d.

j
32.

No remarks necessary here. See, however, Theory

of Plosive Consonants, 224

ff.

As regards sebm for

sevn see 86.

33. t. Breathed dental plosive. Articulated in StP

by the tip of the tongue against the upper gums. Example

touch, tAt/.

A slight h sound is inserted in StP between t

and a following vowel in stressed syllables, as in target,
34.

taigit, but this is not sufficient to require

marking in an

ordinary phonetic transcription. The exaggerated pronunciation

thaigit is not recommended. See also Theory
of Plosive Consonants, 224 ff.
35. In

some N dialects when t is followed by r as in

upper teeth instead

true, trui, it is articulated against the

of the upper gums. This produces a very peculiar effect,

which sounds rather as if a 9 were inserted (t9ru:). In
many dialects t between two vowels is replaced in certain
cases by a kind of semi-rolled r ( 69), Saturday, saetadi,

becoming saeradi. In L get out of the way is often

pronounced giraBaraSawai. In Sc and L, t is often
replaced by the glottal plosive ? ( 47). Saturday in
Glasgow dialect is pronounced saPadi, water, woPr (StP
ivoita). In

L the expression / haven't got one (StP ai

haevnt got avaii) becomes aaiTjgoPwan.

36. In

StP the sound t is very often dropped when

it occurs in

the middle of a group of consonants, especially

when preceded by s. This is regular in words like listen,

castle, mustn't (lisn, ka:sl,

mAsnt). There are, however,

many cases in which it is dropped in conversational

pronunciation though it might be retained in very careful
speaking. Examples newt Christmas, nekskrismas
:

ENGLISH SPEECH SOUNDS IN DETAIL 17

postman, pousman most people, inouspi:pl. Note the
word often, eight different pronunciations of which maybe
;

heard from educated people, viz. oftan, oftn, ofan,

ofn, oiftan, oiftn, oifan, oifn. oftan is the pronunciation
generally recommended by teachers, but many people
consider this affected. o:fn and oiftan are on the whole
the pronunciations most frequently heard from educated
people. (See 146.)
37. Some speakers often drop t before d. Pronunciations

wodjuiwont for sitdaun {sit doivn),

(h)wotdju:wont {what do you luant ?) may not infrequently
like sidaun,

be heard from educated people, but they are not

pronunciations to be recommended for teaching purposes.
t is often inserted in fifth, fif(t)9; sixth, siks(t)8 and

always in eighth, eit9.

38. d. Voiced dental plosive. Articulated in StP by
the tip of the tongue against the upper gums. Example
deed, diid.
39. In

some N

dialects it is articulated against the

upper teeth when followed by r, as in drop, drop. This

gives rather the effect of an inserted tJ (dSrop). See
also Theory of Plosive Consonants, 224
40. The

sound d

ff.

dropped in conversational
pronunciation when it occurs in the middle of a
group of consonants, especially when preceded or followed
by a nasal. Kindness, grandmuther, are very commonly, if
not usually, pronounced kainnis, graenniAtJa. (These are
is frequently

really cases of Assimilation, see 182

ff.)

A very common

word and when unstressed. Bread and butter

is generally pronounced brednbAta (not bredaendbAta !),
and two-and-six is usually tuiansiks in conversational
case is the

pronunciation.