Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2, 83-85, 2006
The aim of the present paper was to investigate the possibility of utilizing Construction and Demolition
(C&D) wastes as substitutes of Portland cement raw meal. The C&D wastes that were so used, were the Recycled
Concrete Aggregates (RCA) and the Recycled Masonry Aggregates (RMA) derived from demolished buildings in Attica
region, Greece. RCA and RMA samples were selected because of their calcareous and siliceous origin respectively,
which conformed the composition of the ordinary Portland cement raw meal. For that reason, six samples of cement raw
meals were prepared: one with ordinary raw materials, as a reference sample, and five by mixing the reference sample
with RCA and RMA in appropriate proportions. The effect on the reactivity of the generated mixtures, was evaluated on
the basis of the free lime content (fCaO) in the mixtures sintered at 1350C, 1400C and 1450C. Test showed that the
added recycled aggregates improved the burnability of the cement raw meal without affecting negatively the cement
clinker properties. Moreover, the formation of the major components (C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF) of the produced clinkers
(sintered at 1450C) was corroborated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).
Abstract
Keywords
recycled concrete aggregates, recycled masonry aggregates, cement raw meal, burnability study
1. Introduction
Nowadays, the exploitation of Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes is considered very attractive in most
industrialized countries, due to the environmental benefits
from their reutilization. Since C&D wastes are mostly inert
materials, they are already used in various applications as
road pavement materials, sub-basements, soil stabilization,
improvement of sub-ground, production of concrete of
many categories, etc. (Symonds Group, 1999; Cuperus &
Boone, 2003). Particularly, recycled concrete, masonry
and tiles, which comprise the largest amount of C&D
wastes (Oikonomou, 2004), offer many opportunities for
their reutilization as aggregates substituting quarried (primary) aggregates.
On the other hand, the general trend today for the cement industries is the use of alternative raw materials for
the production of cement clinker. Several materials, mainly
the wastes and by-products of other industrial processes,
have been proposed for that purpose (Bhatty et al., 2004).
It has been found that materials such as marginal limestones, cement kiln dust, slags, fly ash, bottom ash, bauxite, rice husk ash, red mud etc., improve the burnability of
the cement raw meal without affecting significantly the
cement clinker properties (Bhatty et al., 2004; Tsakiridis et
al., 2004; Krammart & Tangtermsirikul, 2003; Kakali et al.,
2003; Bhatty et al., 2002). Moreover, the replacement of
the natural raw materials can minimize the effects of quarrying, reduce the impact of the cement plant on the local
environment and enable the cement industry to become a
major player in materials recycling.
The current paper investigated the potential use of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) and Recycled Masonry
Aggregates (RMA), obtained from demolished buildings,
2. Experimental
2.1 Materials
RCA and RMA samples were collected from a recycling
unit which is established in Attica region, Greece. It should
be noted that the exact source and age of the samples
were unknown. RCA sample was taken in the fraction
0-8 mm while RMA sample in the fraction >32 mm. The
materials used in this study were ground in a laboratory
Bond ball mill in order to have a common residue at 90 m
with the Portland cement raw meal (approximately 12%).
According to the chemical analyses of RCA and RMA
samples, their calcareous and siliceous origin was confirmed respectively (Galbenis & Tsimas, 2004). Portland
Table 1
Component
RCA
RMA
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
K2O
Loss on Ignition
4.78
1.32
0.67
46.19
1.29
0.11
40.36
44.59
9.70
4.58
26.77
2.31
1.49
9.14
Portland cement
raw meal
13.55
3.31
2.55
41.95
1.98
0.41
35.12
84
by means of mineralogical analysis to ensure completeness of burning using a Siemens D-5000 X-ray diffractometer with nickel-filtered CuK=1.5405 . All patterns were
obtained in a scanning range from 5 to 65 in 2 scale.
-1
The testing rate that was applied was 0.02min for all
samples.
LSF
SM
CRM
Ref
CRM
1
CRM
5
100
80
60
40
20
15
31
46
62
77
14
18
23
CRM 1
CRM 2
CRM 3
CRM 4
CRM 5
0.66-1.02 (0.92-0.96)
0.96
0.95
0.96
0.95
0.97
0.95
1.9-3.2 (2.3-2.7)
2.31
2.41
2.51
2.64
2.75
2.89
1.3
1.41
1.52
1.67
1.84
2.07
AR
1.3-2.5 (1.3-1.7)
HM
1.7-2.3 (~2)
2.16
2.15
2.2
2.18
2.24
2.22
LSF=C/(2.8S+1.18A+0.65F), SM=S/(A+F), AR=A/F, HM=C/(S+A+F); C,S,A,F: % content of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3
respectively, in cement raw meal.
Table 4
Cement raw
meals
CRMRef
CRM 1
CRM 2
CRM 3
CRM 4
CRM 5
1450
1.47
0.99
0.82
0.68
0.73
0.71
fCaO / %
Temperature / C
1400
1350
2.84
7.90
1.64
6.21
1.32
5.47
1.07
4.00
1.07
4.79
0.88
4.06
BC
25.97
23.72
23.11
24.90
22.95
23.44
Galbenis & Tsimas: Use of Wastes as Raw Materials in Cement Clinker Production
for the BC values. The above result reflects a possible
reduction of the final clinker burning temperature. The
burnability improvement may be attributed to the fact that
the added recycled aggregates consist of materials (cement, bricks) that have already been burnt at high temperatures. For that reason, they need less energy in order
to form the main phases of cement clinker.
85
References
Fig. 1
4. Conclusions
RCA and RMA appeared to be applicable substitutes of