Department of Civil Engineering \ Transportation

Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment

The National University of Malaysia
Semester II - Session 2015/2016

Task 6 \ Application of Artificial intelligent

Urban Traffic Management System

Name Student
Ameer Abdul Adheem Hussein
P81466

Lecturer
PROF. DATO' IR. DR RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN
O.K. RAHMAT
Dr. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN

Task 6:
Artificial intelligent is widely used in any smart system. Explain the following
components of artificial intelligent and how they can be used in an intelligent
transport system:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Neural Network.
Genetic Algorithm.
Expert System.
Fuzzy Logic.

Solution \\

Introduction:
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines
finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This
generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and
applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible
or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established,
which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears , Artificial
Intelligent is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many
important links with other fields such as Math's, Psychology, Cognition, Biology
and Philosophy, among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all
these fields will ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an
intelligent artificial being.

Motivation:
Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical
computations, using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to
perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are illsuited to. For more complex problems, things get more difficult... Unlike
humans, computers have trouble understanding specific situations, and
adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine
behavior in tackling such complex tasks, Together with this, much of AI
research is allowing us to understand our intelligent behavior. Humans have an
interesting approach to problem-solving, based on abstract thought, high-level
deliberative reasoning and pattern recognition. Artificial Intelligence can help us
understand this process by recreating it, then potentially enabling us to enhance
it beyond our current capabilities.

Limitations:
To date, all the traits of human intelligence have not been captured and applied
together to spawn an intelligent artificial creature. Currently, Artificial
Intelligence rather seems to focus on lucrative domain specific applications,
which do not necessarily require the full extent of AI capabilities. This limit of
machine intelligence is known to researchers as narrow intelligence, there is
little doubt among the community that artificial machines will be capable of
intelligent thought in the near future. It's just a question of what and when... The
machines may be pure silicon, quantum computers or hybrid combinations of
manufactured components and neural tissue. As for the date, expect great
things to happen within this century.

Technology:
There are many different approaches to Artificial Intelligence, none of which are
either completely right or wrong. Some are obviously more suited than others in
some cases, but any working alternative can be defended. Over the years,
trends have emerged based on the state of mind of influential researchers,
funding opportunities as well as available computer hardware, over the past five
decades; AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific problems.
Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so efficiently and
reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into many
branches, ranging from Pattern Recognition to Artificial Life, including
Evolutionary Computation and Planning.

Applications:
The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch
from the military for autonomous control and target identification, to the
entertainment industry for computer games and robotic pets. Let's also not
forget big establishments dealing with huge amounts of information such as
hospitals, banks and insurances, who can use AI to predict customer behavior
and detect trends, As you may expect, the business of Artificial Intelligence is
becoming one of the major driving forces for research. With an ever growing
market to satisfy, there's plenty of room for more personal. So if you know what
you're doing, there's plenty of money to be made from interested big
companies.

1- Neural Network:
A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and
represent complex input/output relationships. The motivation for the
development of neural network technology stemmed from the desire to develop
an artificial system that could perform "intelligent" tasks similar to those
performed by the human brain. Neural networks resemble the human brain in
the following two ways:
A neural network acquires knowledge through learning.
A neural network's knowledge is stored within inter-neuron connection
strengths known as synaptic weights.
The true power and advantage of neural networks lies in their ability to
represent both linear and non-linear relationships and in their ability to learn
these relationships directly from the data being modeled. Traditional linear
models are simply inadequate when it comes to modeling data that contains
non-linear characteristics.
The most common neural network model is the multilayer perceptron (MLP).
This type of neural network is known as a supervised network because it
requires a desired output in order to learn. The goal of this type of network is to
create a model that correctly maps the input to the output using historical data
so that the model can then be used to produce the output when the desired
output is unknown. A graphical representation of an MLP is shown below.

A good way to introduce the topic is to take a look at a typical application of

neural networks. Many of today's document scanners for the PC come with
software that performs a task known as optical character recognition (OCR).
OCR software allows you to scan in a printed document and then convert the
scanned image into to an electronic text format such as a Word document,
enabling you to manipulate the text. In order to perform this conversion the
software must analyze each group of pixels (0's and 1's) that form a letter and
produce a value that corresponds to that letter. Some of the OCR software on
the market uses a neural network as the classification engine.

The character recognition is not the only problem that neural networks can
solve. Neural networks have been successfully applied to broad spectrum of
data-intensive applications, such as:
Process Modeling and Control: Creating a neural network model for a
physical plant then using that model to determine the best control settings for
the plant.
Machine Diagnostics: Detect when a machine has failed so that the
system can automatically shut down the machine when this occurs.
Portfolio Management: Allocate the assets in a portfolio in a way that
maximizes return and minimizes risk.
Target Recognition: Military application which uses video and/or infrared
image data to determine if an enemy target is present.
Medical Diagnosis: Assisting doctors with their diagnosis by analyzing
the reported symptoms and/or image data such as MRIs or X-rays.
Credit Rating: Automatically assigning a company's or individual's credit
rating based on their financial condition.
Targeted Marketing: Finding the set of demographics which have the
highest response rate for a particular marketing campaign.
Voice Recognition: Transcribing spoken words into ASCII text.
Financial Forecasting: Using the historical data of a security to predict
the future movement of that security.
Quality Control: Attaching a camera or sensor to the end of a production
process to automatically inspect for defects.
Intelligent Searching: An internet search engine that provides the most
relevant content and banner ads based on the users' past behavior.
Fraud Detection: Detect fraudulent credit card transactions and
automatically decline the charge.

2- Genetic Algorithms:
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are stochastic algorithms whose search methods are
based on the principle of survival of the fittest. In recent years, GAs has been
applied to a wide range of difficult optimization problems for which classical
mathematical programming solute approaches were not appropriate. The basic
idea behind GAs is quite simple. The procedure starts with a randomly
generated initial population of individuals, where each individual or
chromosome represents a potential solution to the problem under
consideration. Each solution is evaluated to give some measure of its fitness.
A new population is then formed by selecting the more fit individuals. Some
members of this new population undergo alterations by means of genetic
operations (typically referred to as crossover and mutation operations) to form
new solutions. This process of evaluation, selection, and alteration is repeated
for a number of iterations (generations in GA terminology). After some number
of generations, it is expected that the algorithm converges to a near-optimum
solution. In addition to the aforementioned AI methods, there has recently been
an interest in a new modeling paradigm known as agent-based modeling
(ABM). This modeling approach came out of research work in AI as well as in
complex systems analysis. The idea behind ABM is to describe a system from
the perspective of its constituent units. The approach is therefore quite
appropriate for modeling complex systems whose behavior emerges as a result
of interactions among the components making up the system. Since
transportation systems exhibit almost all the characteristics of complex
systems, ABM has been attracting a lot of attention within the transportation
research community. Given this, ABM will be discussed in the last section of
this circular.

3- Expert System:
An expert system is computer software that attempts to act like a human expert
on a particular subject area, Expert systems are often used to advise nonexperts in situations where a human expert in unavailable (for example it may
be too expensive to employ a human expert, or it might be a difficult to reach
location).

a) How Do Expert Systems Work?

An expert system is made up of three parts:
A user interface: This is the system that allows a non-expert user to
query (question) the expert system, and to receive advice. The userinterface is designed to be a simple to use as possible.
A knowledge base: This is a collection of facts and rules. The knowledge
base is created from information provided by human experts.
An inference engine: This acts rather like a search engine, examining
the knowledge base for information that matches the user's query.

The non-expert user queries the expert system. This is done by asking a
question, or by answering questions asked by the expert system.

b) B - Where Are Expert Systems Used?

Medical diagnosis (the knowledge base would contain medical information,
the symptoms of the patient would be used as the query, and the advice
would be diagnose of the patients illness).
Playing strategy games like chess against a computer (the knowledge base
would contain strategies and moves, the player's moves would be used as
the query, and the output would be the computer's 'expert' moves).
Providing financial advice - whether to invest in a business, etc. (the
knowledge base would contain data about the performance of financial
markets and businesses in the past).

 Helping to diagnose car engine problems (like medical diagnosis, but for
cars).
Helping to identify items such as plants / animals / rocks / etc. (the
knowledge base would contain characteristics of every item, the details of an
unknown item would be used as the query, and the advice would be a likely
identification).
Helping to discover locations to drill for water / oil (the knowledge base
would contain characteristics of likely rock formations where oil / water could
be found, the details of a particular location would be used as the query, and
the advice would be the likelihood of finding oil / water there).
Human experts make mistakes all the time (people forget things, etc.) so you
might imagine that a computer-based expert system would be much better to
have around.

Some Problems of expert system:

Can't easily adapt to new circumstances (e.g. if they are presented with
totally unexpected data, they are unable to process it).
Can be difficult to use (if the non-expert user makes mistakes when using
the system, the resulting advice could be very wrong).
They have no 'common sense' (a human user tends to notice obvious
errors, whereas a computer wouldn't).

4- Fuzzy logic:
Fuzzy set theory was proposed by Zadeh (1965) as a way to deal with the
ambiguity associated with almost all real-world problems. Fuzzy set
membership functions provide a way to show that an object can partially belong
to a group. Classic set theory defines sharp boundaries between sets, which
mean that an object can only be a member or a nonmember of a given set.
Fuzzy membership functions allow for gradual transitions between sets and
varying degrees of membership for objects within sets. Complete membership
in a fuzzy function is indicated by a value of +1, while complete nonmembership is shown by a value of 0. Partial membership is represented by a
value between 0 and +1.

The figure above shows an example of a fuzzy membership function defined for
the set of medium traffic volume on a certain highway. In this example, traffic
volumes between 800 and 1000 vehicles per hour (vph) fully belong to the
medium traffic level set. Traffic volumes less than 400 vph or more than 1400
vph would not be regarded as medium at all (membership function value = 0).
However, values between 400 and 800 vph, or between 1000 and 1400 vph.
Would have partial membership in the medium traffic level set. In a crisp set
definition, on the other hand, only values between 800 and 1000 vph would be
regarded as medium, while all other values would not (for example, a traffic
volume of 799 vph would not be regarded as a medium traffic level). The use of
fuzzy set theory does not necessarily minimize uncertainty related to problem
objectives or input values, but rather provides a standardized way to
systematically capture and define ambiguity.

Topics of Interest:
The AITS Thematic Track welcomes and encourages contributions reporting on
original research, work under development and experiments of different AI
techniques, such as neural networks, biologically inspired approaches,
evolutionary algorithms, knowledge-based and expert systems, case-based
reasoning, fuzzy logics, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, support
vector regression, data mining and other pattern-recognition and optimization
techniques, as well as concepts such as ambient intelligence and ubiquitous
computing, service-oriented architectures, and ontology, to address specific
issues in contemporary transportation, which would include (but are not limited
to):
Different modes of transport and their interactions.
Intelligent and real-time traffic management and control.
Design, operation, time-tabling and management of logistics systems and
freight transport.
Transport policy, planning, design and management.
Environmental issues, road pricing, security and safety.
Transport systems operation.
Application and management of new technologies in transport.
Travel demand analysis, prediction and transport marketing.
Traveler information systems and services.
Ubiquitous transport technologies and ambient intelligence.
Pedestrian and crowd simulation and analysis.
Urban planning toward sustainable mobility.
Service

oriented

architectures

for

vehicle-to-vehicle

and

vehicle-to-

infrastructure communications.
Assessment and evaluation of intelligent transportation technologies.
Human factors in intelligent vehicles.
Autonomous driving.
Artificial transportation systems and simulation.
Surveillance and monitoring systems for transportation and pedestrians.

Artificial Intelligence Appropriate For Transportation Problems:

Transportation problems exhibit a number of characteristics that make them
amenable to solution using AI techniques.

First: transportation problems often involve both quantitative as well as

qualitative data. The fact that we often have to deal with qualitative data in
transportation makes the use of expert and FS an obvious choice.

Second: in transportation we often deal with systems whose behavior is very

hard to model with traditional approach, either because the interactions among
the different system components are not fully understood or because one is
dealing with a lot of uncertainty stemming from the human component of the
system. For such complex systems, building empirical models, based on
observed data are, may be the only option remaining. NNs, given their universal
function approximation capabilities, are perfect tools for building such models.

Third: transportation problems often lead to challenging optimization problems

that are quite challenging to solve using traditional mathematical programming
techniques, either because the relationships are hard to specify analytically or
because of the size of the problem and its computational intractability. For these
problems, GAs may provide an alternative solution approach.

Fourth & Finally: the complex nature of transportation systems and the fact
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Transportation 5 that their behavior
emerges as a result of interactions among the system components makes ABM
techniques quite appropriate for study the behavior of the system.