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Noman Ahmed
Assistant Professor
EE Dept.
7/31/2014
7/31/2014
Simplex
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In the electronic communication field, decibel is normally used to define the power
ratios between 2 signals
To express relative gain and lose of the electronic device/circuit
Describing relationship between signal and noise
In the common usage, it also used to express the ratios of voltage and current
If 2 powers are expressed in the same units (e.g. watt, miliwatt), their ratio is a
dimensionless quantity that can be expressed in decibel form as follow
dB 10 log
Where
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P1
P2
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In the case to measure the power gain or loss of any electronic circuit or
device, equation (1) can be written as follow
P out
A p ( dB ) 10 log 10
P in
where
(2)
Positive (+) dB value indicates the output power is greater than the input
power, which indicates power gain or amplification
Negative (-) dB value indicates the output power is less that the input power
which indicates power loss or attenuation
If Pout = Pin, the absolute power gain is 1, which means dB power gain is 0
(referred as unity power gain)
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PV
(3)
Substituting (3) into (2),
i.e.
Voltage Gain
Vout 2
dB 10 log 10
2
Vin
Vout
Av ( dB ) 20 log 10
Vin
(3-1)
(3-2)
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A dBm is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of power level with
respect to a fixed reference level. With dBm, the reference level is 1 mW
(miliwatts).
dBm unit can be expressed as follow
P
dBm 10 log 10
0.001
(4)
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P out
Bel log 10
P in
(5)
The Decibel unit was originated from the Bel unit, in honor of Alexander
Graham Bell.
Bel unit compressed absolute ratios of 0.00000001 to 100000000 to a
ridiculously low range of only 16 Bel (-8 Bel to + 8 Bel).
Difficult to relate Bel unit to true magnitudes of large ratios and impossible
to express small differences with any accuracy.
To overcome this, Bel was simply multiplied by 10, creating a decibel.
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When power levels are given in watts and power gains are given as
absolute values, the output power is determined by multiplying the input
power with the power gains.
Ex 7 : For a 3-stages system with an input power Pin = -20 dBm and the
power gains of the 3-stages as AP1 = 13 dB, AP2 = 16 dB and AP3 = -6 dB,
determine the output power (Pout) in dBm and watts.
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The spectrum is divided into bands, with each band having a different
name and boundary.
The radio frequency band (30Hz ~300GHz) is divided into narrower band
as follow.
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c
f
where = wavelength (m), c = velocity of light (3 x 108 m/s),
f = frequency (Hz)
Total electromagnetic wavelength spectrum is shown below.
(6)
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Ex : voice signals contain frequencies between 300 Hz ~ 3000 Hz. For that
a voice signal communication channel must have a bandwidth of 2700 Hz
or greater.
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I B t
20
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I B log 21
N
S
I 3.32B log101
N
(9)
Definition any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the passband of
the signal.
Effect of noise on the electrical signal :
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Extraterrestrial noise
- consists of electrical signal that originate from outside earths atmosphere and therefore also
known as deep-space noise.
- 2 categories of extraterrestrial noise.
i solar noise noise that generated directly from the suns heat.
ii cosmic noise / black-body noise noise that is distributed throughout the galaxies.
Man-made noise
- noise that is produced by mankind.
- source : spark-producing mechanism (commutators in electrical motors, automobile ignition
systems, ac power generating/switching equipment, fluorescent lights).
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Transit-time noise
- irregular, random variation due to any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass from
the input to the output of a device.
- this noise become noticeable when the time delay takes for a carrier to propagate through a
device is excessive.
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N KTB
(6.1)
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A form of internal noise that is correlated to the signal and cannot be present in a
circuit unless there is a signal.
produced by a nonlinear amplification resulting in nonlinear distortion.
there are 2 types of nonlinear distortion that create unwanted frequencies that
interfere with the signal and degrade the performance :
1. Harmonic distortion
occurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced through nonlinear
amplification.
harmonics are integer multiples of the original signal. The original signal is the first
harmonic (fundamental harmonic), a frequency two times the fundamental
frequency is the second harmonic, three times is the third harmonic and so on.
Distortion measurements :
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1. Harmonic distortion
distortion measurements :
- Nth harmonic distortion = ratio of the rms amplitude of Nth harmonic to the rms amplitude
of the fundamental.
- Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
% THD
v higher
v fundamenta
100
(6.4)
where
v higher
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2. Intermodulation distortion
intermodulation distortion is the generation of unwanted sum and difference
frequencies produced when two or more signals mix in a nonlinear device (cross
products).
unwanted !
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1. Impulse noise
characterized by high amplitude peaks of short duration (sudden burst of irregularly
shaped pulses) in the total noise spectrum.
common source of impulse noise : transient produced from electromechanical
switches (relays and solenoids), electric motors, appliances, electric lights, power lines,
poor-quality solder joints and lightning.
2. Interference
electrical interference occurs when information signals from one source produces
frequencies that fall outside their allocated bandwidth and interfere with information
signal from another source.
most occurs in the radio frequency spectrum.
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signal-to-noise power ratio (S/N) is the ratio of the signal power level to the
noise power level and can be expressed as
in logarithmic function
S
Ps
N
Pn
(6.5)
S
Ps
( dB ) 10 log
N
Pn
(6.6)
V s 2 / R in
S
( dB ) 10 log 2
N
V n / R out
(6.7)
S
Vs
( dB ) 20 log
N
Vn
(6.8)
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( S / N ) out
Noise figure is the noise factor stated in dB and is a parameter to indicate the
quality of a receiver
( S / N ) in
NF 10 log F 10 log
( S / N ) out
(6.10)
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- in figure (a), the input and output S/N ratios are equal.
- in figure (b), the circuits add internally generated noise Nd to the waveform,
causing the output signal-to-noise ratio to be less than the input signal-tonoise
ratio.
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...
A1
A1 A 2
A1 A 2 ... A N
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NF T 10 log F T
(6.12
Ex 4 : For an amplifier with an output signal voltage of 4V, an output noise voltage
0.005 V and an input and output resistance of 50 , determine the signal-to-noise
power ratio.
Ex 6 : For 3 cascaded amplifier stages, each with a noise figures of 3 dB and power
gain of 10dB, determine the total noise figure.
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