Sentence Pattern in English (fundamentos de la

estructura bsica del Ingls)Lesson 1 (Basic)

Hablaremos de :

- Nouns / Subjects / adjectives / verbs / adverbs / complement / modifiers

Nouns : (sustantivos)
Names a person, place, thing or idea (Nombra a una persona, lugar, cosa, o idea)
Examples: John, love, world, picture, Madrid
Subject: (Sujeto)
It is the person, place, thing or idea (a noun) that does the action of a sentence
and it goes before theverb. (Es el sustantivo que realiza la accion de la oracion)
Examples of Subjects:

- George likes boats (George and boats are nouns but George is the subject)
- The weather was horrible yesterday.
- The bank closed early.
Verb (verbo)
It shows the action of the subject. Every sentence must have a verb. (Hace la
accin del sujeto y toda oracion necesita de un verbo)
Examples:

- My wife went to France.

- We have studied English all night.
- I am writing a letter.
- She works for IBM company.

Adjective (adjetivo): Describes a noun (califica a un sustantivo)

Examples : Blue house , old man, interesting book, prettywoman etc

Adverb (adverbio): Describes the verb or adjective. (califica al verbo o
adjetivo) Examples: He walks slowly / He studies quietly (muchas veces acaba
en -ly)
Complement:

It completes the verb and it is usually a noun or noun phrase. Every sentence does
not require a complement. The complement answers the question what? or whom?
(Es el complemento del verbo y no es requerido tenerlo en toda oracin).

Modifiers: Tells about the time, place or manner of the action. (Hable del
tiempo, lugar y manera de accion del verbo)

Subject

Verb

Complement

Modifier

John and I

ate

a pizza

last week

We

studied

english

last night

Verbo to be en ingles y pronombres leccon

gratis (Lesson 2)Pronouns :
Singular: I , You, He, She It
Plural: We you they
Verb to be (in the present form): am/is/are
Table # 1 (Positive form) Pronouns with the verb to be (am/is/are) and its
Contractions

Subject
Pronouns

Verb
(To be)

Contraction

1St

am

Im

2nd

you

are

youre

3rd

He/She/It

Is

hes / shes / its

PLURAL
1st

We

2nd

You

you re

3rd

They

theyre

are

were

Table 2 : (Negative form) Pronouns with the verb to be (am/is/are) and its
Contractions
Subject
Pronouns

Verb
(To be)

Contraction

1St

am +
not

Im not

2nd

you

are +
not

youre not / you arent

3rd

He/She/It

is + not

hes / shes / its + not

or
he/she/it + isnt

PLURAL
1st

We

2nd

You

3rd

They

Table # 3 (Questions)

Are
+not

were not / we arent

you re not / you arent
theyre not / they arent

Verb (to
be)

Subject
Pronoun

Complement
(optional)

1St

Am

a good student?

2nd

Are

you

married?

3rd

Is

he/she/it

your friend?

PLURAL
1st

Are

we

ready?

2nd

you

at home

3rd

they

tired?

Table 4: Short answers (Yes and no answers)

1St

Positive

Negative

Yes, I am

No. Im not

2nd Yes, you are

3rd

Yes, he is

No, you arent

No, he isnt / No, hes not
No, she isnt / No, shes not
No, it isnt/ No, its not
PLURAL

1st

Yes, we are

No, were not / No, we arent

2nd Yes, you are

No, youre not / No, you arent

3rd

No, theyre not / No, they arent

Yes, they
are

Observaciones:

Recuerden que en ingles siempre deben poner el Sujeto. En una oracin

positiva o negativa debern seguir la formula (SUBJECT + VERB +
COMPLEMENT) en donde el complement es opcional.
Ejemplo :
- Es bonita
- Is pretty (INCORRECTO) > No hay sujeto y en el ingles es necesario
- She is pretty (Correcto)

No se enamoren del verbo to be. Solo quiere decir ser o estar. Algunos creen
que siempre lo deben poner pero depende de que accin haga el sujeto.
Ejemplo
- Juega futbol.

- He is play futbol (ERROR) > el sujeto no hace 2 acciones a la vez.

- He plays football (CORRECTO)
Es decir, el sujeto puede hacer distintas acciones y el verbo to be solo es para
expresar acciones de ser o estar. En otras lecciones aprenderemos como hacer
oraciones con otros verbos
Algunos ejercicios de Grammar in Use Basic usando pronombres y el verbo to
be en ingles

Respuestas (Thanks toDinorn from Mxico)

Question words with the verb to be, preguntas

con el verbo to be (LESSON 3)
LECCION 3: Verb to be with question words:

In this class we will talk about question words and how we can use them with the verb
to be in the present tense.
En esta clase vamos a hablar de los questions words y de como podemos
usarlos correctamente con los verbos to be
Question words are those words that may go in the beginning of a question. When we
use question words we do not use a yes or no answer.
Los questions words son las palabras especficas que se deben colocar al inicio de la
frase pregunta en ingls. Cuando se utilizan estos no se responde con las respuestas
cortas si o no (Yes, I am por ejemplo) Se responde con una oracin completa
( S+V+C).
Ejemplo :
Whats your name?
Im David Taylor. (The answer is a sentence)
With no question word:
Are you Maria?
No, Im not (The answer is a yes/no because there isnt a question word)
Question words are used to gather specific information. The following table shows the
meaning of the question words in Spanish.
Table # 1 Question words en ingles (verb to be practice)
English

Spanish

Where

Donde

Why

Por que

Who

Quien

What / (time)

Que / Cual (a que

hora)

Which

Que / Cual

How long

Por cuanto tiempo /

para medidas

How often

Con que frecuencia

Whose

De quien

How many/much

Cuantos

How old

Edad

How

Como

How + adjetivo

Descripciones

How come

Como asi

Table # 2 (Question structure of the verb to be in the present simple with QWs)
Question Word

Verb (to be)

Subject

Complement

What

is

(your) name?

[no complement]

How old

are

you?

[no complement]

Where

is

Juan

from?

Who

is

(the) present

for?

Remember:
In questions with the verb to be, only the question words can go in the beginning.
Nothing may go in front of the question words in fullquestions.
De donde eres? -> Lo lgico seria : From where are you? (INCORRECTO)
Recuerden que si algo va en su idioma antes del QW entonces lo mandamos al
final en el complemento.
Correcto: Where are you from? (QW goes first)
Typical questions with the above properties:
What is this for? (Para que es esto?)
Who are the books for ? (Para quien son los libros?)
What is the movie about? (De que se trata la pelcula?)
Preguntas importantes con sus respuestas para aprender:
Where are you from? Im from Australia
Whats (what + is) your address? Its 876 Snow Road.
Whats your nationality? Im Peruvian.
Whose pencil is this? It is my pencil (Whose = de quien y va antes del sustantivo)
How old is Marcus? Hes twenty years old.
Why are you sad? Because I am sick.
How are you? Im fine, thank you.
Ejercicios Gracias a Basic Grammar in use de los question words en ingles:

__________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____

Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives, articles

a/an and plural nouns (LECCION 4)
1) Demonstrative pronouns en ingles/adjectives:

Singular

Plural

Distance

This

These

Close to the
speaker

That

Those

Far from the

speaker

Demonstrative Pronouns en ingles: substitute nouns that are understood in

context and indicate if they are replacing singular or plural nouns and give the
location of the object.
Examples:
Whats that? (that se refiere a algo en singular y que se encuentra alejado de la
persona)
- That is a book. (That es el sujeto pues va antes del verbo to be)
En estos casos son Demonstrative Pronouns pues renombran a un sustantivo (noun)

Demonstrative Adjectives: these describe nouns and there position. In this

case, you need to put a noun after the demonstrative adjectives.

Examples:
Whose is this umbrella? (el sustantivo es umbrella y this esta describiendo la
localizacin)
- That umbrella is Juans. (De igual forma that describa la localizacion de el paragua
pero umbrella es el sujeto y sustantivo)
En ingles es mas simple que en espaol asi que recomiendo aprender la estructura sin
necesidad de traducir pues en espanol hay mas reglas.
2) Article (a/an)

Como vemos a/an se utiliza para decir un pero a va antes de consonantes y an

antes de vocales o sonidos de vocales. (En pre-intermedio veremos las reglas de
cuando usar a/an)
Ejemplos
Whats that? This is my book What are those? These are cookies.
Whats this? Thats your pen What are these? Those are guitars.
Whats that? Its a book. What are those? They are computers.
* Tambien se puede usar para personas:
Whos that? Thats Joe.
Who are those? They are my friends (Those are my friends)
Ejercicios:

3) How to make plural nouns (como formar la forma plural de los sustantivos)

Es cuestion de practicar y de seguir las reglas. En cuanto a las formas irregulares, se

les llama asi pues no hay regla para formar el plural.

Possessive forms: Possessive nouns and

possessive adjectives (LECCION 5)
I) POSSESSIVE NOUNS
In this class we will discuss about how to form the possessive form for nouns and how
to use the possessive adjectives correctly.
To form the possessive for a noun we must add to the noun an apostrophe () and then
the letter s.
Examples of regular nouns:
The boys name. (El nombre del chico) - The boys toys. (los juguetes de los chicos)
The girls pen. (el lapicero de la chica) -The girls pen. (el lapicero de las chicas)
Example of irregular nouns:
The mans car is in the garage. (el carro del hombre esta en el garaje) The
mens cars are in the garage. ( los carros de los hombre estan en el garaje)
* Como ven, en los sustantivos regulares tienen que saber donde poner el
apostrophe () para dejar el claro si es possesin de singular y plural > boys
(singular) boys (plural).

En los irregulares es mas simple por que simplemente se agrega el apostrophe mas
la letra s.
> mans (singular) mens (plural) , childs childrens etc.

FIGURA # 1

Possessive nouns with names:

With names we add the apostrophe plus the letter s before the noun or nouns that we
want to show possession.
Examples:
Juans brother is sick. (El hermano de Juan esta enfermo)
Miguels house is very far. (La casa de Miguel esta muy lejos)
Carlos girlfriend is at the party. (La novia de Carlos esta en una fiesta)
* Noten que con nombres que acaben con s no se le agrega otra s sino
simplemente el apostrophe ().
OBSERVATIONS:
We normally use (s) for people.
- I went (fui) to my brothers house. (NOT the house of my brother)
- This is my moms sister.
We use of for things, places etc
- What is the name of the movie.
- Lima is the capital of Peru.
________________________________________________________________
II) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Figura # 2

We can use the possessive adjectives BEFORE the nouns to show possession.
> This is my BOOK. Thats her pencil. (Possessive adjectives need to be followed by
a noun)
* En conclusin podemos utilizar los possessive nouns o los possesseive pronouns pero estos tienen
que ser seguidos por un sustantivo. Los possessive pronouns son usados para especificar. En
cambio, los possessive adjectives son usados cuando ya se sabe de quien estamos hablando.

Figura # 3

There is there are en ingles Curso gratis de

ingles
tructure and Use (there is/are)
There are and there is are forms used to express existence of. The structure is:
There + verb to be (is for SINGULAR nouns ; are for PLURAL nouns)
Examples:
- There is a guitar in my room. (A guitar exists in my room)
- There are two chairs in my room. (Two chairs exist in my room)
The following chart is the forms of there is/are in positive (+), negative (-),
and questions (?)
Singular

Plural

(+) There is a {chair,

book, man}

There are [some] {chairs,

books, men}

(-) There isnt a

{laptop,bathroom}

There arent [any]

{laptops,bathrooms}

(?) Is there a {problem,

shirt}

Are there [any] {problems,

shirts}

NOTES:
This table is only for COUNTABLE NOUNS. In the future we will talk about uncountable
nouns. For this level when you use there is use the article a. In the plural there are
you can use some for positive and any for negative and questions (some/any) is
optional.
Nota: Estas reglas son para los sustantivos contables (aquellos que se pueden
contar o poner en singular y plural). Por ejemplo chair es contable porque uno
puede decir chairs. Un ejemplo de no contable es water o rice.
Some more examples:
FIGURA # 1

Problems with there is/are

- Be careful when you translate from Spanish into English. Remember, follow the
Structure in English.
Problemas con there is/are
Esta es una de las primeras veces en que vemos que tenemos que tener cuidado en
traducir ya que las estructuras del Espaol u otro idioma pueden ser distintas. En este
caso SIGAN LA ESTRUCTURA DE INGLES.
Un ejemplo:
Como se dice: Hay algn restaurante cerca de aqu?
ERROR: Is there any restaurant near here?
Es un error pues restaurant es singular pero any va con plural.
Correct:
-Is there a restaurant near here?
- Are there any restaurants near here?
El problema es que ustedes quieren decir algn pero en ingles algn o algunos es
some/any pero se usa solo en PLURAL. As que por favor cuando traduzcan hganlo
pero siempre teniendo en cuenta la estructura correcta. ESTO ES, EMPECEMOS A

PENSAR EN INGLES. No es necesario traducir aunque es inevitable pero es un paso

que se da despus de saber y respetar las estructuras de el Ingles.
Exercise/ Ejercicios de there is y there are

Completar: Recuerden There is (a) -> singular, There are -> Plural (se puede usar
some/any)

Observaciones:
Respuestas cortas
Is there a TV in your room?
(+) Yes, there is .(-) No, there isnt.
Are there (any) books?
(+) Yes, there are. (-) No, there arent.
There tambin es usado para decir all.
Ejemplo : My brother is (over) there. (Mi hermano esta all) Over es opcional. En este
post solo estamos estudiando el there + to be pero recuerden que tiene otros
significados.

Dar ordenes e insturcciones en Ingles, Giving

commands and orders with the Imperative form
(LECCION 7)
In this lesson we will talk about how to give commands and orders and to use please
with the imperative.
The Imperative pattern
It is used to give instructions, commands and orders. It is a very

simple structure because we do not need to use the subject. The sentence is started
with the verb or verb phrase and dont is used for the negative form.
Positive form:
Verb: Example: (to write / to ask / to read / to bring / to take / to give / to be)
(+) Write your name on the sheet. {There isnt any subject because it is an order)
(+) Read chapter 5 for tomorrow.
(+) Be quiet!
Negative form:
To use the negative form add the word dont before the infinitive without to
(-) Dont write on the table.
(-) Dont read that book.
(-) Dont bring food to the class.
Example: (figure # 1)

NOTE:
* We can use the word please to make a request or petition. We put it at the
beginning or end of the imperative sentence (positive or negative).
Use a comma if please is at the end of a request. Dont use a comma if please is at
the beginning of a request.
Examples:
(+) Please be quiet.
(-) Dont make noise, please.
(+) Bring me my sweater, please.
Apuntes del Profesor:

Como vemos, es una estructura simple pero es una buena forma de empezar a ver
otros verbos adems del verbo to be. Recuerden de que tienen que empezar a pensar
en ingles as que cuando requieren dar una orden, instruccin o peticin (con please)
pueden utilizar la forma imperativa afirmativa o negativa. Si no saben el verbo basta
con buscarlo en el diccionario y simplemente ponen la forma infinitiva sin el to antes.
Ejemplo:
No saben como decir No saltes Vas al diccionario y buscas y encuentras que saltar
viene del infinitivo to jump. Por ende se dice Dont jump

Present continuous en ingles progressive

tense Uso y estructura Leccion 8
The Present Continuous or present progressive tense

Structure: S + verb to be (AM/IS/ARE) + -ing form of a verb+ Complement.

Use: To describe actions that are happening at the moment (NOW).

La estructura consta del uso del verbo mas el gerundio. se usa para describir
acciones que suceden en el momento. Se usa para explicar lo que uno esta
haciendo ahora.

I) The positive form of the present continuous.

- Remember to use the Subject (this can be a subject pronoun or a noun -LESSON 1
Click AQUI) plus (+) the verb to be in the present tense (am/is/are) and complement
(optional).
The following is the table of the positive form of the present continuous / progressive.
Table #1 :Positive Form

Common mistakes:
- Students forget to use the verb to be
Example:
a) My father working (INCORRECT) > My father IS working. (Correct)
- Sometimes students do not use the -ing form.
b) Robert is play with my sister (INCORRECT) > Robert is playING with my sister.
(CORRECT)
Recuerden de no omitir el sujeto. En espaol Esta comiendo esta usando un
sujeto tcito. En ingles siempre debemos decir quien hace la accin (salvo en el
imperativo) Entonces en esta comiendo el sujeto puede ser el, ella, o ello. En
ingles seria He/she /it is eating dependiendo del contexto.

II) The negative form of the present continuous

The negative form is used by adding not after the verb to be in the present tense
form. You may use contractions.
Table # 2:The negative form.

Common mistakes:
-Some students place the negative first. REMEMBER TO USE THE S+V+C !!!
a) Not working my father (INCORRECT) > My father isnt (is + not) working
(CORRECT)
- Students use the dont/doesnt to do the negative:
b) She doesnt playing (INCORRECT) > She isnt playing (CORRECT)

III) The question form of the present continuous.

We have to put the verb to be + the subject + -ing form + the complement.

Are you watching TV?

Remember that we can use the Question words before the structure:
Examples:
- What are you doing? Answer: I am studying English with my virtual teacher.
- Where is Pedro going? Answer: He is going to the shopping mall.
Table # 3: Question form

Common mistakes:
- Students do not change the order of the verb to be with the subject:
a) He is working? (INCORRECT) > Is he working? (CORRECT)
- Students use do or does in questions:

b) Do you studying? (INCORRECT) > Are you studying? (CORRECT)

IV) Lets practice ! (Ejercicios de practica)

Prepositions of place on in at, Preposiciones de

lugar en ingles (on in at) LECCION 9
Preposition of place (at, on, in)
Part 1: Uses of at, in, and on

In: We use in to specify that a noun (object, person

etc) is inside.

Figura #1:
Examples:
- Where is your father? Hes in the kitchen.
- Who is in the room?
- Brian was swimming in the ocean.
- Bogota is in Colombia.
* IN es usado para decir y explicar que un objeto, animal o persona se encuentra
dentro de un lugar, objeto o sitio.

At: We use at to refer to a general location.

Figura # 2

Examples:
- Maria is at the window talking on the phone.
- Juan is at the table with his girlfriend.
- Please read the paragraph at the top of the page.
- The restaurant is at the end of German Avenue.
*AT: es usado para explicar que un objeto animal o persona se encuentra en el sitio de
forma general. Es decir, si uno quiere decir: Mi padre esta en la puerta uno no puede
utilizar in puesto que in es usado para decir que algo se encuentra dentro de otro y
una persona no puede estar dentro de una puerta. Es por eso que en estos casos uno
habla de forma general. Por ende seria de la forma siguiente: My father is at the door.

On: We use on when we want to say that an object or

person is on the surface of another object.

Figura #3:
Examples:
- Your books are on the shelf.
- Dont put your hands on my head.
- There is an orange on the table.
We always say : on a horse, on a bike (bicycle) , on a motorcycle and we usually say
on a plane.
*ON:Es usado para explicar que un objeto esta sobre la superficie de otro.

Lets Practice !!! (Part 1)

Figura 4:

Part 2 rules to use (at, in, on)

- Reglas para usar (at, in, on). En los siguientes cuadros vemos frases comunes que
van con at, in y on.

Lets Practice !!! Figure 5:

Homework Tarea
Parte 1: Uso de (in on at) Write the correct preposition (on in at)

Simple present positive form La forma

positiva de el presente simple en ingles
(LECCION 10a-grammar)

Structure / form:

The forms (or conjugations) of the present simple tense are two. Remember that with
the verb to be there are three forms (am, is, are). To form the present simple
conjugations we first need to have the verb. In this example we will use the verb to
play.
Verb to play
One conjugation is formed by eliminating the to > play
The other conjugation is formed by adding s or es. >plays
So you can now form the conjugations of any verb in the present simple!
- to work: work / works
- to study: study / studies
- to watch : watch / watches
- to bring : bring / brings
- to get : get / gets
- to dance: dance / dances

Note : With the verb to have the conjugations are > have
/ has (NOT haves)
Now we learned to conjugate and form the verbs. Lets learn what pronouns go with the
correct form.

He / she / it > with the s form (plays)

I / you / we / you / they -> normal form without the to (play)
*Como vemos, en el present simple existen solo dos conjugaciones con los verbos que
no son to be (con los to be son tres conjugaciones : am, is, are). Estas dos
conjugaciones son formadas muy fcilmente. Una es formada con solo quitarl
e el to (play) y la otra forma es agregndole la letra s o es. Cuando comparamos
con el espaol vemos que esto es mas sencillo puesto que con el verbo jugar las
conjugaciones son: juego, ju
egas, juega, jugamos, jugis, y juegan. Entonces si hablan el espaol el ingles vanlo
como algo mas simple y sencillo.
Figure #1: The positive form of the simple present tense

Use (uso del presente simple)

Now that we know the structure/form it is IMPORTANT to understand when we use the
simple present. This will help us talk and participate in conversations. Without knowing
the use, we will have problems expressing ourselves.
We use present simple in the following situations:
- To express habits and routines.
Juan plays football on Saturday.
I go to work everyday at 8:00 am.

- General, mathematical and scientific truths:

English people drink a lot of tea
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
NOTE: THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS NOT USED TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS
THAT ARE HAPPENNING AT THE MOMENT (NOW)
**La forma y estructura es importante pero es indispensable saber el uso. Es decir,
tenemos que entender cuando y en que situaciones utilizamos el simple present tense.
Estas es la nica forma de empezar a pensar en ingles. Cuantas veces me encuentro
con alumnos que saben rellenar un examen pero no saben hablar. Esto es porque no
prestan atencin al uso. El uso les permitir usar el tiempo correcto en la situacin
correcta y les ayudara a tener conversaciones fluidas. Olvdense de traducciones
antes de hablar ingles. Esto les traer problemas y les har hablar lento. Simplemente
piensen y practiquen el uso de los tiempos.
Como vemos usamos el tiempo present simple cuando queremos expresar, rutinas,
hbitos, y verdades generales, matemticas cientficas. NO SE UTILIZA EL PRESENT
SIMPLE PARA EXPRESAR UNA ACCION QUE ESTA SUCEDIENDO EN EL
MOMENTO:
Figure #1: The positive form of the simple present tense
Common errors:
Remember that when we use other verbs we DO NOT use the verb to be:
- Im have two sisters (INCORRECT) I have two sisters (Correct)
- She is plays in the park (INCORRECT) She plays in the park (Correct)
*Recuerden de no usar el verbo to be cuando quieran expresar otra accin. I va con
am solo cuando ustedes quieran decir estoy o soy. SI quieren decir: Yo juego, no es
posible decir I am play puesto que estn diciendo que yo soy/estoy jugar.

Figure # 2: Lets practice

Figure # 3 (Look at the pictures and practice)

HOMEWORK

The Present Simple, forma negativa y preguntas

interrogativa- Question and negative form
(LECCION 10b)

El Present Simple en ingles -The Simple

Present tense
Negative form
The structure of the negative structure is formed by adding the auxiliaries do or does
plus the negation not
Do + not > dont
Does + not > doesnt
These auxiliaries are used TO HELP you. When you use the auxiliary the verb is
always in its simple.
Remember:
In positive we had 2 conjugations for every verb (not to be)
- play/plays , work/works, study/studies, watch/watches, etc
The conjugation is simple: HE / SHE / IT - with the s form and I / WE / YOU / THEY
- simple form
Examples:
My brother works for IBM.
My parents live in Paris.
IN THE NEGATIVE FORM THE AUXILIARY CHANGES FORM AND NOT THE VERB.
He / she / it + doesnt + verb (simple form)
I / We / You / They + dont + verb (simple form)
Figura #1:

Lets Practice

Nota del profesor:Como vemos, lo que se conjuga en la forma negativa es el auxiliar y

no el verbo. Es decir, uno va elejir entre dont y el doesnt pero el verbo SIEMPRE
estara en su forma simple (sin la terminacin s)

Question form
The question structure is formed by following the following structure
Question word + [do / does + SUBJECT + Verb (simple form)] + Complement
We use the auxiliaries do and does in the question form and they have to agree with
the subject
The conjugation is the following:
Does > he/she/it
Do -> I/we/you/they
The verb ALWAYS stays in the simple form (not with the s form)

Short Answers
Las respuestas cortas son con los auxiliares do y does con la forma positiva y dont y
doesnt con la forma negativa. La respuesta corta se refiere a cuando responde solo si
o no.
Do you study English for free in InglesTotal? -> Yes, I do
Yes, (I, you, we, you, they) do. No, ( (I, you, we, you, they) dont.
Yes, (he,she,it does)- No, (he,she,it )doesnt
Figura #2

Figura #3

Lets Practice

Conclusion:
The auxiliaries appear in the negative and question form with the verbs that are not to
be.
Example:
(+) Juan plays soccer.
(-) He doesnt play soccer.
(?) Does he play soccer?
*VERB TO BE (NO AUXILIARIES!!!)
(+) She is a teacher
(-) She isnt a teacher.
(?) Is she a teacher?
Nota: Recuerden que cuando usen el verbo to be (es decir cualquier conjugacion de
ser o estar en el presente) no se usan los auxiliares puesto que estos se usan solo con
los demas verbos y en negativo y en pregunta)

Tarea / Homework
I) Cambie las oraciones de formpositiva a forma negativa

II) Escriba la forma de pregintas de las siguientes oraciones

Prepositions of place Preposiciones de lugar

(LESSON 11)
Clase muy sencilla pues veremos algunas prepociciones de lugar. Estudiaremos los
siguientes next to, between, in front of, behind (in back of), across from, by (beside),
under, below and above)
FIGURA # 1

Examples:

- Adam is next to Bob

- Bob is between Don and Adam,
-Don is in front of Bob and Carla
- Carla is behind (in back of) Don
Figura # 2

Examples:
Anne is across from (opposite) Christa
FIGURA # 3

Example:
- The man is by (next to) the window
FIGURE # 4

Example:
- The Cat is under the table.
- The girl is under the tree.

FIGURA #5

Examples:
- A is above B and B is below A
** NOTA: SIEMPRE SE DICE ON THE LEFT y ON THE RIGHT

Lets Practice (FIGURA # 6)

Exercices (oral) IN AUDIO

FIGURA #7

Exercices
1) The cat is ________ the table
2) Theres a big tree ________ the house
3) The plane if flying _______ the clouds
4) Shes standing __________ the piano.
5) The movie theater is _________ the right
6) Hes sitting _________ the phone
7) The calendar is __________ the clock
8 ) The cabinet is ________ the sink.
9) There are some shoes _________ the bed.
10) The plant is _________ the piano.
11) Paul is sitting _________ Anna.
12) In Japan people drive ________ the left.

Object Pronouns Pronombres de objeto en

ingls (LECCION 12)
Object Pronouns:
Definition:: It is a pronoun that is used as an object in the sentence.
Remember: A subjective or subject pronoun does the action and goes BEFORE
the verb while object pronouns go AFTER the verb.
OBJECT PRONOUNS :
SINGULAR: > Me (first person) You (2nd) Her / him / it (third person)

PLURAL > Us (1st) You (2nd) Them (3rd)

Figura 1

** No confundir con los possessive adjectives : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
(VER LECCION 5 AQUI)
Figura # 2

* Como vemos los object pronouns reciben la action del verbo y pueden ser direct or
indirect objects. EN espaol esto se entiende como me, le, se, nos, os etc.. En ingles
siempre que hay un object pronoun hay que colocarlo en la oracin (al igual que con el
subject pronoun).
Otros Ejemplos:
Imaginense que ven unos zapatos y dicen Me gustan. Esto en ingles no es I like o
peor Me like. Primero que I like esta incompleto puesto que no se dice elo objeto. Me
like es una patada a mi higado puesto que los object pronouns nunca hacen la accin.
Lo corrcto es. I like them. (them por que se refiere a zapatos)
- La oracion: Quiero darle un beso. > I want to give her a kiss. (suponiendo que el
objeto es una mujer)
Ejemplo:
Le quiero mucho. >> Quien quiere (subject) a quien quiere (object)
I love him/her. (Como vemos no hay tcito y se debe poner el I y tambien el objecto
(en este caso indirecto) him her o tambien it deacuerdo al contexto.

Lets Practice
Circle the correct pronouns
1) We/Us usually see they/them.
2) I/Me write to she/her everyday.
3) He/Him loves her/she very much but she/her doesnt love he/him.
4) Please dont wait for she/her.
5) Do you like he/him?

Homework / Tarea

Adverbs of frequency Adverbios de frecuencia

(LECCION 13)

Adverbs of Frequency
We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do
things. Adverbs of frequency go before all verbs EXCEPT
the verb to be.
De menos a mas:
Never hardly ever rarely (seldom) sometimes usually (often)- always
Note 1: Remember that with never and hardly ever we use POSITIVE sentences.
Example:
- We dont never smoke. (INCORRECT)
- We never smoke.
Note 2: With dont and doesnt we use the adverb of frequency after these and before
the verb.
Example:
- We dont usually travel.
Note 3: Sometimes can go at the beginning of the sentence. (Sometimes puede ir al
comienzo de una oracin)
The adverbs of frequency answer the typical question starting with How often.
Examples:
1) How often do you brush your teeth?
I always brush my teeth
2) How often does your mother cook?
She seldom/rarely cooks.
3) How often is Claudio late for class.
He is never late for class
** How often = Con que frecuencia. Para decir la horas exacta uno tambien puede
preguntar (What time?) Para responder la hora exacta utilizamos la preposicion at
antes de la hora.
Ejemplo:
What time do you wake up?
I wake up at 7:00 am.

Lets Practice
Before we practice we need to learn some common verbs that we do everyday.
FIGURA # 1

_________________________________________________________________

Ejerccicios:
Complete the sentences with an adverb of frequency
1) They _________ drive. They dont have a car.
2) I _______ eat turkey. (Only at Christmas)
3) She doesnt have a watch so shes _________ late.
4) We __________ get up at 8:00, except Saturdays and Sundays.
5) I ________ play tennis (when I have time)

Homework (Tarea)

Modal verb Can and Could Ability (LECCION

14)
Modal Verbs Can and Could (to talk about
abilities)
We can use can (for present) and (could) for past to talk about abilities. The form of the
modal verbs are very simple. All the verbs go with the same modal verb plus the
infinitive without to.
Example:
Maria can play the piano very well. (Maria has the ability of playing the piano)
They can play soccer.

I can speak English.

** Can y Could se utiliza para describir acciones referentes a habilidades. La forma es
muy simple ya que va con una sola conjugacin para todoas las personas. Can es
para describir habilidades en el tiempo presente y Could para habilidades en el
pasado.

Positive and Negative form (Modal Verb

Can/could)
Figura 1

Modal Verb

Subject

Infinitivo
without to

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

|
|
VERB Simple
form (DANCE)
|
|

|
|

CAN /
COULD

|
|
|

Ejemplos:
1) Can you play the guitar?
2) Can your sister speak French?
3) Can they dance salsa?
**BONUS

En el bsico solo quiero que se enfoquen en usar can y could para describir
habilidades pero can y could tambien pueden ser usados para pedir favores. En este
caso Can = Could
Ejemplo:
1) Can / Could you open the door please?
2) Can /Could they bring more beers?

Short Answers
Yes, ( I you he she it we they) can/could No ,( I you he she it we they )
cant/couldnt

Exercises / Ejercicios (Figura 3)

Simple Past: Verb To be El Pasado de ser o

estar

The Simple Past Tense (with the verb to be)

Similar to the Present simple tense, The simple past is divided in two main parts. The
form with the to be and with other verbs
Quiero que quede claro que esta regla que vamos a aprender a continuacin es solo
para las conjugaciones del verbo ser y estar. Si utilizan otros verbos llevar otra forma.
Es muy similar al Present Tense Si recuerdan bien, con los verbos to be la regla
era distintaque con los demas verbos. Por favor si esto no esta claro visiten las
siguientes lecciones:
Forma del PRESENT TENSE (VERBO TO BE)
- LECCION 2 : The present tenes Verb To be (Positive and Negative)
- LECCION 3 : The present tense Verb To be (Question form)
Forma del PRESENT TENSE (Other Verbs)
- LECCION 10a : The present simple tense OTHER VERBS (Positive)
- LECCION 10b : The present simple tense OTHER VERBS (negative form and
questions)
Lets remember the Simple Present Tense with the verb to be
FIGURA 1

It is quite simple. We DO NOT use auxiliaries (do, does, dont and doesnt) To form the
negative we just add the not and for questions we just switch the SUBJECT and the
VERB TO BE.
We do EXACTLY THE SAME with the Past Simple tense: PLEASE LOOK AT THE
FIGURE:
FIGURA 2 LA FORMA SIMPLE PAST TENSE VERB TO BE (WAS / WERE)

In present tense we used: Am / Is / Are

NOW IN PAST TENSE WE USE ONLY 2 CONJUGATIONS! >>> WAS & WERE
I/He / she / it was (Positive) Wasnt (Negative)
we / you / They were (Positive) Werent (Negative)

Short Answers
Look at the next table. This is how we answer yes/no questions

Lets Practice

Homework

Notas del profesor:

Como vemos, el Simple Past Tense con los verbos to be es casi igual al

Simple Present tense son el verbo to be. La diferencia es que en vez de usar las
conjugaciones AM/IS/ARE vamos a utilizar WAS/WERE.

Leccion de Simple Past Tense en inglesGramatica

Syntax (POSITIVE FORM):
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + VERB (PAST
FORM) + Complement
ESTO QUIERE DECIR QUE PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS HAY UNA SOLO
CONJUGACION . Lo nico que hay que aprender es a formar esta conjugacin. Esto
depende si es REGULAR o IRREGULAR verb.
The verb in the past simple form can be REGULAR or IRREGULAR

Regular Verbs:

To from the irregular from we need to add ed to the infinitive form.

For example:
to watch -> watched | to talk -> talked | to wash -> washed (FIGURA 1)

REGLAS DE DELETREO

PRACTICE (Regular verb spelling) FIGURA 2

EXAMPLES: NO IMPORTA CUAL ES EL SUJETO: SIEMPRE LLEVARA LA MISMA

CONJUGACION
1) Maria played soccer last week.
2) Pedro and Juan watched TV yesterday
3) We studied for the test but we all failed.
4) They talked on the phone for two hours last night.

Irregular verbs

The past forms of the irregular forms DO NOT end in -ed. They have different forms
and we need to learn them gradually. Here is a list to begin with: (FIGURA 3)

Exercises : ASI SEA REGULAR O IRREGULAR TODAS LAS PERSONAS

LLEVARAN LA MISMA CONJUGACION

1) We went to the movies last weekend

2) They were hungry and ate the whole chicken.
3) She went to the mall and spent a lot of money.
4) Diego got up very late.
5) I came home early yesterday.

PRACTICE del Simple Past Tense en INGLES

Lets Practice
Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in the past simple tense

Homework (Tarea)

CONCLUSION
Hemos aprendido la forma del SIMPLE PAST con los demas verbos (que no son to
be) pero solo en la forma affirmativa.

RECUERDEN:

Simple Past Negative and question form

LECCION 16b
he past simple tense (NEGATIVE FORM)
Remember:
To form the past simple in the positive we need to conjugate the verb to the past form.
This past form may be in the regular andirregular form.
Regular : verbs that end in -ed
- worked / studied / finished / stayed / liked / watched / worked / lived etc
Irregular: verb change form
- ate / went / bought / read (pronunciado como red) / got up / woke up / spent etc
To form the positive: S +V +C
I / you / he / she / it / we / you /they - went - to the park
** RECUERDEN QUE TODAS LAS PERSONAS USAN 1 SOLA CONJUGACION

NEGATIVE FORM:
In the negative form we need to use the auxiliary did + not (didnt). remember that
when we use the auxiliary we put the verb in the INFINITIVE form. The auxiliary didnt
is used in the negative form with verbs that are not to be. DO NOT USE DIDNT WITH
WAS OR WERE!!!
TABLE # 1

Subject

Auxiliary (did) + not

Infinitive

I
You

Study
Work

She

Play

He

Go

Did not (didnt)

It

Eat

We

Arrive

They

Live

Ejemplos (TABLE # 2):

Positive form
I went to school

Negative form
I didnt go to school

She studied all night She didnt study all night

They ate a lot

They didnt eat a lot

We had lunch

We didnt have lunch

Simple Past (QUESTION FORM) TABLE # 3:

In the question form we need to use the auxiliary Did and we have to write the verb in
the INFINITIVE form
Auxiliary (Did)

Subject

Infinitive

|||

IYou

StudyWork

He

Play

Did

She

Go

It

Eat

We

Arrive

You

Live

They

Sleep

We can also place the question word before this structure.

QW + DID+ Subject+ Verb (Infinitive)

Examples:
- What did you do yesterday?
- Where did Maria go last week?
- What time did Pedro leave the party?
- When did Sarah get married?
- How many bottles of beer did they drink?

Lets compare present simple with past simple

TABLE: 4

Present Simple

Past Simple

(-) I dont study

I didnt study

(-) She doesnt work

She didnt work

(?) Does she study?

Did she study?

(?) Do you like movies?

Did you like the movie?

*** Como vemos en esta comparacin, lo nico que cambia es el auxiliar. Recuerden
que el auxiliar DID (ademas de do y does)APARECEN EL LA FORMA NEGATIVA E
INTERROGATIVA CON VERBOS QUE NO SON TOBE.

Short Answers (respuestas cortas)

Examples:
Did you see Pam yesterday? No, I didnt.
Did it rain on Sunday? Yes, it did.
Did Helen come to the party? No, she didnt.
Did your parents have a good trip? Yes, they did.

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO DEL PASADO: TABLE 5

Examples:
- I studied English last night.
- She finished school 3 years ago.
- Martin wanted to go to the movies yesterday.
- We went to New York 5 months ago.

Lets Practice

HOMEWORK / TAREA

Going to Future LECCION 17 Expresar planes

y futuro
Hoy les presentamos un nuevo tiempo que esta relacionado al futuro. Se trata de la
estructura going to. Es muy similar al PRESENT CONTINUOUS ya que requiere del
verbo to be y going es el verbo go mas la terminacin ing conocido como GERUND.
Tengo que hacerles recordar que para que ustedes hablen en ingls no solo es
importante saber la estructura sino saber en que momento usarla. Esto se logra por
analizar la situacion y saber el uso correcto de las estructuras aprendidas. Por
ejemplo, cuando necesitamos hablar de rutinas usamos el PRESENT SIMPLE (How

often do you go to the dentist?) Usamos el PRESENT CONTINUOUS para hablar

de acciones que estan sucediendo en el momento (What are you doing?). Para
expresar habilidades usamos CAN y para hablar de tiempos definidos del pasado
el PAST SIMPLE.
As que recuerden que no es necesario traducir porque esto les traera problemas. Es
mejor PENSAR en Ingls y esto solo se logra con prctica.

FUTURE GOING TO > PLANS

Syntax:

Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

USE:
We use the future with GOING TO to talk about plans
POSITIVE FORM
Subject

Verb To be

Am

Going to

Infinitive
dance

Going to
He / She / It

Is

Study

We / You / They

Are

Go shopping

Examples:
- Marias going to travel this holiday.
- Theyre going to go to a very expensive restaurant.
- Im going to come home late.
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject

Verb To be + not

Am not

Going to

Infinitive
Clean

Going to
He / She / It

Is not (isnt)

Cook

We / You / They

Are not (arent)

travel

- Im not going to go to the party.

- Juan isnt going to work today.
- They arent going to stay at that hotel.
QUESTION FORM
Question Word

Verb To Be

Subject

What

Am not

Going to

Infinitive
Do

Going to
Where

Is not (isnt)

He / She / It

Go

Are not (arent)

We / You / They

travel

Ejemplos:
- What are you going to do later?
- What is she going to cook?
- Are they going to attend the meeting?
- Where is Maria going to study?
Short answers are with the to be verb
- Yes, I am Yes, you are No, he isnt No, they arent ETC

Errores tpicos
Recuerden de NO USAR el do/does (para preguntas) & el dont y doesnt (para
negativos). NO SE USAN porque usamos el verbo to be.
- INCORRECTO: I dont going to study.
- CORRECTO: Im not going to study.
- INCORRECTO: Where do you going to go?
- CORRECTO: Where are you going to go?
Recuerden de NO OLVIDAR de poner el verbo TO BE
- INCORRECTO: Juan going to buy beer.
- CORRECTO: Juan is going to buy beer.

Verbo Gustar Like Como Expresar

Preferencias en INGLES

Present Simple (verb to like)

USE (Think in ENGLISH!)
We use the verb to like in the present simple to talk about PREFERENCES or to
express interest about something or someone.

Subject + verb to like + NOUN

When we talk about nouns (what is a noun?) after the verb to like we talk about things
in general therefore we use THE PLURAL FORM for countable nouns.
EXAMPLES:
- I like mangoes. ( NOT: i like a mango)
- Do you like dogs or cats?
- What kind of movies does your friend like?
NOTE:
With nouns that are UNCOUNTABLE (nouns you cannot form in plural e.g. RICE,
WATER, MUSIC) we DO NOT put it in a plural form obviously.
Examples:
- Maria likes beer. (NOT: Maria likes beers because beer in an uncountable noun in
English)
- What kind of music do you like?
- I like Italian food.

Subject + verb to like + verb GERUND

FORM (-ing)

When we want to use a verb as a complement we use the verb in the gerund form (ING ENDING e.g dancing, going out, running, swimming etc)
Examples:
- I like going to the disco.
- My wife likes cooking.
- What do you like doing?
NOTE:

In American English you can use the gerund OR the infinitive form after the verb
to like.
Example:
Carlos likes teaching English OR Carlos likes to teach English.
*** Notas del profesor.
Vemos que el verbo to like es para hablar de preferencias y de gustos en el PRESENT
SIMPLE. Si el complemento es un sustantivo usamos la forma plural a no ser que sea
un sustantivo no contable. Cuando se use el verbo en el complemento usamos la
forma gerundia que es el verbo mas la terminacin ING.
En en ingls americano se puede usar en infinitivo (to dance) en vez de el gerundio.
En InglesTotal vamos a recomendar usar la forma gerundio porque los mejores libros
lo recomiendan y en muchos examenes tendrn que usar la forma de gerundio.

Como ofrecer algo en INGLES

How do we offer something in English?
Now that we know the structure of some tenses (e.g Present simple, continuous, past,
modal verb can, going to) it is important that we focus on PRODUCING and in thinking
in English. Remember that we need to look at the situation and use the correct form
andstructure in English and AVOID TRANSLATING. We do not need
to translate because this can be confusing.
** Ahora que sabemos algunas estructuras bsicas es importante que sepamos que
estructura usar en la situacin indicada. Debemos EVITAR traducir oraciones
completas ya que en Espaol muchas veces se utilizan distintas estructuras que en el
INGLES. Veamos entonces como ofrecer algo en INGLES.

Using the verb WANT

We use the verb want to offer something in English. When we use the verb to want we
to offer something we will use the present simple.
Example:

a) What do you want to drink?

b) I want a glass of water.
a) Do you want to eat anything?

b) Sure. What is there?

a) There is some chicken.
b) Yeah, I want some chicken.
When we use want it is considered not very formal.
OBSERVATIONS WITH THE VERB TO WANT:
When we use a verb after the verb like, we will use TO +INFINITIVE
TABLE 1
Vern to want
Subject

Infinitive

I/we/you/they

Want

To study

He/she/it

Wants

To be famous

*** Recuerden que hay verbos a los cuales le siguen el infinitivo con el to por delante
(como want) y hay verbos que son seguidos por el gerindio o forma -ing (como like)

Using WOULD YOU LIKE ?

We use would you like to offer something. It is a FORMAL WAY to offer.

The structure of would is the same as the structure of can.
*** Como utilizar el would: Es muy simple. Lo usamos igual que el CAN. Si no
saben como usar el can ir a LA LECCION 14 CLICK AQUI
Examples:
a) What would you like to drink?
b) Id (I + would) like some beer.
a) I am sorry, We dont have any beer. Would you like some wine?
b) Yes, I would.
a) And what would you like to eat?
b) Id like a sandwich.
Similar to want, when we use a verb after WOULD LIKE we will use the TO +
INFINITIVE.
TABLE 2

Would like

Infinitive

I/we/you/they

Would like

To travel

He/she/it

Would like

To drink

Subject

*** recuerden que despues de would like va la forma to + infinitive. WOULD LIKE no es
lo mismo que LIKE

DO YOU LIKE? VS-WOULD YOU LIKE?

Do you like?:
We use the verb like to talk about preferences (If you have questions READ LESSON
17)
Example:
a) Do you like apples? (Do you like it in GENERAL We use the plural form if it is a
countable noun)
b) Do you like dancing? (we use the gerund form after the verb to like)
Would you like?:
We use would like to offer.
Example:
a) Would you like an apple? ( we are offering an apple at the moment we use singular
if it is a countable noun
b) Would you like to go to the cinema? (We some TO + INFINITIVE after WOULD
LIKE)

Possessive Pronouns LECCION 20

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
The Possessive pronouns are:

MINE / YOURS / HIS / HERS / ITS / OURS / YOURS /

THEIRS
To understand these pronouns it is important to review the pronouns that we already
know.
TABLE 1:

Subject
Pronouns

Object
Pronouns

Possessive
Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

Me

my

mine

You

You

Your

Yours

He

Him

His

His

She

Her

Her

Hers

It

It

Its

Its

We

Us

Our

Ours

You

You

Your

Yours

They

Them

Their

Theirs

These are the pronouns that we know so far. Remember that the Subject and Object
pronouns refer to people, places and things (nouns) and the Possessive adjectives and
possessive pronouns refer to possessions.

Como vemos estos son todos los pronombres aprendidos hasta la fecha. Les hago
recordar que es importante aprenderlos y saber las diferencias que existen entre ellos.
Los Subject y object pronouns van a tomar el lugar de sustantivos y los possessive
adjectives y possessive pronouns se utiliza para expresar posesin. Les recomiendo
escuchar bien el audio para despejar dudas.

Si tienen an dudas visitar la leccin 12 de object pronouns

AQUI o tambin ver la leccon 5 de posessive adjectives AQUI
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS vs POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
We use both to talk about possession but they have different rules. LETS COMPARE

Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)

When we use the possessive adjectives IT IS NECESSARY TO PUT A NOUN AFTER

the possessive adjective.
Example:
I didnt take my book. (YOU NEED TO PUT BOOK)
Maria went to her house.
We need to put the noun after the possessive adjective my.

Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)

When we use the possessive pronouns WE DO NOT PUT THE NOUN AFTER
the possessive pronoun.
Example: We are talking about a book
- That is mine.
- Maria didnt take hers.
It is not necessary to put book because possessive pronouns can stand alone.
*** Entonces entendemos que con los possessive adjectives es necesario que sea
seguido por un sustantivo pero los possessive pronouns pueden ir solos. Cuando
usamos los possessive pronouns se tiene que tener claro de que uno esta hablando
sino lo correcto es usar los possessive adjectives.
EJEMPLO DE COMO SE USAN LOS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Y LOS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Whose book is this? (Usar el question word whose para hablar de posesin y de usar
el sustantivo book despues del QW)
a) It is my book. (Here we use the possessive adjective my followed by the noun
book)
b) It is mine. (Here we use the possessive pronoun mine and we do not need to put
the noun after it).
NOTE: It is also possible to use the POSSESSIVE NOUNS (Ver leccin 5 AQUI)
Ejemplo usando el POSSESSIVE NOUN
- It is Juans book. (Se utiliza el sustantivo propio aumentandole apostrofe y s).

Comparative Form of Adjectives LESSON 21

Comparative Form of Adjectives
We use the comparative form to compare and contrast different objects or people in
English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects or
people and we use THAN before what or who we are comparing to.
Remember that is it VERY IMPORTANT to know and learn adjectives because we will
need to use them to form this structure. If you need a list please CLICK HERE.
Example:
Maria is taller than Juan -> RECUERDEN DE UTILIZAR THAN DESPUES DE LA
FORMA COMPARATIVA
Miami is more modern than Lima.
*Entonces, usamos The comparative form para comparar y contrastar sustantivos
usando ADJETIVOS en INGLES. Es vital aprender adjetivos asi que se necesitan una
lista ir ac (HACER CLICK).

Reglas para formar la forma comparativa en INGLES

In this following table we can learn the rules TABLE #1

Adjective

Rule

Example

Adjective with one

syllable
1.

Ending in e

ADD r

Wide

a)
The Honda is wider than
the chevrolete
|

Safe

b)
A big car is safer than a
small one.

2.Consonant Vowel Double the

Consonant
consonant and add

-er

Big
|
Thin

c)
My house is bigger
than yours.

|
3. All others

d)

Joe is thinner than Mary.

ADD er
Tall

|
e)

John is taller than Brian

Adjectives with two or

more syllables

1.

Ending in y

Pretty
Noisy
2.All others
Beautiful
Expensive

Change the y to i f)
Ana is prettier
and add er
than Nina g)
A motorcycle
is noisier than a car
|
|
Use more (or less)
before the adjective h)
Marisu is more
beautiful than Elena
i)
The shirt is more
expensivethan the trousers

Size

Touch

good - better

Shape

Time

Quantit
Sound
y

IRREGULAR
FORMS (TABLE
2)

bad worse
far -further /farther
Remembre to use THAN after the comparative form. Recuerden de usar than (y
nunca what) despues de la forma comparativa.
EXAMPLES: My house is more expensive THAN my car John is funnier THAN Tim

LETS PRACTICE (TABLE 3)

ADJECTIV Comparativ ADJECTIV Comparativ ADJECTIV Comparativ
E
e
E
e
E
e
Happy

Cheap

Honest

Difficult

Strong

Busy

Clean

Interesting

Young

Early

Hot

Near

Beautiful

Warm

Funny

Soft

Expensive

Easy

Intelligent

fresh

Bad

Dirty

Kind

Late

Good

Boring

Dangeerou
s

Careful

Cold

weak

VER RESPUESTAS CHECK ANSWERS

Exercises
1)

Shes much __________ her husband. (young)

2)

Its a __________ day _____ yesterday. (warm)

3)
The vegetables in the shop are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket. (fresh)

4)

The train is __________ _____ the bus (expensive)

5)

The new TV programme is __________ _____ the old one. (funny)

6)

Mrs. Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr. Andrews. (good)

7)

My office is __________ _____ Helens. (near)

8)

The traffic is _______________ it was last year. (noisy)

9)

You have a __________ life _____ I have. (busy)

10) Drivers in this country are _______________________ _____ drivers in my

country. (dangerous)
11) The exam today was _______________ _____ last years exam. (difficult)
12) Shes __________ _____ her sister. (smart)
13) Micheal is __________ _____ than Mathew. (Rich)
14) The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before. (intelligent)
15) Her second book is _______________ _____ her first one. (interesting)

VER RESPUESTAS CHECK ANSWERS

ONLINE EXERCISES / EJERCICIOS EN LINEA
- http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/242.html
- http://www.better-english.com/grammar/comparatives.htm
- http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adjectives/compareexercises?1

Lista de preposiciones mas comunes en

INGLES LECCION 22
What are Prepositions?
It is a word used before a noun or pronoun to relate it to the other words. When you
form a phrase with the preposition it is called a prepositional phrase. This consists of a
preposition and its object. (thefreedictionary.com)

For example:
My English books are in my house.
in my house is the prepositional phrase. In is the preposition and house is the object
of the prepositional phrase.
* Como vemos las preposiciones son importantes para unir y relacionar sustantivos

Why are prepositions and prepositional phrases

important?
It is important mainly because they indicate a relationship between the object of the
prepositional phrase with the rest of the sentence
In these examples, we see how the object of the prepositional phrase table is related
with the rest of the sentence
The notebook is on the table.
The notebook is under the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the notebook over the table.
* Cuando usamos las preposiciones y los prepositional phrases unimos ideas y
relacionamos sustantivos con el resto de la oracin. Es decir, damos mas profundidad
a nuestras oraciones y somos mas claros al hablar puesto que damos mas
infromacin.

List of most Common Prepositions Lista de

preposiciones en Ingles mas comunes
Aviso: En esta lista damos las traducciones de preposiciones. Estas palabras tambin
pueden ser usados como adverbios, adjectivos, conjunciones haciendo que su
traducin varie. Ac les damos las traducciones de las siguientes palabras
comopreposiciones.
PREPOSITION

TRADUCCION

About

Acerca de / sobre

Above

Encima de / por encima de

Across

En frente de / cruzando

After

Despues

Against

contra

Along

Por (una va paralela) Go along this street

Among

Entre (en medio de)

Around

Alrededor de

At

En / a

Before

antes

behind

Detrs de / atrs de

Below

Debajo de / abajo de

beneath

Debajo de / bajo

beside

Al lado de / junto a

Between

Entre (usualmente entre 2 personas u objetos)

By

Por (de autora The book was griten by Dan Brown) /

Por (va de transporte) I go to school by bus

During

durante

Except

Excepto / salvo

For

Para (destinatario / uso / propsito)

From

De (origin / remitente)

In

en

In front of

En frente de

Inside

Dentro de

Instead of

En vez de / en lugar de

Into

En / a / con (movimiento de entrar) Come into my

office

Like

Como / parecido / igual que

Near

Cerca de / junto

Of

De (posesivo)

On

Sobre / en on the table , on TV, on Sunday

Outside

Fuera de

Over

Encima de / por encima de

Since

Desde

Through

Atravs

To

A (destinacin)

Toward / Towards

hacia

Under / Underneath

Debajo de

Until

Hasta

With

con

Within

Dentro de (distancia / tiempo) I am going to traval

within the next week

Without

sin

Superlative Form Curso INGLES BASICO

The Superlative Form en ingls
Definition:
The superlative is the form of an adjective or adverb that shows which thing has that
quality above or below the level of the others. It denotes the greatest degree regarding
the quality of the adjective used. (usingenglish.com)
To use the superlative form please review adjectives CLICK HERE.

Example:

Brian is the tallest student in the class -> RECUERDEN DE UTILIZAR THE ANTES
DE LA FORMA SUPERLATIVA
Paris is the most beautiful city in the world.
*Entonces, usamos The superlative form para comparar establecer la cualidad
mxima del adjetivo en uno con relacin al contexto. Es decir, es la forma del adjetivo
o adverbio que espresa su mayor qualidad. SINECESITAS ADJETIVOS(HACER
CLICK).
Por ejemplo:
Mount Everest is the highest mountain quiere decir que el Monte Everest es la
montaa mas alta. No hay mas alta que el Everest y expresa su supremacia con
respecto a las demas montaas en cuanto al adjetivo high que es alto.

Reglas para formar la forma Superlativa en INGLES

Superlative Form en ingls
In this following table we can learn the rules TABLE #1

Adjective

Rule

Example

With one syllable

1.

Ending in e

the + (adjective + a) Jupiter is the largest planet

st)
|
2.Consonant Vowel
|
Consonant
|
the +(Double the
Hot
consonant and add b) The hottest place on earth
is Ethiopia.
-est)
3. All others
Large

long
hard

the + (Adjective + c) The Great Wall of China is

thelongest wall in the world.
est)
d) Math is the hardest subject
in school.

Adjectives with two or

more syllables

1.

Ending in y

Easy
2.All others
important

Size

Touch

the +(Change the e) The easiest subject for me

y to i and add
is geography.
est)
|
the+[Use most (or
f) The most important thing
least) before the
in life is love
adjective]

Shape

Time

Quantit
Sound
y

IRREGULAR
FORMS (TABLE
2)

good - (the) best

bad (the) worst
far -(the)furthest /farthest
Remember to use THE before the superlative form. Recuerden de usar the antes
de la forma superlativa.
TAMBIEN CUIDADO CON LA TRADUCCION CON COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES. En espaol no es igual. Impriman las 2 tablas de esta leccin y la
leccin 21 para que aprendan la regla y no tengan errores.
EXAMPLES:
Brians car is THE most expensive

LETS PRACTICE
Exercises
1) __________ (large)cucumber weighed 66lbs.
2) __________ (popular) tourist attraction in the United States is Disneyworld.
3) __________ (successful) songwriters are Paul Mccartney and the late John Lennon.

4) __________ (heavy) baby at birth was a boy of 22 lbs. 8 oz. He was born in Italy in
1955
5) __________ (fat) person was a man in New York. He weighed almost 1200 lbs.
6) One of __________ (famous) painters was Pablo Picasso.
7) __________ (long) attack of hiccups lasted 67 years.
8) __________ (big) omelet was made of 54,763 eggs.

ONLINE EXERCISES / EJERCICIOS EN LINEA

Superlative exercises:
http://www.inglesmadrid.com/superlativo-31c.htm
http://www.isabelperez.com/super.htm
http://www.learnenglish.de/Games/Adjectives/CompSup.htm
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/recursos_informaticos/
Superlative Vs Comparative
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=comparative-superlative-forms
http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/45.html
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/regcom2.htm
http://www.angelfire.com/fl2/espanglishtips/testcomp.html

Countable and Uncountable nouns

Sustantivos contables y no contables
Countable and Uncountable nouns en ingls
A noun renames a person, place or thing. If a noun is viewed as countable if:
A or an can be used in front of it : a table, an egg
It has a plural form : there are two tables
It can be used in a question with how many: How many rooms are there?
A number can be used before it: four computers

If a noun is viewed as uncountable:

a/an cannot be used in front of it: Cereal is healthy
it does not have a plural form: I like butter (NOT BUTTERS)
it can be in a question with how much: How much sugar would you like?
a number isnt used in front of it: It has little caffeine.
it always takes a singular verb: Milk is good for you.
*** En si los sustantivos contables son aquellos que puedes contar (poner un numero
antes del sustantivo: una mesa pero no una agua Todos los liquidos como agua, leche,
cerveza, vino son no contables (EN ESPAOL PUEDE SER DISTINTO). Tambien las
carnes son no contables como pollo, pescado etc.
TABLE

USING THERE IS / ARE WITH COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable

Singular

Uncountable

Plural

One form

(+)There is a chair.

There are some chairs.

There is some water

(-) There isnt a table.

There arent any tables.

There isnt any cheese.

(?) Is there a bathroom? Are there any bathrooms? Is there any coffee?

Conclusions from the table:

With countable nouns we have two forms: singular and plural and when we refer to
uncountable nouns we only use one form.
When we use the singular form with countable nouns we use a/an and with plurals we
use some/any.
With the uncountable nouns we do not use a/an and we can use some/any
With countable nouns some/any means an indefinite number
With uncountable nouns some/any means a portion of
Conclusiones:
Como vemos cuando un sustantivo es contable hay dos formas: singular y plural pero
con los no constables solo hay una forma. Nunca usen la forma plural cuando usen los

no contables. Tambin cabe resaltar que cuando usamos el some /any con
loscontables significa algunos/algunas o en negativo ningun pero cuando se usa con
los no contables quiere decir algo de. Veamos:
There are some books on the table. (Hay algunos libros)
There arent any books. (No hay ningun lbro) Ojo que en espaol se usa la forma
singular de libro pero en ingls no.
Are there any books? (Hay algn libro)
There is milk. (Hay algo de leche)
There isnt any milk. (No hay nada de leche)
Is there any milk? (Hay algo de leche?)
ONLINE EXERCISES EJERCICIOS EN LINEA de Countable and Uncountable
nouns en ingls:
Identify if the noun is countable or uncountable (Identificar si el sustantivo es
contable o no)
-http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/210.html
-http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/210.html
There is or there are?
- http://www.better-english.com/easier/counta.htm
LINK de Vocabulario mas leccin (formato PDF)

Prepositions of Time and place Preposiciones

en INGLES LECCION 25
Prepositions of place and time Preposiciones en ingls
Before we start presenting more prepositions of place please review Lesson 9 (Link
here).
Prepositions of place show where something is in relation to another object or person.
They show position and help us describewhere something is located in a sentence.
In lesson #9 we practiced the prepositions of place and today I would like to expand the
conceptwith the rollowing rules.

Prepositions of place and time : IN / ON / AT

Use IN before:
- Countries and cities :Colombia, Bogota (Paises y ciudades)
- Buildings: a shop, a museum (Edificios)
- Months: February, June (Meses)
- Seasons: winter, summer (Estaciones del ao)
- Years: 1998, 2003 (Aos)
- Times of the day: morning, afternoon, evening NOT night (Partes del da)

Use ON before:
- Transport: a bike, a bus, train, plane, a ship NOT car (Transporte)
- A surface: the floor, a table, a shelf, the balcony, the roof, the wall (Superficies)
- Dates: March 1st (Fechas)
- Days: Tuesday, New Years Day, Valentines Day (Dias)

Use AT before:
- The following words: school, home, work, university, the airport, the station, a bus
stop, a party, the door, night, the weekend
- Times: 6 oclock, half past five, 4:45 pm (Hora)
- Festival periods: Christmas, Easter (Festivales)
More Prepositions of time (colaboracin englisch-hilfe.com) Mas preposiciones en
ingls

Links to practice Prepositions of Place:

Prepositions of time
http://www.learnenglish.de/Games/Prepositions/PreposTime.htm
http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/230.html
http://www.ztudenti.com/index.php/Galeria-Shkollore/prepositions-of-time.html
http://www.world-english.org/prepositions.htm
Exercises IN / ON/ AT
http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_prep1.htm

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_prep3.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6979692/In-On-At-Preposition-Practice
http://www.english-the-easy-way.com/Prepositions/In_On_At_Place_Quiz.htm
http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/63.html
http://www.clafoti.com/ImagenesABC/exa_3.htm
http://www.languageschool.cz/prepositionsoftime2.html
http://english-quiz.net/time-prepositions-quiz.html
http://www.better-english.com/grammar/timepreps.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-at-in-on-time.htm
Extra Reading:
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-at-in-on-place.htm
http://www.english-4u.de/prep_of_place.htm

Leccion de Present Perfect en ingles clase de

gramatica
The Present Simple and Present Continuous
We have studied these two tenses before. These refer to the present tense but in
different ways. The present simple is used to talk about actions that usually happen.
These actions describe routines or habits. The present continuous is used to
describe actionsthat are happening at the moment in which they are spoken.
Present Simple: For routines, habits and current information
- I usually get up at 6:00 am.
- Tom goes to the gym at weekends.
- Sarah has two children.
Present Continuous: for actions happening at the moment
- We are studying English at InglesTotal.
- I am not watching TV at the moment
** Como vimos estos 2 tiempos gramaticales que hemos estudiado antes (Present
tense :LECCION 10 y Present Continuous:LECCION 8) Usan el nombre present ya
que tienen una relacion con ella pero de manera distinta. El present tense se usa para
describir una accin que sucede usualmente como una rutina en cambio el present
continuous es utilizado para describir acciones que suceden en el momento en que se
esta hablando. RECUERDEN QUE NO ES LO MISMO EN ESPAOL Y POR ELLO ES

NECESARIO RESPETAR LAS REGLAS GRAMATICALES DEL IDIOMA QUE UNO

APRENDE.

Leccion de Present Perfect Tense en INGLES

This tense has the name Present but it has many uses and it is sometimes confusing.
Today we are going to study the first use which is for EXPERIENCES.

The Past Participle form of the verbs

To form the present perfect tense we need to learn a new form of the verb. This is
called the past participle.
Regular verbs
When you want to form the past participle of regular verbs, it is the same as the past
tense playedwhere we add ed to the base form.
Examples:
CHART #1

Verb

Past form

Past Particple

Work

Worked

Worked

Talk

Talked

Talked

Study

Studied

Studied

Stay

Stayed

Stayed

Watch

Watched

watched

List of complete regular verbs (enlace con lista completa de verbos regulares):
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/regular-verbs-list.htm

Irregular verbs
The irregular form of the verbs in past participle change and you have to learn them
with practice.
CHART #2

Verb

Past form

Past Particple

be

Was/were

been

eat

ate

eaten

go

went

gone

buy

bought

bought

ride

Rode

ridden

write

wrote

written

List of complete irregular verbs (enlace con la lista completa de verbos

irregulares):
http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/

The Present Perfect INGLES

STRUCTURE / SYNTAX
Positive form
SUBJECT + [HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT
CHART #3

Subject

Auxiliary

Past Participle

Complement

I/we/you/they

have

been

to Brazil

He/She/It

has

Eaten

Sushi

Negative form
SUBJECT + [HAVEN'T / HASN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT
CHAR T#4

Subject

Auxiliary

Past Participle

Complement

I/we/you/they

havent

been

to Brazil

He/She/It

hasnt

eaten

Sushi

Question form
Question word + [HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT
CHART #5

Question Word

Auxiliary

Subject

Past Participle

Complement

What countries

have

I/we/you/the been
y

to?

Has

He/she/it

Sushi?

eaten

Contractions:

He/she/it + has = hes/shes/its

I/we/you/they + have = Ive/weve/youve/theyve
Short Answers (Yes/no answers)
CHART #6

Positive

Negative

Yes, I/we/you/they have

No. I/we/you/they havent

Yes, he/she/it has

No, he/she/it hasnt

USE of the Perfect Tense

In this class we are going to learn the first use of the present perfect. REMEMBER that
there are other uses and we will study these in the pre-intermediate level.

We use the present perfect tense to talk about: AN

INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST:
EXPERIENCES
When we want to talk about an experience we can use the present perfect tense. An
experience is something that happened in the time but WE DO NOT KNOW WHEN.
Lets look at the chart.
CHART #7

To emphasize this use of the present perfect we use the word ever. More examples:
- Have you ever been to Peru?
In this question we are asking for information about his life experience. We DO NOT
CARE or WANT TO KNOW WHEN. It is a question without a definite point in the past.

- I have been to Mexico three times.

We say that in our life we went to Mexico but we DO NOT SAY WHEN.
- Has Laura ever eaten Paella?
We want to know if Laura has eaten paella once in her life. WE DO NOT WANT TO
KNOW WHEN.
*** Cuando usamos el present perfect? El present perfect se usa para describir
acciones que pasaron antes y sin decir cuando. Es un tiempo indefinido del pasado y
se usa para expresar experiencias sin determinar el tiempo en que se dieron. Esto es
muy util ya que la pueden usar para pedir informacion en general. Ever se utiliza para
emfatizar este uso.
Present Perfect vs Past Simple
As we have seen, we can talk about the past with present perfect but we need to learn
the differences with the past simple tense.

Present Perfect : Indefinite time in the past

Past Simple: Definite time in the past
Maria has been to Spain (Present Perfect: we do not know when)
Maria went to Spain last year (Past simple: A definite time last year other phrases:
three days ago, last week, yesterday etc.)
*** Como sabemos, tambien podemos usar el past simple para hablar del pasado pero
es cuando es un tiempo definido; es decir, un tiempo exacto. Ya en pre-intermedio
ampiaremos este tema
Ejercicios y refuerzo:
Hacer los siguientes ejercicios (las respuestan estan en el audio)

Enlaces y links:
Muy buen enlace listo para imprimir que explica de otra forma el Present Perfect
http://www.headsupenglish.com/skillbuilders/grammar/presentperfectexperience.pdf
Ejercicios para practicar el present perfect
http://www.headsupenglish.com/skillbuilders/grammar/haveyoueverdrills.pdf
Apuntes del uso de ever
http://menuaingles.blogspot.com/2007/09/present-perfect-con-ever.html

Present simple AND present continuous

Diferencias y ejercicios

Structure differences

Present Simple:
- Maria plays tennis at the weekends
- She doesnt study French.
- How many children do they have?
Remember:
- In positive we use two conjugations. One is the simple form and the other is the s
form (play/plays)

- In negative sentences we use the auxiliaries dont and doesnt and the verb is
ALWAYS in the simple form. (She doesnt work)
- In the question form we use auxiliaries do and does and also the verb goes in the
simple form. The subject goes in between the auxiliary and the verb. (Do you work
here?)

Present continuous
- Maria is playing tennis.
- She isnt studying.
- What are they doing?
Remember:
- When we construct the present continuous we use the verb to be. Therefore we DO
NOT USE auxiliaries do, does, dont or doesnt.
- Use the ing form after the verb to be.

USES COMPARISON

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Routines / Habits : Maria smokes

Actions happening NOW: Maria is

smoking

Permanent Actions: Pedro lives in

Sevilla

Temporary actions: Juan is staying at

the Marriot hotel.

Current facts/truths: I have two brothers

Exercises: (The answers are in the AUDIO)

Fill in the blanks with am/is/are/do/dont/does/doesnt
1. Excuse me _____ you speak English?
2. Have a cigarette. No, thank you. I _____ smoke.
3. Why ____ you laughing at me?
4. What ____ she do? Shes a dentist.
5. I ____ want to go out. It ____ raining.
6. Where ____ you come from? From Canada.
7. How much ____ it cost to send a letter to Canada?
8.I cant talk to you at the moment. I ____ working.
9. George is a good tennis player but he _____ play very often.
Put the verb in present continuous or present simple

1. Excuse me, ______________ (you/speak) English?

2. Tom _________________ (have/shower) at the moment.
3. They _____________ (not/watch) television very often.
4. Listen! Somebody _______________ (sing)
5. Shes tired. She ____________ (want) to go home.
6. How often ____________________ (you/read) a newspaper?
7. Excuse me, but you __________________ (sit) in my place. Oh Im sorry.
8. Im sorry. I ___________________ (not/understand). Please speak more slowly.
9.Where are you Roy? I am in the office. I ___________________ (read)
10. What time __________________ (she/finish) work every day?
11. You can turn off the radio. I _____________________ (not listen) to it.
12. He ____________________ (not/usually/drive) to work. He usually ________
(walk)
EJERCICIOS EN LINES / TAREA
- http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/simcon1.htm
- http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/66.html
- http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_progressive2.htm
- http://www.speakspeak.com/html/d3a001_grammar_beginners_present_simple_conti
nuous.htm
- http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/sp_or_pc.html

Conectores en INGLES Como unir y vincular

ideas LECCION 39
A continuacin presentaremos los conectores mas comunes de acuerdo a su uso
comunicativo. Les sugerimos que le den la importancia debida a este tema y vern
cambios positivos cuando conversen y se comuniquen oralmente.

Enumerar listas de forma secuencial

Muy importante exponer diversos puntos en orden cronolgico. Muy usado al dar
presentaciones pero tambin para cualquier situacin.
first

in the first place

first of all

to begin with

second

in the second place

secondly

next

third

in the third place

thirdly

another

Agregar o unir ideas

El uso de and es el ms comn pero en esta categora pero recomendamos que

usen otros conectores. Si quieren ser fluidos les recomiendo tener diversas opciones y
no solo una.
in addition

equally important

moreover

furthermore

also

further

too

and

besides

Contrastar ideas

En esta categora el que es mas usado es but. A continuacin les dejo otros
conectores de contraste.
even though

on the contrary

however

although

but

despite

on the other hand

in spite of

yet

regardless

though

in contrast

otherwise

Para expresar causa y efecto

then

as a result

because

consequently

hence

since

accordingly

therefore

thereupon

thus

Dar ejemplos

Importante cuando tenemos que dar una lista de ejemplos. Ac el mas comn es for
example.
namely

particularly

incidentally

to illustrate

For instance

in other words

for example

in particular

specifically

Para expresar comparacin

Estas frases y palabras de vinculacin son cuando quieren comparar diversas ideas.
similarly

in a like manner

likewise

in the same way

in like man

Para expresar y dar conclusiones

all in all

altogether

in brief

in conclusion

to conclude

in short

in summary

that is

on the whole

to summarize

Usen estos conectores cuando se comuniquen y vern como les ayudara a transmitir
una mensaje. Sern mas ordenados y claros cuando se comuniquen y a la vez, la
otros notarn que usted tiene un mejor nivel de ingls.

First Conditional
The First Conditional
(IMAGEN 1)
Estructura:

IF (PRESENT SIMPLE)
- (WILL+INFINITIVE)
Ejemplos:
If Maria arrives late, her mother will get angry.
I wont go to the cinema if I am sick.
What will you do if you fail the test?
(IMAGEN 2)

When do we USE the FIRST CONDITIONAL

The first conditional is used for REAL or POSSIBLE situations.
* La primera condicional en ingls se utiliza para situaciones reales o posibles. La
explicacin extensa esta en el audio al comienzo de esta entrada.

Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

If I _____ to you now, I _____ my bus. (talk, miss)

If I _____ the bus, I _____ late for work. (miss, be)
If I _____ late for work, my boss _____ angry with me. (be,be)
If my boss _____ angry with me, I _____ my job. (be, lose)
If Carlos _____ late, his wife ____. (arrive, get angry).
Norma _____ if her son _____. (not go out, not call).
They _____ the test, if they _____. (not pass, not study).
If the teacher _____ late, we _____ the test(be, not have)

Online: Ejercicios en INTERNET

- http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/1cond2.htm
- PDF: http://autoenglish.org/tenses/gr.con1.pdf

Second Conditional en ingls

The SECOND Conditional en ingls
(IMAGEN 1)
Estructura:

IF (PAST SIMPLE)
- (WOULD/COULD+INFINITIVE)
Ejemplos:
If Juan were taller, he would be a better goalkeeper.
I would buy a house if I had more money.
What would you do if you found a wallet with 100,000 dollars?
NOTA: En la segunda condicional, cuando usamos el verbo to be en la estructura del
IF, todas las personas van con WERE.
EJEMPLOS:
If I were you, I would go to the hospital. / If she were my sister I would not let her go to
the party

(IMAGEN 2)

When do we USE the SECOND

CONDITIONAL
The second conditional is used for HYPOTHETICAL or IMPROBABLE situations
in the future and its consequences.
Cuando se usa el Second Conditional
* La segunda condicional en ingls se utiliza para situaciones hypotticas o irreales. La
explicacin extensa esta en el audio al comienzo de esta entrada.

Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

If I _____ a millionaire, I _____ mansion un Paris. (be, buy)

If I _____ a car, I _____ everyday. (have, go out)
If I _____ sick, I _____ to the party. (not be, go)
If Susan _____ more, she _____ her tests. (study, pass)
What ____ you ____ if you _____ a wallet wih a lot of money? (do, find).
Brian _____ if his son _____ sick. (travel, not be).
They _____ the ticket if they _____ money. (buy, have).
If Maria _____ to class more, she _____ more(come, understand)

Online: Ejercicios en INTERNET

ARCHIVO PDF COM MUCHOS EJERCICIOS:

Enlace directo: http://www.inglestotal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/secondconditional.pdf
Download (PDF, 285KB)

MAS EJERCICIOS EN LINEA DEL SECOND

CONDITIONAL En INGLES
- http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/second_conditional_form.pdf
- http://www.autoenglish.org/tenses/gr.con2.pdf
- http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/2cond1.htm

- http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2/exercises?
02

Going to vs Will diferencias del FUTURO:

future tenses
DIFERENCES between WILL and GOING TO for the future
When we want to talk about the future there are different ways of expressing an idea.
In this class we are going to focus only on will and going to. However, it is important to
remind you that there are other ways which we will cover in future lessons.

For many people, including natives, there is little or no differences between going to
and will. Many do not even pay attention to these differences because they just want
to communicate and for them both are future and both are the same. But we are not
here to simply learn to communicate but to do it effectively and correctly. Therefore, we
are going to review the differences.

DIFFERENCES IN USE Diferencias en el uso entre

going to y will

Talking about the future

We use WILL for the following situations:

- Instant decisions
Promises
Offers
Predictions
We use Going To for:

- Plans
*Predictions
Look at the following conclusions:

* Entonces la diferencia principal entre GOING TO y WILL es dependiendo de

cuando se haya tomado la decisin.
Como esta claro, GOING TO es usado para hablar de planes y un plan es una
decision tomada en el pasado (VER LA FIGURA ARRIBA) Will por el contrario, es
una decision que uno toma en el momento en que uno habla (Desicin
instantanea).

Tamben vemos que hay otras funciones y usos en las cuales utilizamos will o
going to. Para la explicacin de estos puntos favor de referirse al audio y a las
lecciones 17 (going to) y 36 (will)

EJERCICIOS:
Habiendo estudiado las diferencias llenen los espacios usando los verbos en
parentesis con la estructura WILL o GOING TO de acuerdo con el contexto. LAS
RESPUESTAS ESTAN EN LA PARTE FINAL DEL AUDIO QUE VIENE AL
COMIENZO DE ESTA LECCION

Adverbios en INGLES English Adverbs

Reglas y usos de los Adverbios

Adverbs: DEFINITION
-Adverbs are parts of speech that modify, qualify or describe a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Some examples:
Example: She drove dangerously . (Modifies a verb).

He speaks Engish very fast. (Modifies adjective).

He walks slowly . (Modifies another adverb).
Como vemos, los adverbios son muy tiles ya que podemos adornar mejor nuestras
frases, Es decir, podemos expresarnos mejor y por ende comunicarnos mejor. Asi
como los adjetivos son importantes para describir a sustantivos ( The TALL man) los
adverbios lo son para describir adjetivos, verbos y otros adverbios.

Adverb Types
Adverbs of manner
These adverbs answer the question how.
How does Juan drive?
- He drives carefully.
How does Maria dance?
- She dances beautifully.
Esta clase de adverbios responden a la pregunta cmo. Casi todos estos verbos
acaban en ly aunque hay excepciones. A continuacin una lista de Adverbs of
manner:
List of common adverbs of manner: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbsmanner.htm

ADVERBS OF PLACE
They answer the question where.
The books are there there.
Juan was sleeping here.
We looked everywhere.
Is your friend outside?
The bathroom is upstairs.
Estos Adverbs of Place responden a la pregunta donde. A continuacin podrn ver una
lista con los Adverbs of Place mas comunes. Noten que algunos pueden ser
preposiciones siempre dependiendo del contexto en el que se usen.
List of common Adverbs of Place: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbsplace.htm

ADVERBS OF TIME and ADVERBS OF

FREQUENCY
They answer the question when and how often .
Adverbs of time:
- I want to go to the beach tomorrow.
- Marisu cooked yesterday.
- I havent done my homework yet?
Adverbs of frequency:
- Karen always goes out at weekend.
- I rarely cook.
- My father sometimes plays tennis.
List of common Adverbs of Time and
Frequency: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbs-time.htm

ADVERBS OF DEGREE
These adverbs answer the question to what extent?

These adverbs modify adjectives and other adverbs. They usually come before the
word they are modifying
The teacher is very tall.
My sisters are a bit fat.
The weather is quite cold.
He quite understands grammar.
List of common Adverbs of Degree: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adverbsdegree.htm

Adjetivos que acaban en -ed y en -ing

Adjectives
Adjectives ending in ED and ING
Some adjectives have the characteristic of ending in ed and ing. Lets ltake a look at
the rules.

We use adjectives ending in ING to describe something or someone.

Examples:
Maria is watching a very interesting movie.
I hate that teacher. He is really boring.

We use adjectives ending in ED when we want to describe how people

feel.

Examples:
This movie isnt interesting. I am bored.
Juan is very exited because he is going to travel to Miami for the first time.
Conclusions
- We can use adjectives ending in ing for things or people. Remember that when we
use ing it is describing the person or thing.
- We can use the ed ONLY for people (or animals) because THINGS CANNOT FEEL.
We can say:
Felipe is boring. (describes his personality).
Felipe is bored. (he feels bored at the moment)
We cant say:
The TV program is bored INCORRECT (because things cant feel).

***Queda claro que para cosas, situaciones u objetos usamos la terminacin

ing y no es posible usar ed. La razn es porque se usa la terminacin ed
para expresar lo que uno siente y est claro que las cosas sin vida no pueden
sentir. Para personas uno puede usar ed (cuando uno siente) o ing pero
esta ltima se usa para DESCRIBIR a la persona. As que si yo digo Juan
is depressed quiere decir que se encuentra deprimido ya que describo la
situacin actual porque por algina razn se siente asi. En cambio si decimos
Juan is depressing entonces describimos a Juan. Es una persona depresiva.
Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing list
ADJECTIVES (ING ED)

Spanish
translation

alarming

alarmed

Alarmante /
alarmado

amusing

amused

Divertido

annoying

annoyed

Fastidioso /
fastidiado

boring

bored

Aburrido

concerning

concerned

Preocupante /
preocupado

confusing

confused

Confuso /
confundido

embarrassing

embarrassed

Embarazoso /
avergonzado

encouraging

encouraged

Alentador /
animado

entertaining

entertained

Entretenido

exciting

excited

Emocionante /
emocionado

exhausting

exhausted

Agotador /
agotado

frightening

frightened

Aterrador /
aterrado

frustrating

frustrated

Frustrante /

frustrado
humiliating

humiliated

Humillante /
humillado

interesting

interested

Interesante /
interesado

intriguing

intrigued

Intrigante /
intrigado

overwhelming

overwhelmed

Abrumador /
abrumado

perplexing

perplexed

Perplejo

pleasing

pleased

Agradable /
complacido

relaxing

relaxed

Relajante /
relajado

satisfying

satisfied

Gratificante /
satisfecho

shocking

shocked

Chocante /
estupefacto

surprising

surprised

Sorprendente /
sorprendido

tiring

tired

Cansador /
cansado

*** Lista mas completa aqu : http://www.trussel.com/eding.htm

Exercises / Ejercicios (Las respuestas estn en el audio)

Choose the correct form of the adjective according to the context.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Monday is very bored / boring. It is the first day of the week.

Im bored / boring with my job. Its always the same.
When we lost the football game, we felt depressed / depressing.
My team never wins. It is very depressed / depressing.
Reading a book is very relaxed / relaxing.
I am very relaxed / relaxing at the weekend.
The movie I watched yesterday was very interested / interesting.
Im not very interested / interesting in studying French. I prefer English.

9)
Julio is very exited / exiting about his brand new car.
10) The Barcelona Inter match was very exited / exiting.

Online Exercises / Ejercicios EN LINEA :

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/345.html
http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/prtcplsnj.html
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoEnglish/gr.ad.inged.p.htm (Para ver respuestas ir a la
parte inferior y click en Answers)
Separata de la BBC (Con respuestas)
- http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/worldservice/learningenglish/grammarchallenge/pdf
s/3_eding_practice.pdf

Negative Questions Preguntas negativas en

INGLES
Negative questions
Structure:
To form negative questions we simply add nt (not) after the auxiliary
Negative Questions
Arent you married?Dont you know
English?

PRESENT SIMPLE

Isnt Juan working?

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS

Wasnt Felipe sick?Didnt Mary study for

the test?

PAST SIMPLE

Havent you sent the email

PRESENT PERFECT

Arent you going to the doctor tomorrow?

FUTURE

USE of negative questions

Compare the following questions

Are you sick?

This is a normal information question. I want to know if the person is sick in general.
-

Arent you sick?

In this case you have the idea that the person is sick. For example, lets suppose that
Mario arrived late to work and said he was sick. Later that afternoon you see him
drinking a cold beer. You say Hey Mario, arent you sick?
We use the negative questions:

To show surprise :

Didnt you send the email? Why? That was so important.

To show doubt; to check information

-Arent you the Carlos? Dont you teach English on-line? Wow! Nice to meet you.
- Doesnt she work for City Bank. I think I know her
When you expect the listener to agree
-Isnt it a great day. It is so sunny and the sky is blue.
- Doesnt this food tase delicious? Yummy Yummy.

En conclusin vemos que para formas los negative questions simplemente

aadimos el not despues del auxiliary. Es es bastante sencillo pero la importancia
esta es saber es que situaciones se usan. COmo vimos lo usamos para expresar
sorpresa, cuando tenemos una duda y queremos corraborar informacin y finalmente
lo usamos cuando esperamos que la otra persona este de acuerdo con nosotros.
Recuerden de practicar esta formay de no olvidarse de los usos.

Negative Questions (Ejercicio para completar)

http://club.telepolis.com/englishweb/negativeinterrog.html

Diferencias entre DO y MAKE Leccin: uso

correcto del verbo hacer en ingls
Cundo se utiliza el verbo do?
Do se usa de la siguiente manera :
- Do se usa cuando se habla de trabajo, puestos de trabajo o tareas (work, jobs or
tasks)

Have you done your homework?

I have some friends visiting me tonight so I should start doing the housework
now.
I do not want to do that job.

- Do se usa cuando nos referimos a las actividades , en general, sin ser especfico.
Es muy comn usarlos con las palabras thing, something, nothing, anything,
everything etc.

Hurry up! Ihave things to do!

Look! The baby fell do something!
Is there anything I can do to help you?

Recuerde que Do tambin puede ser como un verbo auxiliar (para hacer preguntas
en tiempo presente Do you like pizza? ) Para aprender como usar do y does
correctamente en el present simple vaya a la leccin 10b con audio gratis (clase
aqu)

Cundo se utiliza make?

- El verbo Make es para producir , construir, crear o construir algo nuevo .Tambin se
utiliza para indicar el origen de un producto o los materiales que se utilizan para hacer
algo .

Her wedding ring is made of white gold.

The house was made of bricks.

Wine is made from grapes.

The tablets were made in Switzerland

- Utilizamos make para producir una accin o reaccin :

You are making me angry!

Wine makes me feel sleepy.
Its not my fault. My brother mademe do it!

- Despus de ciertos sustantivos sobre los planes y decisiones :

make the arrangements,

make a choice

- Utilizamos make con sustantivos de ciertos sonidos :

make a comment
make a noise
make a speech

- Utilizamosmake con alimentos, bebidas y comidas :

make a cake
make a cup of tea
make dinner

Lista de frases con DO y con MAKE

Existen muchas frases con estos 2 verbos y algunos no siguen ninguna regla. Lo
mejor es practicar estas frases para poder utilizarlas cuando nos comunicamos en
ingls. Pueden tamben descargar esta lista desde la pgina de English-Area
como archivoPDF listo para imprimir desde AQUI: http://www.englisharea.com/paginas/make.pdf

Palabras similares en INGLES y ESPAOL pero

con significado diferente
Lista de palabras similares en INGLES y
ESPAOL con distinto significado:

actually es similar a la palabra en espaol actualmente; sin

embargo, actualmente se traduce mejor con, por ejemplo currently, ya
que actually significa en realidad.

embarrassed no es lo mismo que embarazada. La traduccin

de embarrassed es avergonzado. Embarazada es pregnant.

realize no debe de ser confundido con realizar. Realize significa darse cuente
(de algo)

approve es muchas veces traducido como aprobar como en el ejemplo:

Teacher, did I approve the exam? (ESTO ES UN ERROR) approve significa estar
de acuerdo con algo.

eventually no es lo mismo que eventualmente. Eventually es mejor traducido

como finalmente.

Muchos estudiantes usan el trmino career para referirse a sus

estudios (Spanish carrera):When I finish mycareer, I want to go to United States
(sic). Career, en ingls se refiere a su trabajo profesional, es decir, When you
finish your career youll be an old person!

lecture no es lo mismo que lectura. Un lecture es un discurso hablado de un

tema.

apartment in Spanish is departamento y tamben department es departamento.

Por ende un error clsico es que al lugar donde vives le digan department.

try no es tratar como vemos en estas oracin erroneas the movies tries with
the problems of a strange man, in business, you have to try with people. Cuando
se refieran a tratar es este contexto el verbo es deal with.

win no siempre es ganar. No se dice:They win a lot of money, se dice

They make/earn a lot of money. You win money in the lottery.

Politics/ Politician: muchos confunden politico(s) with English politics. Politician

= politico. Politics se refiere a la plitica en general.

library = biblioteca bookstore = libreria bookcase = librero

Compromise y compromiso no son lo mismo. Compromiso debe de ser

traducido como commitment.

La palabra familiar existe en espaol e ingls; sin embargo, el significado es

distinto. Familiar en espaol se puede referir a un miembro de la familia. En ingls
es un adjetivo no mas como Eso me parece familiar.

La palabra cientifico es tanto sustantivo como adjetivo. Por ello los estudiantes
usan de manera erronea la palabra scientific para referirse a la persona lo cual es
un error. Para referirse a la persona se usa, scientist como en He is a famous
scientist

Parents solo se refiere a padre y madre. Por otro lado, parientes Tpuede ser
utilizado para otros familiares. Parientes en ingls es relatives

PARA VOCABULARIO VISUAL: http://www.ikonet.com/en/visualdictionary/

Present Perfect en ingls con just Acciones

que acaban de pasar LECCION 48 GRAMMAR GRAMATICA
Present Perfect usos comunicativos
- Acciones en un tiempo indefinido del pasado (Leccin 26 del nivel Bsico CLICK
AQUI)
- Acciones que acaban de pasar con JUST (Leccin de hoy)
- Acciones que expresan expectativa con already y yet (Leccin an no
publicada)
- Acciones que empiezan en el pasado y continuan en el presente (Leccin an no
publicada)

Present Perfect: Actions that happened a SHORT

TIME AGO / Just
We can use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about actions that happened and finished
a short time ago. In these cases we use the keyword: JUST to be clear about this use
and not to confuse it with other Present Perfect uses.
Image 1: (image from English File Preintermediate)

Podemos usar el tiempo gramatical Present Perfect para describir acciones que
justo acaban de terminar. Para poder ser mas claros, se usa la palabra JUST
antes del verbo en pasado participio.
Examples:
A: Are Paul and Juan here?
B: Yes, theyve just arrived.
A: Are you thirsty?
B: No, I have just had a glass of water.
A: I dont see Tom.
B: Im afraid hes just left.

Exercises / Ejercicios
Imagen de ejercicios del libro Grammar in Use

TOO and EITHER Curso de INGLES gratis

LECCION 44 PREINTERMEDIO

Estar de acuerdo con alguien en ingls usando

TOO y EITHER

- Estar de acuerdo con oraciones o declaraciones POSITIVAS TOO:

Para estar de acuerdo simplemente tienen que poner la palabra too al final de la
oracin de la que estan de acuerdo.
Ejemplo
a) I like papayas.
B) I like papayas too.
- Estar de acuerdo con oraciones o declaraciones NEGATIVAS EITHER:
Para estar de acuerdo con una oracin negativa simplemente tienen que poner la
palabra either al final de la oracin de la que estan de acuerdo.
Ejemplo
a) I didnt sleep well.
B) I didnt sleep well either.
IMAGEN 1:

EXERCISES EJERCICIOS (RESPUESTAS en el AUDIO al comienzo de esta

leccin)

1. Im happy. Im happy ________

2. Im not hungry. Im not hungry. ________
3. Im going out. Im going out ________
4. Brian cant ride a bike. She cant drive a car ________
5. It rained last Saturday. It rained on Sunday ________
6. I dont like going shopping. I dont like going shopping ________
7. Marks mother is a teacher. His father is a teacher ________
Como vern es una clase sencilla pero util para poder expresarnos mejor cuando
querramos estar de acuerdo con alguien.

Las Estructuras de Preguntas en Ingls

Hay varias formas de formular preguntas en ingls pero hoy vamos a concentrarnos en
preguntas simples. Hay 2 estructuras bsicas al formular preguntas en ingls. La
primera estructura es solo para el verbo to be en la forma de present simple y past
simple. Para formar preguntas tomamos el siguiente modelo
Estructura con el verbo to de en PRESENTE y PASADO

IMAGEN 1: QW + [TO BE (am, is, are, was , were)

+ SUBJECT] + COMPLEMENT
Ejemplos:
1) Where are you from?
2) Where were you yesterday at 6:pm?
3) What time is it?
4) Who was the mas in the living room?
5) Are you married?
Estructura general de preguntas

IMAGEN 2: QW + [AUXILIARY (do, does, did,

will, can etc... ) +SUBJECT + VERB] +
COMPLEMENT
1) Where does he live?
2) What did you do yesterday?
3) Can you play tennis?
4) What are you going to do tomorrow?
5) Is she going to work?

Reflexive Pronouns en ingles Pronombres

reflexivos leccion gratis
The Reflexive Pronouns Los Pronombres
Reflexivos
The Reflexive Pronouns refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb. We
use it when the OBJECT is the same as the SUBJECT of a sentence.
Los Reflexive Pronouns nunca renombran un sujeto y por eso siempre estar en el
lado derecho de sus oraciones y expresiones. Se usan como objeto y solo cuando el
sujeto es el mismo que el sujeto de la oracin o expresin. Para mayor explicacin les
sugiero que escuchen el audio que est el comienzo de esta leccin.

Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Singular
I

Myself

You

Yourself

He

Himself

She

Herself

it

Itself

Plural
We

Ourselves

You

Yourselves

They

Themselves

Reflexive Pronouns en ingles : examples / ejemplos

I made this cake myself.
Be careful with the knife. Youll cut yourself.
Michael is looking at himself in the mirror.
Susan has hurt herself.
Our cat washes itself after each meal.
We organized the party all by ourselves.
Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat.
Baby birds are too young to look after themselves.

Exercises:
Complete with the correct REFLEXIVE PRONOUN in each blank. (The answers are in
the audio at the beginning of the lesson)
Las respuestas vienen en el audio al comienzo de esta leccion

El Presente Perfecto en ingles con YET y

ALREADY
Tiempo gramatical Present Perfect en ingls (Yet /
Already)
Estructura: (imagen gracias a Macmillan English Grammar)

Vemos que para formar la estructura de Presente Perfecto en ingles es importante

saber como usar los auxiliares have y has y saber como conjugar el verbo en la
forma pasado participio (past participle) Esto ya lo hemos discutido
en clases anteriores pero es muy importante practicar diversas frases usando este
tiempo gramatical.
En dos clases pasadas hemos aprendido que usamos el present perfect tense
para hablar de:
- Un tiempo indefinido en el pasado (Keywords: Ever, before, once, several times)
- Una accin que acaba de pasar (Keyword: Just)
En esta oportunidad hablaremos de un tercer uso comunicativo que le podemos dar a
la estructura Presente Perfecto.
Present Perfect: Used to express EXPECTATIONS USO COMUNICATIVO
Podemos usar esta estructura para expresar EXPECTATIVAS. Esto lo dejamos en
claro cuando usamos ALREADY (antes del verbo en su forma Past Participle) o YET al
final de una oracin. Quizas la forma mas simple es decir que ALREADY lo usamos en
oraciones positives, y YET lo usamos en oraciones negativas y cuando hacemos
preguntas. Pero creemos que hay mas que solo una regla.

Already (POSITIVE SENTENCES)

We use already to express sooner than expected. Usamos already para expresar
que algo paso antes de lo esperado. Se entiendo como algo que ya fue terminado
cumpliendo con la expectativa de otros.
Ejemplo:
I have already done my homework.
Esto se entiende como Yo YA hice mi tarea. Esto es, has cumplido antes de lo
esperado con la expectativa del profesor.
Otros Ejemplos:
- She has already paid for that laptop
- Theyve already ordered.
- Hes already sent the email.
Yet (NEGATIVE and QUESTIONS)
We use yet when we are expecting something to happen. Usamos YET con el
Presente Perfecto en ingls para expresar expectativa de que algo suceda.
Ejemplo:
I havent done my homework yet / Have you done your homework yet?
Esto se entiendo como No he hecho mi tarea pero tengo la expectativa de hacerlo /
No he hecho mi tarea AUN. En la pregunta se entende como An no has hecho tu
tarea? Tengo la expectativa que ya la hayas terminado y quiero preguntar para ver si
has cumplido con mi expectativa.
Otros Ejemplos:
- She hasnt paid for that laptop yet
- Have the ordered yet?.
- He hasnt sent the email yet.

Modal Verb SHOULD Uso y reglas de

SHOULD LECCION 40 PREINTERMEDIO
gramatica

Estructura
Positive form
SUBJECT + (SHOULD + Verb BASE FORM) +
COMPLEMENT
Examples:
- You should go to the doctor.
- Elene should talk to her husband more.
- They should stop smoking.

Negative form
SUBJECT + (SHOULDNT (should not)+ Verb BASE
FORM)+ COMPLEMENT
Examples:
- You shouldnt work too much.
- John shouldnt play futbol because he is not feeling well.
- They shouldnt wear jeans to go to work.

Question form
QUESTION WORD + (SHOULD + SUBJECT + Verb
BASE FORM) + COMPLEMENT
- Where should I study English?
- What should we do when there is an earthquake?
- Should we buy a used or new car?

USO Cuando usamos SHOULD

- We use SHOULD to express an ADVICE or SUGGESTION

Example:
a) Whats wrong?
b) I have a headache.
a) You should take a pill.
* Usar SHOULD es la forma mas practica de dar CONSEJOS y sugerencias. Es muy
facil de usar ya que todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) usan la
misma estructura y conjugacion.

REPASO

EXERCICES: Las respuestas estan en el AUDIO que esta

al comienzo de esta LECCION

Expresar OBLIGACION en INGLES Modal

Verb MUST LECCION 41 PreIntermedio

Estructura de MUST
Positive form
SUBJECT + (MUST + Verb BASE FORM) +
COMPLEMENT
Examples:
- You must study more if you want to improve.
- Mark must stop drinking beer because of his illness.
- They must stay at home today.

Negative form
SUBJECT + (Mustnt (must not)+ Verb BASE FORM)+
COMPLEMENT
Examples:
- You mustnt work if you have a fever.
- Elene mustnt leave her baby alone when she goes to buy at the store.
- They mustnt take the infant to the hospital because he might get infected

Question form

THE QUESTION FORM IS USED WITH HAVE TO

IN CONCLUSION: The following table shows all the forms of MUST

IMPORTANTE:
- To use MUST in the PAST FORM we use HAD TO (El pasado de MUST para
expresar OBLIGACION es HAD TO)
Examples:
- John was very sick yesterday. I HAD TO take him to the hospital.
- My sister HAD TO travel to the USA because she needed to sell her house.

USO Cuando usamos Must

- We use MUST to say that something is necessarily or very important. It is used to
express OBLIGATION.
Example:
a) Let me light up a cigarette
b) You mustnt smoke in the office.
* Usar MUST es una forma comun de expresar obligacon. Es muy facil de usar al
igual que CAN o SHOULD ya que todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)
usan la misma estructura y conjugacion. Para preguntas NO ES COMUN USAR
MUST.

EXERCICES: Las respuestas estan en el AUDIO que esta

al comienzo de esta LECCION

Adjetivos y adverbios en INGLES Adjectives

and adverbs in English LECCION
Primero hay que ver estos ejemplos:

Adjetivos:
They are quiet students
It is a fast car
The building is nice
It is perfect.

Adverbios
They work quietly.
It moves fast.
She described it nicely
It is absolutely perfect.

Explicacion grammatical
Adjetivos:
Los adjetivos describen sustantivos y pronombres. Estos en ingls vienen usualmente
inmediatamente despus de el sustantivo que esta describiendo. Los adjetivos
tambin pueden venir despus de algnos verbos llamados non-action verbos (to be,
look, seem etc)
Ejemplos:
The houses are beautiful. They are new. (Los adjetivos vienen despues ya que
usamos en este ejemplo el verbo ser o estar o TO BE)
I live in a big house.
That man looks old.
I have a preety and intelligent wife.
Adverbios
Los adverbios describen verbos, adjetivos u otros adverbios. Adverbios que describen
adjetivos u otros adverbios usualmente vienen inmediatamente antes de la palabra
que escriben.
It is an extremely nice apartment (extremely esta describiendo a la palabra nice
que es un adjetivo)
They found it very quickly (very esta describiendo a otro adverbio en este caso
quickly)
Adverbs of manner
Estos adverbios describen a los action verbs o verbos de accin.
Estos adverbios responden a la pregunta Cmo?. Vienen despus del verbo que
estn describiendo.
Estos adverbios son usualmente formados agregando ly al final de un adjetivo

Ejemplos:
-

He walks slowly.
Pedro drives dangerously.
He returned home quickly.

Existe un grupo de adverbios que no usan la terminacin ly. Estos son: well, fast,
wrong, late y hard.
Ejemplos:
-

Mary speaks English well. (no existe goodly)

He drives fast. (no se pone fastly)
My father works hard.

NOTA: cabe indicar tambin que no toda palabra que termina en ly son adverbios.
Hay adjetivos que terminan en ly como: silly, friendly, lovely y lonely. Recuerden que
en ingls siempre hay excepciones
Espero que esta clase corta de adjetivos y adverios en ingls le ayude a poder
entender mejor como diferenciarlos. A continuacin les dejo con algunos ejercicios en
lnea

EJERCICIOS de ADJETIVOS y ADVERBIOS en

LINEA:
- http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/33.html
- http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/adjectives_adverbs/adjective_adverb.htm
- http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/adjectives_adverbs/adjective_adverb2.htm
- http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.adverbs.pdf
- http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/200/grammar/adjadv1.htm

Errores comunes de palabras mas

Preposiciones Parte 1
Muchas veces es inevitable traducir palabras y frases del espaol al ingls.
Usualmente nos encontramos en situaciones en las que no sabemos como decir una
frase en ingls y optamos por la traduccin. Si bien a veces nos da resultados, nos
acostumbramos a cometer errores comunes que cometemos los latinos. En esta

leccin vamos a dar una lista de errores comunes de palabras mas preposiciones en
ingls.
Pongamos una situacin en donde quieran decir en ingls la frase: No quiero
depender del uso del diccionario y no sabemos la frase en ingls pero si sabemos
como decir depender y tambien del. Entonces, cometemos el error de decir I dont
want to DEPEND OF using the diccionary Estis errores son muy comunes de todo
aquel que tiene el idioma espaol como lengua materna. En ingls la frase es
Depend on y la oracin sera I dont want to depend on using English (se usa
using ya que despues de preposiciones se usa la forma ING del verbo)
Lista de errores comunes cuando usamos palabras ms preposiciones
En InglesTotal ofrecemos siempre listas de errores comunes ya que intentamos hacer
que el alumno se de cuenta que muchas veces las traducciones nos llevan a cometer
errores. En esta oportunidad les entregamos la parte 1 de errores comunes cuando
usamos una palabra seguida por una preposicin. En los ejemplos la mayora de
casos son verbos ms preposiciones (phrasal verbs) pero tamben hay ejemplos de
adjetivos y sustantivos seguidos por preposiciones. Les invito a que repasen la lista
para que puedan aprender estas frases que les van a servir para comunicarse y para
que vean si muchas veces han cometido errores usando estas palabras mas
preposiciones en ingls.
1) Absorbed in, y no Abosrbed at : Estar absorbido en algo (muy intesado)
- My cousing was absorbed in her work and neglected her children.
2) Accuse of, y no Accused from/for: Acusar de o por algo
- The policeman accused the man of robbing the old woman .
3) Afraid of, y no Afraid from : estar asustado de algo
- I am afraid of big dogs.
- Harry is afraid of speaking in public. (recuerden que si usan un verbo despues de
una preposicin, se usa la forma -ing)

4) Anxious about, y no Anxious for : estar ansioso de algo

- He is very anxious about his test results.

5) Ashamed of, y no Ashamed from : estar avergonzado de algo
- Bill was ashamed of his sons behaviour.
6) Believe in, y no Believe to : Creer en algo
- Do you believe in God?
- I never believe in men.
7) Travel by (train), y no Travel in (train) : viajar en algun medio de transporte /
siempre utilizar by.
- When I go to study, I always travel (go) by bus.
8) Complain about, y no Complain of/from: quejarse de algo
- My sister complained about the poor quality of rooms at the hotel we stayed in.
9) Composed of, y no Composed from: compuesto de
- The class is composed of 45 students.
10) Congratulate on, y no Congratulate for: felicitar por algo
- Jim was congratulated on obtaining his masters degree at Oxford University.
11) Consist of,y no Consist from: consistir de algo
- The student book consists of 9 units..

12) Covered with, y no Covered by/for: cubierto por

- Maria woke up in the morning and the ground was covered with snow.
13) Cure of, y no Cure from: curado de algo
Dont say: The man was cured from his illness.
14) Depend on / upon, y no Depend of/from: depender de
Dont say: It depends from her.
15) Deprive of, y no Deprive of/from: privar de algo/alguien
- Jim was deprived of travelling abroad.
16) Die of an illness, y no Die from an illness: morir de una enfermedad.
- The whole twon was sad becuase the mayor had died of an illness.
17) Different from, y no Different than: diferente a
- My backback is a bit different from yours..
18) Exception to, y no Exception of: excepcin a
- That grammar example is an exception to the rule
19) Exchange for, y no Exchange by: intercambiar algo por
- He exchanged his collection of toy cars for a skateboard.
20) Get rid of, y no Get rid from/of: deshacerse de
- That old sofa looks horrible. I want to get rid of it as soon as I can.

Lista de PHRASAL VERBS mas COMUNES en

INGLES para CONVERSACION

Qu son los Phrasal Verbs?

Hoy tenemos una lista de 40 frases verbales o Phrasal Verbs pero primero hay que
entender que son los phrasal Verbs. Los phrasal verbs consisten de un verbo simple
combinada con una palabra corta llamada partcula. Juntos forman un significado que
puede o no tener relacin con el verbo usado. Por ejemplo, el phrasal verb run out of
significa quedarse sin algo. En una oracin We ran out of milk significa Nos
quedamos sin leche. El significado del phrasal verb no tiene nada que ver con el
significado del verbo solo run que significa correr.

Por qu Phrasal Verbs son importantes?

Porque sencillamente el ingls est literalmente repleto de frases verbales. Ademas,
son muy utilizados en conversaciones. Muchos alumnos me dices que no quieren
aprenderlos y que solo utilizarn verbos pasicos. El problema es que las personas no
habln pensando en las palabras que usted conoce. Los phrasal verbs son usados de
forma frecuente y en cualquier tipo de contexto.
Muchos alumnos me preguntan como hacer para hablar mas fluido. Esta es una forma.
Los nativos hablan naturalmente sin pensar que un verbo es compuesto o no. Es por
ello que ustedes deben de aprender todo tipo de vocabulario siempre acordandonos
de aprender el vocabulario efectivo y comn como mencionamos anteriormente. De
all el vocabulario se va expandiendo poco a poco y nunca dejaremos de aprender
mas y mas vocabulario.

Lista de PHRASAL VERBS COMUNES para

mejorar en CONVERSACION
No tienen que memorizarlos. Hagan un plan de estudio y si aprenden 3 al da eso
es fantstico. Para poder recordarlos y usarlos es importante la REPETICION.
IMPORTANTE: recuerden que son VERBOS y por tanto pueden ser usados en
DIVERSOS TIEMPOS GRAMATICALES y tienen DIVERSAS CONJUGACIONES
- Bring up mencionar algo. Dont bring up the problem we had last year.
- Carry on go on que significa continuar. We have to carry on with our work.
- Chase up encontrar. Ill chase up Carlos because I need his help with homework.
- Come across encontrarse con alguien de manera inesperada. I went to the mall
and I came across Claudio. I hadnt seen him for ages.
- Come up with cuando quieres expresar que alguien ha propuesto una buena idea
o plan. Brenda came up with a great solution.
- Fall apart desmoronarse, romperse The expensive toy we bought our son keeps

falling apart.
- Get along tener una buena relacin con alguien. I dont get along with Howard. We
always argue.
- Get away with evitar ser castigado por hacer algo o por romper reglas. He is not
going to prison? I cant believe he got away with that
- Get back to cuando no puedes dar una respuesta inmediata asi que usas este
verbo para decirle que despues le respondes.So what did you tell John about the
problem?Ill get back to him later.
- Get over Suparar I know it was hard to leave your country but you will get over it.
- Get through conectar a la persona con quien quieras hablar por telefono. Sorry,
but I couldnt get through to her, Ill try in ten minutes
again!
- Give up rendirse, abandonar I gave up smoking because it was killing me.
- Go on! lo mismo que carry on
- Hold on! esperar. Comun en ingls hablado. Hold on Es como WAIT FOR ME.
Esperenme
- Look after cuidar. I have to travel next week. Can you look after mu dog?
- Look into investigar. Ill look into it right away and come back to you assoon as
possible!
- Look up encontrar algo como en una agenda, en Internet o en algun catalogo.
Can you look up their address on the Net?
- Make out Reconocer o distinguir detalles I just couldnt make out what she was
saying!
- Point out sealar o hacer notar Braulio pointed out that their department hadnt
done early shifts for a good while
- Pull over detenerse (tambin usado cuando estas en el carro y detienes el carro
llevandolo a un lado de la carretera) Can you pull over?. I think we hit a dog
- Put down escribir, anotar Hold on, Ill put it down, let me just find a piece of paper!
- Put forward proponer una idea. Can I put forward something?
- Put off posponer o dejar para mas tarde I dont want to clean my house today,Ill
put it off till tomorrow
- Put through transferir una llamada Can you put me through to the sales
department, please?
- Run out of agotarse, acabarse We just ran out of milk, can you buy some more,
please?
- Run off imprimir copias de un de algo como un documento Can you run off a few
more survey sheets, please?
- Set up fundar, establecer, instalar Ive always dreamt of setting up my own
business!
- Show off presumir Michael always likes showing off in front of girls, thats the way
he is!
- Show up aparecer (como cuando llegas a una reunion y llegas tarde)Well, well,

look who decided to show up! or He showed up late, and the game had already
started without him.
- Sort out resolver un problema Bill, please do something about the problem. OK,
Ok Ill sort it out
- Stand for representar What does AWOL stand for? What does J.K. stand for in
J.K. Rowlings name?
- Stand up for defender tus derechos. Ill definitely stand up for my rights to take
summer holidays this year as I havent had them for four years!
- Stay on quedarse en algo o en algun lugar mas de lo esperado. Are you staying
on today as well?
- Stick together estar juntos (cuando 2 o mas personas paran juntos) We should
stick together, you know, itll be much easier as everyone else seems to be on their
own!
- Take over asumir. When the president retires, Mr. Tanaka will take over.
- Talk down to hablar con menosprecio haciendo a la otra persona que es es
inferior. He is his boss but he should talk down to Juan.
- Turn down rechazar Ill never forget how she turned downmy invitation!
- Turn up significa llegar o aparecer. Has Michael turned up today. I havent seen
him?
- Turn out cuando algo sale diferente a lo que esperado It turned out that I actually
knew that guy from my
- Watch out! tener cuidado. Watch out! The floor is slipery. You might fall

Phrasal Verbs comunes en ingls que debes

saber
Phrasal verbs comunes en ingls que
deberan saber
1) CHECK IN
a) mostrar su boleto en el aeropuerto para poder registrarse y subir sus maletas al
avin.
Examples of use:
- I have to check in at 9 oclock.
- As soon as you get to the airport dont forget to check in
b) check in(or check into something) tamben se usa cuando llegamos a un hotel y
pedimos nuestra llave mostrando nuestros documentos para que registre nuestra
entrada.

Examples of use:
- Elena has already checked in the hotel. We is in room 213.
- Please check in and then we can go to have dinner.
- Wheres Juan? Hes checking in and collecting his room keys.
2) CHEER UP
alegrarse, empezar a sentirse feliz o hacer que otro empieze a ponerse de mejor

humor.
Examples of use:
- Terry looks sad. We have to cheer him up.
- Cheer up man. Life goes on.
3) GIVE UP
a) Parar de hacer algo que usualmente te hace mal. (por ejemplo alcohol, el cigarillo,
comer comida chatarra) o parar de hacer algo que te esta resultando muy dificil de
seguir.
Examples of use:
- Nancy had to give up smoking two years ago.
- I am on a diet so I am going to give up eating pasta.
- I gave up learning Chinese because it was to difficult.
b) rendirse
Examples of use:
- They gave up because the enemy had invaded their base.
- I do not remember the answer to the question. I give up.
4) LOOK AFTER
Cuidar de alguien para mantenerlo saludable y en buena condicin. Take care of tiene
un mismo significado.

Examples of use:
- Gabriela looks after his grandfather very well.
- I have to go to the mall. Can you look after my son for a while?
5) LOOK UP (SOMEBODY)
Localizar o ubicar a alguien que no has visto por mucho tiempo.
Examples of use:
- If you ever come to Peru dont forget to look me up.
- Last year I went to Chile and I looked up an old friend.
6) LOOK UP (SOMETHING)
intentar encontrar informacion en libros, diccionarios, enciclopedias, tesauros, archivos
fsicos o usando la computadora
Examples of use:
- I am looking up information for my presentation
- I do not understand the meaning of that word. I will look it up.
7) MAKE (SOMETHING) UP
Inventar una historia o escusa.
Examples of use:
- Juan had to make up an excuse for not turning in his homework to the teacher so he
made up a story.
- I cannot believe it. The newspaper reporter made up the information about the
accident.
8) PUT OFF
Posponer algo o a alguien. Decidir a hacer algo despues.
Examples of use:
- We were going to meet with the manager but we had put it off
- Can we put off the meeting, please? I am quite busy today.
9) TAKE UP
Empezar a hacer una actividad, trabajo o hobby etc.
Examples of use:
- My father has taken up playing golf
- Ive recently taken up photography.
- He took up car collecting when he was a boy.

10) TURN UP
a)Usar un dispositivo electrinico para aumentar la fuerza de algo (Ejemplo, volumen,
energia)
Examples of use:
- Can you turn the television up, please? I cant hear the news
- It is very cold. We need to turn up the heat.
b) Cuando alguien o algo aparece de pronto en un lugar.
Examples of use:
- We have to leave. Has John turned up yet?
- It is raining. I hope the taxi turns up soon.

Lista de Question Words en ingls

Question words
Interrogativos
who

Meaning / Significado

Examples / ejemplos

person / persona

Whos that? Thats Raul.

place / lugar

Where do you live? In Bogota

why

reason / razon

Why do you sleep early?

Because I have to to get up
early

when

time / tiempo

When do you go to class? On

Tuesday and Thursdays

how

manner / manera

How do you go? By bus but if I

am late a take a cab.

what

object, idea or action / objecto

What do you do? I am a teacher
, idea, o accin

which

choice / eleccin

where

Which one do you prefer? The

red one please.

whose

possession / posesin

Whose is this book? It is Ericks

whom

object of the verb / objecto del Whom did you meet? I met the
verbo
manager of the company.

what kind

description / descripcin

What kind of music do you like?

I like rock and salsa.

what time

time / tiempo (hora)

What time are you going to go

to the dentist?

how many

quantity (countable) / cantidad How many students were there

(contable)
in the party?

how much

amount, price (uncountable) / How much money did you spend

monto, precio (no contable)
at the mall? Ten minutes

how long

duration, length / duracin

How long did you stay in that

hotel? For about a month.

how often

frequency / frecuencia

How often do you go to the

cinema? Twice a month.

how far

distance / distancia

How far is your house? Its one

kilometer far.

how old

age / edad

How old are you? Im 34.

reason / razon

How come I didnt see at the

party?

how come

Vocabulario Acadmico en INGLES - Lista

de 352 palabras
Un estudio a fondo de diversos libros de texto, tareas, normas de contenido temtico,
y exmenes se obtiene la siguiente lista de palabras.

ENGLISH

ESPAOL

1. abbreviate

1. abreviar

2. abstract

2. abstracto

3. according

3. conforme

4. acronym

4. siglas

5. address

5. direccin

6. affect

6. afectar

7. alter

7. alterar

8. always

8. siempre

9. analogy

9. analoga

10. analysis

10. anlisis

11. analyze

11. analizar

12. annotate

12. anotar

13. anticipate

13. anticiparse

14. application

14. aplicacin

15. apply

15. aplicar

16. approach

16. enfoque

17. appropriate

17. apropiado

18. approximate

18. aproximado

19. argue

19. argumentar

20. argument

20. argumento

21. arrange

21. organizar

22. articulate

22. articular

23. aspects

23. aspectos

24. assemble

24. montar

25. assert

25. afirmar

26. assess

26. evaluar

27. associate

27. asociar

28. assume

28. asumir

29. assumption

29. asuncin

30. audience

30. audiencia

31. authentic

31. autntico

32. background

32. fondo

33. body

33. cuerpo

34. brainstorm

34. idea genial

35. brief

35. breve

36. calculate

36. calcular

37. caption

37. ttulo

38. category

38. categora

39. cause

39. causar

40. character

40. carcter

41. characteristic

41. caracterstica

42. characterize

42. caracterizar

43. chart

43. trazar

44. chronology

44. cronologa

45. citation

45. citacin

46. cite

46. citar

47. claim

47. reclamar

48. clarify

48. aclarar

49. class

49. clase

50. clue

50. pista

51. code

51. cdigo

52. coherent

52. coherente

53. common

53. comn

54. compare

54. comparar

55. compile

55. compilar

56. complement

56. complementar

57. complete

57. completar

58. compose

58. componer

59. composition

59. composicin

60. conceive

60. concebir

61. concise

61. conciso

62. conclude

62. concluir

63. conclusion

63. conclusin

64. concrete

64. hormign

65. conditions

65. condiciones

66. conduct

66. conducir

67. confirm

67. confirmar

68. consequence

68. consecuencia

69. consider

69. considerar

70. consist

70. consistir

71. consistent

71. consistente

72. consistently

72. consecuentemente

73. constant

73. constante

74. constitutes

74. constituye

75. consult

75. consultar

76. contend

76. contender

77. context

77. contexto

78. continuum

78. continuum

79. contradict

79. contradecir

80. control

80. controlar

81. convert

81. convertir

82. convey

82. transmitir

83. copy

83. copiar

84. correlate

84. correlacin

85. correspond

85. corresponder

86. credible

86. creble

87. credit

87. crdito

88. criteria

88. criterios

89. critique

89. crtica

90. crucial

90. crucial

91. cumulative

91. acumulativo

92. debate

92. debate

93. deduce

93. deducir

94. defend

94. defender

95. define

95. definir

96. demand

96. demanda

97. demonstrate

97. demostrar

98. depict

98. representar

99. derive

99. derivar

100. describe

100. describir

101. detail

101. detalle

102. detect

102. detectar

103. determine

103. determinar

104. develop

104. desarrollar

105. devise

105. idear

106. diction

106. diccin

107. differentiate

107. diferenciar

108. dimension

108. dimensin

109. diminish

109. disminuir

110. direct

110. dirigir

111. discipline

111. disciplina

112. discover

112. descubrir

113. discriminate

113. discriminar

114. discuss

114. discutir

115. distinguish

115. distinguir

116. domain

116. dominio

117. draft

117. borrador

118. draw

118. dibujar

119. edit

119. editar

120. effect

120. efecto

121. elements

121. elementos

122. emphasize

122. enfatizar

123. employ

123. emplear

124. equal

124. igual

125. equivalent

125. equivalente

126. essay

126. ensayo

127. essential

127. esencial

128. establish

128. establecer

129. estimate

129. estimar

130. evaluate

130. evaluar

131. event

131. evento

132. evidence

132. evidencia

133. exaggerate

133. exagerar

134. examine

134. examinar

135. example

135. ejemplo

136. excerpt

136. extracto

137. exclude

137. excluir

138. exercise

138. ejercer

139. exhibit

139. exhibir

140. explain

140. explicar

141. explore

141. explorar

142. expository

142. expositivo

143. extract

143. extraer

144. fact

144. hecho

145. factor

145. factor

146. feature

146. caracterstica

147. figurative

147. figurativo

148. figure

148. calcular

149. focus

149. enfocar

150. footer

150. pie de pgina

151. foreshadow

151. prefigurar

152. form

152. formulario

153. format

153. formato

154. former

154. ex

155. formulate

155. formular

156. fragment

156. fragmento

157. frame

157. marco

158. frequently

158. frecuentemente

159. general

159. general

160. genre

160. gnero

161. graph

161. grfico

162. graphic

162. grfico

163. header

163. encabezamiento

164. heading

164. ttulo

165. highlight

165. destacar

166. hypothesize

166. hipotetizar

167. identify

167. identificar

168. illustrate

168. ilustrar

169. imitate

169. imitar

170. imply

170. implicar

171. inclined

171. inclinado

172. include

172. incluir

173. incorporate

173. incorporar

174. indicate

174. indicar

175. indirect

175. indirecto

176. infer

176. inferir

177. influence

177. influir

178. inform

178. informar

179. inquire

179. preguntar

180. instructions

180. instrucciones

181. integrate

181. integrar

182. intent

182. intencin

183. intention

183. intencin

184. interact

184. obrar recprocamente

185. intermittent

185. intermitente

186. interpret

186. interpretar

187. introduce

187. introducir

188. introduction

188. introduccin

189. invariably

189. invariablemente

190. investigate

190. investigar

191. involve

191. involucrar

192. irony

192. irona

193. irrelevant

193. irrelevante

194. isolate

194. aislar

195. italics

195. cursiva

196. judge

196. juez

197. key

197. clave

198. label

198. etiqueta

199. likely

199. probable

200. list

200. lista

201. literal

201. literal

202. locate

202. localizar

203. logical

203. lgico

204. main

204. principal

205. margin

205. margen

206. mean

206. significar

207. measure

207. medir

208. metaphor

208. metfora

209. method

209. mtodo

210. model

210. modelo

211. modify

211. modificar

212. monitor

212. controlar

213. motivation

213. motivacin

214. narrative

214. narrativa

215. narrator

215. narrador

216. never

216. nunca

217. notation

217. notacin

218. note

218. nota

219. notice

219. nota

220. objective

220. objetivo

221. observe

221. observar

222. occur

222. ocurrir

223. opinion

223. opinin

224. oppose

224. oponerse a

225. optional

225. opcional

226. order

226. orden

227. organize

227. organizar

228. origins

228. orgenes

229. outline

229. perfilar

230. pace

230. paso

231. paraphrase

231. parafrasear

232. participation

232. participacin

233. passage

233. pasaje

234. pattern

234. patrn

235. perform

235. realizar

236. perspective

236. perspectiva

237. persuade

237. persuadir

238. place

238. lugar

239. plagiarism

239. plagio

240. plan

240. plan

241. plausible

241. plausible

242. plot

242. parcela

243. point

243. punto

244. point of view

244. punto de vista

245. portray

245. retratar

246. possible

246. posible

247. preclude

247. excluir

248. predict

248. predecir

249. prefix

249. prefijo

250. prepare

250. preparar

251. presume

251. presumir

252. preview

252. avance

253. previous

253. anterior

254. primary

254. primario

255. prior

255. anterior

256. probably

256. probablemente

257. procedure

257. procedimiento

258. process

258. proceso

259. produce

259. producir

260. profile

260. perfil

261. project

261. proyecto

262. prompt

262. pronto

263. proofread

263. corregir

264. property

264. propiedad

265. propose

265. proponer

266. prose

266. prosa

267. prove

267. demostrar

268. purpose

268. propsito

269. quotation

269. cita

270. quote

270. citar

271. rank

271. clasificar

272. rare

272. raro

273. rarely

273. rara vez

274. reaction

274. reaccin

275. recall

275. recordar

276. reduce

276. reducir

277. refer

277. remitir

278. reflect

278. reflejar

279. regular

279. regular

280. relate

280. relacionar

281. relationship

281. relacin

282. relevant

282. pertinente

283. rephrase

283. reformular

284. report

284. reportar

285. represent

285. representar

286. representative

286. representante

287. request

287. solicitar

288. require

288. exigir

289. requisite

289. requisito

290. respond

290. responder

291. responsible

291. responsable

292. restate

292. reafirmar

293. results

293. resultados

294. reveal

294. revelar

295. review

295. revisar

296. revise

296. revisar

297. root

297. raz

298. rule

298. gobernar

299. scan

299. escanear

300. score

300. puntuacin

301. sequence

301. secuencia

302. series

302. serie

303. set

303. establecer

304. setting

304. ajuste

305. show

305. mostrar

306. signal

306. seal

307. significance

307. significado

308. simile

308. smil

309. skim

309. desnatar

310. solve

310. resolver

311. source

311. fuente

312. spatial

312. espacial

313. specific

313. especfico

314. speculate

314. especular

315. stance

315. postura

316. standard

316. estndar

317. state

317. estado

318. statement

318. declaracin

319. strategy

319. estrategia

320. structure

320. estructura

321. study

321. estudiar

322. style

322. estilo

323. subject

323. sujeto

324. subjective

324. subjetivo

325. subsequent

325. posterior

326. substitute

326. sustituir

327. succinct

327. sucinto

328. suggest

328. sugerir

329. sum

329. suma

330. summarize

330. resumir

331. summary

331. resumen

332. support

332. apoyar

333. survey

333. estudio

334. symbolize

334. simbolizar

335. synonym

335. sinnimo

336. synthesize

336. sintetizar

337. table

337. mesa

338. technique

338. tcnica

339. term

339. plazo

340. test

340. prueba

341. theme

341. tema

342. thesis

342. tesis

343. timeline

343. lnea de tiempo

344. tone

344. tono

345. topic

345. tema

346. trace

346. rastrear

347. trait

347. rasgo

348. transition

348. transicin

349. translate

349. traducir

350. typically

350. tpicamente

351. unique

351. nico

352. utilize

352. utilizar