Association football

Soccer redirects here. For other uses, see Soccer 2 History

(disambiguation).
This article is about the sport of association football. For
other codes of football, see Football.
Main article: History of association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer,[3] is a sport played between two teams of
eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250
million players in over 200 nations, making it the worlds
most popular sport.[4][5][6][7] The game is played on a rectangular eld with a goal at each end. The object of the
game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal.
The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the
ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only
in their penalty area. Outeld players mostly use their
feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head
or torso to do so instead. The team that scores the most
goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at
the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game
goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending
on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game
were originally codied in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Associ- cuju in Song dynasty China.
ation Football (FIFA; French: Fdration Internationale
de Football Association), which organises World Cups for
both men and women every four years.[8]

Children playing

Name

Main article: Names for association football

The rules of association football were codied in England
by the Football Association in 1863 and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from
the other forms of football played at the time, specically
rugby football. The term soccer originated in England,
rst appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford "-er abbreviation of the word association.[9]

An
episkyros
player on an ancient stone carving at the National
Archaeological Museum, Athens.[11]
According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju
( , literally kick ball) is the earliest form of football for which there is scientic evidence.[12] Cuju players
could use any of the body apart from hands and the intent
was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to modern football, though similarities
to rugby occurred.[13][14] During the Han Dynasty (206
BC220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules
were established.[13]

Within the English-speaking world, association football

is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and
mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland and New Zealand use either or
both terms, although national associations in Australia
and New Zealand now primarily use football for the
formal name.[10]
1

2
Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games.[15][16]
An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum
of Athens[11] appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup.[17] Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced
the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football,
wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as
modern football.[13][18][19][20][21][22] As with pre-codied
"mob football", the antecedent of all modern football
codes, these three games involved more handling the
ball than kicking.[23][24] Non-competitive games included
kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in
Australia.

HISTORY

Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws

of the game.[30] These rules included handling of the ball
by marks and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made
it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheeld FA played
by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing
some of its rules until there was little dierence between
the games.[31]

Association football in itself does not have a classical

history.[25] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball
games played around the world FIFA have recognised
that no historical connection exists with any game played
in antiquity outside Europe.[26] The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football
played in the public schools of England. The history of
football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.[27]
The Cambridge Rules, rst drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly inuential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives
from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury
schools. They were not universally adopted. During the
1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities
were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to
play various forms of football. Some came up with their
own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheeld
Football Club, formed by former public school pupils
in 1857,[28] which led to formation of a Sheeld FA
in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham
School also devised an inuential set of rules.[29]

Ebenezer Cobb Morley, who is regarded as the father of football

The worlds oldest football competition is the FA Cup,

which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The rst ocial international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the
instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to
the worlds rst football league, which was founded in
These ongoing eorts contributed to the formation of The Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William
[32]
The original format contained 12 clubs
Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which rst met on McGregor.
the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons Tav- from the Midlands and Northern England.
ern in Great Queen Street, London.[30] The only school to The laws of the game are determined by the International
be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Football Association Board (IFAB).[33] The Board was
Freemasons Tavern was the setting for ve more meet- formed in 1886[34] after a meeting in Manchester of
ings between October and December, which eventually The Football Association, the Scottish Football Associproduced the rst comprehensive set of rules. At the ation, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish
nal meeting, the rst FA treasurer, the representative Football Association. FIFA, the international football
from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that
removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football
rst allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second Association.[35] The growing popularity of the internafor obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an oppo- tional game led to the admittance of FIFA representanent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English tives to the International Football Association Board in
rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA 1913. The board consists of four representatives from
and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. FIFA and one representative from each of the four British
The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer associations.[36]

3
Today, football is played at a professional level all over
the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,[37] while billions
more watch the game on television or on the internet.[38]
A very large number of people also play football at an
amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA
published in 2001, over 240 million people from more
than 200 countries regularly play football.[39] Football has
the highest global television audience in sport.[40]
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual
fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games.[41] The Cte d'Ivoire national football team
helped secure a truce to the nations civil war in 2006[42]
and it helped further reduce tensions between government
and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel
capital of Bouak, an occasion that brought both armies
together peacefully for the rst time.[43] By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the nal proximate
cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras.[44] The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s,
when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.[45]

2.1

in the United Kingdom, eventually becoming the most

prominent team sport for British women.[47]
The growth in womens football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international
level mirroring the male competitions. Womens football has faced many struggles. It had a golden age
in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds
reached 50,000 at some matches;[48] this was stopped on
5 December 1921 when Englands Football Association
voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member
clubs. The FAs ban was rescinded in December 1969
with UEFA voting to ocially recognise womens football in 1971.[47] The FIFA Womens World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years
since,[49] while womens football has been an Olympic
event since 1996.

3 Gameplay

Womens association football

Main article: Womens association football

Association football has been played by women since at
A goalkeeper saving a close-range shot from inside the penalty
area

Association football is played in accordance with a set

of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game
is played using a spherical ball of 68.569.5 cm (27.0
27.4 in) circumference,[50] known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to
get the ball into the other teams goal (between the posts
and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that
has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals
then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain
who has only one ocial responsibility as mandated by
the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss
prior to kick-o or penalty kicks.[51]
A womens international match between the United States and
Germany

least the time of the rst recorded womens games in the

late 19th century.[46][47] It has traditionally been associated with charity games and physical exercise, particularly in the United Kingdom.[47] In the late 1960s and
early 1970s womens association football was organised

The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers

may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or
arms during play, though they do use their hands during
a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet
to move the ball around, they may use any part of their
body (notably, heading with the forehead)[52] other than
their hands or arms.[53] Within normal play, all players are
free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout

4
the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an oside
position.[54]

LAWS

4 Laws
Rules of football redirects here. For the rules of other
football games, see Football.
Main article: Laws of the Game (association football)

A player executing a slide tackle to dispossess an opponent

There are 17 laws in the ocial Laws of the Game, each

containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The
same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football,
although certain modications for groups such as juniors,
seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are
permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms,
which allow exibility in their application depending on
the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International
Football Association Board (IFAB).[60] In addition to the
seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.

In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as 4.1 Players, equipment, and ocials
by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing See also: Association football positions, Formation (asgoalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control sociation football), and Kit (association football)
of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven playopponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-owing game, with play stopping only when
the ball has left the eld of play or when play is stopped
by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a
stoppage, play recommences with a specied restart.[55]
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few
goals. For example, the 200506 season of the English
Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per
match.[56] The Laws of the Game do not specify any
player positions other than goalkeeper,[57] but a number
of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include
three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main
task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midelders,
who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the
ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in
these positions are referred to as outeld players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are
further subdivided according to the area of the eld in
which the player spends most time. For example, there
are central defenders, and left and right midelders. The
ten outeld players may be arranged in any combination.
The number of players in each position determines the
style of the teams play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and oensive-minded
game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of
the game in a specic position, there are few restrictions
on player movement, and players can switch positions at
any time.[58] The layout of a teams players is known as
a formation. Dening the teams formation and tactics is
usually the prerogative of the teams manager.[59]

The referee ociates in a football match

ers (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the

goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum
number of players required to constitute a team, which is
usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed
to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they
do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.

4.3

Pitch

Though there are a variety of positions in which the outeld (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by
a coach, these positions are not dened or required by the
Laws.[57]

90-120m

Half-way line

16.5m

45-90m

The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear

includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin
guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly
recommended for male players by medical experts and
professionals.[61][62] Headgear is not a required piece of
basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it
to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches.
The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)
match ocials.[63]

Penalty area
18-yard box

5.5m

Centre circle

40.3m

11m

9.15m

9.15m

Goal
7.32m

2.44m

Centre spot

Penalty spot

5.5m

11m

1m

A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number
of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the
permitted number may vary in other competitions or in
friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineectiveness, a tactical switch,
or timewasting at the end of a nely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted
may not take further part in a match.[64] IFAB recommends that a match should not continue if there are fewer
than seven players in either team. Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.[65]
A game is ociated by a referee, who has full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with
the match to which he has been appointed (Law 5), and
whose decisions are nal. The referee is assisted by two
assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also
a fourth ocial who assists the referee and may replace
another ocial should the need arise.[66]

associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of

a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial
units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in
brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular
in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as
Britain.[69]
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is
in the range of 100110 m (110120 yd) and the width
is in the range of 6475 m (7080 yd). Fields for noninternational matches may be 90120 m (100130 yd)
length and 4590 m (50100 yd) in width, provided that
the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a xed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68
m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches;[70] however, this decision was later put
on hold and was never actually implemented.[71]

The longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the

shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are
goal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle
of each goal line.[72] The inner edges of the vertical goal
Main article: Ball (association football)
posts must be 7.32 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of
the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must
The ball is spherical with a circumference of between 68
be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets are usually placed
and 70 centimetres (27 and 28 in), a weight in the range of
behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.[73]
410 to 450 grams (14 to 16 oz), and a pressure of between
0.6 and 1.1 bars (8.5 and 15.6 psi) at sea level. In the past In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked
the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m
a latex bladder for pressurisation, but modern balls at all (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd)
into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line
levels of the game are now synthetic.[67][68]
joining them. This area has a number of functions, the
most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may
4.3 Pitch
handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member
of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty
Main article: Football pitch
kick. Other markings dene the position of the ball or
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were players at kick-os, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner
initially administered solely by the four British football kicks.[74]

4.2

Ball

4.4

LAWS

Duration and tie-breaking methods

progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals

scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the
A standard adult football match consists of two periods nal score).[51]
of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs conIn competitions using two-legged matches, each team
tinuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the
competes at home once, with an aggregate score from the
ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time
two matches deciding which team progresses. Where agbreak between halves. The end of the match is known as
gregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to
full-time.[75] The referee is the ocial timekeeper for the
determine the winners, in which case the winner is the
match, and may make an allowance for time lost through
team that scored the most goals in the leg they played
substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other
away from home. If the result is still equal, extra time
stoppages. This added time is called additional time in
and potentially a penalty shootout are required.[51]
FIFA documents,[76][77] but is most commonly referred
to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented
be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty
at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to
signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth end a match. These involved rules ending a game in exocial is appointed, toward the end of the half the ref- tra time early, either when the rst goal in extra time was
eree signals how many minutes of stoppage time he in- scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end
tends to add. The fourth ocial then informs the players of the rst period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal
and spectators by holding up a board showing this num- was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The rst
ber. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's
by the referee.[75] Added time was introduced because of victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the rst naan incident which happened in 1891 during a match be- tion to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating
tween Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 10 and with just Czech Republic in the nal of Euro 1996. Silver goal was
two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been
[81]
Villas goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and discontinued by IFAB.
by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes
had elapsed and the game was over.[78] The same law also
states that the duration of either half is extended until the 4.5 Ball in and out of play
penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no
Main article: Ball in and out of play
game shall end with a penalty to be taken.[79]
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a
game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-o until the
end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times,
except when either the ball leaves the eld of play, or play
is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of
play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:

Some football competitions use a penalty shootout to decide the

winner if a match ends as a draw

In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In

knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays.[80] A game
tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time,
which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the
score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known ocially in the
Laws of the Game as kicks from the penalty mark) to
determine which team will progress to the next stage of A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a wall to
try to block the ball
the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods
count toward the nal score of the game, but kicks from
Kick-o: following a goal by the opposing team, or
the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that

4.6

Misconduct
to begin each period of play.[55]

Throw-in: when the ball has crossed the touchline;

awarded to the opposing team to that which last
touched the ball.[82]
Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal
line without a goal having been scored and having
last been touched by a player of the attacking team;
awarded to defending team.[83]

7
player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought
on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and
while the oences that constitute misconduct are listed,
the denitions are broad. In particular, the oence of
unsporting behaviour may be used to deal with most
events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they
are not listed as specic oences. A referee can show
a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted
player. Non-players such as managers and support sta
cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.[53]

Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the

goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the defending Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to
team; awarded to attacking team.[84]
continue if doing so will benet the team against which
Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team an oence has been committed. This is known as play[87]
The referee may call back play
following non-penal fouls, certain technical in- ing an advantage.
and
penalise
the
original
oence if the anticipated adfringements, or when play is stopped to caution or
vantage
does
not
ensue
within
a few seconds. Even if
dismiss an opponent without a specic foul having
an
oence
is
not
penalised
due
to
advantage being played,
occurred. A goal may not be scored directly (withthe
oender
may
still
be
sanctioned
for misconduct at the
out the ball rst touching another player) from an
[88]
[85]
next
stoppage
of
play.
indirect free kick.
The referees decision in all on-pitch matters is consid Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following
ered nal.[89] The score of a match cannot be altered afcertain listed penal fouls.[85] A goal may be scored
ter the game, even if later evidence shows that decisions
directly from a direct free kick.
(including awards/non-awards of goals) were incorrect.
Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick 4.6.2 O-eld
but that has occurred within their opponents penalty
area.[86]
See also: Foul (association football) Post-match
Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped
play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to
a player, interference by an external party, or a ball
becoming defective.[55]

4.6

Along with the general administration of the sport, foot-

Misconduct

Main article: Foul (association football)

4.6.1

On-eld

A foul occurs when a player commits an oence listed

in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The
oences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of penal fouls, punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on
where the oence occurred. Other fouls are punishable
by an indirect free kick.[53]
The referee may punish a players or substitutes
misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red
card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to
a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given
a yellow card is said to have been booked, the referee
writing the players name in his ocial notebook. If a

Womens football nal at 2007 Pan Am games.

ball associations and competition organisers also enforce

good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with
issues such as comments to the press, clubs nancial
management, doping, age fraud and match xing. Most
competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players
who are sent o in a game.[90] Some on-eld incidents,
if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial
abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose
heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a
red card.[91] Some associations allow for appeals against
player suspensions incurred on-eld if clubs feel a referee
was incorrect or unduly harsh.[90]

Sanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on to clubs as a whole. Penalties may include nes,
points deductions (in league competitions) or even expulsion from competitions. For example, the English and
Scottish leagues will often deduct 10 points from a team
that enters nancial administration. Among other administrative sanctions are penalties against game forfeiture.
Teams that had forfeited a game or had been forfeited
against would be awarded a technical loss or win.

Governing bodies

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS

While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and

most rules related to international competition, the actual
Laws of the Game are set by the International Football
Association Board, where each of the UK Associations
has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes.[36]

6 International competitions
Main article: List of association football competitions
The major international competition in football is the

See also: Association football around the world

The recognised international governing body of football

Headquarters of FIFA, the world governing body of football

A minute of silence before an international match

(and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer)

World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes
is FIFA. The FIFA headquarters are located in Zrich,
place every four years. Approximately 190200 naSwitzerland. Six regional confederations are associated
tional teams compete in qualifying tournaments within
with FIFA; these are:[92]
the scope of continental confederations for a place in the
nals. The nals tournament, which is held every four
Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
years, involves 32 national teams competing over a fourweek period.[93] The most recent edition of the tourna Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
ment was the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.
Europe: Union of European Football Associations There has been a football tournament at every Summer
(UEFA)
Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games
in Los Angeles.[94] Before the inception of the World
North/Central
America
&
Caribbean: Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the
Confederation of North, Central American and same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event
Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
was for amateurs only;[35] however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted,
Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries
South America: Confederacin Sudamericana de from elding their strongest sides. The Olympic mens
Ftbol/Confederao Sul-americana de Futebol tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the
(South American Football Confederation; CON- Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age
players per team.[95] A womens tournament was added
MEBOL)
in 1996; in contrast to the mens event, full international
National associations oversee football within individ- sides without[96]age restrictions play the womens Olympic
ual countries. These are generally synonymous with tournament.
sovereign states, (for example: the Fdration Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include
a smaller number of associations responsible for subnational entities or autonomous regions (for example the
Scottish Football Association in Scotland). 209 national
associations are aliated both with FIFA and with their
respective continental confederations.[92]

After the World Cup, the most important international

football competitions are the continental championships,
which are organised by each continental confederation
and contested between national teams. These are the
European Championship (UEFA), the Copa Amrica
(CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the
Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CON-

9
accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other
team in its league at home and away in each season, in
a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the
top team is declared the champion. The top few teams
may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of
the teams nishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower
division.[98]

Spanish footballers celebrating winning the UEFA European

Championship

CACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA

Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six
continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup
champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up
tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does
not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The
most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally
contested between national champions, for example the
UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.[97]

Domestic competitions

The teams nishing at the top of a countrys league may

be eligible also to play in international club competitions
in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide
football championships into two sections named Apertura
and Clausura (Spanish for Opening and Closing), awarding a champion for each.[99] The majority of countries
supplement the league system with one or more cup
competitions organised on a knock-out basis.
Some countries top divisions feature highly paid star
players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players
may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The
ve top European leagues the Bundesliga (Germany),
Premier League (England),[100] La Liga (Spain), Serie A
(Italy), and Ligue 1 (France) attract most of the worlds
best players and each of the leagues has a total wage
cost in excess of 600 million/763 million/US$1.185
billion.[101]

8 Variants and casual play

See also: Variants of association football and Street football
Variants of football have been codied for reduced-sized

Main article: Association football around the world

The governing bodies in each country operate league

To many, football is more than just a sport: a video short on the

many styles and ethnicities who play football.

teams (i.e. ve-a-side football) play in non-eld environments (i.e. beach soccer, indoor soccer, and futsal) and
for teams with disabilities (i.e. paralympic association
football).
A match in the top football league in Germany

systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed
into tables, placing them in order according to points

One of the attractions of association football is that a

casual game can be played with only minimal equipment
a basic game can be played on almost any open area
of reasonable size with just a ball and items to mark the
positions of two sets of goalposts. Such games can often
have team sizes that vary considerably from 11-a-side, use

10

10

a limited and/or modied subset of the ocial rules, and

are likely to be self-ociated by the players.

See also
Association football culture
Association football tactics and skills
List of association football clubs
List of association football stadiums by country
List of mens national association football teams
List of womens national association football teams
List of top association football goal scorers
List of womens association football clubs
Lists of association football players
Stadium Attendance of Association Football

10

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Federation Internationale de Football Association

(FIFA)
The Laws of the Game (LOTG)
The Rec.Sport.Soccer
(RSSSF)

Statistics

Foundation

Association football at DMOZ

[1] The importance of referee education. UEFA.com. 6
February 2015.

13

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Association football Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football?oldid=717140088 Contributors:
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14

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12.2

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15

Struway, Shaidar cuebiyar, Orangemaster, EJF, SieBot, Aubtiger2008, Nanonic, Suhalbansal, Grant.Alpaugh, Moonriddengirl, Speed Air
Man, Juancamaney22, Jonnysamleland, Ergmuncer, Wstitans11, Cfcrowdies18, Therightclique, Waseh123321, Trixxy, Gerakibot, Caltas,
Llcoolspence, Sagz639, Astrovega, The way, the truth, and the light, Barliner, Purbo T, Maxtin, Keilana, Interchange88, PookeyMaster,
Happysailor, Cuvette, Colin9brown, Gergerballball, Arbor to SJ, Cookiva, Ck, Quilker, Matthewfreile, Iamthecutestboyever, Carnun,
Taemyr, Izelpii, Basbll4lif23, Andocomando, Smaug123, Byrialbot, Thistle71190, Pretty Green, Szater, Einstein100~enwiki, Steven
Crossin, Lightmouse, Casablanca2000in, Poindexter Propellerhead, Ray7jd, SimonTrew, Miguel.mateo, Alex.muller, Gordongeiger,
BenoniBot~enwiki, Svick, Fluke08, Reginmund, Toondude, Maelgwnbot, AkdenizliAslan, LonelyMarble, Andrij Kursetsky, Gorrrillla5,
Samelchami, Latics, BGTopDon, HighInBC, Frischy, SalvoCalcio, Dust Filter, Struway2, Kevin9164, Psveindhoven, Floodamanny,
MikeDog94, Amazonien, TFCforever, Doglover77, Iohjasdb, Boavi, Jpollar, Laughingirl1515, ClueBot, Bigearedtiger, NickCT, PipepBot,
Malpass93, Fyyer, Newzild, Gaulwiki, Plastikspork, Quinxorin, DylaHeary, Taroaldo, Drmies, EPs, Lkkn, Josh619112345267, Boing!
said Zebedee, Nick of nickness in Colorado, AirdishStraus, Bomchickawah, Gavinho, Soaringbear, Niceguyedc, Peanut4, Portiere
101, MrJanitor1, Parkwells, Shannon bohle, Dimitrakopulos, Pokadoteliza, Auntof6, Ben9dan16, Stanza13, Wutizevrybudylookingat?,
Christpunkergirl, On Thermonuclear War, DragonBot, Stepshep, Seanchelsea5, Jusdafax, Sinteractive, Chinesekage, Bornfury, Littlechip90, Tanv91, Fasttimes68, Dantheman0056, Mathnarg, Boychoir, Winston365, Abrech, Keyrocks, Vivio Testarossa, Nolitafairytale,
Costlab, Sun Creator, Matthew R Dunn, Utopial, MickMacNee, Rx23xaexstlx, Jotterbot, Jandrews23jandrews23, Sq178pv, Enoch Wong,
Gkhoyt, Gaw jess, Gciriani, SounderBruce, JoeLatics, Da Mastaa, Muro Bot, Cybershore, Mcdeans, Ordinaria, Josh167, Roger491127,
Lindberg, Redrocketboy, Jtle515, Scottster03, A.a679100, Aitias, Your soccer boy, Jcrow43, Ranjithsutari, PotentialDanger, 'Arry
Boy, Johnuniq, Oogadabaga, DumZiBoT, Sausage948, Julia Brewer, BarretB, AlanM1, Kevinzhermin, Bridies, AgnosticPreachersKid,
Fastily, Gregoryj83, ForeverWhiteRose, Jdawg4820, Zhelja, Funnyfumble5, Chabby, Swanyk, Neiman002, Harry Hotspur, Rreagan007,
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(renamed), Zolstijers, Freepenguin, Yousou, Warp457, HomieG2008, Spykesinmahshoe, N458jhk1, Kingmahad121, Girlslutgirl,
Ocrasaroon, Totsie07, Bob512012, Dachamp724, Yoenit, Anyabean17, Eddyji999, Alexisamattlover, Giants2008, Globalsolidarity,
Reyfan1710, Speedy McG, CtrlAltDek, Leszek Jaczuk, Fluernutter, LaaknorBot, Klepto909, Sillyfolkboy, FluyWhiteCat, Glass
Sword, Paris 16, Favonian, LinkFA-Bot, HonorTheKing, Aberdeen fc, 84user, Numbo3-bot, Unibond, Sky83, Steak, First Light,
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AnakngAraw, Dickdock, James530, AnomieBOT, Davidbrookesland, TurboGUY, Puertorico1, Simen113, Bgates456, Commander
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Spaniard78, The sock that should not be, Clydecoast, Pacheto, Khajidha, Vidshow, Chrishatch1973, DSisyphBot, Timmyshin, Gilo1969,
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Hadger, , WaitingForConnection, Jhenderson777, Raf45Martinez, Innotata, Nascar1996, Tbhotch, Derild4921, Rahuloof,
DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Domcabcd, Whisky drinker, Simba1409, Behzad.Modares, RjwilmsiBot, Sulthan90, Bento00, Ripchip Bot,
Mah favourite, Salvio giuliano, Spudgfsh, Grondemar, DASHBot, EmausBot, Paavo273, John of Reading, Nebabc11, WikitanvirBot,
Obamafan70, Surlydu50, Azzurro2882, Rojax444, GoingBatty, Hitmonchan, PoeticVerse, SoePedersen, Pilotboy5, MrTranscript,
CS.Aussie, Tommy2010, P. S. F. Freitas, Jesismael, Malcolm77, JDDJS, Mauro100, Sepguilherme, AvicBot, Kkm010, ZroBot,
Illegitimate Barrister, Josve05a, Davykamanzi, Wackywace, 1980fast, Empty Buer, Bigman50, Aftesk, TheAmericanizator, Cobaltcigs,
Loganbking, H3llBot, UrbanNerd, Unreal7, QwerpQwertus, GianniG46, Quae legit, Gz33, Ocaasi, Rainjar, Hi little kids, Nmitbutcher,
Ryoissoawesome, Ohheyyyy, Thefullback, DOwenWilliams, Dijon312, Magooch2.0, Anand Bindra, Alexwiki69, Kobebryantthejr, L
Kensington, Stanrosander, Wonderwizard, Xzyilum, Diving2010, Liebitz, Koberaptor, Gi1002, Summerford40, Lucas B. de Souza,
Dc19, Smart7167126716, Matggggg, Jenny4life, VsD, Cuecho, Evekrogman, Aaron1716, Hockeyplayer371, Bobaldinho10, Ollytedwards,
Nath1012, Pun, Kobbra, Natjenko, Autoerrant, 1crywolf1, Soccerking11, TootinDaylight, Asmah01, Mothani90, Tara969, Ihatenyy13,
Barcafan10, ChuispastonBot, Ownage24, HungrySphynx2241, Zizouthecat, Mac Gille Domhnaich, Patchamo123, HandsomeFella,
Bobomg, Byrdman15, Jackosta1234, Michael-Zero, Teapeat, Yclept:Berr, Kwesiidun91, Will Beback Auto, ClueBot NG, Neptune777,
CocuBot, DANE RAMADAN YOUSSEF, Loginnigol, Lance181, Soccershoes1, Frietjes, Delusion23, Dru of Id, Rezabot, Miracle dream,
Feroang, Parksand, ChaucerGeorey, QAQUAU, BG19bot, Zachary Allen Berg, Mohamed CJ, Vagobot, Moonlightpegasus, M0rphzone,
Kndimov, Arun4biju, Sahara4u, UAwiki, BalCoder, AvocatoBot, Cold Season, Jivan82, YZH1201, Showersap12, The Almightey Drill,
Sjukhus, Akanekage, Orangewarning, Kfcdesuland, Rampinofrancesco, TBrandley, Achowat, Bhrdkor123, Vvven, BattyBot, Darorcilmir,
Mollskman, Roadking7755, MahdiBot, Cyberbot II, Dja1979, ChrisGualtieri, Xyzspaniel, 22dragon22burn, Adrian Roebuck, JYBot,
Soni, Dexbot, BroadcastDonkey, Armanjafari, Mogism, Derzis, Sport and politics, , TollHRT52, Twiter is the best, Rakibulbappy,
Kmmc55scot, JustAMuggle, VanishedUser 2313214sad1,
, BoredomJS, Mercy.hamel, Jd52102,
, EnsignIT, Anthony1001294,
Zalunardo8, Mattsabe, Genie1992, Postmahomeson, MilanKovacevic, TheGlasgaeJimmy, Hmsbronco, Grig8wan9rat7ok4, Jutty10,
Taohinton, Acalycine, Kind Tennis Fan, Rizky Iconia, Andrew Hendo, Afro-Eurasian, Atcovi, Anarchistdy, Bhavik-P, AH999, Japanese
Rail Fan, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Bandy boy, Mikaylaelmashni, Muhammad Areez, Poohlalong, Cpt Kid, ArtWorldWatchDog, Dream
Captive, A Great Catholic Person, ChamithN, DangerousJXD, SLBedit, Ant1172003, Yomrlax, Oldstone James, Ssamaha94, Yousif2005,
ThomasMatt22, Thegoodmanofchrist, Ronystar23, Prinsgezinde, Rayhanazaman, KasparBot, Angelosbrain, SSTyer, Trashboat59,
54321Mark, Ishaangrewal2001702, VC19 and Anonymous: 2158

12.2

Images

File:20121209_PSG-Juvisy_-_Kenza_Dali_04.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/20121209_
PSG-Juvisy_-_Kenza_Dali_04.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pierre-Yves Beaudouin
File:Ancient_Greek_Football_Player.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Ancient_Greek_Football_
Player.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>

16

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File:Arena_Auf_Schalke_hosting_Schalke_04_vs_Dortmund_in_2009.jpg Source:
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commons/3/30/Arena_Auf_Schalke_hosting_Schalke_04_vs_Dortmund_in_2009.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Mestofe
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Didier_Drogba_Manuel_Neuer_last_penalty_kick_Champions_League_Final_2012.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Didier_Drogba_Manuel_Neuer_last_penalty_kick_Champions_League_Final_2012.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: RA1_6425 Original artist: rayand
File:EbenezerMorley.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/EbenezerMorley.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://wwww.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk Original artist: ?
File:FIFA-Headquarter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/FIFA-Headquarter.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MCaviglia www.mcaviglia.ch
File:Flag_of_England.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Northern_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: My rework of well-known design Original artist: Mamadou
File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://kbolino.freeshell.org/svg/scotland.svg Original artist: none known
File:Flag_of_Wales_2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Wales_2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Open Clipart Library Original artist: Unknown
Vector graphics by Tobias Jakobs
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Original source: not provided. Own work assumed since author = uploader Original artist: Rick Dikeman
File:Football_pitch_metric.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Football_pitch_metric.svg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Football pitch metric.png: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_pitch_metric.png' class='image'><img alt='Football
pitch metric.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Football_pitch_metric.png/50px-Football_pitch_
metric.png' width='50' height='30' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Football_pitch_metric.png/
75px-Football_pitch_metric.png
1.5x,
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