Properties of Materials

1/22/2016
ENGINEERING MATERIALS (MDB 3023)
Properties of Materials
Delivered by: Dr Norlaili Amir (DR NORLAILI)

(05-368 7145) norlailiamir@petronas.com.my
Room 20, Level 3, Block 18, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
2016 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
MDB 3023 Course Outcomes (CO)

At the end of the course, the students should be
able to:
Identify the appropriate materials mechanical
1 property testing and its relevant standard.
Interpret and analyze materials properties data
2 in engineering applications.
3 Select suitable materials for a given engineering application.

4
Apply knowledge of materials properties for engineering

design and applications.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
Dr Norlaili/ME/UTP/MDB3023/Jan2016
1/22/2016
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
Metals and
Alloys
Steel-cord
tyres
Hybrid
@Composites
Polymers
CFRP
Wirereinforced
cement
(Cermet)
GFRP
Filled polymers
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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MDB3023/Jan16/NA
Role of Materials in Product Success

Failure of products:
1. Insufficient design
2. Insufficient properties
Design flaws occurs

because the
designers and tool
fabricators never use
the product common in large
corporations.
Insufficient properties is a materials

engineering issue.
Properties: characteristic that
distinguish and identify a material.
Originate in the nature of material
at the atomic or molecular level.
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Material properties
Chemical
Mechanical
Physical
Material
characteristics that
relates to the
structure of
materials, its
formation from the
elements, and its
reactivity with
chemicals, other
materials, and
environment.
The
characteristics of
a material that
are displayed
when a force is
applied to the
material.
Characteristics
of materials that
relate to the
interaction of
these materials
with various
forms of energy
and with human
senses.
Thermal
The properties
of a material
change with
temperature,
usually for worst.
Start to creep or
oxide/degrade.
Procurement/Manufacturing considerations are not listed in property handbooks

and not even legitimate category by most standards. However the available shapes,
sizes, surface texture, tolerances on materials are often the most important selection
factors.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
METALS
Composition
Microstructure
Phases
Grain Size
Corrosion Resistance
Inclusions
POLYMERS
Composition
Fillers, Crystallinity
Molecular weight
Flammability
Spatial configuration
Chemical resistance
CERAMICS
Composition
Porosity
Grain size
Crystal Structure
Corrosion Resistance
COMPOSITES
CHEMICAL
Composition
Matrix/reinforcement bond;
Volume fraction of
reinforcement;
Reinforcement nature
Materials Property Spectrum

PHYSICAL
Specific heat
Coefficient of
Thermal
Expansion
Thermal
conductivity
Heat
distortion
temp
Glass
transition
temp
Magnetic
Electrical
Optical
Acoustic
Gravimetric
Color
MECHANICAL
Tensile/compressive
Toughness
Ductility
Fatigue
Hardness
Creep resistance
Shear strength
Procurement/
Manufacturing
considerations
Available Shapes,
Sizes, Surface
Texture
Manufacturing
Tolerances
Tensile/compressive
Heat distortion
Pressure-velocity limit
Toughness, Stress
Rupture, Creep
Manufacturing tolerances,
Stability, Available Sizes,
mold ability, surface
texture
Tensile/compressive
Fracture toughness
Transverse rupture
Hardness
Available Shapes,
Sizes, Surface Texture
Manufacturing
Tolerances, Stability
Tensile/compression
Fracture toughness
Creep resistance
Reinforcement orientation
Available shape and Sizes

Manufacturing tolerances
Stability
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Properties-Product Design Relationship

Properties
INTRINSIC
ATTRIBUTIVE
Bulk
mechanical
properties
Price and
Availability
Bulk nonmechanical
properties
Production
properties: ease
of mfg,
fabrication,
joining, finishing
Surface
properties
How the
properties of
engineering
materials
affect the way
in which
products are
designed.
Aesthetic
properties:
appearance,
texture, feel
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Mechanical Properties of Materials
Learning Objectives:
students should be able to:
1. Achieve an understanding of the difference between
strength and toughness.
2. Gain a secure knowledge of tensile testing and its
product.
3. Learn how to use mechanical properties in materials
selection and failure analysis.
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11
Spectrum of Mechanical Properties

Mechanical
properties
Strength
Tensile
Yield
Compression
Flexural
Shear
Creep
Stress
rupture
Formability
% elongation
% reduction
area
Bend radius
Stiffness
Toughness
Modulus
of
elasticity
Flexural
modulus
Impact
strength
Notch
sensitivity
Critical
stress
intensity
factor
(K1c)
Durability
Hardness
Wear
resistance
Fatigue
strength
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Tensile Test
The key mechanical properties obtained from a Tensile Test:

1-Modulus of Elasticity (E);
2-Yield Strength (Y.S).
3-Tensile Strength (TS);
4-Ductility, 100xfailure (elastic recovery occurs after fracture);
5-Toughness (measured under load; hence the dashed line is
vertical)
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The tensile test is the most common test for determining such
mechanical properties of materials as strength, ductility,
toughness, elastic modulus, and strain-hardening capability.
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Significance of Stress-Strain Data
Parameter
Description
Modulus of
elasticity (E)
Used to measure the relative stiffness of materials.
Yield strength
(YS/ y)
Design stresses must be lower than the YS to ensure

that a part does not fail by plastic deformation. Shear
strength may be estimated from this YS.
Ultimate tensile
strength (UTS/ TS)
The ultimate tensile stress is the maximum stress

observed in a tensile test. Necking begins when the
value is reached.
UTS/YS ratio
The ratio provides an indication of the degree of work

hardening that has occurred.
% elongation
Indication of material ductility and toughness
% reduction in area Indication of material ductility and toughness

General shape of
curve
Area under the curve provides a relative indication of

material toughness. Interstitial activity in the material
can be observed. Relative level of work hardening are
assessed.
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Examples of
the StressStrain
responses in
various
materials.
(Figure 4-10)
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
Tensile Test
17
When the load is first applied, the specimen

elongates in proportion to the load; this behavior is
called linear elastic.
The engineering stress (nominal stress) is defined
as the ratio of the applied load, P, to the original
cross-sectional area, A0 of the specimen:
Engineering Stress, =
P
Ao
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Tensile Test
The engineering strain is defined as:
Engineering Strain, e =
(l lo )
lo
where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen.

As the load is increased, the specimen begins (at some level
of stress) to undergo permanent (plastic) deformation.
The stress at which this phenomenon occurs is known as
the yield stress, y, of the material.
y usually is defined as the point on the stressstrain
curve that is offset by a strain of 0.002, or 0.2%
elongation.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Tensile Test
As the specimen (under a

continuously increasing load)
begins to elongate, its crosssectional area decreases
permanently and uniformly
throughout its gage length.
Figure shows a schematic
illustration of the loading and the
unloading of a tensile-test
specimen.
Note that, during unloading, the
curve follows a path parallel to the
original elastic slope.
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Tensile Test
The ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region is the modulus

of elasticity, E, or Youngs modulus:
Modulus of elasticity, E =
This linear relationship is known as Hookes law.

The modulus of elasticity is essentially a measure of the slope
of the elastic portion of the curve and, hence, the stiffness of
the material.
The absolute value of the ratio of the lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is known as Poissons ratio and is denoted
by the symbol V .
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Tensile Testing: Poisson Ratio
Figure 49
Poissons
ratio may be
calculated from
the stress
strain test by
measuring the
ratio of
transverse
strain to axial
strain.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
10
1/22/2016
UTM 5kN
22
Computer
operated
UTM
Manual
buttons
Char
Figure 3.22 Computerized compression test setup
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
23
QUIZ #1
Name:
ID:
A force of 100,000 N is applied to a 10 mm x 20 mm iron bar having a yield strength of 400

MPa and a tensile strength of 480 MPa. Determine (a) whether the bar will plastically
deform and (b) whether the bar will experience necking.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
11
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Ductility
Ductility is the extent of plastic deformation that

the material undergoes before fracture.
There are two common measures of ductility. The
first is the total elongation of the specimen:
Elongation =
(l f lo )
lo
x100
where l and Io are measured.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
26
Ductility
The second measure of ductility is the reduction of

area:
Reduction of area =
( Ao A f )
Ao
where A0 and Af are the original and final (fracture)

cross-sectional areas, respectively, of the test
specimen.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
12
1/22/2016
27
QUIZ #2
Name:
ID:
A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12.8 mm is tensile

tested to fracture and found to have an engineering fracture strength of 460 MPa.
If its cross sectional diameter at fracture is 10.7 mm, determine:
a)The ductility in terms of % reduction area
b)The true stress at fracture.
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Mechanical properties for various metallic and nonmetallic materials
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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30
Representative strengths of various

categories of materials
2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Hardness Tests (Durability)
Definition
Types of indentors
Testing standards
Rockwell testing
Microhardness
Durometer
Test comparison
Designation of hardness
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
14
1/22/2016
32
Hardness Test: Definition & Indentors
Hardness usually is
defined as
resistance to
permanent
indentation.
Several test methods
have been developed
to measure the
hardness of
materials, using
different indenter
materials and
shapes.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
33
Hardness Tests: Comparison
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Comparison of
Hardness Tests
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Hardness Test: Standards
Table 43 Some
ASTM hardness
test methods
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Hardness Test for Minerals
Table 44 Mohs hardness scale (ceramics and minerals)

MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Hardness Tests: Tester
Figure 415 Hardness tester
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
17
1/22/2016
39
4.5 Hardness Tests
Figure 416 Knoop hardness indents in a 200X cross

section of a nitrided surface. Note the gradient in
hardness. The effective case is 70 m.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
40
4.5 Hardness Tests

For polymers
and elastomers
(vary over wide
range)
Figure 417 Shore Durometer hardness tester. Needle

on the bottom is the penetrator (ASTM D 2240).
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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1/22/2016
41
Figure 419
Specification of
hardness
numbers for
metals
(ASTM E 10,
E 384, and E
18).
See ASTM E
140 for scale
conversions.
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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*Hardness and Tensile Strength (TS)
Both Hardness and TS are indications of metals

resistance to plastic deformation. Consequently
there are roughly proportional.
A relationship has been established between the
ultimate TS and the Brinell hardness (HB) for
steel alloys as measured for a load of 3000 kg (the
following is in Metric and SI units respectively),
TS = 3.45 x HB (M) @ TS = 500 x HB (I)
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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1/22/2016
43
Spectrum of Mechanical Properties

Mechanical
properties
Strength
Tensile;
Yield;
Compression
Flexural
Shear
Creep
Stress
rupture
Formability
% elongation;
% reduction
area ;
Bend radius
Stiffness
Modulus
of
elasticity;
Flexural
strength/
modulus
Toughness
Impact
strength
Notch
sensitivity
Critical
stress
intensity
factor
(K1c)
Durability
Hardness;
Wear
resistance
Fatigue
strength
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
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Toughness
(Energy Absorbed During Fracture)
Fracture toughness
Where toughness is important
Impact tests:
Charpy
Izod
Drop weight
Units of toughness
Nil Ductility Temperature (NDT)
determination
MDB3023/Jan16/NA
20

Properties of Materials

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1/22/2016

ENGINEERING MATERIALS (MDB 3023)

Delivered by: Dr Norlaili Amir (DR NORLAILI)

MDB 3023 Course Outcomes (CO)

1 property testing and its relevant standard.

Interpret and analyze materials properties data

3 Select suitable materials for a given engineering application.

Apply knowledge of materials properties for engineering

Role of Materials in Product Success

Design flaws occurs

Insufficient properties is a materials

Procurement/Manufacturing considerations are not listed in property handbooks

Materials Property Spectrum

Available shape and Sizes

Properties-Product Design Relationship

Mechanical Properties of Materials

Spectrum of Mechanical Properties

The key mechanical properties obtained from a Tensile Test:

Significance of Stress-Strain Data

Used to measure the relative stiffness of materials.

Design stresses must be lower than the YS to ensure

The ultimate tensile stress is the maximum stress

The ratio provides an indication of the degree of work

Indication of material ductility and toughness

% reduction in area Indication of material ductility and toughness

Area under the curve provides a relative indication of

When the load is first applied, the specimen

The engineering strain is defined as:

where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen.

As the specimen (under a

The ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region is the modulus

This linear relationship is known as Hookes law.

Tensile Testing: Poisson Ratio

Figure 3.22 Computerized compression test setup

A force of 100,000 N is applied to a 10 mm x 20 mm iron bar having a yield strength of 400

Ductility is the extent of plastic deformation that

where l and Io are measured.

The second measure of ductility is the reduction of

where A0 and Af are the original and final (fracture)

A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12.8 mm is tensile

Mechanical properties for various metallic and nonmetallic materials

Representative strengths of various

Hardness Tests (Durability)

Hardness Test: Definition & Indentors

Hardness Tests: Comparison

Hardness Test: Standards

Hardness Test for Minerals

Table 44 Mohs hardness scale (ceramics and minerals)

Hardness Tests: Tester

Figure 415 Hardness tester

4.5 Hardness Tests

Figure 416 Knoop hardness indents in a 200X cross

4.5 Hardness Tests

Figure 417 Shore Durometer hardness tester. Needle

*Hardness and Tensile Strength (TS)

Both Hardness and TS are indications of metals

Spectrum of Mechanical Properties

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