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3)
Characteristics of life:
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Digestion
Respiration (obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide,
and producing energy from food)
Absorption (passage of substances through membranes
into bodily fluids)
Circulation (movement of fluids and substances within an
organism)
Assimilation (Chemically changing substances into other
forms)
Excretion (removal of wastes)
Metabolism:
Catabolic- Break Down (Hydrolysis)
Anabolic- Build (Dehydration Synthesis)
Body Positions
- Axial Portion (Head, Neck, and Torso)
- Appendicular Portion (Arms and Legs)
- Midline (The line the splits the body in half)
Relative Positions
- Superior vs. Inferior
(Head vs. Feet)
- Anterior vs. Posterior
(Front vs. Back)
- Medial vs. Lateral
(Close vs. Far from Midline)
- Proximal vs. Distal
(Close vs. Far from Trunk)
- Superficial vs. Deep
(External vs. Internal)
Body Planes:
Sagittal- Divides the body into (left and right) portions
Transverse- Divides the body into superior and inferior portions (head and
feet)
Coronal- Divides the body into anterior and posterior regions (front and
back)
Body Regions:
The
-
cell membrane:
Semi-Permeable
Encloses the cytoplasm and organelles
Maintains a balance between inner and outer fluids
Made of phospholipids
Proteins are imbedded in the membrane
Phospholipid Bi-layer
-Fatty-Acid Tail
-Non-Polar
-Hydrophobic
-Phosphate
Head
-Polar
-Hydrophilic
Protein Functions:
-
4. Non-Polar molecules
Isotonic Solutions:
- Have an equal concentration inside and outside of the cell
- Have no net movement of water
Hypertonic Conditions:
- Cells will be in an extremely Concentrated Solution
- Water will be removed
- Cells will shrink
Hypotonic Conditions:
- Cells will be in an extremely un-concentrated solution
- Water will be absorbed
- Cells will expand
Cell Organelles
Ribosomes- factories of the cell they work to synthesize proteins
Cytoplasm- fluid that fills the cell, nutrients are received, processed, and used
Mitochondria- membrane sacs that release energy from food molecules, and transform it
into a usable form
Microtubules- thin protein rods within the cytoplasm that help to support the cell
Nuclear Membrane- Double membrane that separates the nuclear contents from the
cytoplasm
Passive Transport:
- High to Low Concentration
- No Energy is Required
Four Different Types:
1. Diffusion- particles move down the
concentration gradient
2. Osmosis- diffusion of water molecules (across a
membrane)
3. Facilitated Diffusion- is facilitated by proteins
Active Transport:
- Low to High Concentration
- Energy is Required
- Removing Toxins from the Cell
Types:
Levels of Complexity:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ Systems
Organism
To defend the body from infections, transport excess tissue fluids back into the blood stream, and
carry fatty substances away from the digestive organs.
Associated:
- Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Dorsal Cavity
A. Cranial- Brain
B. Vertebral- Spine
II.
III.