CREATION:INTRICACIES

C
O
C C S
OF TIME AND SPACE
OFTIMEANDSPACE
Dr.SureshBhalla
AssociateProfessor
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology
Delhi Hauz Khas,NewDelhi110016(India)
Delhi,Hauz
Khas New Delhi 110016 (India)
Email :sbhalla@civil.iitd.ac.in
W b htt // b iitd i /~ bh ll
Web:http://web.iitd.ac.in/~sbhalla

CONTENTS
StatusofVedicScripturesineyesofgeneral
Status
of Vedic Scriptures in eyes of general
population

DivisionofTimeasPerVedicScience
StructureofSolarSystemasPerVedicScience
SynergyBetweenVedicandModernMaterial
Sciences

VIEWSOF19TH CENTURY
EUROPEAN SCHOLARS
EUROPEANSCHOLARS
MostearlyIndologists simplyinterpretedVedastobemeremythology.

VedasareworsethansavageandIndiamustbe
conqueredagainbyeducation.Itsreligionisdoomed

HemisinterpretedVedictextstomakethe
Vedas look primitive.
Vedaslookprimitive.
HewasalsotheprincipalarchitectoftheAryanInvasionTheory.
Accordingtothistheory,foreignAryansconqueredthenative
Indiansbetween1200BCand1500BConaccountoftheirsuperior
iron weapons and horses Rig Veda composed in 1200 BC
ironweaponsandhorses.RigVedacomposedin1200BC
ThisimpliedthattheIndianculturecamefromforeignsoil.

VIEWSOF19TH CENTURY
EUROPEAN SCHOLARS
EUROPEANSCHOLARS
Britishpoet,historianandpolitician.Hewroteextensivelyasanessayistand
reviewer,andonBritishhistory.HealsoheldpoliticalofficeasSecretaryatWar
i
d B i i h hi
H l h ld li i l ffi
S
W
between1839and1841andPaymasterGeneral.

He was the architect of the school education

system still prevalent in India.
ThomasB.Macaulay
h
l
25October1800 28December1859)

http://firstreligion.wordpress.com/tag/alfred
http://firstreligion
wordpress com/tag/alfred
northwhitehead/

He stated:WeshouldcreatearacethatisIndianinbloodand
colour butEnglishintaste,opinions,moralsandintellect
Theoveralleffectofthesystematicculturalwarfarewasthat
The
overall effect of the systematic cultural warfare was that
Indiansstartedbecomingashamedoftheirownvastcultural
heritage.

ALTERNATEVIEWS
Schopenhauerwas Germanphilosopher,knownforhispessimism
andphilosophicalclarity

SanskritunderstandingoftheseIndologists
Sanskrit
understanding of these Indologists islike
is like
thatofyoungschoolboys.
ArthurSchopenhauer
(22 February 1788 21September1860)
(22February1788
21 September 1860)

IencounterintheVedasdeeporiginalloftythoughtssuffused
withhighandholyseriousness.

Britishmathematician,logicianandphilosopher

Vedantaisthemostimpressivemetaphysics
thehumanmindhasconceived.
AlfredNorthWhitehead
(15February1861 30December1947)

ARGUMENTSAGAINST
ARYAN INVASION THEORY
ARYANINVASIONTHEORY
ThereisnomentionofanyforeignAryanhomelandinanyVedicliterature.
AlltheVedicliteraturerepeatedlycitetheexistingmountains,placesand
riversofIndiaonly.
VedicliteraturerepeatedlyciteSaraswati River(morethan50timesinRig
veda alone).Saraswati
alone). Saraswati riverdriedupin1900BC.ThisclearlyimpliesVedas
river dried up in 1900BC. This clearly implies Vedas
werecompiledmuchearlierthan1200BCasputforwardbytheproponents
oftheAryanInvasiontheory.
Vedicliteraturethemselvesdeclarethedateofcomposingtobearound
Vedic
literature themselves declare the date of composing to be around
3000BC.ThecompositionofSrimad Bhagwatam,forexample,was
completedon18February3102BCaccordingtoitsownstatement.
Ononehand,thereisvastliteraturecomprisingofVedas,Upnishads,
Puranas andItihas.Ontheotherhand,about2500archeologicalsiteshave
beendiscoveredwithapparentlynodocumentationassociatedwiththem.
ThisleadstoFollysparadox.Theliteratureandtheartifactsbelongtoone
andthesamecivilization.

ARGUMENTSAGAINST
ARYAN INVASION THEORY
ARYANINVASIONTHEORY
TheVedicliteraturerepeatedlycitethemagnificentcities(Harrapa
civilizations) situated on the banks of mighty Saraswati river.Two
civilizations)situatedonthebanksofmightySaraswati
river. Twothirds
thirdsof
of
thesitesdiscoveredlieonthebanksoftheSaraswati river.
Thesealsandtheartifactsdiscoveredinthesecivilizationscarrythemarks
ofSwastikaandOm.Sivalingas
f
ik
d
i li
arealsofound.
l f
d
Duetotectonicmovements,Saraswati riverdriedupin1900BC(afteritlost
its major tributaries) Thecitiesbecamedesertedonlyafterthatdueto
itsmajortributaries).
The cities became deserted only after that due to
massmigrationofthedwellerstoalternatelocations.
Noevidenceofanyforeigninvasion.Populationmigrationon
No
evidence of any foreign invasion Population migration on
accountoffloodinganddroughtswasverycommon.
CulturalcontinuityalsopointtothefactthattheHarrapan
Cultural
continuity also point to the fact that the Harrapan settlements
settlements
wereindeedAryancivilizations.

VEDICLITERATURE
TheVedasweredenouncedbyearlyIndologists duetotheirdisagreement
withEurocentriccolonialworldview(Vishnu,2011).
AllthestatementsoftheVedicLiteratureareverymuchfactualandnot
meremythologicalorsentimentalstatements.Manyofthedetailsare
highlymathematicalandtechnicalinnature.

IndiawasChinasteacherintrigonometry,
quadraticequations,grammar,phonetics
q
q
,g
,p
LinYutang

Everythinghascomedowntous
from the banks of the Ganges.
fromthebanksoftheGanges.
FrancoisVoltaire

VEDICCONTRIBUTIONS
DECIMALSYSTEM
ZERO
INFINITY
BINARYNUMBERSYSTEM
PythagorastheoremcanbefoundinSulbha Sutra(8th centuryBC).

Pythagoraswentto
th G
theGangestolearn
t l
geometry
Francois Voltaire
FrancoisVoltaire
However,thematerialscienceissecondaryintheVedicliterature
However
the material science is secondary in the Vedic literature
whichfocusmoreontheSpiritualscience,muchbeyondtherealm
ofthemodernmaterialscientificknowledge.

CONTENTS
StatusofVedicScripturesineyesofgeneral
Status
of Vedic Scriptures in eyes of general
population

DivisionofTimeasPerVedicScience
StructureofSolarSystemasPerVedicScience
SynergyBetweenVedicandModernMaterial
Sciences

DEFINITIONOFTIMEUNITBASED
ON ATOMIC COMBINATION
ONATOMICCOMBINATION
BasedonCanto3,Chapter11ofSrimad Bhagwatam
DefinitionofATOM:
Text1
Thematerialmanifestation'sultimateparticle,whichisindivisibleandnotformedinto
abody,iscalledtheatom.Itexistsalwaysasaninvisibleidentity,evenafterthe
dissolutionofallforms.
Thematerialbodyisbutacombinationofsuchatoms,butitismisunderstoodbythe
commonman.

Text3
Onecanestimatetimebymeasuringthemovementoftheatomiccombinationof
bodies Time is the potency of the almighty Personality of Godhead who controls all
bodies.TimeisthepotencyofthealmightyPersonalityofGodhead,whocontrolsall
physicalmovementalthoughHeisnotvisibleinthephysicalworld.

DEFINITIONOFTIMEUNIT
Timeandspacearetwocorrelativeterms.Timeismeasuredintermsofitscoveringa
certainspaceofatoms.Standardtimeiscalculatedintermsofthemovementofthesun.
Thetimecoveredbythesuninpassingoveranatomiscalculatedasatomictime,as
definedinnextshalokas .
TText5
5
Twoatomsmakeonedoubleatom,andthreedoubleatomsmakeonehexatom.
Text6
Text
6
Thetimedurationneededfortheintegrationofthreehexatoms iscalledatruti

Hence,truti isthesmallestunitoftimeaccordingtoSrimad Bhagwatam.

FUNDAMENTALTIMEUNIT
TRUTI
Timeandspacearetwocorrelativeterms.Timeismeasuredintermsofitscoveringa
certainspaceofatoms.Standardtimeiscalculatedintermsofthemovementofthesun.
Thetimecoveredbythesuninpassingoveranatomiscalculatedasatomictime,as
definedinnextshalokas .
Text5
T
Twoatomsmakeonedoubleatom,andthreedoubleatomsmakeonehexatom.
k
d bl
d h
d bl
k
h
Text6
The time duration needed for the integration of three hexatoms iscalledatruti
Thetimedurationneededfortheintegrationofthreehexatoms
is called a truti

Hence,truti isthesmallestunitoftimeaccordingtoSrimad Bhagwatam.

BIGGERTIMEUNITS
(TEXTS6TO8)

1Vedha =100Trutis
1Lava=3Vedhas
1Nimesha =3Lavas
1Kshana =3Nimeshas
1Kastha =5Kshanas
1Laghu
h =15Kastha
h =2minutes

BIGGERTIMEUNITS
(TEXTS 6 TO 8)
(TEXTS6TO8)

1Danda =1nadika =15Laghus

g
(=30minutes)
1Muhurta =2Dandas
(= 1 hour)
(=1hour)

3 or 4 Dandas =Aquarterofday/night
3or4Dandas
A quarter of day/ night

EXACTMEASUREMENTOFDANDA
(TEXTS 9)
(TEXTS9)
Themeasuringpotforonenadika,ordanda,
The
measuring pot for one nadika or danda
canbepreparedwithasix pala weight
[14 ounce=397 grams] pot of copper in which a
[14ounce=397grams]potofcopper,inwhicha
holeisboredwithagoldprobeweighingfour
masa andmeasuringfourfingerslong.
and measuring four fingers long
Whenthepotisplacedonwater,thetime
When
the pot is placed on water the time
beforethewateroverflowsinthepotiscalled
one danda
onedanda.

BIGGERTIMEUNITS
(TEXTS 10 TO 12)
(TEXTS10TO12)

1DAY(24HOURS)=8PRAHAR(YAMA)
=>PRAHAR(YAMA)=3HOURS
1 PAKSHA (FORTNIGHT) 15 DAYS
1PAKSHA(FORTNIGHT)=15DAYS
1MONTH=2FORTNIGHTS
SIXMONTHSCOMPRISEONECOMPLETE
MOVEMENT OF SUN FROM SOUTH TO NORTH
MOVEMENTOFSUNFROMSOUTHTONORTH
TWOSOLARMOVEMENTSCOMPRISEONE
CALENDERHUMANYEAR

SUPERHUMANTIMEUNITS
(TEXTS 10 TO 12)
(TEXTS10TO12)

1DAYOFPITAPLANETS=1HUMANMONTH
TWOSOLARMOVEMENTSMAKEONEDAYOF
THEDEMIGODS(ONECALENDERHUMANYEAR)
TEXT13
Influentialstars,planets,luminariesandatomsallovertheuniverse
Influential
stars planets luminaries and atoms all over the universe
arerotatingintheirrespectiveorbitsunderthedirectionofthe
Supreme,representedbyeternalKalaChakra.

CALCULATIONSOFYUGAS
(TEXTS 19 TO 22)
(TEXTS19TO22)

1YEAROFDEMIGODS=360HUMANYEARS
SATYAYUGA=4800DEMIGODYEARS
TRETAYUGA=3600DEMIGODYEARS
DWAPARAYUGA=2400DEMIGODYEARS
KALIYUGA=1200DEMIGODYEARS
1DAY/NIGHTOFLORDBRAHMA=1000XFOURYUGAS
=12X106DEMIGODYEARS
WhenBrahmagoestosleepinhisnighttime,thethreeplanetarysystemsbelow
Brahmaloka areallsubmergedinthewaterofdevastation.

CALCULATIONSOFYUGAS
(TEXTS 22 TO 25)
(TEXTS22TO25)
WhenBrahmagoestosleepinhisnighttime,thethreeplanetarysystemsbelow
g
p
g
,
p
y y
Brahmaloka areallsubmergedinthewaterofdevastation.
AftertheendofBrahma
After
the end of Brahma'ssnight,thecreationofthethreeworlds
night the creation of the three worlds
beginsagaininthedaytimeofBrahma,andtheycontinuetoexistthrough
thelifedurationsoffourteenconsecutiveManus,orfathersofmankind.
EachandeveryManuenjoysalifeofalittlemorethanseventyone
setsoffourmillenniums.ThedurationoflifeofoneManuisabout852,000years
inthecalculationofthedemigods,or,inthecalculationofhumanbeings,
306,720,000 years. Demigods like Indra andtheirfollowers,suchasthe
306,720,000years.DemigodslikeIndra
and their followers, such as the
Gandharvas,allappearsimultaneouslywithManu.
TherearefourteenManusinonedayofBrahma,andeachofthemhas
diff
differentdescendants.
d
d

RELATIVITYINVEDIC
SCRIPTURES
0NEKalpa
p

AdayofSatyaloka
y
y
((LordBrahmsas p
planet)
)

1000cyclesofthefourYugas

Satya Yuga
+Treta Yuga
+Dwapra Yuga
+ Kali Yuga
+KaliYuga

((1,728,000years))
(1,296,000years)
(864,000years)
(432 000 years)
(432,000years)

X1000

4.3x109 years.

SameisthedurationofthenightintheSatyaloka.
DuringonedayofLordBrahma,itisstatedthatatotalof14
Manusappearanddisappearontheearth

RELATIVITYINVEDIC
SCRIPTURES
ThetotallifeofLordBrahma isstatedtobeequalto
hundredyearsformedbysuchdaysandnights
together....
together

Bysimplecalculations,thisworksouttobeequal
t 311 40 109 years.
to311.40x10

RELATIVITYINVEDIC
SCRIPTURES
Bhagwat Gita (Chapter8,Text17)

By
Byhumancalculation,athousandagestaken
human calculation, a thousand ages taken
togetherformthedurationofBrahmasone
day. And such also is the duration of his
day.Andsuchalsoisthedurationofhis
night.

VISITOFREVATI(WIFEOFLORD
BALRAMA)AND HER FATHER TO SATYALOKA
BALRAMA)ANDHERFATHERTOSATYALOKA
SRIMADBHAGWATAMCanto9

Kakudumi,Revati
Kakudumi
Revatiss father,oncevisitedtheSatyaloka
father once visited the Satyaloka
alongwithhisdaughtertomeetLordBrahma.
Atthattime,LordBrahma wasengagedinwatchinga
performance.Hence,Kakudumi andRevati hadto
waitforfewminutes.
Later,whenLordBrahma
Later
when Lord Brahma becamefree,heinformed
became free he informed
Kakudumi andRevati thatduringthistimein
Satyaloka, 27 cycles of the four Yugas have elapsed on
Satyaloka,27cyclesofthefourYugashaveelapsedon
earth.

SIGNIFICANCEOFLORDBRAHMASDAY/NIGHT
Text8.188.19ofBhagwat Gita state:
AtthebeginningofLordBrahmasday,allliving
entitiesbecomemanifestfromtheunmanifested
state.
.andthereafter,whenthenightfalls,theyare
d th
ft
h th i ht f ll th
mergedintotheunmanifest again..
Againandagain,whenBrahmasdayarrives,all
livingentitiescomeintobeing,andwiththearrival
ofBrahmasnight,theyarehelplesslyannihilated.

CREATIONANDANNIHILATION
TheannihilationaftereachdayofLordBrahma is
partial
partialannihilation
annihilation..
Finally,aftercompletionofLordBrahmas life(100
yearsofSatyaloka),thelivingentitiesenterintothe
bodyofLordVishnuasMaha TattvatillLord
B h
Brahmaisbornagaininthenewmillennium.This
i b
i i th
ill
i
Thi
annihilationisreferredtoasthetotalannihilation.

CREATIONANDANNIHILATION
Srimad Bhagwatam (Canto1,Chapter3):
Duringanewcreation,theMaha Tattva isletloose.
Duringthisphase,theSupremeLordappearsas
D
ring this phase the S preme Lord appears as
Karanodakshayi Vishnu andbreathesoutinnumerable
universes..
..whichgooutduringtheexhale,stayforsometime,andgo
into the body of the Lord during the inhale.
intothebodyoftheLordduringtheinhale.

CREATIONANDANNIHILATION
ThisistheVedic explanationofthefactthatouruniverseis
expanding,asconfirmedbytheobservationsrelatedto
Dopplereffect.
Modernmaterialscientiststrytoexplainthephenomenonof
Modern
material scientists try to explain the phenomenon of
creationintermsofbigbang.However,thecausebehindthis
explosionisyettobereachedbymodernscience.
Likewise,atsomepointoftime,theuniversewillstart
contractingagain,whentheLordwillbegintheprocessof
inhale.

CONTENTS
StatusofVedicScripturesineyesofgeneral
Status
of Vedic Scriptures in eyes of general
population

DivisionofTimeasPerVedicScience
StructureofUniverseasPerVedicScience
SynergyBetweenVedicandModernMaterial
Sciences

CONSTITUTIONOFUNIVERSE
ThestructureofUniverseisveryvividlydescribedin
Ch
Chapters16to22ofSrimad
16 22 f S i d Bhagwatam.
Bh
Bhagwatam modelisGeocentricmodel.
TheUnitofdistanceusedinalldescriptionsisYOJAN

1YOJAN=8MILES=12.8KILOMETERS

DIMENSIONSOFUNIVERSE
BHUVARLOKA

ANTRIKSHA
(SPACE)

250millionYOJANS (Y)

BHULOKA

Radius=250mY=3200m km(=3.2billionkm)

ISLANDSOFBHULOKA

Amajorityofthese
islandsarenotwithin
therealmofoursenses.

SOURCE:http://www.forumohalu.org

Source:Thompson(2007)

Radius=250mY=3200m km

Wikepedia (2011)

Thisboundarycloselymatcheswithour
solarsystemasperthemodern
l
t
th
d
measurements.

STRUCTURESTARTINGFROMBHULOKA
TheislandofJambudweep issituatedat
thecentreoftheBhuloka

32000Y
68000Y
SSource:
http://www.forumohalu.org

16000Y
16000Y

AccordingtoThompson(2007),Jambudweep isaplanosphere,i.e
Stereographicprojectionoftheearthssphere

Later,thesphericalnatureofearthisconfirmedinChapter21
whiledescribingthemovementsofSun
Bharata Varsha (Chapter
(Chapter19,Canto5ofSrimad
19 Canto 5 of Srimad Bhagwatam) is
is
theIndianSubcontinent.

MOVEMENTSOFSUN
(Chapter21ofSrimad Bhagwatam)

Text13
Thechariotofthesungodhasonlyonewheel,whichisknownas
Samvatsara.
Onesideoftheaxlecarryingthewheelrestsuponthesummitof
MountSumeru,andtheotherrestsuponManasottara Mountain.
Affixedtotheouterendoftheaxle,thewheelcontinuously
rotatesonManasottara Mountainlikethewheelofanoil
pressingmachine.

MOVEMENTSOFSUN
(Chapter21ofSrimad Bhagwatam)

Mount
M
t
Sumeru

Circumference=95.1mY
=>Valueof =3

INDIRECTREFERENCETOEARHT
ASSPHERE
Text89
ThelivingentitiesresidingonSumeru Mountainarealwaysverywarm,
asatmidday,becauseforthemthesunisalwaysoverhead.
t idd b
f th
th
i l
h d
Althoughthesunmovescounterclockwise,facingtheconstellations,with
S
Sumeru
M
Mountainonitsleft,italsomovesclockwiseandappearstohavethe
i
i l f i l
l k i
d
h
h
mountainonitsrightbecauseitisinfluencedbythedaksinavarta wind.
Peoplelivingincountriesatpointsdiametricallyoppositetowherethe
sunisfirstseenrisingwillseethesunsetting,andifastraightline
weredrawnfromapointwherethesunisatmidday,thepeoplein
countriesattheoppositeendofthelinewouldbeexperiencingmidnight.
Similarly,ifpeopleresidingwherethesunissettingweretogoto
countriesdiametricallyopposite,theywouldnotseethesuninthesame
condition.

MOVEMENTTHROUGHPLACESOFDEMIGODS
Text10,11

CHANDRMA
Source:Thompson(2007)

MountSumeru

VARUNA

INDRA

23.775 m Y
23.775mY
(15Ghatikas =6hours)
Manasottra
Mountain

YAMARAJA

Speedofsun=3,400,800Y/muhurta =43.53x106 km/h

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

Source:Thompson(2007)

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS
Text4,5

M h
Mesh
Day=Night

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS
Text4,5

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

Thedurationof
The
duration of
dayincreasesby
halfhourevery
month

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS
Text4,5

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

Thedurationof
The
duration of
daydecreases
byhalfhour
everymonth

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS

T l
Tula
Day =Night
Day
Night

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

Thedurationof
The
duration of
nightincreases
byhalfhour
everymonth

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

Thedurationof
The
duration of
nightdecreases
byhalfhour
everymonth

MOVEMENTTHROUGHZODIACS
Text4,5

M h
Mesh
Day=Night

http://www.astrouniverse.com/

http://www.skjainastro.com/Kalachakra.aspx

Source:Thompson(2007)

ORBITSOFPLANETS
VENUS
200000Y
28 NAKSHATRAS
28NAKSHATRAS
200000Y

MOON
100000Y
SUN
100000Y

BHULOKA

ORBITSOFPLANETS
SATURN
200000Y

JUPITER
200000Y

MARS
200000Y
MERCURY
200000Y
VENUS

ORBITSOFPLANETS
ABODEOFLORDVISHNU

1 3 illi Y
1.3millionY
DHRUVALOKA
1300000Y

SAPTARISHI

1 100 000 Y
1100000Y

SATURN

ORBITSOFPLANETS
SUN
10000Y
RAHU
10000Y

SIDDHALOKA,CHARANALOKA,
VIDYADHARALOKA
YAKSHAS,RAKSHAS,
PISACAS,GHOSTS
100 Y
100Y

BHULOKA

SUBTERRANEANHEAVENS
BHULOKA
ATALA
VITALA

SUTALA
TALATALA
MAHATALA

RASATALA

Source : Thompson (2007)

Source:Thompson(2007)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/scie
nce/environment_earth_universe/astronomy_
space/revise3.shtml

SCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEIN
VEDIC SCRIPTURES
VEDICSCRIPTURES
TheentirespectrumoftheVedicliteraturelikeBhagwat Gita,
Srimad Bhagwatam,Upnishads
g
, p
andthePuranas arefullof
scientificandtechnicalknowledge.
Srimad Bhagwatam,3
Bhagwatam 3rd Canto,Chapter11,
Canto Chapter 11 Calculation
Calculationof
of
Time,fromtheatom.Here,atomisdefinedanddifferent
unitsoftimearedefinedbasedonatomictimescale.
Srimad Bhagwatam,3rd Canto,Chapter31,instructionson
g
y
,
p
MovementsofLivingEntity.Here,entiredevelopment
processofembryoisdescribedindetail.

CONTENTS
StatusofVedicScripturesineyesofgeneral
Status
of Vedic Scriptures in eyes of general
population

DivisionofTimeasPerVedicScience
StructureofSolarSystemasPerVedicScience
SynergyBetweenVedicandModernMaterial
Sciences

SPIRITUALSCIENCE&MATERIALSCIENCE
Vedicknowledgeprimarilydealswithspiritualdevelopmentofhuman
Vedic
knowledge primarily deals with spiritual development of human
beings,referencetotechnicaldetailsismadeforassistingintheprocess.

SPIRITUAL
SCIENCE

Material
Science

Ifmaterialscience
grows under the
growsunderthe
protectionofspiritual
science, it will be more
science,itwillbemore
beneficialtothe
humanity and ill
humanityandill
effectswillbe
minimum

REFERENCES

Beiser,A.(2008),ConceptsofModernPhysics,6
, (
),
p
y , th edition,Tata
,
McGrawHillPublishingCompanyLimited,NewDelhi.
Prabhupada,A.C.Bhaktivedanta
Prabhupada
A C Bhaktivedanta Swami(1972),Bhagwat
Swami (1972) Bhagwat Gita
AsItIs,TheBhaktivedanta BookTrust.
Prabhupada,A.C.Bhaktivedanta
bh
d
h ki d
Swami(1980),Srimad
i(
) i d
Bhagwatam, CANTO2AND5,TheBhaktivedanta BookTrust.
Thompson,R.L(2007),CosmologyofBhaagwat Purana,
Govardhana HillPublishingCompany,India.
VishnuSwami,B.B(2011),ScientificVerificationofVedic
Knowledge,VideoCD.
http://www.forumohalu.org
http://www.astrouniverse.com/