Fahrurodin Syah Alfa Roby

Soal :
1. Sebuah boiler berbahan batu bara dengan data-data seperti table 2.
Tentukanlah efisiensi boiler dengan indirect method
Fuel firing rate
Steam generation rate
Steam pressure
Steam temperature

=
=
=
=

Feed water temperature

%CO in Flue gas

2
%CO in flue gas
Average
flue
temperature
Ambient temperature

=
gas

Humidity in ambient air

=
=

0.55

o
31 C
0.0204 kg / kg dry
air
o
70 C

Surface temperature of =
boiler
Wind velocity around the =
boiler
Total surface area of boiler =
GCV of Bottom ash
GCV of fly ash
Ratio of bottom ash to fly
ash
Fuel Analysis (in %)
Ash content in fuel
Moisture in coal
Carbon content
Hydrogen content
Nitrogen content
Oxygen content
GCV of Coal

60000 kg/hr
20000 kg/hr
5 MPa
o
400 C
o
98 C
14

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

o
190 C

3.5 m/s
2
90 m
800 kCal/kg
452.5 kCal/kg
90:10
8.63
31.6
43
2.04
1.5
13.23

3800

kCal/kg

Jawaban :
Step 1 Find theoretical air requirement
Theoretical air required for
complete combustion
= [(11,6 x C) + {34,8x ( H2 - O2 / 8 )} + (4,35 x S ) ] /100 Kg/Kg of coal
=[(11,6 x 43) + {34,8 x (2,04 - 13,23 /8 )} + (4,35 x 0 ) ] /100 Kg/Kg of coal
= 5,12 Kg/Kg of coal
Step 2 Find theoretical CO2 %
Moles of N 2+
Moles of C

Moles of C

% CO2 at theoretical condition( CO2)t =

Wt of N 2
Mol . wt of N 2
theortical air

Where, Moles of N2

Moles of N2

Where moles of C

5,12 x 77 /100
28

0,43
12

0,015
28

= 0,0358

0,358
0,1405+ 0,0358

(CO2)t

(CO2)t

= 0,2031 x 100% = 20,31 %

Step 3 To find Excess airsupplied

Actual CO2 measured in flue gas = 14.0%

= 0,2031

Wt of N 2 fuel air
Mol . wt of N 2

= 0,1405

7900 x [ ( C O 2 ) t( C O2 ) a]
% Excess air supplied (EA)

( C O2 ) a x [100( C O2 ) t ]

7900 x [20,3114 ]
14 x [ 10020,31]

x 100 %

= 44,68 %

Step 4 To find actual mass of air supplied

Actual mass of air supplied = {1 + EA/100} x theoretical air
= {1 + 44,68 /100} x 5.12
= 7,41Kg/Kg of coal
Step 5 To find actual mass of dry flue gas
Mass of dry flue gas = Mass of CO2 + Mass of N2 content in the fuel+ Mass of N2 in the
combustion air supplied + Mass of oxygen in flue gas

Mass of dry flue gas =

0,43 x 44
12

+ 0,015 +

7,41 x 77
100

( 7,415,12 ) x 23
100

= 7,83 Kg / Kg of coal
Step 6 To find all losses
f T a
T

1. % Heat loss in dry flue gas (L1) =

x 100 %
m x Cp x

7,83 x 0,23 x ( 19031 )

=
3800

L1 = 7,535 %

x 100 %

2. % Heat loss due to formation of water from H2 in fuel (L2)

f T a
T

(L2) =
x 100 %
9 x H 2 x {584 +C p

9 x 0,0204 x {584+0,,45( 19031)

3800

= 3,17 %
3. % Heat loss due to moisture infuel (L3)

(L3) =

f T a
T

}
M x {584+C p

31,6 x {584+ 0,45 ( 19031 ) }

x 100
3800

= 5,45 %
4. % Heat loss due to moisture in air (L4)

L6

f T a
T

}
ASS x Humidity x C p

7,41 x 0,0204 x 0,45 ( 19031 ) }

x 100
3800

= 0,28 %

5. % Heat loss due to partial conversion of C to CO (L5)

x 100 %

L5

CO x C
5744
x
CO + C O2 GCV of fuel

0,05 x 0,1465
0,55+14

x 100 %

0,05 x 0,1465
x 100
3800

= 2,418

6. Heat loss due to radiation and convection (L6)

= 0.548 x [ (343/55.55)4 (303/55.55)4 ] + 1.957 x (343- 303)1,25 x sq.rt of
[(196.85 x 3.5 + 68.9) /68.9]
= 645,45 w/m2
= 645 x 0,86 = 555,09
Total radiation and convection
loss per hour

% radiation and convection loss

L6

=555,09 x 90 = 49.958,16

49.958,16 x 100
3800 x 60000

= 0,02 %

7. % Heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash

% Ash in coal

= 8.63

Ratio of bottom ash to fly ash

= 90:10

GCV of fly ash

= 452.5 kCal/kg

Amount of fly ash in 1 kg of coal

= 0.1 x 0.0863 = 0.00863 kg

Heat loss in fly ash

= 0.00863 x 452.5 = 3.905 kCal / kg of coal

% heat loss in fly ash

= 3.905 x 100 / 3800

L7

= 0.10 %

8. % Heat loss due to unburnt in bottom ash

GCV of bottom ash
= 800 kCal/kg
Amount of bottom ash in 1 kg of coal
= 0.9 x 0.0863
= 0.077 kg
Heat loss in bottom ash
= 0.077 x 800
% Heat loss in bottom ash

= 62.136 kCal/kg of coal

= 62.136 x 100 / 3800
L8 = 1.63 %

Boiler efficiency by indirect method = 100 (L1+ L2+ L3+ L4+ L5+ L6+ L7+ L8)
= 100 - ( 7,535 + 3,17 + 5,45 + 0,28 + 2,418 + 0,02 +
0,10 +1,635 )
= 79,392 %