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INTRODUCTION
71 -
The specific requirements for RPV steels are to give, even to largesize component materials of RPVs, higher values of the following
properties:
fracture toughness
internal defects
weldability
Some further items were added during the past two decades primarily
for the purpose of easier execution of non-destructive examinations
both pre-service and in-service. These are:
72
of the low alloy steels has predominated. For example, all of the
Japanese reactors of BWR and PWR types have A533-B Class 1 (QT)
pressure vessels except Tsuruga which uses A302-B (QT) and JPDR-2
with A302-B in NT condition [4]. The sole Japanese gas cooled
reactor (Tokai Nuclear Power Station) was contained in a vessel of a
Japanese C-Mn steel. Typical composition data for the Japan Steel
Works (JSW), Ltd. steel used is C-0.10*, Mn-1.30%, Si-0.25%, P-
73
- 74 -
was increased.
75
3 BASE MATERIAL
3.1
76
3.2
3.2.1
77
In 1980, to meet higher requirements for the record 570 ton ingots
of nuclear vessel application, vacuum facilities were installed to
the holding furnace to convert it into a ladle refining furnace.
78
In these two
3.2.2
79
30
rM
= 6
'18QTL
(ln(l+
)+(!- T o)}
148Pa
TL
Where
Q
Pa
T^
M,
e M t, Fig.9 shows
- 81 -
jwt
For 0.7* carbon steel, critical condition for the formation of Asegregates is expressed by:
82
Where
j
(c/min)
ApL
is
that at fraction solid 0.3* ApL varies with various steels and if
is large A-segregates are easily formed. The relation between
1 1 and ApL
is
shown in Fig.12.
Fig.12 and then the position where A-segregates first starts to form
is estimated.
83
Microporosities are formed in the A-segregation zone and Vsegregation zone. If sizes of pores are large, it may result in the
rejection of the product. Therefore, it is very important to design
the optimum shape of the ingot to reduce porosity. Based upon
investigations on 3 - 220 ton ingots of carbon steel and low-alloy
steel, critical conditions for the formation of microporosity were
determined as shown in Fig. 13. Large porosity tends to form
especially in the V-segregation zone.
The length of the porosity zone Vy (mm) is expressed as a function
of height-to-diameter ratio H/D as shown in Fig. 14.
In the figure,
Based
upon the above mentioned studies, optimum ingot shapes were designed
and satisfactory results obtained.
84
1Q0]
= 38.5+0.132(Wt)-72.8(F.H.R.)-100(/\C multiple)
Where
(%C)
(%C)ladle
(Wt)
(F.H.R.)
85
above.
3.3
86
Figs. 17 and 18 show the combined vessel flange and nozzle belt
forging of KWU/1300MWe pressurized water reactor pressure vessel
(PWRPV) made from a 400 ton ingot and the combined vessel flange and
nozzle belt forging of WEC/157" PWRPV made from a 500 ton ingot
(developed by COCKERILL) as compared with the conventional one,
respectively. These integrated flange forgings were hot worked by a
10,000 ton forging press. Fig. 19 illustrates the forging processes
for the flange forging made from a 500 ton ingot. Sufficient
discard was made from each end of the ingot to insure that only
sound metal enters the completed forging. After piercing of ingot
core, repetition of enlarging and upsetting was performed to close
possible porosity inside the ingot.
87
a) Shell flange :
t
a
= Q.96
= -0.28
fit - -0.68
b) Mono-block vessel flange :
t = n ni
ea = -0.18
fi r = -0.63
Therefore, anisotropy in three directions is expected to be
minimized.
88
Flake, ghost crack and fish eye etc. are well known hydrogen induced
defects. Recently, the problems in large forgings due to hydrogen
are remarkably decreased by the improvement of vaccum treatment
technology.
However, it is still necessary to consider the prevention of
hydrogen induced defects depending on the size and grade of
materials.
89
3.5
3.5.1
Metallurgical Homogeneity
90
(120*
91
92
WELD
4.1
4.1.1
Weld Metal
(1) Requirement
Code Section
93
95
96
longest dimension, but are often confined to a single weld pass and,
in these situations, are less than about 5 mm in length. The
factors controlling this form of cracking are similar to those for
hydrogen cracking in the HAZ, with cracking being more likely in
situations where the weld metal hydrogen content is high, the
restraint is high and the weld deposit microstructure is
susceptible, this normally means that the deposit is of high
hardness [25-28]. However, cracking can occur in weld metals at
significantly lower hardnesses than would be associated with
cracking in the HAZ. The relationship between weld hardness,
microstructure and susceptibility to cracking is the subject of
current research but there is sufficient knowledge at present time
to specify adequate procedures for fabrication in order to avoid
cracking.
97
As for the weld metal, there are three forms of cracking that are
potential problems in the HAZ, namely liquation cracking, reheat
cracking and hydrogen induced cracking.
98
In examination of 120
99
100
Reheat cracking results when the relaxation strain exceeds the local
creep ductility of the material. It occurs during postweld heat
treatment (PWHT) when the welded structure is heated slowly from
room temperature or the post-welding temperature (up to 300 c) to a
temperature between 550 and
- 101 -
47, 50]. Whilst there is general agreement that SA-533B Class 1 and
SA-508 Class 3 are less susceptible to reheat cracking than SA-508
Class 2 and that impurity elements are deleterious, there is only a
broad quantitative consensus on the relative effects of different
impurities.
102
reheat cracking in other low alloy steels has been recognised [50,
51].
can be expected.
103
4.2
Cladding
104
105
600-700c, by the
106
107
p-transformation of the
108
109
Tensile and Charpy V-notch impact properties for the European weld
metals are comparable with the base metal data. It would appear
that adequate low temperature notch toughness and comparable tensile
ductility can be achieved in weld metals even when the weld metal
yield strength is approximately 10-20& higher than the nominal mean
value of 470 MPa for SA-533 Grade B Class l/SA-508 Class 3 base
materials. Data for base metals, weld metals and HAZs which were
tested in the EPRI programmes [20] are collated in Tables 8, 4 and 9
to 12. Data from Japan which provide some indication of the
improvement in upper shelf notch toughness and also in the ductilebrittle transition temperature that can be obtained using narrow gap
welding processes [64, 65].
From the results examined for both weld metals and HAZs, which are
rather limited in some cases, it can be concluded that it is
possible to achieve mechanical properties in weld metals and heat
affected zones
- 110 -
It is
believed that the weld metal rather than the HAZ will govern
acceptance. By correct selection of welding consumables/
parameters, weld metal properties can be achieved which are well in
excess of the minimum property values specified by the ASME Codes.
The upper shelf notch toughness of weld metals should also be
reasonably high, but cannot be guaranteed to match the high notch
toughness values of the very high quality steel now available from a
number of sources. Recent developments in the production of plates
and forgings, and to a lesser extent welds, have resulted in an
improvement in properties, beyond the minimum values required by the
ASME Codes, and therefore beyond the material properties upon which
previous PWR vessel production has been based.
The design of the RPV for the light water reactor (LWR) tends to
minimize the weld seams, which reduces the period of in-service
inspection (ISI) together with easier performance of ISI. This
tendency reguired the more integrated and larger parts for nuclear
steam supply system (NSSS) components.
It was said that weld seams can be reduced to 70 percent for boiling
water reactor pressure vessels (BWRPVs) and 25 percent for
pressurized water reactor pressure vessels (PWRPVs) when compared to
- Ill -
The numerous seamless forged shells in BWRPV and PWRPV have already
been realized as shown in Figs.36 and 37 [67], respectively, using
the advanced technology for the manufacture of heavy steel forgings.
One-piece forged shell flanges weighing 165 tons for KWU type 4-loop
PWRPV made from 400 ton ingots shown in Fig. 17 have been
- 112 -
REFERENCES
[1]
ONODERA, S., Tetsu To Hagane, Current Steels for Nuclear Pressure Vessels, J.
ISIJ (Iron and Steel Institute of Japan), 67 (1981), P880
[2]
[3]
[4]
ANDO, Y., Private Communication to Mr. Steele, L.E. (21 Nov. and 10 Dec.
1973)
[5]
HASHIMOTO, U., KIHARA, H., ANDO, Y., Welding Problems Associated with
Construction of Nuclear Power Stations in Japan, 1964 Annual Assembly of IIW
(International Institute of Welding), Prague, Czechoslovakia (30 Jun. - 2 Jul. 1964).
Proceedings
[6]
RAO, S., Private Communication to Mr. Steele, L.E. (14 Nov. 1973)
[7]
PACHUR, D., Private Communication to Mr. Steele, L.E. (11 Nov. 1973)
- 113 -
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
DEBRAY, W., CERJAK, H., ONODERA, S., TSUKADA, H., SUZUKI, K., Large
Nozzle Belt Forgings for PWR 1200 MWe, 1st European Nuclear Conference
(April 1975), Paris. Preprint
- 114 -
[14]
U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 1.99, Rev. 1, Effect of Residual Element on Predicted
Radiation Damage to Reactor Vessel Materials (Apr. 1977)
[15]
[16]
[17]
COUPETTE, W., Der Einfluss der Seigerung und Verschmiedung auf die
Festigkeitseigenschaften grosser Schmiedestucke aus Stahl, Stahl und Eisen, 61
(1941), P1013
[18]
[19]
BRUCKNER, E., et al., The Properties of Various Weld Metals for Reactor
Components, DVS Berichte No. 52 Welding in Nuclear Engineering 1978 67-73.
V.E. Riecansky, Technical Translation No. VR/1318/78, Cambridge
[20]
Nuclear Pressure Vessel Steel Data Base. EPRI NP933 Proj. 886-1 (December
1978)
[21]
115
[22] DAVIS, M.L.E., BAILEY, N., How Submerged Arc Flux Composition
Influences Element Transfer, Proceedings of Conference on Weld
Pool Chemistry and Metallurgy, The Welding Institute (April
1980)
- 116 -
[28] ALLEN, D.J., CHEW, B., HARRIS, P., Formation of Chevron Cracks
in Submerged Arc Weld Metal, CEGB Report, Marchwood
Engineering Laboratories RD/M/R295 (June 1980)
[30] KUSSMAUL, K., EWALD, J., MAIER, G., SCHELLHAMMER, K., Methods
and Testing Concepts for Further Improvement of Quality
Reactor Pressure Vessels for Light Water Nuclear Power
Stations, Risley Trans. No.3388, VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 58
(1978), P439-448
- 117 -
[33]
KUSSMAUL, K., EWALD, J., et al., Enhancement of the Quality of the Reactor
Pressure Vessel Used in Light Water Power Plants by Advanced Material
Fabrication and Testing Technologies; 4th Int. Conf. on Structural Mechanics in
Reactor Technology; Paper Gl/3 (August 1977), San Francisco
[34]
KUSSMAUL, K., EWALD, J., Assessment of Toughness and Cracking in the Heat
Affected Zone of Light Water Reactor Components; 3rd Int. Conf. on Pressure
Vessel Tech., Part II, P.627-646, ASME (1977), Tokyo
[35]
[36]
BREAR, J.M. and KING, B.L., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, London A295 (1980)
[37]
COMON, J., A508 Class 3 Forgings for Pressure Vessels; 3rd Int. Conf. on
Pressure Vessel Technology, Part II, P.957-970, (April 1977), Tokyo, Japan.
Atomic Energy Society of Japan, 1977
[38]
- 118 -
[39] KAMEDA, J., TAKAHASHI, H., SUZUKI, M., Residual Stress Relief
and Local Embrittlement of Weld Heat Affected Zone in a
Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel (SA533B Class 1 ) , IIW Document
No. X 800-76 IX 1002-76
[40] CERJAK, H., PAPOUSCHEK, F., PERNSTICH, K., Heavy Forgings for
Reactor Pressure Vessels. Requirements, Design and
Examination, Siemens Forsch-Entwicklungaber, 8 (1979), P61-67
[43] DEBIEZ, S.. GRANJON, H., Work Carried Out by the Institut de
Soudre on Reheat Cracking, Int. Conf. on Residual Stresses in
Welded Construction and their ^Effects. Welding Inst. P231-240
(1977), London
119
[44] DHOOGE, A., DOLBY, R.E., SEBILLE, J., STEINMETZ, R., VINCKIER,
A., A Review of Work Related to Reheat Cracking in Nuclear
Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels, Int. Jnl. Press. Vess. and
Piping 6 (1978), P329-408
- 120 -
[49]
[50]
[51]
ITO, Y., NAKANISHI, M., IIW (International Institute of Welding), Doc. X-66872
[52]
[53]
[54]
OHNISHI, K., TSUKADA, H., SUZUKI, K., MURAI, H., KAGA, H.,
KUSUHASHI, M., OGAWA, T., TANAKA, Y., Study on Hydrogen Induced
Cracking of Heavy Forgings Overlaid by Stainless Steel; The Special Topical
Meeting, Metal Performance in Nuclear Steam Generators; ANS (6-9 Oct. 1980),
St. Petersburg Beach, Florida
- 121 -
[55]
[56]
[57]
GOOCH, T.G., Review of Overlay Welding Procedures for Light Water Reactor
Pressure Vessels; Welding Institute Document 3455/1/75 (1976)
[58]
Kawasaki Steel Corporation, Maglay; The New Surfacing Process with Electroslag
Welding using Wide Strip Electrode
[59]
WYLIE, R.D., Report of PVRC Task Group on Underclad Cracking, HSST (Heavy
Section Steel Technology); 6th Annual Information Meeting (April 1972), ORNL
Conf. 720468
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
- 122 -
[64]
SAWADA, S., OHTA, M., NISHIOKA, K., HORI, M., KAWAHARA, M.,
YAMASAKI, H., Application of Narrow-Gap GMA Welding Process to Nuclear
Reactor Pressure Vessels; presented 4th Int. Conf. on Pressure Vessel Technology,
PI 13-119, Vol. II, I. Mech. E. (May 1980), London
[65]
MORIGAKI, O., et al., Submerged Arc Narrow-Gap Welding Process with One
Run per Layer Technique for Heavy Sections; Nippon Steel Welding Products and
Engineering Co. Ltd. (February 1979(, IIW (International Institute of Welding),
Doc. XII-A-168-79
[66]
[67]
[68]
ONODERA, S., MORITANI, H., TSUCHIYA, K., TSUKADA, H.5 WIDART, J.,
SCAILTEUR, A., Mono-Block Vessel Flange Forgings for PWRPV 1000 MWe;
the 8th International Forgemasters Meeting (October 1977), Kyoto
[69]
CAMBIEN, R.B., New Design of PWR Reactor Vessel Using Large Forging;
ASME Conference (September 1976), Mexico City
[70]
REYNEN, J., WINDT, P.DE., WIDART, J., et al., A Novel Design for LWR
Pressure Vessel Nozzles and Corresponding Stress Analysis; 3rd International
Conference on Pressure Vessel Technology (April 1977), Tokyo, Japan. Atomic
Energy Society of Japan, 1977
[71]
WIDART, J., Design of Reactor Pressure Vessel Considering Easier I.S.I.; IAEA
Technical Committee (April 1977), Kobe
or
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124
TABLE 2
Minimum Mechanical Properties Specified i n the ASME Codes (2)
Tensile
Yield s t r e s s (MPa)
Ultimate t e n s i l e
s t r e s s (MPa)
El (in 50 mm) %
R of A %
A533B 1 Plates
20*C 350'C
A508 3 Forgings
208C 350C
345
285(*)
345
285
552
18
-
527
550
18
38
Charpy Impact
Energy (J)
Lateral expansion (mm)
Minimum ave. value (+)
of three specimens
Minimum value of one
specimen
("*)
(*)
68 J at
RTNDT + 33" C
0.89 mm a t RTNDT + 33C
X
41 J a t 4.4C
34 J a t 4.4*C
non-mandatory
not more than one specimen from a set may fall below
this value
to be specified by purchaser
125
TA3LJE . 3
Chenrical CoTPOsition and Mechanical Property Values of Vfeld Meta'i
in Sinulated Heat-Treatment Condition n Q)
Tensile
Strength
RT (Mm*)
Weld natal
type
Chsnrical ccnposition (wt.1 critHnax value)
FM
Mi
Cr
Ki
Al
Cu
Co
X s
X s
E-1
E-2
E_3
>*
C Si
Charjy
Impact
Energy
0*C (J)
c_i
25 20 152 12 GO
36
83 28 175
36
.02 .21 1.09 .005 .007 .01 .35 1.07 .05 .42 1.S3 .011 .014 .03 .48 1.33 <.O1 <.O5 <.O3 <.O3 599 17 45 146 16 129
607 26 12 161 25
35
33
<.20
634 -
63 -
42
126
TABLE 4
As-Deposited Chemical Analyses of EPR1 .'.SO Heat1 Weld Metal s in A533B Cl 1
iwt.%) "(20)
Heat
MMA Welds
P
Q
R
S
T
U
S/A Welds
V
W
X
Y
Mn
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.09
0.04
0.050
1.000
1.110
1.100
1.03
1.02
0.150
0.005
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.017
0.016
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.01
0.022
0.024
0.390
0.400
0.400
0.39
0.49
0.520
0.150
0.14
0.150
0.13
1.38
1.19
1.280
1.25
0.008
0.01
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.16
0.19
0.200
0.18
0.25
0.21
0.24
1.41
1.34
1.30
Si
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
0.880
1.060
1.000
0.95
0.95
0.940
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.01
0.01
0.010
0.290
0.340
0.330
0.32
0.53
0.540
0 .004
0 .006
0 .005
0 .006
0 .014
0 .014
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.02
0.030
0.13
0.10
0.190
0.10
0.04
0.09
0.080
0.09
0.60
0.54
0.540
0.53
0 .007
0 .005
0 .005
0 .005
0.04
0.12
0.110
0.20
0.11
0.07
0.11
0.49
0.53
0.53
0 .003
0 .004
0 .002
0.12
0.10
0.08
Base
~B~~
L
TABLE 5
Chemical composition,of f i l l e r metal as s p e c i f i e d , as received and as deposited,
together with that of the base metal (SA533B) (21)
Mn
Si
.15 1.80
LAP
LAP 0.10
7?0~ 2TT0" OTOTO OTOTO Tmax)
(max) (max)
Ni
Cr
.55
.10
T7F (max)
Mo
Cu
.45
LAP
j5o~ 0TW
(max)
V
.02
(inaTx)
Al
As
.05
LAP
( i a x ) <T0T0
Sn
Sb
LAP
<TOTo
LAP
<M5
F i l l e r metal:
vendor
Lukens
NRL
.02
.05
.02
.015
.02
-
<.05
<.O1
<.O1
,
M
^
i
Weld deposit 1 5 :
Lukens
.015
.21
.45
.08
.36
.07
.018
MRL
.20
.66
.06
.48
.05
.02
Base m e t a l :
.19
.58
.06
.50
.03
.02
LAP
.008
= low as possible
<.O5
<.O1 <.O1
.015 <.O3
<.O2 <.O1
128 -
TA8LE 6^
Compositional Upper Limit for Elements which Promote HAZ Cracking
(wt.) (After Kussmaul)
(33)
Sn
As
Al
Liquation Cracking
0.13
0.011 0.007
0.008
0.036
0.12
0.011 0.008
0.008
0.013
Carbide
Formers
Mo Co
0.62
TABLE 7
Compositional Upper Limit for Elements which Promote Reheat Cracking
(wt.S) (After Brear & King] (47)
p.
As
Sn
Sb
Cu
0 .012
0.015
0.010
0.008
0.10
0 .015
129
TA8LE
Summary of Welding Conditions used to Fabricate EPRI Weidments (20)
Heat
Type of
Weld
Thickness
(nun)
Base
Material
U (D*
A533B Cl 1
Flux
E8018-MN
E8018-NM
0.127
P
Q
R
S
0.152
II
0.292
(B)
MMA
T (N)
Electrode
EPRI
G (A)
I (C)
5C (E)
MMA
H (B)
J (D)
V
(B)
W
X
.Y
E8018-C3
II
AS08 - 2
II
It
II
II
11
R
II
U
P (E)
0 (D)
L (A)
S/A
N (C)
M (B)
tt
0.178
0.292
0.300
E8018-C3
u
A533B Cl 1
It
II
II
"
A508 - 2
MIL-B-4
4;5
Linde 0091
2.6
0.8
1.2
2.2
0.7
2.3
2.8
II
4.0
II
2.8.
II
H
Mn Mo Ni
II
Linde 80
II
II-
II
a
n
3.5
E8015-C3
S/A
Heat
Input
(MJ/m)
Linde 0091
3.2
3.6
4.0
2.8
4.0
TABLE. .9
Tensile Properties of EPRI Base Metals and Melds
(20)
Material
Tensile
Properly
M-ft weld in
AS3301 (L)
200
UTS
-20
288
Elongation
-20
288
Rof A
-20
288
lsd
T'C n x
4.5
23
2 400,
556
27.1 200 11 434,
474
tl
II
592 27.3 43
" 577
4.2
9.7
It
27.7 2.0
43
tl
23.3 2.1
' II
II
64.1
3.2
56.4 5.5
Mfl weld in
A53301 (T)
n x
lsd
11
43
Cfy (M>a)
24 5 440
288 " 402
33.6 5 526
26.7 " 443
o \ (M>a)
24 11 595
288 ". 585
23.5
21.2
El {%)
24 "
27.4 1.0
11
208
24.3 0.5
RofA (%)
24
30.3 1.7
" 611
" 567
1st
lsd
T'C
14.1 23/43 3
444
47.9 60
1 403
412
39.8 208
it
395
598
44.8 60
"
555
591
36.0 280
590
25.3 1.2
I
21.6 1.6
GO
II
22
288
It
22
60
II
60.5
II
61.8
470
19.3 288
40
II
620
8.8
288
"
596
23.3 288
15.5, 40
26.2
288 " 19.0, 288
22.5
II
25.6 0.5
23/43
II
II
23.9 1.5
288
It
II
72.1
23/43
II
69.7
3.4
65.1 1.8
288
59.1
10.2 200
23
11
607,
632
288 " 500,
599
23
11
" 36.7, 40
65 3
11
288
66.7, 288
67.3
23
0.7
23/43
"
S/A waid in
A508-2 (L)
n
S/AI1AZ in
A533U1 (L)
II
lsd
47
30.1
" 619
" 5(30
36.2
32.5
"
27.0 1.0
11
22.9 1.6
11
67.4 4.3
" 62.4 5.5
11
T'C n J
40 4 537
MA IIAZ in
A53301 (L)
200
50.5 5 507
20.6 " 434
52.9
31.1
S/A weld in
A533B1 (L)
n
"x
(L)
(T)
"
no. of heats
mean property value
longitudinal orientation
transverse orientation
TABLE , 10
Inipact Propertfes of EPRI Base Metals and Welds
(20)
'
Material
lsd
A533D1
lsd
lsd
lsd
Isd
MMA HAZ
SA/IIAZ
L 13 18
T 13 17
16 .6
21 .7
6 -16
5 -20
11. 0
10. 7
4 -24
4 -30
4 .6
12 .3
-32
10.2
1 -25
L 13
202
27
5 248
62.3
174
21 .8
179
226
1 181
T 13
142
27.6
224
53.7
185
22 .7
NDTT C O
13 -24
9.5
6 -53
6.6
RTNDT CCJ
13 -11
10.0
6 -48
14.5
Transition
Temp.
To CO
Upper Shelf
Energy
4 -57
3 -46
9.8
1 -40
3 -42
3.5
1 -40
Lo
A508-2
-57
MMA HAZ
S/A HAZ
1. 5
T 5
7.6
9
3.9
6.2
5 -33
3.9
5 -21
10 .1
5 -35
219
34.7
5 189
10.1
5 155
72 .5
5 195 29.3
5 266 39.5
T 5
194
35.7
NOTT C O
-3.6
5 -61
12.6
5 -42
16 .9
RT N0T C O
-3.6
12.5
5 -32
23 .4
To C O
Upper $helf
Energy
(J)
(Notation:
-58
30.3
5 -37
41.8
132
TABLE 11
Charpy Impact and RT^x Data for Welds in A533B Cl
Plate
Thickness
Held Prep.
Electrode
/Flux
Heat
Input
(MJ/m)
Heat
Code
RT
l^l
To
NOT
CO
c v us
CO
4.5
U
L*
T
N*
P
.127
Y groove
E8018-MN
3.5}
.127
Y groove (R)
E8018-NM
}
3 . 55}
Straight wall
E8018-C3
.152
138{L)
-43(L) 164*(L)
-KT) 146(T)
-30(L) 168*(L)
+5(L) 275{L)
-24(T) 216(T)
-23
-40*
-57
groove
.152
Straight wall
E8018-C3
4.5
-57
289(L)
-22(T) 212(T)
.152
Straight wall
E8018-C3
4.5
-51
274(L)
-28(T) 263(T)
.178
Straight wall
E8018-C3
4.5
-62
-30(U 266(L)
-24(T) 28S(T)
.292
Double 1/
groove
E8018-C3
2.6
B*
-40*
-23(L) 205*(L)
2.8
-57
-29(L) 206(L)
-46{T) 218(T)
4.0
B*
-40*
-14(L) 181*(L)
.178
.292
.300
Double U (F)
MIL.B-4/
LiJide 0091
2.8
-57
-25(L) 163(L)
-34(T] 178CT)
.300
Oouble If (F)
2.8
-57
-24(L) 165(L}
176{T)
.300
Oouble U (F)
MIL.B-4/
Linde 0091
MIL.B-4/
Linde 0091
2.8
-57
restraint
'
160(L)
-22(T) 167(T)
133
TABLE 11
Charpy Impact and RT MDT Data f o r Welds i n A508-2
Electrode
/Flux
Heat
Input
W/m)
X20)
HAZ
Weld !Metal
Heat,
To
C v US
CO
CO
(0)
RT
NDT
Heat
CO
Cv US
(J)
To
E8O18.C3
n
0.8
1.2
2.2
G
I
K
-73
-62
-62
-38
-37
-32
182
204
194
A
C
E
-32
-55
-66
209
175
190
0.7
2.3
H
J
-40
-51
-30
-30
186
179
B
0
+13
-34
164
238
Submerged Arc
MnMoNi/
Linde 80
3.2
3.6
4.0
P
0
L
-18
-18
-9
-13
-25
-7
105
117
104
E
0
A
+35
-70
-51
329
222
256
HnMoNi/
Linde 0091
2.8
4.0
N
M
-51
-62
-28
-30
273
178
C
8
-48
-42
252
273
134 -
SI
890
3 0 0 100
1000
\\
900
800
2700
H
K
\
\
700
30
600
\_
\
\
\
500
1[I
400
i
]vi
ij
2OO
B -I
-I i
| 1
fed - ; |
300
V!
""\T5PT5
CD
0.6C/mln
A1
o
Q>
10
1
i
i
i
1O0
i
i
10=
10'
Time, sec.
Year
'56
'58
'60
'62
Open hearth
(acidic & basic)
Molting & electric arc
furnace
(10ton.25t.on)
Pouring
'64
'66
'68
'70
Open hearth
(basic) & electric
arc furnace
(10ton,25ton,100ton)
Vacuum pouring
(mechanical pump)
Air
pouring
'72
'74
'76
'78
'80
Holding
"furnace
'82
'84
'86
'88
'90
u>
Ingot
size
_140ton
220ton
|-250ton-|400ton
-500ton-
570ton
-600ton-
136
Vacuum
Vacuum
f
N.
Vacuum
Ar
Ar gas
Heating
FIG.
Degassing
ln<S Chrg
J-<1 CKarg*
0
Ton
600 T o n Ingot
: S*qu<nc Ho
of pourlno
138 -
A : Chill zone
B : Columnar zone
C : Branched columnar zone
(A-segregation zone)
D : Equiaxed zone
(V-segregation zone)
E : Sedimental zone
(Negative segregation zone)
F : Positive segregation zone
C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n s ('A>)
S I Mi Cr Mo V
c Si (Mn 1 P
0-31 0 3510-5510 018 0 01913-12 009 0-42 007
Acic! Open Hearth Furnace Air Cast 75T Ingot
Fig. 5
139
LRF
Heating
Slag formation
(Reiadling)
Composition
adjustment
FIG.
Heating
Vacuum
treatment
I Vacuum pouring
Final composition
adjustment
Bottom pouring
120
Cr-iMo-V steel
100
g" 80
M. D.
60
o.
40
\
<D
+->
C
o
o
20
\O"
(EAF)
(LRF)
Oxidizing
FIG. 7
ReladV
ing
Heating
Vacuum
Trestment'
Heating
Vacuum
Casting
140
100
60
01
o
o
<u
40
=
|
^
=
20
20
40
60
L8
1.5
L2
03
0.6
0.3
0
30
x 10
FIG. 8
-3
100
120
i40
CJ/ton)
141 -
5.0
4.0
\
3.0
\
\
\
Z0
\
1.0 -
Before
vacuum
FIG.
After
vacuum
End of
LRF
Bottom
pouring
Pony
ladle
Vacuum
casting
41-45
40
60
30
3
M tx 10"
FIG.
:10
100
120
140
(J/ton)
- 142 -
No. 1 Ingot
No. 2 Ingot
.14 . 1 2 '
-21 "
-3
*> - 1 3 * 1 8
16
. 1 3 .16
. M -u
No.
IS
- a <15 - U
1 Ingot
No. 2 I n g o t
(b)
FIG.
li
JSvl'i
Oxygen c o n t e n t
(ppm)
10.0
143 -
o Actual Ingot
Experimental Ingot
5.0
1.0
o
0.5
0.1
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.50
12
1.1
144
12
r
-
0.88 carbon
Cr-Mostee'.f
No Porosity
o *
e;
(X
uj
o -
So
10.25 carbon
Porosity
iNi-Cr-Mo-Vsteel
carbon
Ni-Mo steel
0.30 carbon
steel
55
75
35
TL-TS
(a)
S5
105
U5
CO
A-segregation zone
0.040
No Porosity
0.88 carbon
Cr-Mo steel
Q035
CO 30
I
<u
0.36 carbon
steel
0.31 carbon
Ni-Mo steel
0.025
Q.
^ ao2c
Porosity
0.01 5 55
75
TL-TS
(b)
FIG.
35
35
105
115
CC)
V-segregation zone
20C0 I
FIG.
14
145
146 -
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FIG.
80
90
100
(%)
0J8
0J7
0.20 0*5
018 017
0.3)
0*39
O.I
O.Ci
0 . B -.-0.19 -0.20
0 i 9 J).W .i)J9 ^5.20 -0.19 -0.2) -0.19 ').;;
-Oil
(% C) ladle = 0.21
FIG.
16
- 147 -
5,750^
710
-\--\~
EStfed
3,230
148 -
Process
Sketch
500
Ingot
Discard
Discard
Flame cutting
Upsetting
r 15
Piercing by punch
Enlarging
Repetition of
enlarging and
upsetting
Enlarging
3M690P
Finish forging
5"2800
Fig. 29
Forging process
149
r
Solid forging
As cast condition
Upsetting
/Dimensions are the
\
same as cast condition
Test Block
No.
D*
d*
Forging Ratio
As cast
400
350
325
1.3
1.5
400
280
2.0
400
250
2.5
1
2
400
400
3
4
: Axial
- :Tangential
: Radial
No.5
(2.5)
No.l
(As cast)
Test Block No.
Fig. 20
(Forging ratio)
1
1
.1HO
1=1 CD
d o
(!) , | .
1/
II
CD
13
1
1
'
riO
II' ^
CD
13.
O ' 'i
O I')
i
i
... ....V
CM
Elongation ;
CO
pu w,
a; t-ij
H- o
H
o a
o en
Reduction of area ;
(0 |M
Ul
<( ct-
ci- H-
<T)
(0
-0
n>
p. p.
)
(D
rh
rt(t)
rl-
*: 03
rl-
(D
Hr- co
CO r j
W
(0 (t)
O. rln> o
T)
n -
rl(0
(A
(0.
Ol O
fl> U l
O'l "v>\
t)
P
in
ro
(n
CD
P* .O
H
(A
S
S8
ft
on
P-
n
(D
O
c+
H-
5
O
VI
o
H
O
V.
(0
11
<
I(/) 1
I1
O
>d
Coui
rl- ("
v ^ p.
M
.\\
151
Logarithmic strain :
a+
r = 0 a s "the volume
Logarithmic strain :
gt
a
directfons
Kind of forging
and direction
of specimen
(See Note)
O CM
0) E
H 6
0)
ft
152 -
Pr
Sr
'
20
0)
03 b
0
80
o
o
o
in
60
CO CO
O
rl
E
-P
w, \zzzzzzA*yz,\7zz7T777% '%Z
XJ
40
/. /i vzzzzzA %
o
ft
!l
7 7
\
Z .\VZZZZZ7\lVZ.\'ZZZ,$'ZZZ\
20
20
o
o +
ft
E >
-1.0
-Q.5
0.5
Logarithmic-strain ( 6 )
F i g . 23
Sa
Tangentia 1^ Shell
j for
Axial
J R?V
Radial
;t : Tangential
Nozzle
: Axial
: Radial
?t : Tangential"1) Shell
?a : Axial
>for
?r : Radial
J pressurizer
860C
/
HOO
1
1
i\
600
oo
6OO/65OC
/i
/ 1
AC
*I
AC . /I
4)
S 400
4->
0i
M
<U
P<
\
\
2hr./l0CT
a
6H
200
lcvj| "^^
I Ml Q l
i JG ^? i
lrl H1
i
1
i vl
1 1
r'l
<
M
^2
r-\
#
M
^5
iii 4
i!
t-i
7
X ;
\ AC
\
\
\
1\
\
li
*!
^<
S-i
M|
U>
l\
i!
|2hr ./lOO^
i
400C
.!
M1
\
\
15OC
1
I
Pig. 24 Preliminaly heat treatment after forging for preventing hydrogen flake.
0.20
o c
03
to
tr
CD
Ira
o o
o
rtrtO
tO
H3
Outside
p.2:
o c
0.10
JO
-2
Inside
o o
o o
O.lOt
0-2o|o
o
P.
H*
CD
rt-
o o
F
O
CO
o
O
3
H-
&
3
(ft
o
H3
rtO
ro
O O
H*
3P
rt-
CD
P.
M
P
3
ro
o
3
a.
o
1
o*
1*
o
o
03
O
O
IV) i->
rt-
rv> !-
O O E.
<+ Outside
L|
Inside
HO
3
W
a
0)
O
3 .
o o
0-10
0.20
io.io
p"
o o
CD
0.20?
Outside
Tnsids
o o
l - > IV
o o
fla
",0.20
o o f
o o
o
3
0.20
0.10
3
B
0>
Cu
n>
P<
3-
HO
'"I
Outside
Tnside
-3
O
1"
0.20
0.10
rtO
rt-
atton
3
to
O
O
(D
O
H
VJ1
O
O
09
0. 20
0. 10
0.10
0.20
o. 10
0. 20
^-
H3
D
rt-
..- 155 -
80
4-*.
70
60
- r
<
<M
50
40
X-
20
,6
30
i-
o-
L4
> CM
CM
GT
^
f
60
11
io 5 "S
^ N >
30 ~
>
#
20
i mpac t value
10
g a
o-4--o
100
200
300
500
400
Inner
surface
Outer
surface
Distance from inner surface
A -
J
1
1
i
60
L-i-H
1
!
1
-a
^r
40
jo
30
S O
CM ^>^
o:
j
50
-A
<D bo
i-H
..
*-
0
100
mer
"ULrf ace
Fig. 26
10 a -s
20
(i>)
1'
30 t 3
1i
10
aj
->.
20
200
300
400
500
Outer
surface
^"~
_______^ Test at
Properties
Location
Yield strength
(ke/mm2 *)
(kg/mm 2 )
Boom t e m p .
Top
X X
Middle
s. x *^ X X
Bottom
, XX
Top
Middle
\ >,
\ X XX X
Middle
Bottom
Reduction
Top
vA ^
of area
Middle
\ \ X
1 mpact value
(kg'm/cn?)
Fig.
2 7
X M
X X XI
XX X X 1
XXX
y) \ x xi
(4 0.1)
(613)
^> X X X X X X 1
(57.1)
(645)
\SY\ \ \ \ x x \ I
(59.0)
(6 14) \ W. X \ X \ \ 1
(56.0)
(245) X W X X X X X X I
(19.5)
(22.4)
(22.0)
X X X
X X, X X X
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \l
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
s\
(719)
\ \ J
\ x \ \ \ \ \ \ i
(73.0) s*SSx \ x x \ \ \ x i
(20.0)
(70.8)
(74.0)
(719)
( 17.2)
\ X \ \
\ XX
Mechanical
(4S5)
(418)
(75.5) rSV \ \ \ \ \ \ \ i
X X > v X X X X XI
\ \
(4 0.1)
x \ x xi (2S0)
\ \ \ \ \TVI
X X
Top
Middle
Bottom
X v\ X V
, XX
Bottom
at 0*C
XX X \ l
X X X
"^)x \ \ xi
(48.7) v"i\ x x \ S
(455)
x V xX X X I
XX
Bottom
3 5 0*C
\ ^1
X X \ \ \
S ^
Top
1 5 6-
\ \ X v> \
(2Z8)
XI
(25.3)
X X N
properties
a t various
height
l o c a t i o n s
Tangential
X/'X 'v \ Xl
(4 2.2)
(S5.7)
Axial
X?^
(425)
(25.3)
Radial
\;i \ \ \ \ xi
(45.9)
(36.7)
Tangential
rii \ \ \ \ \ x
(59.2) YA N \ N S 1
(5 4.9)
Axial
X^K X X X X X X31
(58.7)
\>^X X X X X N
(S4.8)
Radial
i\>>\ X X X \ X
(59.5)
Xf'A X X \ X X I
(55.4)
Tangential
X X X X X X X X X X X I
(24.5)
v X X X \ xy X X X X X 3
(25.4)
(24.9)
v X X XX X
X X X X >
(23.0)
(kg/mm )
fkp/mm2 ^
x x x i
Axial
N \ \ \ X \ \ > ^ X X XI
(*)
Radial
(24J2)
X X X X XX X X N
(19.6)
Tangential y? x \ \ \ x \
(70.3)
X ^ X X X X X X XI
(69.7)
Axial
\(f\ X X X X XX N
(69.2) ^ \
Radial
^x)1) x \ \ s, i
(6 4.0)
' X XX X X X X
xxxi
1
Reduction
of area
(*)
35 0*C
Room temp.
Fig.
2 8
3iireci i o n a Ii t y o f t e n s i l e
for
KWU's
shelI
flange
\ X
(60.9)
(59.7)
p r o p e r t i e s
- 157 -
T2,
O
CM
Tangential
Axial
Radial
20
s
o
10
O
-60
(a)
30
-40
-20
0
20
40
Test temperature ( c)
D
2
80
1
ngential
. .
60
A'
Radial
./_
/
r\
j<'
^
a Ii
o
3
r-t
5!
JLvJ
A'
-p
O
'
'
t
i
9^
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
SO
Test temperature ( C)
(b)
Fig. 29
158
Welding direction
.T
HAZ
(Coarse grained and
'refined)
Micro-cracks
and cracks in
mm range
acro-cracks
HAZ plane
Liquation cracking
Reheat cracking
159
Welding Direction
Underclad cracks
NT plane
1st deposit
- 160 -
-H-
Heat affected
coarse grain area
Reheat cracking
susceptible area
HAZ ( A d )
(a) One layer cladding
7777X
/r/
' .
-K.
Reheat cracking
susceptible area
/ N
Refined HAZ by
2nd layer cladding
- 161 -
vS
Refined HAZ
Reheat cracking
susceptible area
\/
*frvv/-'.','-vf' ''
Refined HAZ
'.~is/
susceptible
area to
reheat cracking
FIG. 33 Location of new type reheat UCG found in two-layer cladding: Old procedure (b),
and its remedy by new procedure (c).
Top head
Top hood
(Formed Plate)
.Top domo
(Formod plate)
Cntormodlato ring
(Forging)
Cover flange
(Forging)
b
o
o
Uppor sholl.
( Formed
plates)
Lower shell
(Formed
plates)
Vessel flange
(Forging)
flange
plus
Nozzle bolt
(Mono-block
forging)
VQSSOI
Nozzle bolt - - W . L .
(Forging or
formod plates)
to
(Forging)
Cover flango
(Forging)
Vessel flange.
(Forging)
W.Lj
Uppor shell
(Forging)
Shell
(Formed
plate)
(Forging)
Vessel flang
(Forging)
Sholl
(Forging)
as
E
CT)
D
U
W.L.
Lower shell
plus
Bottom torus
(Formod plate
petals)
Bottom torus
( Forging)
Bottom head
(Forging )
35
- 163
"- -
P. C. D. 6325
Fig. 36
1350MWe A-BWRPV
' k g . 37
1300MWe
PWRPV