1.

C1-s38
2. The internet can be any interconnected-network of computers or similar things
betweenany organisation(s) or group of people which may not be known or accessible to
the public.
Internet is the kind of inter-network or internet in short which we are using now, i.e.
"www"(World wide web). Internet is the largest internet we have in this world which
comprises of trillions of computers being connected to each other. Because of its size, it is
very much public.
In short,
internet - refers to any interconnection of network components. So, you can call it as a
home internet which connects various network components.
Internet - The global connection network.
3. Network Protocol A Network Protocol defines rules and conventions for
communication between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all
generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of
packets. Need of Protocols in Computer Networks Network protocols include
mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as
formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some
protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for
reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Hundreds of different
computer network protocols have been developed each designed for specific purposes
and environments. You need protocols in computer networks because computer networks
consist of devices and software made by many different vendors. The only way to ensure
compatibility among them all is to have common documents (i.e. The protocol
specifications) that describe the mechanics and formats of all the data exchanged over the
network. A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between
network devices. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and
make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is
packaged into messages sent and received.
4. The control data added to the beginning of a data is called headers. The control
data added to the end of a data is called trailers. At the sending machine, when the
message passes through the layers each layer adds the headers or trailers. At the receiving
machine, each layer removes the data meant for it and passes the rest to the next layer.
5. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes how suites of protocols
work together and it establishes an industry standard for network communication.The
OSI model is a conceptual theory that describes how protocols should work. TCP/IP does
not exactly map to the OSI model on a one-to-one basis, but it maps closely enough to
offer insights into how the protocol functions in general. You have asked here about the
combining session presentation and application layer into one application layer in the

Internet model. As I discribe you above that the 7 layer designed by the OSI mean to say
is that how the tcp/ip establish the communication in a network so every 7 layer has a
different work to accomplish the goal. mean to say that to complete the task all 7 layer is
working in their side. as I will tell you about how the layer works.
Session Layer defines communication sessions between two TCP/IP hosts. Protocols
operating at this layer establish, maintain, and terminate communication sessions. and
application layer is the top layer of the OSI model. This layer defines how network
applications gain access to the network. Applications and software do not actually reside
inside of the Application layer; instead application layer serves as an API or interface
between client/server software and the network protocol.
Hope you will understand better by reading this.
Thanks In simple words to the advantage is that the functionality is performed by a single
layer and overhead is reduced and the disadvantage is that each application is not
independent
It will be simpler to be used and the overhead is reduced.
Chapter 2
1. The Nyquist theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice as fast as the
bandwidth of the signal to accurately reconstruct the waveform; otherwise, the highfrequency content will alias at a frequency inside the spectrum of interest (passband). An
alias is a false lower frequency component that appears in sampled data acquired at too
low a sampling rate. Shannon's Capacity Theorem states that error-free transmission is
possible as long as the transmitter does not exceed the channel's capacity. Shannons
capacity limit is defined for the given channel. It is the fundamental maximum
transmission capacity that can be achieved on a channel given any combination of any
coding scheme, transmission or decoding scheme. It is the best performance limit that we
hope to achieve for that channel.
2. Ch2,s30,s49
4. Ch2, s79