ECNG 3012 - TUTORIAL No.

1
Due: February 26th 2010
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QUESTIONS

1. Explain the terms generation, transmission and distribution.

2. Name some of the components of a substation and their main task.
3. What is the difference between a circuit breaker and a disconnecting switch
(disconnect)?
4. What is the purpose of a grounding switch?
5. What is a recloser?
6. Why are power systems interconnected?
7. Draw and explain the typical load-duration curve.
8. Define the term diversity factor as related to electrical loads.
9. Why do we want power systems working close to a power factor of one?
10. Explain what is the meaning of the following terms in relation to transmission
lines:
a. Suspension type insulator.
b. Pin type insulator.
c. Sag.
d. Galloping.
e. HVDC.
f. Bundled conductors.
g. Ground wire.
h. Counterpoise.
i. Right of way.
11. What is the meaning of safe first contingency mode in power systems?
12. List three advantages of using three-phase systems (as opposed to one-phase
systems).
13. Explain why P, Q and S are not phasors.
14. Which parameters are influenced by the skin effect in the modeling of a
transmission line?

PROBLEMS

1. Let a 5 kVA, 400/200 V transformer be approximately represented by a 2 !

reactance referred to the low side. Considering the rate values as base quantities,
express the transformer reactance as a per-unit quantity. Calculate the value of
reactance in p.u and ohms in terms of the high-voltage side.
2. A 3-phase, 440 V induction motor drives a 50 kW mechanical load. Motor
efficiency is 95% and the motor power factor is 0.8.
a. Compute the a-bc-c line-to-neutral voltages and line currents.
b. Find the amount of capacitive kVAr (three-phase) that corrects
the power factor to 0.95.

3. Consider the power system shown below. Choose a power base 100 MVA and a
line-to-line voltage base for the section with the generator as 6.9 kV. The load
consumes 10 MVA at 0.8 p.f. leading when the line-to-line voltage at the load is
13.8 kV.
a. Determine the ohmic value of the equivalent series impedance to
represent the load. Calculate its value in p.u.
b. Calculate the p.u impedance for the transfomers in the system
base.
c. Calculate the p.u impedance for the transmission line.

4. The conductors of a 1.6 km long, 3.3 kV overhead transmission line are in

horizontal configuration with 762 mm between centers. The diameter of the
conductors is 3.5 mm. The resistance per kilometer of the conductors is 0.41 !.
Calculate the line-to neutral inductance of the line and the impedance.

5. A 60-Hz , three-phase, line composed of one ACSR Bluejay conductor per phase
has flat horizontal spacing of 11 m between adjacent conductors. Compare the
inductive reactance in !/km per phase of this line with that of a line using a twoconductor bundle of ACSR 26/7 conductors having the same total cross-sectional
area of aluminum as the single-conductor line and 11-m spacing measured from
the center of the bundles. The spacing between conductors in the bundle is 40 cm.
6. A 480 V, three-phase system feeds the following loads connected in parallel:
a) induction motor, fully loaded, 80 hp, efficiency " = 91%, power factor
= 0.86 lagging.
b) induction motor, loaded to # rated output, rated at 40 hp, efficiency " =
89%, power factor = 0.83 lagging at actual load.
c) 50 kW of lighting and heating load.
d) a synchronous motor added to provide power factor correction and
drive a 70 hp load efficiency " = 93% at full load.
Calculate the leading KVAR that the synchronous motor must provide to
correct the overall power factor to 98% lagging.
7. Textbook (Grainger & Stevenson) Problem 4.11.

8. Textbook (Grainger & Stevenson) Problem 4.17.

9. The power system shown in the figure is operating with a replacement
transformer at T1 due to failure of the original one. The voltage rating of the
replacing transformer does not match the one of the generator G1, therefore the
generator is operated at a lower voltage than its nominal value during the
abnormal situation. For this condition the system has the following data:

G 1: 50 MVA, 12.0 kV, X = 0.20 p.u., X2=0.20 p.u., Xo=0.10 p.u..

G 2: 100 MVA, 15.0 kV, X = 0.20 p.u., X2=0.23 p.u., Xo=0.10 p.u..

T 1: 50 MVA, 10.0 kV/138 kV, X=0.10 p.u.

T 2: 100 MVA, 15.0 kV/138 kV, X=0.10 p.u
For each transmission line (Line 1 and Line 2): X1=40 !, X0=100 !.
The base for the system is MVAbase= 100 and Vbase= 15 kV at the zone of
generator 2.
Calculate the values of all the reactances in the p.u. base for the system
and draw the equivalent circuits for the positive, the negative and the zero
sequence in p.u. for the system.