GNDIRE, LIMBAJ

COMUNICARE

Creierul- cel mai puternic organ

al corpului...
Hipocrate- 460 .c.

-Inima sediul micrii si

vieii psihice
-T.inexcitabilitii cerebrale
Aristotel 384-322 .c.

- Medicul regelui Filip cel frumos

dup 1300 scrie: creierul este...
rece i umed pt. a diminua
extrema cldur i uscciune a
inimii, alb pt. a fi ca o tabula
rasa i a primi orice imagine, lax
i moderat de vscos pt. ca
lucrurile percepute s-l strbat
uor...

gndire
limbaj
comunicare

forme de
manifestare a
INFORMAIEI

O imagine tiinific asupra

lumii care nu nglobeaz
problemele contiinei nu poate
avea pretenii serioase de
completitudine. Contiina este
parte a Universului nostru i deci
orice teorie fizic care nu-i face
loc, eueaz n ncercarea de a
da o descriere fidel a lumii
ncertitudinile raiunii. Umbrele minii.
R. Penrose. Ed. Tehnic. 1999

Gndirea
- amprent a identitii
- for transformatoare

- factor de sntate

Gndirea
amprent a identitii

Poate, dac suntem norocoi, roboii

de mine ne vor pstra ca pe nite
animale rsfate sau dac suntem
destul de detepi, am putea transfera
roboilor structurile noastre proprii
de informaie R.P
Sea squirt

Halobacterium
salinarium

The effects of laughter on postprandial glucose levels and gene

expression in type 2 diabetic
patients .
Takashi Hayashi , Kazuo Murakami. Life
Sciences 85

In transgenerational epigenetic inheritance,

phenotypic information not encoded in
DNA sequence is transmitted across
generations. In germline-dependent mode,
memory of environmental exposure in
parental generation is transmitted through
gametes, leading to appearance of
phenotypes in the unexposed future
generations. The memory is considered to
be encoded in epigenetic factors like DNA
methylation, histone modications and
regulatory RNAs

Environmental exposure may cause

epigenetic modications in the germline
either directly or indirectly through
primarily affecting the soma. The latter
possibility is most intriguing because it
contradicts the established dogma that
hereditary information ows only from
germline to soma, not in reverse. As such,
identication of the factor(s) mediating
soma to germline information transfer in
transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
would be pathbreaking

Factors such as RNAs and hormones,

including neurohormones and europeptides,
have previously been considered to
potentially mediate soma to germline
communication in epigenetic inheritance
In last decade, small non-coding RNAs
(sncRNAs) such as small interfering RNAs
(siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and
piwiinteracting RNAs (piRNAs) have
emerged as master regulators of gene
expression in eukaryotes

It is in this context that we would like

to consider the genomic darkmatter,
one of the major mysteries of the postgenome era. Perhaps no other topic in
contemporary genomics has inspired
such diverse viewpoints as the 95% of
the genome,previously known as junk
DNA, that does not code for proteins.
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on soma to germline information
transfer. A. Sharma Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (2012)

E.O. Wilson has learned a great deal about human

behavior by studying ants, termites, and bee
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html

Language defines the very

structure of information.
This is more than an empirical
truth; it is a rational and
scientific necessity; the laws of
nature are a language.
The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the
Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory.
Christopher Michael Langan. 2002.

Maintenance of cognitive control is a

major concern for many human disease
condition, therefore a major goal of
human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate
and/or recover cognitive function when
such circumstances impair appropriate
decision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive
Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that
Utilizes Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012

A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI)

enabled a real-time transfer of
behaviorally meaningful
sensorimotor information between
the brains of two rats.
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor
Information. Scientific reports.2013

Snsibilitate odoranta
Insecte- o mol/ feromon /receptor
Vertebrate 0,1 picoM- micromolarcteva mii-10.000 de mirosuri/
molecule sau grupari chimice
Suportul genetic pentru receptori:
de la cateva sute la cca 2000 gene
pseudogene
Kaupp U.B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences
and commonalities Nature Review Neuroscience 2010

The studies show that the onset of

the neural events associated with free
decisions precede the reported onset
of the awareness of intention, and
suggest that conscious intention
cannot be a causal factor for free
decisions.
Filevich E. Brain correlates of subjective freedom of choice.
Consciousness and cognition. 22. 2013

Katrin Amunts of the Research Centre

Jlich in Germany and her team
announced that they had done it last
month, when they published a threedimensional reconstruction of a human
brain in unprecedented detail. To build it,
they painstakingly sliced the brain of a 65year-old woman into 7,400 layers 20
micrometres thick, stained them, imaged
them with a light microscope and then
used 1,000 hours on two supercomputers
to piece the terabyte of data together.

Jeff Lichtman and Winfried Denk

are working with the German optics
company Carl Zeiss on a new
electron microscope that would
image even thinner slices- 25 nm
Then you get to see every little
damn thing in the brain, from every
neuron to every subcellular
organelle, from every synapse to
every spine neck.

The new machines will have 61

scanning beams operating in
parallel and will shrink this time
down to months. Denk estimates
that this will allow them to make a
computational reconstruction- a
mouse brain in a box

Denks lab scanned minuscule volumes of

mouse retina, one of the simplest parts of
the mammalian brain. But computing alone
was not able to reconstruct the 300
gigabytes of image data the effort
generated, so the lab enrolled 230 people
to help to trace, by eye, the neurons as they
meander through the slices. Well have to
develop algorithms to get machines to do
the job as well as the human eye.
Abbott A. Solving the brain. NATURE, 499. 2013.. The human brain produces in
30 seconds as much data as the Hubble Space Telescope has produced in its lifetime.

Neuroscience research provides

basic discoveries about how the
brain works and about how the
brain controls behavior.
These discoveries are then applied
for the good of humankind.
Donald W. Pfaff. Neuroscience in the 21st Century.
From Basic to Clinical. Springer. 2013

The individualshaving largely

increased their needs according as the
societies which they formed became
larger, had to multiply their ideas to an
equivalent extent, and thus felt the need
for communicating them to theyr fellows.
We may imagine that this will have
compelled them to increase and vary in
the same degree the signs which they used
for communication these ideas
Lamarck J B. Philosophie Zoologique. I809

Comunicarea este liantul

Universului holistic

Using MRI scans, scientist can now

read thoughts circulating in our
brains. Scientist can also insert a
chip into the brain of patient who
is totally paralyzed and connect it
to a computer, so that through
thought alone that patient can surf
the web, read, and write e-mails,
play video games, control their
wheel chair, operate housholde
appliance, and manipulate
mechanical arms.

The question of all questions for

humanity, the problem which lies
behind all other and is more
interesting than any of them, is of
determination of man's place in
Nature and his relation to the
Cosmos. Th. Huxley

Computers are now powerful

enough to record the
electrical signals emanating
from the brain and partially
decode them into a familiar
digital language. This makes
it possible for the brain to
directly interface with
computers to control any
object around it.

Centuries from now, one can

imagine placing our entire
neural blueprint on a laser
beams, which will then sent
into deep space, perhaps the
most convenient way for our
consciousness to explore the
stars.

Scientists are going even

furthure, by connecting the brain
directly to exoskeleton that
these patient can wear around
their paralyzed limbs. One day,
our astronauts may even explore
the planets by mentally
controling mechanical
surrogates from the comfort of
their living rooms.

Part of this rapid progress

has occured because
physicists today have a good
understending of
electromagnetism, which
governs the electrical signal
racing through our neurons.

Maintenance of cognitive control is a

major concern for many human disease
condition, therefore a major goal of
human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate
and/or recover cognitive function when
such circumstances impair appropriate
decision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive
Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that Utilizes
Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012

Neuroscience is awaiting for a

breakthrough: An essay bridging the
concepts of Descartes, Einstein,
Heisenberg, Hebb and Hayek with the
explanatory formulations in this special
issue. E. Baar, Karaka . Intern. J.
Psychophysiology. 60 (2006) 194201
... understanding the brain/bodymind
complex is possible only when these
three are considered as a holistic
entity and not as discrete structures
or functions.

Cmpul electromagnetic este realitatea

fizic cu care suntem n contact permanent
i nemijlocit, dei nu avem simuri pentru a
o percepe. n odaia n care stm, n parcurile
n care ne plimbm, n noi nine, totul este
plin de cmp electromagnetic, n fiecare
moment, datorit cmpului electromagnetic,
fiecare cut a fiinei noastre este ptruns de
toate melodiile care se cnt pe Pmnt, ba
i de oapte din afara lui, rostite poate cu
miliarde de ani n urm.
A.ugulea- Cmpul electromagnetic?

Ed. Agir, 2011

Sistemul de transport ionic

membranar (STIM)
- Canale ionice

- Pompe ionice
- Transportori ionici

Molecule
hidrofobe

O2
CO2
N2
Subst.
steroidice

Molecule
mici
nepolare

Ap
Glicerol
Uree

Molecule
mari
nepolare

Glucoz
Zaharoz

Ioni

Na+, H+, K+
Ca2+, Mg2+
HCO3-, Cl-

Extracelular

Bistrat
lipidic
(3nm)

Retinal
legat de
lizina

Citosol
Bacteriorodopsina (Alberts
B. 2008)

transport membranar
canal
proteic

transportori

bistrat
lipidic

difuzie
simpla

Gradient de
concentraie

mediat
mediat de mediat de
de canale transportori pompe
transport pasiv
transport activ

adaptat dup MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. 2008

Distribuia sarcinilor electrice

Concentraia intra- extracelular a

principalilor ioni n celula mamiferelor
(mMol)

Ion
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl
Mg2+

Extracelular
Intracelular
145
12
4
155
1.8
0.001(rep) 0.1(activ.)
123
4.2
1.5
0.8

0 mV

Potenial de aciune

PA
Na+

50

K+

Transmiterea i procesarea
semnalului n sistemul nervos
I.Transmiterea sinaptic
Transmiterea sinaptic chimic
Transmiterea sinaptic electric
II. Transmiterea nonsinaptic
Transmiterea hormonal
Transmiterea auto- paracrin
Transmiterea efaptic

Transmiterea i procesarea
semnalului n sistemul nervos
I. Date generale
SNC - 1011 neuroni;
- 1000 sinapse/neuron
- neuron=microprocesor ?
- alte mecanisme de comunicare

Transmiterea i procesarea
semnalului n sistemul nervos
Repere istorice
L.Galvani- electricitatea animal 1797

A.Volta-bateria electric 1800

H.C.Oersted-electromagnetism 1820

Sinapsa chimic
Segment
presinaptic
AGONITI
ANTAGONITI

E
Celul

glial

Sinaps excitatorie
Sinaps inhibitorie

Segment
postsinaptic

Neurotransmitori cu molecul mic i enzimele lor de

biosintez
Neurotransmitor

Enzime

Activitate

ACETIL COLIN

Colin acetiltransferaz

Specific

Dopamin

Tirozin hidroxilaz

Specific

Epinefrin

Tirozin hidroxilaz i
dopamin b hidroxilaz

Norepinefrin

Tirozin hidroxilaz i
dopamin b hidroxilaz

Specific

Serotonin

Triptofan hidroxilaz

Specific

Histamin

Histidin decarboxilaz

Specificitate incert

AMINE BIOGENE

AMINOACIZI
GABA

Glutamat decarboxilaz Specificitate probabil

Glutamat

Enzime din
metabolismul general

Cale specific
nedeterminat

Glicin

Enzime din
metabolismul general

Cale specific
nedeterminat

Peptide cerebrale neuroactive

clasificate dup localizarea tisular
Categoria

Peptide

HORMONI ELIBERATORI
HIPOTALAMICI

TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, CRH, GH-RH

HORMONI NEUROHIPOFIZARI

Vasopresin, Oxitocin

PEPTIDE HIPOFIZARE

ACTH, B-endorfin, A-MSH, Prolactin,

LH, GH, TSH

PEPTIDE GASTROINTESTINALE

VIP, CCK, Gastrin, Neurotensin, MetEnkefalin, Leu-Enkefalin, SP,

Insulin, Glucagon, Bombezin,
Secretin, SST, TRH, Motilin

PEPTIDE CARDIACE

PAN

ALTELE

Angiotensina II, Bradikinin,

Calcitonin, CGRP, NPYY, Galanin,
Substana K (Neurokinina A), Peptide
de somn

Sinapsa Colinergica
Transportor
Transportor
vezicular de ACh
Transportor
de colina

ACh

Nicotinici musc.
suxametoniu

Nicotinici nn.
lobelina

vesamicol

Muscarinici
atropina
Nicotinici musc.
D-tubocurarina

ACh
ChAT

Colina

ACh

Nicotinici nn.
hexametoniu

AcCoA
hemicolinium
AChE
ACh
Ach

Muscarinici
carbachol
edrofoniu

Colina
+ Ac
Colina
+ Acfizostigmina

M.Gravis ?...
BNCh 188

La nivelul
cel mai
elementar,
noi nu
suntem o
reacie
chimic ci
o sarcin
electric...

Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Brain Cells for
Grandmother Scientic American. 2013

Membrane ATPases are capable

of absorbing energy from
oscillating electric fields of
defined frequency and amplitude
and using it to perform chemical
work. The concept of the
'electroconformational coupling'
is used to explain how an
electric signal can modulate the
activity of a membrane protein.
Tsong TY. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem.Sci 1989

A brilliant new scientific

landscape that will reshape
human destiny is now trully
opening up. We are now
entering a new golden age of
neuroscience.
Consciuosness is just another state
of matter, likea solid, liquid or gas
Max Tegmark. Solid. Liquid. Consciousness. New Scientist. 2014

Gndului
de Puterea
nsufleite
ale Pmntului,
Vlstare
Tinere

Suntem