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UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO
Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
Although they are sometimes said to be incompatible
(namely by members of the quantitative camp),
they should be seen as complementary to each other.
Mixed Methods
Agreement
Certainty - cause
and effect linkages
can be determined
Disagreement
Certainty
Uncertainty
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Research begins with rough Ideas that turn slowly into research questions.
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Research begins with rough Ideas that turn slowly into research questions.
The Literature Review gradually builds up knowledge about the research ideas.
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Research begins with rough Ideas that turn slowly into research questions.
The Literature Review gradually builds up knowledge about the research ideas.
The Design is the plan to be followed in order to carry out the research.
It must include strategies for the selection of the samples.
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Research begins with rough Ideas that turn slowly into research questions.
The Literature Review gradually builds up knowledge about the research ideas.
The Design is the plan to be followed in order to carry out the research.
It must include strategies for the selection of the samples.
The Data Collection and Organization phase is devoted to gathering the data for
the research and organizing it, so that it can be properly analyzed. These are difficult
tasks, since the volume of data collected in qualitative research can be enormous.
University of Coimbra, Ph.D. in Information Sciences & Technologies
A. Dias de Figueiredo, 2010
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Ideas
Literature
Review
Design
Data
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Case Studies
Ethnographic Research
Grounded Theory
Action-Research
Design-Based Research
Ethnographic Research
Grounded Theory
Action-Research
Design-based Research
Design-based Research
Grounded Theory
Action-Research
Design-based Research
Document Analysis
Interviews
Participant Observation
Surveys
Interviews
They are time consuming, but they are more flexible and adaptable
than surveys. They can present various levels of structure:
Participant Observation
Surveys
structured interviews
semi-structured interviews
unstructured interviews
They are particularly useful to clarify the meaning of a phenomenon to
the subjects and to obtain personal accounts about the development
of a process in which the subjects are engaged.
They are also useful to support the exploratory work that precedes a
quantitative study and to clarify and enrich the results of quantitative studies.
In participant observation the researchers observe firsthand the activities of the subjects under study and
collect data from this observation.
There are two basic forms of participant observation:
overt
covert
research
ideas
research
findings
Research Process
research
ideas
Multiple Methods
research
findings
Multiple Data
Multiple Researchers
Multiple Methods
research
findings
Multiple Data
Multiple Researchers
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
internal validity
credibility
external validity
transferability
reliability
dependability
objectivity
confirmability
REFERENCES:
Berg, B. L. (2007). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences (6th Ed.). Pearson Education.
Boehm, B.W. (1981). Software Engineering Economics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd Ed.), Sage.
Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Analyzing Qualitative Data. In U. Flick (Ed.). The Sage Qualitative Research Kit. Sage.
Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries, Educational Communication
and Technology Journal, 29 (2), 75-91.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation: Improving the usefulness of evaluation results through
responsive and naturalistic approaches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational
Communication and Technology Journal, 30 (4), 233-252.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Morse, J. M., Barret, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and
validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 1-19.
Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of Mixed Methods and Multimethod Research Design. In Tashakkori, A, & Teddlie, C.
(Eds.). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research. Sage. 189-208.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2nd Ed.). Sage
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (3rd Ed.). Sage