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Magnetic anisotropy of the Redeno granite,

eastern Amazonian craton (Brazil):
Implications for the emplacement of A-type
plutons
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Tectonophysics
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / t e c t o

Review Article

Magnetic anisotropy of the Redeno granite, eastern Amazonian craton (Brazil):

Implications for the emplacement of A-type plutons
Davis Carvalho de Oliveira a,d,, Srgio Pacheco Neves b, Ricardo I.F. Trindade c, Roberto Dall'Agnol a,
Gorki Mariano b, Paulo Barros Correia b
a

Group of Research on Granite Petrology, Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA), Caixa Postal 8608, 66075-100 Belm, PA, Brazil
Department of Geology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-530 Recife, PE, Brazil
Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of So Paulo, 05509-090 So Paulo, Brazil
d
Geology College, Campus II of Marab, UFPA, Folha 17 Qd 04 Lt especial, 68505-080, Nova Marab, Marab, Brazil
b
c

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 10 July 2009
Received in revised form 27 July 2010
Accepted 29 July 2010
Available online 12 August 2010
Keywords:
AMS
Ferromagnetic
Magnetite
A-type granites
Anorogenic
Amazonian craton

a b s t r a c t
A magnetic fabric study was performed on the Redeno pluton in an attempt to understand its emplacement
history. The Redeno pluton is part of the 1.88 Ga, anorogenic, A-type Jamon suite that intruded 2.972.86 Ga-old
Archean granitoids of the Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone Terrane in the eastern Amazonian craton (northern Brazil).
Previous gravity survey indicates that the pluton is a 6 km-thick, tabular intrusion. It is characterized by a concentric
distribution of facies, with rings of seriated and porphyritic granite that cut across the main facies of even-grained
monzogranites. The whole set is intruded by leucogranites that occupy the center of the pluton. Petrographic
examination, magnetic susceptibilities, coercivity-spectra and thermomagnetic curves indicate that the magnetic
fabric is primarily carried by coarse-grained multidomain magnetite. This is reinforced by the coincidence of
magnetic susceptibility and remanence anisotropy principal axes. The absence of solid-state deformation features
and the low anisotropy degrees indicate that the magnetic fabric is magmatic in origin. The magnetic fabric displays a
systematic pattern, with all facies, including the rings of porphyritic granite, being characterized by concentric, gently
dipping foliations associated with gently plunging lineations. Only the central leucogranitic facies shows a slightly
discordant pattern with steeply dipping fabrics at its northeastern sector. An emplacement model by vertical stacking
of successive magma batches is proposed for the construction of the Redeno pluton, which reconciles the tabular
shape of the intrusion, the petrographic and geochemical zoning, and the magnetic fabric pattern. Initially, two
magma batches were emplaced as sills. First the even-grained monzogranite, then the seriated and porphyritic
granites, which formed by mingling of a leucogranitic melt with the host biotite-monzogranitic magma as attested by
geochemical data and eld evidence. The nal shape of the pluton was acquired after the intrusion and ination of
the central leucogranite giving raise to the concentric pattern of facies in map view.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contents
1.
2.

3.

4.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geological setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
Regional context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
Shape and facies distribution of the Redeno pluton .
2.3.
Magmatic evolution of the Redeno pluton . . . . .
Magnetic anisotropy study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Sampling and measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Magnetic mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) . . . . .
3.4.
Anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence (AAR) . . . . .
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Signicance of magnetic fabrics in the Redeno pluton

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Corresponding author. Group of Research on Granite Petrology, Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA), Caixa Postal 8608, 66075-100 Belm, PA, Brazil.
Tel.: + 55 94 2101 5900; fax: + 55 94 2101 5901.
E-mail address: davis@ufpa.br (D.C. de Oliveira).
0040-1951/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.07.018

28

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

4.2.
Emplacement model .
4.3.
On the AMS of A-type
5.
Summary and conclusions. .
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . .

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granites: reduced vs.
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oxidized plutons .
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1. Introduction
The end of the Paleoproterozoic Era and the entire Mesoproterozoic
Era were characterized by intense magmatic activity in different cratonic
areas of the world. The rapakivi granite suites and associated rocks of the
Fennoscandian Shield (Haapala and Rm, 1992; Rm and Haapala,
1995; Amelin et al., 1997; Eklund and Shebanov, 1999) and North America
(Emslie, 1991; Frost et al., 1999; Anderson and Morrison, 2005) are typical
examples of rocks formed during these Proterozoic magmatic events.
Similar magmatic events have also been identied in the Amazonian
craton (Dall'Agnol et al., 1999a, 2005; Bettencourt et al., 1999).
Rapakivi granites and related anorogenic granites have become
an important tool for modeling Precambrian intraplate crustal
processes and global-scale lithospheric evolution. An origin associated
with crustal anatexis promoted by magmatic underplating is generally
accepted for these rocks (Huppert and Sparks, 1988; Rm and
Haapala, 1995; Dall'Agnol et al., 1999a). However, their tectonic
setting has remained an issue of controversy. Classic Proterozoic
rapakivi granites are associated with mac dike swarms, normal listric
shear zones, and thinned crust (Rm and Haapala, 1995). They are
found as multiphase plutons which intrude into a crust that predates
them by some hundred million years (e.g., Rm and Haapala, 1995;
Rm et al., 2002; Dall'Agnol et al., 2005). This suggests an extensional
tectonic setting and anorogenic origin, i.e., lack of direct association
with convergent processes (Hutton et al., 1990; Haapala and Rm,
1999 and references therein). However, other authors have suggested
that rapakivi granites could be related to distal orogenesis (Nyman et
al., 1994; Nyman and Karlstrom, 1997; hll et al., 2000).
Rock fabrics provide a wealth of information on the emplacement and
deformation mechanisms of plutons and their tectonic settings (e.g.
Paterson and Vernon, 1995; Bouchez et al., 1990). However, very few
fabric studies have been carried out on A-type granites, possibly because
they are often even-grained and isotropic, without visible crystal
orientations (Bonin, 1986). Several studies have shown that the loweld anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique can provide
fabric information for weakly deformed or apparently undeformed
plutons from various tectonic settings, and with different composition
and mineralogy (Bouchez, 1997). However, few AMS studies have been
performed on A-type plutons thus far (Geoffroy et al., 1997; Ferr et al.,
1999; Bolle et al., 2002). Here we report results of a magnetic fabric study
carried out on the Redeno pluton (eastern Amazonian craton). The
Redeno pluton is representative of the Paleoproterozoic oxidized A-type
Jamon suite (~1.88 Ga old), which is hosted by granitoid rocks of the
Archean Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone terrane (Oliveira et al., 2005). The
oxidized A-type granites, in opposition to the reduced A-type granites, are
magnetite-bearing and formed in moderately oxidizing conditions around
the nickel/nickel oxide oxygen buffer (Dall'Agnol and Oliveira, 2007). This
contribution aims to investigate the emplacement mechanisms involved
in the construction of the Redeno pluton with implications for
understanding the transport and emplacement of large amounts of felsic
magma through a granitic Archean crust.
2. Geological setting
2.1. Regional context
The Redeno granite is situated in the eastern border of the
Central Amazonian province, in the Amazonian craton (Tassinari and

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Macambira, 2004; Fig. 1a). This tectonic domain was stabilized at the
end of the Archean and remained stable until 1.88 Ga when
generation and emplacement of oxidized A-type granites of the
Jamon suite and associated mac and felsic dikes occurred (Dall'Agnol
et al., 1994, 1999b, 2005). These A-type intrusions postdate their
Archean country rocks by ca. one billion years (Macambira and Lafon,
1995; Rm et al., 2002; Dall'Agnol et al., 2005) and took place
~ 150 Ma after the last major Paleoproterozoic Trans-Amazonian
compressional event recorded in the Maroni-Itacainas province
(Fig. 1; Delor et al., 2003; Rosa-Costa, 2006; Rosa-Costa et al., 2006).
The emplacement of the Jamon suite granites is thought to be linked
to asthenospheric upwelling and magma production in the mantle,
followed by partial melting of the lower continental crust induced by
heat provided by underplating of mantle magmas (Dall'Agnol et al.,
2005). The resulting melts ascended in the crust and were emplaced
as high-level granite complexes. The occurrence of NNWSSE diabase
and composite felsicmac dikes coeval with the Jamon suite (Figs. 1
and 2) suggests crustal extension oriented approximately ENEWSW
during pluton emplacement. The 1.88 Ga A-type granite plutons and
stocks of the Carajs province also occur along a belt that follows the
general trend dened by the dikes (Fig. 1b), suggesting that their
emplacement may have been controlled by the same regional stress
eld.
2.2. Shape and facies distribution of the Redeno pluton
The Redeno pluton is usually isotropic in the eld (Fig. 3a) with
local development of magmatic foliation at its borders. At the
microscope, igneous textures are perfectly preserved (Fig. 3b), except
for local effects of subsolidus alteration such as sericitization and
martitization. The intrusion is subcircular and remarkably discordant,
cross-cutting the WNWESE structural trend of the host Archean
granitoids (Fig. 2). External contacts are sharp with angular xenoliths
of the Arco Verde Tonalite (TTG association) commonly observed near
the border of the pluton. Inside the pluton, petrographic facies are
disposed along near-concentric zones (Fig. 2), even though the
contact between facies at outcrop scale is often obscured because of
local compositional zoning and magma mingling. The less evolved
rocks are equigranular, coarse-grained biotite + hornblende monzogranites, with enrichment in amphibole clinopyroxene cumulates at
the southern part of the pluton. Coarse-grained (hornblende)-biotite
monzogranites are dominant in the northern, eastern, and western
borders of the pluton. Coarse- to medium-grained seriated and
porphyritic biotite monzogranites dene annular structures in the
central and southern sectors of the pluton and intrude the coarsegrained biotite monzogranite (Fig. 2). In the central part of the pluton,
evolved leucogranites dene a nearly circular stock, 10-km in
diameter that cut-across the even-grained monzogranites, the
seriated and the porphyritic facies. The nal intrusive episode consists
of aplitic dikes with NESW and NNWSSE orientations, parallel to
the main fracture systems observed in the pluton and its country
rocks.
The 3D shape of the Redeno pluton was estimated by forward
modeling of the residual gravity anomaly obtained after removal of a
regional eld from the Bouguer anomaly (Oliveira et al., 2008). The
intrusion shows a tabular shape, with its horizontal diameter of 25 km
being much larger than its depth of 2 to 6 km (Fig. 4). A gravity
minima located in the northeast sector of the outcropping area

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

29

Fig. 1. (a) Sketch map of the Amazonian craton (modied from Tassinari and Macambira, 2004). Central Amazonian province: 1Carajs metallogenic province; 2Xingu domain; in
detail two exposed parts of the Amazonian craton the Guiana shield in the north and the Central Brazil shield in the south. (b) Geological map of the Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone
Terrane showing the distribution of the Paleoproterozoic A-type granites of the Jamon suite (modied from Almeida et al., 2006).

indicates the thickest zone of the pluton (its root) which is thus offcentered relative to the facies distribution (Fig. 4a). Because of that
the intrusion model presents an asymmetric 3D shape with a strong
gradient in its northeastern border and a smooth decrease in pluton's
oor depth towards the other borders (see proles in Fig. 4b).
2.3. Magmatic evolution of the Redeno pluton
Geochemical modeling shows that the magmatic evolution of the
Redeno pluton was dominantly controlled by fractional crystallization of early mineral phases, including amphibole clinopyroxene,
andesine to calcic oligoclase, ilmenite, magnetite, apatite, and zircon
(Oliveira et al., 2009). Locally, clinopyroxenehornblende enriched
monzogranites of cumulate origin were identied. The biotite
monzogranite and the less evolved hornblendebiotite monzogranite
were likely produced by fractional crystallization of the same magma
batch. But the leucogranites that occupy the center of the intrusion
have a different source and cannot be explained by fractional
crystallization of the parent biotite monzogranite magma. Mingling
processes between these two magmas, the biotite hornblende
monzogranite and the leucogranite, account for the geochemical
composition of seriated and porphyritic biotite monzogranites for
different degrees of interaction. The geochemical evidence is
conrmed by eld relationships showing magma mingling relations
between coarse-grained biotite monzogranites and leucogranites
(Fig. 3a). There is also local evidence of mingling between the less
evolved, mac-rich varieties and the comparatively more evolved
porphyritic and seriated granites.

3. Magnetic anisotropy study

3.1. Sampling and measurements
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is particularly well
adapted for the study of granitic rocks like the Redeno Granite,
which contain mineral shape-preferred orientations that are too weak
to be measured by conventional methods. Oriented samples were
obtained from 127 distinct stations separated by 12 km (Fig. 2). At
least three oriented cores, 7 to 9 cm long and 2.54 cm in diameter
were collected from each station using a gasoline-powered portable
drill. In the laboratory, samples were cut into 2.2 cm high specimens
using a diamond-coated wheel saw. Each core provided two or three
specimens, yielding a total of 729 specimens.
The specimens were analyzed using a Kappabridge KLY-4S (AGICO,
Brno, Czech. Republic) susceptibility meter using the spinner mode,
whose sensitivity is 2 10 8 SI. For eighteen sites, comprising all
petrographic facies and distributed along all sectors of the pluton
(Fig. 2), we have also measured the anisotropy of anhysteretic
remanence (AAR). While the AMS represents the contribution of all
minerals, including ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic
phases, the AAR is dened by the ferromagnetic phases only, thus
isolating the contribution of ferrimagnetic minerals to the magnetic
fabric of the rock. AF demagnetization and anhysteretic remanence
acquisition were performed with a LDU-AMU (AGICO) demagnetizer/
magnetizer and remanence was measured with a JR6A magnetometer
(AGICO), housed in a magnetic eld-free room in the Laboratrio de
Paleomagnetismo, University of So Paulo. The magnitude and

30

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

Fig. 2. Detailed geological map of the Redeno region showing the areal distribution of granitic facies of the pluton and the sampling sites (modied from Oliveira et al., 2009).

orientation of the principal axes of the AAR ellipsoid were determined

for each specimen after anhysteretic remanence acquisition along six
different orientations with a peak eld of 50 mT and a biasing eld of
100 T following the procedure described in Trindade et al. (2001).
Before AAR measurements samples were AF demagnetized at a peak
AF eld of 100 mT. Statistical evaluation of the magnetic anisotropy in
individual sites was obtained using the methods of Jelnek (1978),
implemented in the ANISOFT program package (Hrouda et al., 1990).
Each station is characterized by the mean anisotropy parameters of a
minimum of ve specimens, whose representation is an ellipsoid with
three orthogonal principal axes: K1 K2 K3 for AMS and A1 A2 A3
for AAR (Tables 1 and 2).
In addition to the oriented magnetic anisotropy samples, large
block slabs were collected for sixty-ve sites, covering all facies, for
mineralogical analysis with special attention to the iron oxides. Modal
count of oxides, mac and felsic minerals were compared to the
magnetic susceptibility of the slabs measured with a SI-1 susceptometer (Sapphire Instruments). Transmitted and reected light
microscopy as well as coercivity spectra and thermomagnetic curves
complemented the magnetic mineralogy study. Remanent coercivity
spectra were obtained with a LDU-AMU (AGICO) magnetizer and a
JR6A magnetometer (AGICO). Thermomagnetic curves were measured from 195 to 700 C with a CSL-CS3 furnace coupled to a
Kappabridge KLY-4 (AGICO).
3.2. Magnetic mineralogy
Magnetite is the main opaque phase in the Redeno granite. It
forms euhedral to subeuhedral crystals up to 0.5 mm in size, usually
associated with apatite and zircon, and being included into early
crystallized phases such as andesine, calcic oligoclase and amphibole
(Fig. 3c). Magnetite is a near liquidus phase in the granites of the
Jamon suite (Dall'Agnol et al., 1999c). Therefore, it records the high

temperature evolution of the melt. Later on, this phase was affected by
the gradual decrease of temperature and re-equilibrated mostly by
oxi-exsolution generating intergrowths between pure magnetite and
composite, sandwich or trellis ilmenite (Fig. 3d). Finally, late
subsolidus local oxidation processes generated martite along the
borders of some magnetite grains (Fig. 3e). This process occurred in all
facies of the Redeno granite but was more intense in the more
evolved leucogranites.
The mean bulk susceptibility, K= [(k1 + k2 +k3) / 3], from investigated core specimens ranges from 0.26 10 3 SI to 32.0 10 3 SI with an
average value of 11.3 10 3 SI (Table 1). K is higher in the hornblende
biotite monzogranite with a mean of 18.5 10 3 SI and decreases from
the coarse-grained biotite monzogranite (12.7 10 3 SI) and seriated
biotite monzogranite (12.6 10 3 SI), to the porphyritic biotite monzogranite (9.1 10 3 SI), and to the leucogranites (6.8 10 3 SI). Since the
magnetic susceptibility of magnetite is two orders of magnitude higher
than that of any ferromagnesian mineral and the contribution of
paramagnetic silicates should not exceed 5 10 3 SI (Rochette et al.,
1992), the K values reect essentially variations in the primary magnetite
content of the different granitic facies and the intensity of secondary
replacement of magnetite by martite. This is further corroborated by the
comparison of modal analyses of mineral phases with the magnetic
susceptibility of rock slabs. Magnetic susceptibilities in these samples
typically increase for higher opaque contents and decreases with quartz
and K-feldspar contents (Fig. 5). The highest K values are concentrated in
the southern part of the pluton and decrease towards the center of the
intrusion, the lowest K values being found in the leucogranites, where
mac modal content are the lowest and magnetite martitization is more
intense (Fig. 3e).
Thermomagnetic curves for one sample of each petrographic facies
are presented in Fig. 6. These curves conrm the magnetic mineralogy
deduced from petrographic observations and are consistent with the
high magnetic susceptibilities observed across the Redeno granite.

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

31

Fig. 3. Textural aspects of the Redeno pluton: (a) magma-mingling features between seriated biotite monzogranite (sBMzG) and coarse-grained biotite monzogranite (cBMzG);
(b) microscopic aspect of monzogranite with perfectly preserved igneous texture (subhedral plagioclase, absence of solid-state deformation and recrystallization in quartz); (c)
clinopyroxene-bearing hornblende-enriched monzogranite with amphibole showing relic clinopyroxene core (corona texture), where magnetite forms euhedral to subeuhedral
crystals included in these early crystallized phases; (d) oxi-exsolution process generating intergrowths between pure magnetite and trellis ilmenite, with development of martite
(grey traces); (e) oxidation process generating martite along the borders of magnetite crystals in leucogranites. Abbreviation: Op opaque minerals; Mt magnetite; Mrt
martite; Ilm T trellis ilmenite; Cpx clinopyroxene; Amp amphibole; Pl plagioclase; Qz quartz; Fk potassic feldspar.

All samples are characterized by a marked Verwey transition at lowtemperatures at around 150 C. High-temperature curves are
always reversible and present a strong decrease in magnetic
susceptibility at around 570580 C that typies pure magnetite.
Most of the curves also present a fraction of magnetic susceptibility
decay between 580 and 700 C, attributed to the secondary martite
that partially replaces magnetite. Only one of the analyzed samples,
from the porphyritic biotite monzogranite (RED76), does not show
evidence of hematite. It is worth noting that the size of most
magnetite crystals observed at thin sections are well above the critical
size of the single-domain to multi-domain magnetite transition (see

Dunlop and Ozdemir, 1997), suggesting that the anisotropy of

magnetic susceptibility is not affected by the inverse fabrics of tiny
single-domain magnetite grains (e.g., Potter and Stephenson, 1988).
This is further substantiated by the remanent coercivity spectra
obtained for ve specimens from the three main facies, where all
samples show a peak at the low remanent-coercivity window of 0
10 mT (Fig. 7), which is typical of coarse-grained multidomain
magnetite. Nevertheless, the fact that these curves do not reach the
base of the diagram indicate that part of the remanence is carried by
another magnetic phase, probably martite, which has a strong
remanent coercivity and is spared from the effects of the 100 mT

32

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

Fig. 4. The 3D shape of Redeno pluton obtained after inversion of a residual gravity anomaly. (a) Contour lines (in km) show the thickness of the granite pluton across its
outcropping area and the location of proles AA and BB. (b) Observed gravity (squares) and calculated Bouguer anomaly (continuous lines) obtained from the modeling of the
residual anomalies associated with the modeled geometry of the pluton (from Oliveira et al., 2008). Proles AA and BB outline the shape of the pluton. They also show the dip of
magnetic foliation (black bars) and an interpretation at depth of the contacts between facies (thin lines).

peak AF eld used in our experiments. In the leucogranite sample

RED31C, where martitization is stronger, this phase comprehends
almost half of the total remanence.
3.3. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)
The shape of AMS ellipsoids was characterized using the degree of
anisotropy, P = k1/k3, that indicates the intensity of preferred orientation of magnetic minerals, and the shape factor, T = 2ln(k2/k3) / ln
(k1/k3) 1, that indicates the shape of the AMS ellipsoid (Jelnek, 1981).
P varies from 1, corresponding to an isotropic sample (0% anisotropy,
sphere) upwards. The T parameter varies from 1 for prolate (perfectly
linear magnetic fabric, i.e. k2 = k3) through 0 (neutral) to +1 for oblate
(perfectly planar magnetic fabric, i.e. k1 = k2).
The anisotropy degree in the Redeno pluton is low (Table 1 and
Fig. 8), with most sites presenting values below 1.10, and does not
correlate with petrographic domains. Sites with P N 1.10 are only
found in four sites at the southwestern border of the pluton (sites
RED55, RED57, RED59 and RED62). The preponderance of low P values
is consistent with petrographic observations showing a lack of solidstate deformation in the constituent minerals of the different
petrographic facies (Fig. 3). The shape of the AMS ellipsoids varies
widely within the pluton. The site mean shape parameter for all facies
ranges from 0.93 to 0.93, with oblate ellipsoids (T N 0) being slightly
more abundant than prolate ones (Table 1, Fig. 8). Contrary to the
other facies where no clear tendency in the ellipsoid shape can be
dened, seriated biotite monzogranites and porphyritic biotite
monzogranites show a strong prevalence of oblate fabrics with
average T values of 0.39 and 0.12, respectively (Table 1).

The AMS directional data of Redeno was screened to eliminate

magnetic foliations and lineations with strong scatter. Using the error
estimates from Jelnek's (1978) statistics, we set a limit of 35 in error
ellipses for site acceptance. Magnetic foliations and lineations with
error ellipses higher than 35 were completely discarded for further
structural analysis. Considering all petrographic facies, 82% of magnetic
foliations and 87% of magnetic lineations passed the screening limit of
35 in error ellipses. From these, 62% of foliations and 63% of lineations
present tightly-grouped anisotropy axes with errors below 25.
Seriated biotite mozogranites present particularly well-dened fabrics
with errors below 15 for foliations and lineations on most sites
(e.g., sites RED16, and RED92 in Fig. 9). The strong coherence within
almost all sites and between neighboring sites attests to the robustness
of magnetic lineation and magnetic foliation patterns in the pluton.
Fig. 10 shows AMS foliation and lineation maps after the
elimination of scattered fabrics. Magnetic foliations and lineations of
coarse biotite mozogranite and hornblendebiotite monzogranite
show a clear concentric pattern in map view. All lineations in these
facies have gentle plunges (b30). Gently dipping foliations, with dips
below 40, are also dominant in all sectors where these facies occur,
except for the northeastern sector where foliations dip steeply and
show consistent NW-strikes parallel to the contact with the hostrocks. Seriated and porphyritic biotite monzogranites, which crop-out
forming annular structures also show a concentric pattern of magnetic
foliations that systematically dip outwards with shallow to moderate
plunges. Magnetic lineations in the seriated biotite monzogranite
have shallow plunges towards NW or SE. Magnetic lineations in the
porphyritic biotite monzogranite plunge gently, outward of the ringpattern distribution of this facies. In contrast to the other facies,

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

33

Table 1
Parameters of AMS for individual sampling sites.
Site (n)

Localization

Scalar data

UTM coordinate

Km (103SI)

K1

95 (k1)

K2

95 (k2)

K3

95 (k3)

Hornblendebiotite monzogranite
RED09 (6)
595759
9096278
RED10 (6)
595316
9094950
RED12 (6)
598171
9090301
RED17 (5)
607270
9094443
RED18 (12)
604802
9092932
RED57 (7)
588343
9098352
RED59 (6)
589291
9097736
RED61 (6)
591151
9094722
RED62 (9)
591945
9093615
RED63 (6)
592316
9095703
RED64 (6)
592208
9102490
RED65 (6)
590824
9099114
RED74 (7)
593168
9093397
RED75 (7)
593748
9092659
RED78 (7)
597905
9090715
RED79 (7)
599343
9090712
RED82 (7)
603294
9092454
RED83 (5)
605929
9093768
RED87 (6)
599584
9116264
RED101 (7)
604119
9091684
RED104 (6)
607484
9091338
RED106 (5)
607832
9095882
RED108 (5)
609090
9097384
RED121 (6)
604126
9094847
RED125 (5)
599470
9092770

20.2
25.7
13.0
24.6
21.1
24.7
18.7
16.9
13.9
12.3
20.9
31.9
21.4
25.6
12.2
11.8
18.5
10.9
17.1
10.0
18.0
19.5
20.5
14.9
17.4

1.034
1.063
1.043
1.025
1.046
1.106
1.101
1.069
1.198
1.069
1.021
1.093
1.049
1.057
1.060
1.041
1.032
1.035
1.053
1.013
1.048
1.056
1.051
1.047
1.036

0.023
0.214
0.393
0.055
0.180
0.023
0.190
0.059
0.893
0.173
0.400
0.440
0.223
0.334
0.402
0.225
0.270
0.127
0.185
0.108
0.147
0.275
0.201
0.156
0.366

143/19
106/24
131/12
31/1
100/16
244/49
130/6
133/11
224/33
145/19
22/28
308/5
161/15
117/12
255/14
276/27
102/17
225/13
97/34
295/12
82/16
75/75
188/24
55/21
89/14

32.4/11.1
28.0/12.0
29.8/12.3
30.2/10.9
30.9/6.0
12.3/6.9
23.1/10.7
19.8/18.2
21.1/4.9
14.4/7.8
33.3/16.3
29.9/3.7
19.7/11.2
18.9/10.5
35.5/7.1
31.8/15.5
17.1/12.2
22.3/9.4
17.5/8.2
45.9/27.3
26.1/9.7
22.4/4.8
31.2/10.5
19.3/4.9
23.4/9.4

247/36
14/6
238/53
122/39
195/17
149/5
222/19
228/25
119/21
240/14
273/32
212/49
254/11
216/37
138/60
84/63
200/24
128/28
241/50
197/33
185/40
245/15
86/25
324/4
214/67

26.0/17.0
25.6/9.8
30.4/21.7
35.8/9.0
30.9/19.8
16.8/11.3
25.2/15.25
20.7/10.7
21.0/5.8
14.9/11.0
72.8/25.1
29.5/11.8
21.3/14.3
26.6/12.7
35.6/12.5
28.7/27.1
31.5/10.4
12.1/10.2
27.4/12.9
62.6/46.0
35.8/17.4
23.0/7.9
35.3/26.1
30.6/13.4
28.2/14.8

31/47
271/66
32/33
299/51
329/66
55/41
24/70
20/62
2/49
5/66
144/46
42/40
19/72
12/50
352/25
183/5
341/60
336/58
354/18
42/54
335/46
336/2
316/54
223/69
354/18

29.1/11.4
18.6/11.3
23.6/12.3
37.6/27.4
19.9/6.3
16.6/8.1
20.5/13.5
19.0/11.5
6.2/5.2
13.1/9.9
72.7/16.3
11.9/6.7
18.5/11.0
26.4/15.3
13.7/7.8
29.6/19.5
29.4/12.0
23.7/6.0
25.2/8.1
63.1/23.0
32.1/11.6
20.8/7.5
31.9/9.6
28.2/4.7
22.8/9.8

HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG

Coarse biotite monzogranite

RED02 (5)
593510
RED20 (5)
590221
RED21 (5)
592987
RED23 (9)
603880
RED37 (7)
590998
RED38 (5)
591084
RED39 (5)
591632
RED40 (5)
593662
RED41 (5)
593653
RED42 (6)
593068
RED43 (6)
592788
RED44 (5)
595080
RED45 (5)
600221
RED46 (5)
599912
RED47 (6)
593606
RED48 (6)
592720
RED49 (5)
592663
RED50 (5)
604752
RED51 (5)
603897
RED52 (5)
604750
RED53 (6)
587407
RED54 (5)
588753
RED56 (6)
587584
RED66 (5)
591042
RED70 (6)
593180
RED84 (7)
604045
RED85 (5)
603224
RED86 (5)
600958
RED88 (6)
597429
RED93 (5)
609672
RED94 (6)
609455
RED95 (6)
609906
RED96 (6)
610729
RED97 (6)
612626
RED99 (6)
601533
RED107 (5)
608019
RED109 (5)
606244
RED110 (5)
604167
RED113 (5)
591003
RED114 (5)
593726
RED115 (5)
597461
RED116 (5)
596030
RED117 (5)
597221
RED119 (5)
603308
RED122 (6)
601953

7.4
7.5
7.6
16.1
13.8
13.5
6.9
4.3
9.5
22.7
7.4
10.7
8.5
12.6
10.6
8.9
6.5
6.0
10.3
14.2
10.1
17.6
8.9
10.4
6.5
13.4
11.2
13.8
12.1
7.18
11.2
8.4
7.4
6.7
11.3
13.4
17.8
8.4
6.8
12.6
16.7
18.6
12.7
13.9
8.2

1.050
1.075
1.032
1.057
1.042
1.051
1.030
1.027
1.052
1.059
1.042
1.053
1.045
1.049
1.034
1.051
1.046
1.049
1.092
1.044
1.066
1.049
1.053
1.085
1.075
1.074
1.045
1.096
1.044
1.008
1.050
1.045
1.047
1.049
1.050
1.016
1.049
1.070
1.056
1.051
1.051
1.119
1.047
1.032
1.059

0.746
0.238
0.814
0.392
0.692
0.119
0.042
0.274
0.900
0.076
0.248
0.388
0.582
0.233
0.079
0.290
0.892
0.280
0.622
0.242
0.377
0.243
0.137
0.479
0.353
0.415
0.841
0.436
0.020
0.568
0.215
0.047
0.031
0.100
0.532
0.643
0.441
0.818
0.167
0.041
0.044
0.040
0.358
0.115
0.414

313/30
238/16
206/37
116/15
14/42
27/19
43/48
223/12
89/71
293/25
327/63
222/10
266/1
277/30
252/22
85/33
60/45
278/0
131/4
125/60
168/67
210/12
116/28
150/8
196/23
130/4
118/23
120/17
276/54
201/72
150/67
162/0
129/17
353/34
103/8
13/33
138/8
49/30
190/4
275/28
248/29
263/5
272/15
22/20
331/21

67.6/22.0
16.9/10.0
78.3/13.6
23.2/9.2
41.3/10.3
12.4/5.0
35.0/11.1
19.8/12.8
74.1/5.2
33.3/12.1
18.9/16.4
42.0/7.5
30.2/20.3
50.8/18.1
22.6/4.7
36.6/27.3
22.7/15.5
40.4/17.4
40.8/12.6
43.1/6.4
50.3/17.9
18.7/8.7
21.4/13.6
12.4/9.9
20.8/14.6
10.6/3.9
14.6/5.7
16.7/4.9
24.4/16.8
83.9/52.8
25.7/20.5
20.1/1.6
29.5/20.2
37.0/9.8
11.2/6.7
30.0/26.1
20.1/10.4
74.5/3.9
24.5/8.0
40.0/9.6
18.2/12.0
30.4/3.5
30.3/1.0
35.0/24.0
12.7/2.5

211/20
351/55
87/33
210/17
267/18
251/65
293/17
337/62
237/16
163/54
229/4
129/14
358/53
17/16
4/43
191/24
296/29
9/74
224/31
293/30
337/23
94/64
290/62
21/78
293/14
23/79
16/27
220/29
54/29
345/15
324/23
71/74
13/54
155/54
8/31
211/55
45/18
140/1
83/77
175/19
25/53
10/75
178/17
117/14
237/9

67.1/1.8
25.4/11.3
78.3/31.4
29.8/9.3
41.2/10.1
12.3/9.4
46.8/20.7
20.0/0.3
74.1/16.0
34.8/1.9
25.5/9.8
32.4/8.5
60.2/19.5
50.8/20.4
36.9/17.6
45.8/32.3
84.7/11.0
45.6/20.7
43.6/21.7
45.6/20.8
50.8/20.1
21.2/17.0
36.0/16.7
33.9/6.1
18.4/9.7
19.8/4.8
78.9/5.7
18.2/7.1
23.7/20.3
83.8/51.4
41.4/15.5
20.8/17.6
31.5/17.7
38.2/23.3
55.7/6.7
65.0/27.0
25.2/9.1
74.5/1.8
55.0/23.9
38.8/36.3
17.7/9.8
33.0/1.4
37.4/26.6
37.8/27.0
14.6/9.3

93/52
138/31
329/36
346/67
160/43
123/16
189/37
127/25
330/10
35/24
138/26
348/73
175/37
131/55
143/39
310/48
187/30
188/17
36/59
26/5
69/4
305/23
25/3
242/10
52/62
221/11
243/54
4/56
156/20
77/10
55/2
252/16
229/30
257/8
206/57
109/9
249/70
232/60
281/13
55/56
145/20
171/14
40/67
239/65
126/67

40.3/9.2
25.2/15.5
30.1/5.7
31.5/14.9
14.3/8.4
10.6/1.6
39.0/10.0
16.4/8.8
16.5/5.1
12.9/12.2
21.2/17.4
19.7/8.6
60.2/37.3
21.9/17.8
35.0/3.4
30.4/19.1
84.7/22.3
26.4/6.7
22.3/12.5
30.2/17.1
27.3/10.5
22.7/7.5
30.3/18.2
30.9/9.7
19.8/3.6
19.9/8.9
78.9/14.3
12.2/7.8
24.0/19.4
62.2/34.1
30.4/18.5
19.6/5.9
26.1/13.9
27.0/14.7
35.7/10.5
35.5/13.6
27.6/15.1
10.4/0.5
55.1/6.3
36.8/23.8
14.3/7.7
16.0/3.6
29.2/16.1
35.0/13.2
12.4/2.9

cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG

9109399
9111872
9112235
9107562
9109463
9106454
9105163
9109949
9105619
9103870
9101936
9100150
9113528
9112393
9112314
9113268
9114344
9113795
9114964
9112904
9104711
9104309
9101025
9100926
9099017
9112476
9114873
9114939
9110740
9110036
9109054
9105644
9104321
9102788
9111867
9097633
9110198
9099024
9112289
9111270
9111661
9115073
9113596
9098227
9094607

Direction of principal axes

Facies

(continued on next page)

34

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

Table 1 (continued)
Site (n)

Localization

Scalar data

UTM coordinate

Km (103SI)

Seriated biotite monzogranite

RED01 (5)
600338
9111648
RED03 (9)
593776
9108210
RED14 (7)
606351
9106276
RED16 (6)
606824
9100843
RED22 (7)
602538
9109347
RED92 (6)
597483
9105138
RED100 (6)
599238
9111995
RED118 (5)
598442
9111997
RED127 (6)
605929
9108562

16.3
15.5
0.9
10.8
12.2
13.3
12.1
13.8
6.8

1.069
1.053
1.078
1.113
1.050
1.071
1.063
1.039
1.064

Porphyritic biotite monzogranite

RED11 (5)
598428
9091151
RED13 (5)
595629
9097778
RED15 (7)
608122
9102546
RED55 (5)
588873
9103080
RED58 (11)
588957
9098934
RED60 (9)
590144
9096076
RED71 (6)
592747
9096899
RED72 (9)
594709
9098431
RED76 (9)
594511
9091890
RED77 (6)
596161
9090873
RED80 (5)
600813
9091016
RED81 (6)
602222
9091719
RED98 (5)
611743
9105762
RED102 (5)
607460
9094010
RED103 (6)
608406
9093025
RED105 (5)
605863
9091741
RED120 (6)
604834
9096412
RED123 (5)
598496
9095075
RED124 (6)
597672
9096152
RED126 (5)
596715
9092100

5.8
12.7
7.1
6.4
9.8
8.6
14.0
10.0
7.3
3.5
9.7
11.1
8.8
7.8
7.5
11.9
9.0
8.7
11.9
12.3

Leucogranites
RED04 (6)
RED05 (6)
RED06 (5)
RED07 (5)
RED14 (7)
RED19 (5)
RED24 (11)
RED25 (5)
RED26 (5)
RED27 (6)
RED28 (8)
RED29 (8)
RED30 (8)
RED31 (8)
RED32 (5)
RED33 (7)
RED34 (5)
RED35 (5)
RED36 (6)
RED67 (6)
RED68 (5)
RED69 (5)
RED73 (9)
RED89 (6)
RED90 (5)
RED91 (6)
RED111 (6)
RED112 (7)

2.4
0.9
5.6
12.6
0.9
11.3
10.7
4.7
8.5
5.4
11.5
9.3
7.2
4.7
2.6
0.8
10.3
10.7
4.5
6.7
0.5
15.2
4.8
6.4
0.5
8.3
17.0
12.9

593797
594289
594459
595682
606351
601389
603542
603475
603167
602860
601910
601602
601570
601230
600498
599215
598600
601390
600565
597198
596920
596367
592618
597334
597483
597483
602439
600819

9106352
9106216
9106478
9105178
9106276
9098025
9106580
9104369
9103479
9102927
9102684
9101579
9100903
9099798
9100537
9101830
9102154
9102654
9103147
9103308
9101866
9100792
9093736
9109327
9107638
9106138
9106429
9107262

Direction of principal axes

Facies

K1

95 (k1)

K2

95 (k2)

K3

95 (k3)

0.481
0.679
0.036
0.603
0.308
0.234
0.450
0.114
0.596

337/18
272/27
156/53
140/10
121/8
309/19
302/24
309/32
129/45

6.4/1.9
48.5/6.1
14.8/3.7
20.0/4.1
22.4/5.0
21.5/8.1
14.6/5.5
15.2/7.5
8.4/4.5

73/19
14/21
310/34
47/14
28/20
41/5
43/25
65/36
5/30

7.1/2.9
48.6/17.0
19.2/9.0
20.0/5.3
27.1/6.1
21.9/9.5
17.4/6.1
19.9/10.8
10.5/3.5

207/64
136/54
49/12
263/73
232/69
145/70
173/55
190/38
255/31

4.7/2.1
17.8/6.1
15.7/4.2
5.5/4.3
18.9/4.2
13.6/4.0
12.1/4.4
17.8/4.9
8.1/3.2

sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG

1.030
1.042
1.067
1.220
1.071
1.085
1.096
1.060
1.055
1.061
1.047
1.038
1.048
1.026
1.051
1.048
1.038
1.081
1.083
1.062

0.265
0.366
0.158
0.271
0.065
0.441
0.371
0.450
0.079
0.003
0.444
0.085
0.202
0.034
0.068
0.658
0.926
0.931
0.444
0.384

83/3
156/16
161/4
215/21
153/2
343/4
154/18
227/27
308/8
323/74
141/6
165/64
119/9
118/45
239/6
100/4
159/60
241/10
209/34
281/7

35.1/20.9
60.2/4.8
21.1/4.9
7.5/0.9
30.1/13.8
11.0/4.3
35.1/7.5
22.5/13.5
9.7/5.8
27.6/7.0
30.4/17.1
27.6/5.4
25.4/14.0
30.6/19.8
17.0/4.4
16.2/10.9
30.1/11.0
81.0/4.6
28.8/0.8
25.9/6.9

173/16
255/28
69/30
123/6
63/4
74/16
251/21
128/18
214/24
68/4
140/5
296/17
18/50
226/17
132/72
206/78
66.1/1.7
142/43
305/9
185/41

39.1/11.3
60.1/42.9
27.1/12.3
13.9/6.1
30.8/25.2
12.7/2.2
37.1/11.8
23.3/13.6
9.0/7.6
29.3/17.8
36.0/33.2
29.4/17.0
30.2/6.0
36.0/30.8
15.1/9.5
61.5/15.2
81.8/15.9
81.0/1.8
29.6/0.7
27.3/1.5

341/74
40/57
259/60
18/68
274/86
238/74
29/61
8/57
55/65
159/16
11/82
32/18
215/38
332/40
331/17
10/12
335/30
341/45
47/55
19/49

26.6/16.9
43.2/9.2
21.9/5.2
13.9/4.4
26.5/12
7.1/4.6
19.6/6.8
18.3/8.5
9.4/7.8
21.5/9.0
35.1/24.0
21.4/6.8
26.4/19.7
35.2/8.3
9.9/9.1
61.6/9.4
81.8/28.2
7.5/4.2
17.7/1.0
10.3/6.9

pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG
pBMzG

1.024
1.030
1.065
1.038
1.078
1.024
1.060
1.049
1.036
1.037
1.052
1.033
1.072
1.038
1.030
1.039
1.035
1.043
1.053
1.030
1.054
1.042
1.070
1.056
1.039
1.048
1.076
1.061

0.417
0.428
0.629
0.250
0.036
0.502
0.153
0.222
0.596
0.177
0.681
0.116
0.182
0.029
0.329
0.729
0.202
0.004
0.103
0.204
0.432
0.682
0.169
0.048
0.654
0.462
0.178
0.098

325/25
346/5
322/36
166/24
156/53
161/48
111/48
144/49
189/12
160/21
21/6
135/15
114/22
181/65
140/12
297/45
187/25
212/14
166/13
338/23
157/32
132/17
301/0
231/83
165/14
49/71
110/51
310/78

14.5/8.0
40.1/8.6
10.7/1.5
52.9/2.0
14.8/3.7
56.6/21.4
28.8/22.7
21.1/4.9
32.1/10.0
31.1/14.2
26.0/5.4
29.1/4.6
18.5/13.6
19.1/9.2
10.7/9.2
59.0/10.3
30.6/15.9
19.8/9.4
13.8/4.8
23.9/7.3
5.4/2.7
29.1/14.8
12.5/6.5
16.1/5.7
17.2/3.6
34.8/7.3
22.9/11.8
26.6/14.6

219/30
83/53
217/20
329/65
310/34
314/39
350/25
326/41
64/70
342/69
114/27
227/7
205/1
302/14
41/37
126/45
277/1
113/31
69/31
210/55
325/57
231/28
211/24
332/1
279/59
269/15
298/39
100/10

32.4/13.2
40.4/26.0
37.4/5.6
53.6/1.8
19.2/9.0
56.6/32.6
30.6/25.1
24.6/15.4
34.9/8.0
27.1/16.3
26.5/12.5
36.7/24.3
22.6/13.5
29.2/15.6
36.5/5.4
59.0/7.3
35.8/21.4
26.7/8.7
13.4/6.6
24.1/4.3
7.6/2.3
67.3/22.8
13.7/8.3
16.2/6.2
17.0/10.9
44.9/9.4
30.3/18.8
38.5/7.4

88/49
253/36
104/48
73/6
49/12
55/13
243/31
235/1
282/16
250/1
280/62
340/73
296/68
37/20
244/50
31/4
9/65
323/56
276/56
79/25
64/6
14/56
32/66
62/7
67/27
175/12
205/3
191/6

30.4/9.4
35.0/15.5
36.8/1.1
27.0/0.7
15.7/4.2
34.7/5.3
30.9/19.6
22.5/9.6
22.2/5.6
30.0/24.7
17.3/5.7
34.1/7.5
22.2/9.7
28.7/9.1
35.3/7.9
12.7/9.6
29.6/15.7
29.3/13.0
10.5/9.7
8.0/4.3
6.6/2.9
57.1/13.3
11.1/4.4
8.6/3.8
11.2/4.7
11.1/7.0
28.1/11.5
30.3/14.7

sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG
sLMzG

Site name; number of specimens measured (n); longitude, latitude UTM; Km = mean magnetic susceptibility (103) of the stations in SI unit [Km = (k1 + k2 + k3) / 3]; P = total
anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (P = k1/k3); T = Jelnek's (1981) AMS ellipsoid shape parameter [T = 2ln(k2/k3) / ln(k1/k3) 1]; K1 = trend and plunge of magnetic lineation
(in degrees); K2 = trend and plunge of the intermediate anisotropy axis; K3 = trend and plunge of the pole of the magnetic foliation; exy are the semi-angle (measured in degrees) of
condence ellipses of AMS axes from Jelnek's (1978) statistics. Facies abbreviations: B biotite; H hornblende; MzG monzogranite; L leuco; c coarse, even-grained; s
medium- to coarse- grained seriated; p porphyritic; e medium-, even-grained.

magnetic foliations in the central leucogranite show dominantly steep

dips. They form a ring pattern in its northeast contact with the coarsegrained biotite monzogranite, but in other sectors they have variable
trends and do not dene a clear pattern. Magnetic lineations in this
facies trend dominantly NWSE, showing steep to moderate plunges
in the northeast sector of the pluton and gentle plunges elsewhere.

3.4. Anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence (AAR)

The AAR is controlled exclusively by the ferromagnetic phases
(e.g., Jackson, 1991). In order to further restrict the selection of fabric
carriers we have obtained the AAR within a limited coercivity
window, between 0 and 50 mT, which gather the preferred

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

35

Table 2
Parameters of AAR for individual sampling sites.
Site (n)

Scalar data

Direction of principal axes

Facies

A1

e13e12

A2

e12e23

A3

e13e23

Hornblendebiotite monzogranite
RED57 (5)
1.214
RED61 (5)
1.082
RED62 (6)
1.346
RED83 (5)
1.077
RED101 (5)
1.071
RED108 (5)
1.106

0.555
0.252
0.894
0.221
0.229
0.761

241/60
125/34
164/39
213/6
214/47
178/34

23.9/4.1
43.1/34.7
79.0/12.0
34.5/11.5
43.0/20.7
31.2/8.6

143/5
243/35
263/11
118/34
316/11
79/14

34.7/11.1
42.1/22.0
79.0/7.0
50.7/7.1
64.7/30.6
78.9/30.3

50/29
4/37
5/48
312/55
56/41
330/53

35.2/11.1
36.4/21.8
13.0/5.0
49.0/15.9
39.4/27.5
78.9/9.0

HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG
HBMzG

Coarse biotite monzogranite

RED53 (5)
1.234
RED84 (5)
1.140
RED94 (5)
1.288
RED96 (5)
1.090
RED114 (5)
1.123

0.066
0.244
0.777
0.007
0.086

48/69
299/9
129/55
115/27
261/47

13.4/5.0
25.8/6.3
67.6/7.4
35.0/27.9
55.2/16.7

151/5
167/76
342/30
354/45
146/21

21.6/11.5
37.7/22.6
67.4/7.2
31.7/20.9
54.2/47.6

243/21
31/11
243/15
224/32
40/35

20.9/3.4
36.3/6.4
19.5/6.1
32.6/20.3
48.5/25.6

cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG
cBMzG

Seriated biotite monzogranite

RED03 (5)
1.081
RED16 (5)
1.184
RED92 (5)
1.198
RED14 (7)
1.110

0.616
0.367
0.284
0.195

270/13
133/8
267/18
152/67

71.5/16.7
33.2/3.7
30.1/10.6
24.2/14.6

3/9
42/12
1/11
324/22

71.4/30.5
33.6/9.2
40.6/24.9.
23.1/15.9

126/73
256/75
119/69
55/3

33.3/14.1
11.7/4.0
38.4/12.1
26.6/18.5

sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG
sBMzG

Porphyritic biotite monzogranite

RED72 (5)
1.134
RED76 (5)
3.010

0.573
0.027

222/35
191/30

54.1/13.2
64.0/30.0

113/24
316/46

54.0/34.0
66.0/44.0

357/45
82/29

34.3/13.5
55.0/33.0

pBMzG
pBMzG

0.195

166/56

44.8/26.6

315/30

44.5/24.3

53/14

32.1/16.1

sLMzG

Leucogranites
RED31 (5)

1.065

Site name; number of specimens measured (n); P = total anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (P = k1/k3); T = Jelnek's (1981) AMS ellipsoid shape parameter [T = 2ln(k2/k3) /
ln(k1/k3) 1]; A1 = trend and plunge of magnetic lineation (in degrees); A2 = trend and plunge of the intermediate axis; A3 = trend and plunge of the pole of magnetic foliation; exy
are the angular size of condence ellipses from Jelnek's (1981) statistics; facies abbreviations: B biotite; H hornblende; MzG monzogranite; L leuco; c coarse, evengrained; s medium- to coarse-grained seriated; p porphyritic; e medium-, even-grained.

Fig. 5. Relationships between magnetic susceptibility (K, 10-3 SI) and modal compositions of the Redeno pluton. (a) opaque minerals, (b) mac minerals, (c) hornblende,
(d) quartz + K-feldspar contents vs. K (Oliveira et al., 2002).

36

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

Fig. 6. Thermomagnetic curves from 195 to 700 C for selected samples from the different facies of the Redeno granite. Arrows indicate heating and cooling curves in the hightemperature experiments. VT: Verwey transition, MT: magnetite Curie temperature, HT: hematite Nel temperature. Curves are corrected from CS3 and CSL furnace effects.

orientation of the coarse-grained multidomain magnetites only

(Jackson et al., 1988; Trindade et al., 2001). It must be remembered
that even though magnetite strongly dominates the magnetic
susceptibility of a rock, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
may be strongly inuenced by the other phases. In addition, the AMS
is always potentially affected by the inverse fabrics of single-domain
magnetites (e.g., Potter and Stephenson, 1988; Ferr, 2002). In
Redeno, the different petrographic facies comprise paramagnetic
phases (biotite and hornblende) in addition to magnetite and martite.
Thus, isolating the anisotropy contribution of coarse-grained magnetites by low-coercivity window AAR can give some insight into the
minerals that control the AMS fabric in the pluton.
The AAR ellipsoid obtained for eighteen sites from Redeno are
shown in Table 2. The anisotropy degree for AAR ellipsoids is always

higher than the AMS for the same sites (compare Tables 1 and 2). This
arises mainly due to the higher intrinsic anisotropy of the remanence
of ferromagnetic carriers when compared to their magnetic susceptibility (Jackson, 1991). On the other hand, the T parameter for AAR
and AMS are quite similar for most sites indicating that the shape of
AMS ellipsoid is reproduced in the AAR fabrics.
Fig. 9 shows AMS and AAR results for nine sampling sites. The AMS
and AAR fabrics are coaxial for almost all sites thus attesting to the
dominant role of coarse-grained multidomain magnetite in dening
the magnetic fabric in these rocks. Some sites show strikingly similar
orientation of anisotropy axes, irrespectively if these sites have
tightly-grouped fabrics (RED16, RED62, and RED83) or show larger
scatter (RED94). This indicates that the dispersion in the AMS fabrics
of these sites are not related to the inuence of other magnetic phases

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

37

4.2. Emplacement model

Fig. 7. Remanent coercivity spectra for selected samples of the Redeno granite. The
spectra were obtained for 10 mT windows up to 100 mT. Note the strong plateau at
around 45% remanence in sample RED31C showing the strong contribution of highcoercivity magnetic phases, such as martite, to the total remanence.

A model of emplacement for the Redeno pluton must account for

its tabular shape, the dominantly shallowly dipping foliations and
lineations, and the concentric arrangement of fabrics and petrographic facies. Recent development in granite emplacement studies shows
that most plutons ascend in the crust as dikes and spread horizontally
to form sills at a certain depth due to crustal heterogeneities, rotation
of principal stress directions (least compressive stress becomes
vertical) or buoyancy control (Kavanagh et al., 2006; Annen, 2009;
Menand, in press). The sub-horizontal fabrics (Fig. 10) and the tabular
shape of Redeno derived from a gravity survey (Fig. 4) are
compatible with that expected from the amalgamation of sills at a
certain crustal level.
We propose an intrusion model in which the Redeno pluton
formed by the amalgamation of sills emplaced through three major
pulses (Fig. 11). Geochemical data shows that the porphyritic biotite
monzogranites of Redeno can be explained by different degrees of

but reect primarily the scatter in magnetite grains orientation in the

rock. Some sites, however, show signicant differences in fabric
orientations for some samples. The worst case is site RED31 for which
signicant differences are observed in most samples. We speculate
that in these examples, which correspond to a minority of our
sampling sites, the AMS fabric is controlled by magnetic phases other
than magnetite, possibly martite, as suggested by the strong highcoercivity fraction observed in the coercivity spectrum of sample
RED31C (Fig. 7). If this is the case, we expect these effects to be
stronger for sites from the more evolved leucogranite facies where
martitization is more frequent.
4. Discussion
4.1. Signicance of magnetic fabrics in the Redeno pluton
In the Redeno pluton, the magnetic fabric is controlled mostly
by coarse-grained magnetite. In granitic rocks with K values above
5 10 3 SI, the AMS probably results dominantly from the shape
anisotropy of magnetite grains (e.g., Archanjo et al., 1995; Grgoire
et al., 1998; Ferr et al., 1999). Here this is further attested by
AAR measurements that have principal axes coaxial with the AMS
ellipsoids for most of the analyzed samples. These AAR ellipsoids
correspond to the low-coercivity window of 0 to 50 mT, being
controlled only by the coarse-grained multidomain magnetite grains.
Petrographic evidence shows that these grains are early-crystallized
accessory minerals and may therefore potentially record all stages of
magma deformation. Giving the lack of subsolidus deformation and
recrystallization textures in thin sections (Fig. 3), we can assume that
the AMS fabric pattern was formed exclusively in the magmatic state.
Magnetic lineations correspond to the dominant stretching direction
in a magma body, which may result from emplacement-related
processes, magma chamber dynamics, regional deformation or a
combination of these (e.g., Paterson et al., 1998; McNulty et al., 2000;
Benn et al., 2001; Neves et al., 1996, 2003; Zk et al., 2005). Syntectonic
plutons are characterized by coherent, unidirectional magnetic
lineations at the pluton scale (e.g., Bouchez et al., 1990; Archanjo
et al., 2002). In contrast, the Redeno pluton shows a well-dened
concentric pattern of magnetic lineations suggesting that magma
deformation was controlled by emplacement and magma chamber
processes, being not related to a major orogeny or syn-emplacement
regional deformation, in agreement with the anorogenic tectonic
setting attributed to the Jamon suite (Dall'Agnol et al., 2005).

Fig. 8. (a) Variation of the magnetic fabric intensity (P) with the bulk magnetic
susceptibility (K in SI) in the individual specimens of the Redeno pluton. (b) AMS
ellipsoid shape parameter (T; Jelnek, 1981) versus anisotropy degree (P) plot for
Redeno pluton specimens.

38

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

Fig. 9. AMS and AAR stereoplots for nine selected sites. For the sake of clarity, the 95% condence ellipses from Jelnek's (1978) statistics are shown only for AMS axes.

interaction between the equigranular, coarse-grained biotite monzogranite and leucogranitic magmas (Oliveira et al., 2009). Local
mingling features observed in the eld between the different facies
indicate the coexistence in a partially molten state of different
magmas batches at the present erosion level and suggests that the
intermediate composition of some facies might have been acquired, at
least partially, due to magma interaction during or after emplacement.
Emplacement of Redeno started with coarse-grained (hornblende)-biotite monzogranites (Fig. 11a), as indicated by crosscutting relations between facies. They show a compositional zoning
from north to south, with the less evolved types occupying the
southern sector of the pluton. The feeding zone for this rst magma
batch was likely placed in the northeastern, the thickest sector of the
pluton, where magnetic foliations and lineations are steep. Swarms of
mac, intermediate and felsic dikes with NWSE trends and coeval to
the Redeno granite intrude the country rocks (Silva et al., 1999;
Dall'Agnol et al., 2005). We speculate that the vertical fabrics observed

over the thickest sector of the pluton (compare Figs. 4 and 10), mark
the ascent of magma through similar dikes. The magma would then
spread horizontally, diverging towards south and west (Fig. 11a).
The second batch of magma corresponds to the seriated and
porphyritic monzogranites (Fig. 11b), which were probably emplaced
through a succession of sills when the previous magma batch still had
a signicant proportion of melt. Either these sills had a leucogranitic
composition and mingled with the biotite hornblende magma in the
emplacement site, or they mingled during ascent as suggested by
contemporaneous hybrid dikes with evidence of mingling between
felsic and mac magmas observed in country rocks (Dall'Agnol et al.,
2005). Experimental evidence for the origin of different facies of a
granite pluton by mingling between liquids is now available (Klimm
et al., 2008). The episodic emplacement of magma into a melt-bearing
host has been recently recognized as a viable mechanism in the
construction of tabular plutons (Miller et al., in press), the new
magma batches being trapped within crystal-poor zones of the host.

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

39

Fig. 10. AMS directional data after elimination of scattered sites (see text). (a) Magnetic foliations (normal to K3) and (b) Magnetic lineations (parallel to K1).

Since both host and intruding magma contain crystals and melt,
contacts between different sills are expected to be subtle, and may be
further obscured by the newly coming magma batches. Diffuse
contacts between the hornblendebiotite monzogranite and the
seriated and porphyritic facies are often observed at outcrop scale in
the Redeno pluton. Accordingly, the magnetic fabric in the later
facies follows the general pattern observed in the hornblendebiotite
monzogranite host. There is no direct evidence for feeding zones for
this second pulse of magma. In the cartoon of Fig. 11b we suggest that
feeding dikes were located dominantly in the northeast sector of the
pluton, following a path similar to that of the rst magma batch.
In the third stage (Fig. 11c), emplacement of the late leucogranite
facies into a hot upper-crust resulted in in situ ination of the magma
chamber and doming of previously emplaced granite. Contacts
between this facies and the host hornblendebiotite mozogranites
are usually sharp and its magnetic fabric pattern contrasts with that of
previously emplaced types. This suggests that this last magma batch
encroached on an almost completely crystallized magma body,
pushing the horizontal sills upward in the center of the intrusion
and giving raise to the concentric pattern of facies in map view.
Deformation induced by the emplacement of the leucogranitic stock
would also rotate lineations and foliations at the border of the pluton
giving rise to the concentric pattern of the magnetic fabric and the
local verticalization of foliations at the contact with host rocks.
4.3. On the AMS of A-type granites: reduced vs. oxidized plutons
Few AMS studies have been conducted in A-type plutons. Ferr et al.
(1999) and Bolle et al. (2000, 2002) studied granitoids associated with
the Bushveld Complex (South Africa) and the Rogaland Igneous
Complex (Norway), respectively. In both cases the granites are part of
large layered intrusions. Ferr et al. (1999) found that magnetite-rich
granites in the Bushveld Complex display well-dened subhorizontal
magnetic foliations but lack a well-dened linear fabric, which they
interpreted as evidence for laccolithic emplacement of crystal-poor
magma batches followed by in-situ static crystallization. In contrast, the
AMS study of the Rogaland Igneous Complex (Bolle et al., 2000, 2002)
revealed a clear convergent pattern of magnetic lineations towards the
center of the intrusion, where they become subvertical. This pattern

was attributed to continuous downward drag of the crystallizing

granite magma caused by sinking of the underlying mac rocks. These
studies, in conjunction with the new study reported here, point to the
AMS as a promising technique in the analysis of the internal fabric of
these rocks. In here, the conspicuous internal fabric of Redeno
unrevealed by the AMS is interpreted to have been acquired during the
construction of the pluton, i.e., it is related to the emplacement and
magma chamber dynamics. However, it must be kept in mind that
Redeno is a magnetite-bearing oxidized A-type granite, similar to the
other bodies that form the Jamon Suite (Dall'Agnol et al., 1999b,c,
2005). In reduced A-type granites, including the more typical rapakivi
granites (Rm and Haapala, 1995), the results may be much less
conclusive or not easily interpretable since magnetite and ferromagnesian silicates in these rocks are typically late phases in the magma
crystallization sequence and their form and spatial distribution were
largely controlled by the arrangement of previously crystallized phases.
Further research on the AMS of oxidized and reduced A-type plutons
may help in better understand the processes of magnetic fabric
acquisition in anorogenic granite intrusions.
5. Summary and conclusions
At the end of the Paleoproterozoic (~1.88 Ga), the Carajs province
recorded a tectonothermal event that resulted in the emplacement of
several anorogenic, A-type granites. These plutons were emplaced in an
extensional tectonic setting coeval with WNWESE- to NNWSSEstriking diabase and granite porphyry dikes. The magnetic fabric study
of the Redeno pluton, together with petrographic and geochemical
data, shows that its anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is carried
by early-crystallized coarse-grained magnetite. The concentric orientation of gently dipping magnetic foliations and shallow to moderately
plunging magnetic lineations in the different facies of the pluton are
interpreted as resulting from a laccolithic emplacement where the evengrained monzogranite and the seriated and porphyritic granites intruded
as sills; the nal shape of the pluton being acquired after the intrusion and
ination of the central leucogranite. The successful application of the AMS
technique to the study of the internal fabric of the Redeno granite
indicates that a similar approach can be applied to study the emplacement
of other A-type anorogenic granites, specically the oxidized types.

40

D.C. de Oliveira et al. / Tectonophysics 493 (2010) 2741

Fig. 11. Emplacement model for the Redeno granite (left panel: map view, right panel: vertical sections). (a) Emplacement of the rst magma batch of (hornblende)-biotite
monzogranite as a horizontal sheet (sill). We hypothesize that the feeding dikes were oriented parallel to the coeval dikes observed in country rocks and were placed in the
northeastern sector of the pluton, where gravity data points to a thickest root. Geochemical and petrographic zoning follows the direction of magma ow from northeast to the south
and west. (b) Emplacement of the second batch of magma through a series of sills into the still molten (hornblende)biotite monzogranite. (c) Emplacement of the last magma batch
of leucogranite, forming a circular body in the core of the pluton. This last magma pulse has deformed the previously emplaced sills, pushing the horizontal layers upward in the
center of the pluton and giving rise to the concentric pattern of petrographic facies observed in map view.

Acknowledgments

References

The authors would like to express their gratitude to M. A. Oliveira,

J. A. C. Almeida, and A. L. Quaresma for their support in the acquisition
of data during eld work, C. E. M. Barros for his participation in the
geological mapping of Redeno pluton, and E. Yokoyama and D.
Brandt for their invaluable help in laboratory measurements. Grant
Osborne and Keith Martin, of the former Western Mining Company,
are acknowledged for the gravity data obtained in the Redeno area.
The comments of O.T. Rm, E. Ferr and two anonymous reviewers in
an early version of the manuscript were much appreciated. This
research received nancial support from CNPq (RD-550739/2001-7,
476075/2003-3, 307469/2003-4, and 484524/2007-0; DCO scholarship from April 04 to November 05), CAPES (DCO scholarship from
November 01 to March 04), and the Federal University of Par (UFPA).
This paper is a contribution to the the Brazilian Institute of Amazonia
Geosciences (Geociam; INCT program CNPq/MCT/FAPESPA Proc.
573733/2008-2) and IGCP-510 project (IUGS-UNESCO).

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