%
SCALE
SPEED
5%
CALM
1.0
11
19
>19
Km/hr
FIGURE-10.2
SITE SPECIFIC WINDROSE
10.4.4 Air Quality
Ambient air quality was monitored at four locations during the period of March
2015 to May 2015 in the study area. The monitoring locations are selected in
consideration of the prevailing wind pattern, type of location, accessibility and
availability of continuous power. The summarized results of ambient air quality
monitoring are given in Table-10.4. The results indicate that the background
levels of all the parameters in the study area are within the permissible limit of
Chapter-10: Summary & Conclusions
National Ambient Air Quality Standards2009 for industrial, rural, residential and
other areas.
TABLE-10.4
SUMMARY OF BASELINE AIR QUALITY IN THE STUDY AREA
Discipline
Ambient Air
Quality
Main Parameter
PM (PM10)
PM2.5
SO2
NOX
Ozone
CO
Hg
Range Measured
During the Study
Period (g/m3)
35.8 60.8
14.4 30.6
9.2 13.8
11.7 16.9
2.3 6.9
202 - 481
<0.001
NAAQ
Standards
(2009)* (g/m3)
100
60
80
80
100 (8 hrly)
2000 (8 hrly)
-
Units
Range
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
7.4 8.1
274 - 37765
60 - 3258
28.6 315.6
mg/l
mg/l
7.4 8.0
1198 - 3300
88 - 395
10.4.6 Noise
Noise levels were measured in and around the proposed site at ten (10)
locations. The noise levels in the residential area during daytime were in the
range of 38.8 54.2 dB (A). While during night time it was 34.1 to 50.3 dB (A).
The noise levels at all the monitoring locations in the study area during the day
time and night time were found to be within the permissible limits as per
ambient air quality standards with respect to noise.
Chapter-10: Summary & Conclusions
10.4.7 Soil
To assess the soil quality, soil samples from ten (10) different locations were
collected and analysed in the laboratory. The soil in the study area is grey and
brown in colour with pH varying from 6.5 to 7.6. Texture of the soil represents
sandy loam and silty clay that are slightly alkaline in nature. The electrical
conductivity was observed in the range of 50 S/cm to 2770 S/cm. Nitrogen
content and phosphorous content in the soil is found to be in the range of 20.2
kg/ha to 100.8 kg/ha and 40.6 kg/ha to 418.6 kg/ha respectively. The
potassium concentrations range between 102.9 kg/ha to 1693.2 kg/ha.
10.4.8 Ecology
The study area has sparse vegetation mainly open scrub type. The land
proposed for the project does not have any dense vegetation cover. The study
area is under different land uses such as agriculture land, plantation, forest,
open scrubland, fallow land and grasslands. The reserve forests of the study
area have vegetation cover that shows mixed deciduous forest with severe
anthropogenic pressure.
As per the letter received from District Forest Officer, Visakhapatnam, there are no
ecologically sensitive areas such as Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Park, Biosphere
Reserves, Marine Sanctuaries and Protected areas exists in and around 10 Km
radius of the proposed Pudimadaka STPP. However, few reserve forests exists in the
study area.
The baseline monitoring of study area revealed that Accipiter badius (Shikra), Milvus
migrans (Common Kite) and Haliastur indicus (Brahminy Kite), are only three bird
species figuring in the Schedule-I of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972, and amongst reptiles
Olive Ridley turtles are listed among the Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection
Act, 1972, and rest of the reptiles, remaining sea birds and terrestrial birds and
mammals are listed in the Schedule II, III, IV and V of the Indian Wildlife Act, 1972.
Also apparently there are no endangered botanical flora in the study area
Schedule VI of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
A small isolated patch of marshy land with mangrove flora occurs near
Pudimadaka. However, no major mangrove patches or declared protected
mangroves forests were observed.
Aquatic Ecology
The aquatic ecological environment does not comprise of any endangered fish, only
common fishes such as Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Catla catla (Common Carp) were
found in the study area.
Marine Environment
Marine ecology study reveals that the total dominance of phytoplankton community
ranged from 1115 nos/ml to 1210 nos/ml whereas the total zooplankton
abundance ranged from minimum of 3257 nos/m3 up to 9910 nos/m3.
Chapter-10: Summary & Conclusions
10.5
The impacts of the project during construction and operation phase is described
below:
10.5.1 Land Use
The construction activity would bring immediate changes in the land use pattern of
the proposed plant area as well as in the vicinity. Most of the proposed land is nonagricultural and its conversion into industrial use will not have any significant impact
on the land use pattern of the area. In addition, there will be some temporary
changes in land use pattern due to stripping, excavation, levelling and erection of
structures of the proposed project. However, this shall be temporary and restricted
to construction site only.
Chapter-10: Summary & Conclusions
10.5.2 Soil
Construction activities involving site levelling and excavation would invariably
disturb the soil of the area. The impacts on soil during construction phase shall be
mainly due to loss of top soil in the construction areas and contamination of the
soils of surrounding area due to construction materials such as cement, sand etc.
The disturbances would be more pronounced during the summer and monsoon
seasons with strong rains. However, it shall be temporary and shall be confined to
the areas of construction only. Generally, such disturbances are confined to the area
of activity.
Appropriate soil conservation measures associated with improved construction
techniques would minimize such impacts. Apart from localized construction impacts
at the plant site, no adverse impacts on soil in the surrounding area are anticipated.
The impact on soil during operation phase of the project could result due to
deposition of residual particulate matter and gaseous emissions on the soil. The soils
within the deposition zone of pollutants may undergo physico-chemical changes due
to deposition of particulate matter and washout of gases (SO2 and NOx) during the
rains. The impacts on soil due to operation of the power plant and gaseous emission
are likely to be negligible as the incremental concentration of particulate matter
(PM), SO2 & NOx levels are observed within limit.
10.5.3 Hydrology and Water Use
Water requirement for the project is to be met from sea (Bay of Bengal) by
constructing suitable intake channel in the sea, which is about 2-3 km from the
project and hence drawl of water for the project may not have significant
adverse impact.
10.5.4 Air Quality
The main sources of emission during the construction period are the movement
of equipment at site and dust emitted during the levelling, grading, earthworks,
foundation works and other construction related activities. The impact of
construction activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction
site. The impact will be confined within the project boundary and is expected to
be negligible outside the plant boundaries. Proper maintenance of vehicles and
construction equipment will help in controlling gaseous emissions. Water
sprinkling on roads and construction site will prevent fugitive dust.
maximum incremental GLCs due to the proposed project are superimposed on the
maximum baseline PM, SO2 and NOx concentrations recorded at the monitoring
locations during the study period. The resultant concentrations after
implementation of the project are given in Table10.6.
TABLE-10.6
RESULTANT CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT
Pollutant
PM
SO2
NOx
Baseline Max.
60.8
13.8
16.9
Concentrations (g/m3)
Incremental
Resultant
1.8
62.6
48.7
62.5
18.9
35.8
NAAQS Limits
100
80
80
10.6.2.2
The R.O rejects from the desalination plant shall be routed through Central
Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB) and finally discharged to the CW return
channel.
10.6.2.3
Ash Utilization
NTPC - a socially conscious utility considers utilization of ash produced at its coal
based power station as a thrust area of its activities. Pudimadaka STPP will
produce about 3600 tonnes of ash per day i.e. about 1.68 million tonne ash per
annum in the power generation process. In order to have maximum ash
utilization in various areas and also to comply with the requirements of MoEF&CC
Gazette Notification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009, following actions are proposed
to be taken up by NTPC:
NTPC will provide a system for extraction of dry fly ash along with suitable
storage facilities. Provision will also be kept for segregation of coarse and fine
ash, loading this ash to closed trucks.
Fly ash will be utilized in fly ash based Portland Pozzolana Cement (FAPPC) for
cement plants and ready mix concrete plants located in the vicinity of proposed
project. Ash based building products such as fly ash bricks, blocks tiles and other
fly ash based products from proposed power plant.
Fly ash generated at proposed project will be utilized in the areas of cement,
concrete & building products manufacturing, road embankment construction and
land development.
10.9
10.11
Both ambient air quality and stack emissions will be monitored. The ambient
air will be monitored twice in a week [In line with the guidelines of CPCB] at
three locations. An auto meteorological station will be installed at the plant site
to monitor met data continuously;
All the effluents emanating from the plant will be monitored monthly for
physico-chemical characteristics. Heavy metals will be monitored on a
quarterly basis. Similarly, the temperature at the discharge point will be
monitored on fortnightly basis;
Noise levels in the work zone environment such as generator and compressor
I.D fan, F.D. Fan, P.A. Fan etc. will be monitored. The frequency will be once in
six months in the work zone. Similarly, ambient noise levels at three locations
will be monitored on a seasonal basis;
The results will be reported on regular basis to the Andhra Pradesh State
Pollution Control Board (APSPCB) and regional office of MoEF&CC.
Institutional Set-Up
The post operational monitoring programme will be under the supervision of the
Environment Management Group (EMG) at the project site. The project will be
equipped with all necessary instruments/ equipment and man power required for
ensuring effective monitoring. The EMG at site will interact with State Pollution
Control Board on all environmental issues during operation phase of the Project.
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
11.1
Introduction
VIMTA shall provide the services in accordance with national and international
norms;
VIMTA shall implement quality systems as per ISO/IEC 17025 and applicable
Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) & Good Clinical Practices (GCPs), to
generate technically valid results/data; and
VIMTA shall ensure that all its personnel familiarize with the policies and
procedures of the quality system and implement the same in their work.
Environment;
Analytical;
Clinical Reference Lab;
Clinical Research;
Preclinical;
Molecular Biology; and
Research and Development.
The environment division of VIMTA Labs Limited (VLL) has its presence all over
India and other countries including a strong association with international
consultants like Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Kennametal Inc.
- USA, Rudal Blanchard UK, E&E Solutions Japan, NAPESCO & Kuwait National
Petroleum Corporation Kuwait, Marafiq and Haif Consultants Saudi Arabia and
others. Vimta Labs Limited has the following credentials:
kits, personal samplers, noise meters, portable water kits etc, the other major
specialized equipment include:
The details of the personnels/Experts involved in the preparation of EIA/EMP report for Pudiamadaka STPP (4x1000) MW are presented
below:
DETAILS OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN CURRENT EIA/EMP STUDY VIMTA LABS LTD
Sr. No.
1
Name
Mr. M. Janardhan
Qualification
M. Tech (Env)
Position
Vice President & Head
Contribution
Co-ordination
M.Sc., Ph.D
Sr. Manager
Co-ordination
M. Tech (Env)
Manager
Expert
M.S.W
Group Leader
Expert
Group Leader
Expert
M. Tech (Env)
Group Leader
Expert
7
8
Mr. Rajasekhar T
Mr. M. Raja Manohar
M. Sc (Ecology)
M.Tech (Env)
Env Scientist
Env Engineer
Expert
Expert
Sr. Scientist
Expert
11
12
13
14
15
16
M. Tech (Env)
M.S.W
M. Tech (Env)
M. Tech (Env)
B. Sc
B.Com
Engineer
Scientist
Tr. Engineer
Tr. Engineer
Quality Auditor
Dy Manager
Expert
Expert
Trainee
Trainee
Quality Check
Secretarial Support
17
Mr. P. Krishna
I.T.I (Civil)
Jr. Engineer
Cartography
18
I.T.I (Civil)
Jr. Engineer
Cartography
Experience
the field of environmental management and
the field of environmental management and
the field of environmental management and
in the field of social Impact Assessment