MDX:

Introduction
This article explains learning of MDX query in detail. When OLAP cube is designed
and deployed on SSAS engine, we use MDX to read data. OLAP cube contains data in
Cube database. This cube database is different from OLTP relational database. Cube
database contains Datasources, Datasource views, cubes, dimension and mining
structure. Each cube in cube list contains Measure Groups. these measure groups
consist of different measures on which multiple dimension can be applied. I am
assuming you already have available OLAP cube in SSAS engine. If it is not available,
then first download it from Download source section of this article and deploy the
cube. I have already covered OLAP Cube deployment steps in my previous
article Designing SSAS cube. You can also download sample datawarehouse
database from my previous article, Designing SSAS cube.

Background
OLTP database can be queried using T-SQL. T-SQL uses select statement to read data
from table. Similarly, OLAP cube reads data from measures and dimension using
MDX query. MDX has separate syntax to specify multiple dimension and measures in
query. This article covers these syntax and functions in detail. MDX allows to specify
multiple dimensions in single query and can generate result dataset. MDX is
managed query expression which covers different approach to apply dimension on
any measures.

Using the Code

Connect with SSAS service engine.

Open database and click on New Query. MDXquery1.mdx file will be available to
write MDX query.

Expand cube to view all available measures and dimensions.

Start writing first MDX query.

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SELECT FROM
[ADVENTURE WORKS]

The above query contains Select statement reading data from OLAP
cube [Adventure works]. The result value is showing $80,450,596.98 value. It is
default assign measure value read by MDX. You can verify it by checking the below
SQL query.
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SELECT SUM(S.SalesAmount) FROM FactResellerSales S

Now, it clearly displays that default measure is ResellerSales.

FactResellerSales table is available in AdventureWorksDW2008R2 database. This

database can be downloaded from my previous article, Designing SSAS cube.

MDX query to read from specific measures

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SELECT FROM [ADVENTURE WORKS]

WHERE [MEASURES].[RESELLER SALES AMOUNT]

The above MDX query will read cube data from [RESELLER SALES
AMOUNT] measure where clause specifies measure/dimension area of cube to which
Set is to be slice.

Slice Dice and Filter in MDX query

Specify measure value in column

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SELECT
[MEASURES].[RESELLER FREIGHT COST] ON COLUMNS
FROM [ADVENTURE WORKS]

The above query will show measure [RESELLER FREIGHT COST] data into column.
Specify measure in where clause and dimension in column
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--SPECIFYING MEASURES IN WHERE CLAUSE

--WHERE CLAUSE TO GET PRODUCT WISE SALE OF SPECIFIC MEASURE
Select
{
[product].[product categories].[category],
[product].[product categories]
} on columns
from [adventure works]
where
[measures].[reseller tax amount]

The above query will get product dimension wise reseller tax measure data.
Specify non measure member in where clause
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Select
{
[product].[product categories].[category],
[product].[product categories]
} on columns
from [adventure works]
where [geography].[geography].[country].[canada]

The above query will get product wise reseller sales for specific country
Canada. [geography].[geography].[country].[canada] is dimension and not a
measure specified in where clause so that where clause accepts dimension as well
as measures.
Specify multiple member in where Slicer
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Select
{
[product].[product categories].[category],
[product].[product categories]
} on columns
from [adventure works]
where
(
[geography].[geography].[country].[canada],
[measures].[internet sales amount]
)

The above MDX query has multiple members in where Slicer. It reads internet sales
of specific country Canada.
Two non measure dimension in same slicer
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Select
{
[product].[product categories].[category],
[product].[product categories]
} on columns
from [adventure works]
where
(
{
[customer].[customer geography].[country].[canada],
[customer].[customer geography].[country].[australia]
},
[measures].[internet sales amount]
)

The above MDX query specified two non measures in slicer. It display internet sales
amount of two countries,Canada and Australia.
Except and Minus operation in MDX
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Select
{
[product].[product categories].[category],
[product].[product categories]
}
on columns
from [adventure works]
where
(
{
[Sales Territory].[Sales Territory].[country]
[Sales Territory].[Sales Territory].[country].[United Kingdom]
},
[measures].[internet sales amount]
)

You can also use the below query for except operation.
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Select
{
[product].[product categories].[category],
[product].[product categories]
}
on columns
from [adventure works]
where
(
[measures].[internet sales amount],
{
Except(

[Sales Territory].[Sales Territory].[country],

[Sales Territory].[Sales Territory].[country].[United Kingdom]
)
}
)

The above query uses Except and - operator to slice from query. It will show internet
sales amount of all sales territory except United Kingdom.
Show dimension in rows and measures in column in MDX query
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Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount]
} on columns,
{
[product].[product categories].[category]
} on rows
from
[adventure works]

The above query will display product wise internet sales amount. Product category
will be available in rows and internet sales will be available in columns.
Filter in MDX query is applied through Filter function.
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--apply filter using filter function

Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount]
} on columns,
{
filter([product].[product categories].[category],
[measures].[internet sales amount] >0)
} on rows
from
[adventure works]

The above query will display product wise internet sales amount having sales
amount greater than 0.
Row level filter can be apply using Having clause in MDX
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Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount]
} on columns,
{
[product].[product categories].[category]
}
having [measures].[internet sales amount] > 0
on rows
from
[adventure works]

Boolean operator used in MDX query to apply row level filter

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Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount]
} on columns,
{
filter([product].[product categories].[category],
[measures].[internet sales amount] >500000 AND [measures].[internet sales amount] <750000)
} on rows
from
[adventure works]

The above query will show internet sales of all products which have sales amount
greater than 500000 and less than 750000. The condition is applied
using And operator in Filter function.
Comparing between two measures value in MDX
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Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount]
} on columns,
{
filter([product].[product categories].[category],
[measures].[internet sales amount] > [measures].[reseller sales amount])
} on rows
from
[adventure works]

The above query will compare two measures and show all rows where measure value
of internet sales is greater than reseller sales.
Using of IS operator in MDX query
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Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount],
[measures].[reseller sales amount]
} on columns,
{
filter([product].[product categories].[category],
([product].[product categories].CURRENTMEMBER IS
[product].[product categories].[category].[accessories])
OR
([product].[product categories].CURRENTMEMBER IS
[product].[product categories].[category].[Bikes])
)
} on rows
from
[adventure works]

The above query will display sales detail of product

category Bikes and Accessories only. The condition in MDX is specified
using IS operator.

Non Empty to slice NULL rows from MDX result set

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Select
{
[measures].[internet sales amount],
[measures].[reseller sales amount]
} on columns,
non empty filter([product].[product categories].[category],
[measures].[internet sales amount] >0
)
on rows
from [adventure works]

Tops and Bottoms row accessing using MDX

Show internet sales amount of all product subcategory.
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Select
[measures].[internet sales amount] on columns,
[product].[product categories].[subcategory] on rows
from [adventure works]

Show top 5 rows of product subcategory.

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Select
[measures].[internet sales amount] on columns,
topcount([product].[product categories].[subcategory],5) on rows
from [adventure works]

Show internet sales of top 5 product subcategories using Topcount in MDX.

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Select
[measures].[internet sales amount] on columns,
topcount([product].[product categories].[subcategory],5,[measures].[internet sales amount]) on
rows
from [adventure works]

Show internet sales of bottom 10 product subcategories excluding NULL or 0 values

using Bottomcount in MDX.
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Select
{[measures].[internet sales amount] ,
[measures].[reseller sales amount]}
on columns,
bottomcount(
filter([product].[product categories].[subcategory],[measures].[internet sales amount]>0)
,10,
[measures].[internet sales amount]) on rows
from [adventure works]

Topsum in MDX query to show all top rows actually formed sum of given value.

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Select
[measures].[internet sales amount] on columns,
topsum([product].[product categories].[subcategory],25000000,[measures].[internet sales
amount]) on rows
from [adventure works]

The above query shows all product subcategories internet sales which is forming
sum of 25000000 amount.

Bottomsum in MDX query to show least rows require to form sum of specific value.
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Select
[measures].[internet sales amount] on columns,
bottomsum([product].[product categories].[subcategory],1000000,[measures].[internet sales
amount]) on rows
from [adventure works]

The above query shows all product subcategories internet sales which is forming
sum of 1000000 amount.

Introduction

This article contains calculation process used in MDX. I have already covered basic
MDX query, Filter process in MDX query and different Slicing feature in MDX query in
my previous article Reading OLAP cube using MDX query Part 1. Calculation process
in MDX includes arithmetical and logical values process with existing measures
values, specify range based calculation with measure value and date wise calculation
with measure value.

Background
OLAP cube contains multiple different measures. These measures can be queried
through different available dimensions. Dimensions available in OLAP cube are
collection of attributes. OLAP cube contains definition of attribute relationship of
dimension. This article will cover calculation based on attribute relationship available
in dimension. If you require basics of MDX query, please do read my
article Reading OLAP cube using MDX query Part 1. I personally assume, strength in
MDX query makes you more comfortable to work on OLAP cube. More different way,
you will write MDX query more comfortable you will be on OLAP cube. Writing
complex OLAP cube helps you to prepare business solution easily.

Calculation in MDX Query

After writing basic MDX query and getting familiar with syntax of MDX, we can start
for complex MDX query. Till now, we have used existing measures and dimensions of
OLAP cube in MDX query. We may require some time calculated measure or
calculated dimension for our business process. This can be achieved through With
Member clause in MDX.

With Member clause allow to create scope member in MDX

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With member [Measures].[My Member] as "Datawarehouse Consultant"

Select
{
[measures].[My Member]
} ON Columns
From [Adventure works]

The above MDX query will create scope member [My Member] in current scope.

Create alias of existing member using With Member

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With
Member [measures].[customer sales] as [measures].[internet sales amount]
Member [measures].[retailer sales] as [measures].[reseller sales amount]
Select
{
[measures].[customer sales],
[measures].[retailer sales]
} on columns,
{
[date].[calendar].[calendar year]
} on rows
from [adventure works]

The above query creates alias [Customer Sales] and [Retailer Sales] for existing
member. This step actually helps when required member is available in multiple level
of measure group. Alias helps to access this long name with some small name.

Calculation using With Member

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With
Member [measures].[customer sales] as [measures].[internet sales amount]
Member [measures].[retailer sales] as [measures].[reseller sales amount]
Member [measures].[Total Sales] as [measures].[internet sales amount]+ [measures].[reseller sales
amount]
Select
{
[measures].[customer sales],
[measures].[retailer sales],
[measures].[total sales]
} on columns,
{
[date].[calendar].[calendar year]
} on rows
from [adventure works]

In the above MDX query example, [Total sales] is a new member calculated
using With Member clause.

Formatting of existing member using With Member

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With
Member [measures].[customer sales] as [measures].[internet sales
amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Member [measures].[retailer sales] as [measures].[reseller sales
amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Member [measures].[Total Sales] as [measures].[internet sales amount]+ _
[measures].[reseller sales amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Select
{
[measures].[customer sales],
[measures].[retailer sales],
[measures].[total sales]
} on columns,
{
[date].[calendar].[calendar year]
} on rows
from [adventure works]

In the above example, all sales figure will display in format.

Named set create using With Set clause

Long MDX expression can alias with Set name using With Set clause.
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With

Set [Not 2008] as [Date].[Calendar].[Calendar Year].[CY 2001] : [Date].[Calendar].[Calendar Year].

[CY 2007]
Member [measures].[customer sales] as [measures].[internet sales
amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Member [measures].[retailer sales] as [measures].[reseller sales
amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Member [measures].[Total Sales] as [measures].[internet sales amount]+ _
[measures].[reseller sales amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Select
{
[measures].[customer sales],
[measures].[retailer sales],
[measures].[total sales]
} on columns,
{
[Not 2008]
} on rows
from [adventure works]

In the above example, I have create [Not 2008] as named set. This named set
contains all calendar years from[CY 2001] to [CY 2007].

Create Member in MDX to create member or set for entire session

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Create
Member [adventure works].[measures].[customer sales] as [measures].[internet sales
amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Member [adventure works].[measures].[retailer sales] as [measures].[reseller sales
amount],format_string="#,###.00"
Member [adventure works].[measures].[Total Sales] as [measures].[internet sales amount]+ _
[measures].[reseller sales amount],format_string="#,###.00"

In the above example, I have created three members for the entire session. Now, we
can use these members in the entire session.
Note: We must require to provide cube name before specifying member name in
Create Member.
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Select
{
[measures].[customer sales],
[measures].[retailer sales],
[measures].[total sales]
} on columns,
{
[Date].[Calendar].[Calendar Year]
} on rows
from [adventure works]

In the above example, I have consumed all new members created in the previous
example through Create Member clause.

Drop member created using Create Member

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drop member [adventure works].[measures].[customer sales]

go
drop member [adventure works].[measures].[retailer sales]
go
drop member [adventure works].[measures].[Total Sales]

In the above example, I have dropped all members created using Create Member
clause.

Working with time dimension in MDX query

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Select
{
[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2007]
} ON Columns
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

The above query will display Sales figure of financial year 2007.

Previous and Next member access in MDX

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Select
{
[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2007].Prevmember,
[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2007],
[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2007].Nextmember
} ON Columns
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

The above example is using PrevMember and NextMember property to access

previous and next member of any dimension.

ParallelPeriod function in MDX also returns prev/next member

based on given parameter.
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Select
{
ParallelPeriod([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year],1,[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2007])
} ON Columns
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

The above example returns previous year member of [FY 2007] because parameter
value given toParallelPeriod function is 1.

OpeningPeriod function and ClosingPeriod function.

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Select
{

OpeningPeriod([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year]),
ClosingPeriod([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year])
} ON Columns
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

Openingperiod function returns first member of given dimension

and Closingperiod function returns last member of given dimension.

Specify range in member using : (colon) operator

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Select
{
OpeningPeriod([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year]):
ClosingPeriod([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

The above example is using : operator to specify beginning member to end member
of dimension. I have usedOpeningperiod function for first member
and Closingperiod function for last member.

Starting Range in MDX can be specify using NULL value

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Select
{
NULL:
ClosingPeriod([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

In the above example, initial range is specified using value NULL.

PeriodsToDate function to specify range in member

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--display financial year wise sales

Select
{
PeriodsToDate([Date].[Fiscal].[(All)],[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2008])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

--display month wise sales of given financial year

Select
{
PeriodsToDate([Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year],[Date].[Fiscal].[Month].[DECEMBER 2006])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

In the first example, PeriodtoDate function displays sales value from first available
financial year to financial year 2008. While in second example when we have
provided financial month in range, it will show sales of first financial month of year
upto given financial month of year.

Specify range in MDX using LastPeriod function

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--display previous 3 member

Select
{
LastPeriods(3,[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2008])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]
--display next 3 member
Select
{
LastPeriods(-3,[Date].[Fiscal].[Fiscal Year].[FY 2008])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

The above example displays that positive value in LastPeriods function shows last
member and negative parameter value in LastPeriods function shows next member
in given dimension.
Specify date range in dimension using YTD,QTD and MTD function. YTD
covers Year till date members of dimension, QTD covers Quarter till date members
and MTD covers Month till date members of given dimension.
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--YTD for Year till date

Select
{
YTD([Date].[Calendar].[Calendar Year].[CY 2008])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]

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Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

--QTD for quarter till date
Select
{
QTD([Date].[Calendar].[Month].[DECEMBER 2006])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]
--MTD for month till date
Select
{
MTD([Date].[Calendar].[Date].[July 2,2006])
} ON Columns,
{
[Product].[Category].[Category]
}ON rows
From [Adventure Works]
Where [Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]

The above example displays date range specification

using YTD, QTD and MTD function.