Adapt PT Supp

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM
ADAPT-PT
FOR
POST-TENSIONED
FLOOR SYSTEMS AND BEAMS
Supplement to ADAPT-PT Manual
Dr. Bijan O. Aalami

Structural Engineer
Emeritus Professor, San Francisco State University
Copyright 2000
Consulting Company Member
POST-TENSIONING
INSTITUTE
E-mail: Info@AdaptSoft.com website: http://www.AdaptSoft.com
1733 Woodside Road, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 FAX: (650) 364-4678
This publication is a supplement to ADAPT-PT Program Manual for the analysis and design
of post-tensioned buildings and parking structures. The focus of this supplement is on the
generation of input data and the execution of the program. The theoretical background to
the program, verification of the results, description of the printout, and many other features
of the program are contained in the Program Manual. The Program Manual can be obtained
from: ADAPT Corporation, 1733 Woodside Rd, Suite 220, Redwood City, Ca 94061, Email:support@adaptsoft.com.
Copyright 2000
By ADAPT Corporation
First Edition, First Printing, November 2000
Printed in U.S.A.
ISBN:0-9674567-1-1
All Rights Reserved. This publication or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form
without the written permission of ADAPT Corporation.
ADAPT Corporation, 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, California 94061, USA
Tel: (650) 306 2400; Fax: (650) 364 4678; E-mail: info@adaptsoft.com; www.adaptsoft.com
CONTENTS
INPUT DATA AND RESULTS
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1-1

BASIS OF DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 1-1
POST-TENSIONING DESIGN APPROACHES ................................................................................... 1-1
GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL ............................................................................................................ 1-4
STRUCTURAL MODELING ............................................................................................................... 1-7
LOADING ........................................................................................................................................ 1-16
MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................... 1-21
SHEAR CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................. 1-33
DEFLECTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 1-36
OUTPUT OPTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 1-37
POST-PROCESSORS ..................................................................................................................... 1-41
PROGRAM EXECUTION
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 2-1

OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 2-1
THE MAIN PROGRAM WINDOW ...................................................................................................... 2-2
INPUT EDITOR .................................................................................................................................. 2-5
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF INPUT GEOMETRY .............................................................................. 2-28
PROGRAM EXECUTION ................................................................................................................. 2-32
VIEWING AND PRINTING OUTPUT ................................................................................................ 2-44
PRINCIPAL OUTPUT FILES ............................................................................................................ 2-48
SAVING PROJECTS ........................................................................................................................ 2-49
TENDON SELECTION MODE .......................................................................................................... 2-51
PT SUMMARY REPORT
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
PT SUMMARY AND POST-PROCESSORS ..................................................................................... 3-1

PT SUMMARY REPORT .................................................................................................................... 3-3
INITIAL STRESS ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 3-11
LATERAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 3-27
FRICTION AND LONG TERM LOSSES POST-PROCESSOR ......................................................... 3-71
USER STRESS COMBINATION ...................................................................................................... 3-93
APPENDIX
A.1
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 3-94
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The valuable contribution of Ms. Gail Kelley, Civil Engineer,
Washington, DC, in the preparation of this publication is
recognized.
Slab Band Using Unbonded Tendons

San Francisco Bay Area, California
ii
ADAPT
LIST OF CONTENTS
1.0
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1
BASIS OF DESIGN ................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2
POST-TENSIONING DESIGN APPROACHES ..................................................... 1-1

1.2.1 FINAL EFFECTIVE FORCE DESIGN .......................................................... 1-2
1.2.2 SYSTEM BOUND DESIGN .......................................................................... 1-3
1.2.3 DESIGN OPTIONS ....................................................................................... 1-3
1.3
GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL ............................................................................... 1-4
1.4
STRUCTURAL MODELING .................................................................................. 1-7

1.4.1 NUMBER OF SPANS ................................................................................... 1-7
1.4.2 STRUCTURAL MODELING OF SLABS ....................................................... 1-7
Unit strip modeling ........................................................................................ 1-8
Tributary Modeling ........................................................................................ 1-8
1.4.3 DROP CAPS AND DROP PANELS FOR TWO-WAY SLABS ...................... 1-8
1.4.4 BEAMS NORMAL (TRANSVERSE) TO DIRECTION OF FRAME .............. 1-10
1.4.5 SLAB BANDS (WIDE SHALLOW BEAMS)................................................ 1-10
1.4.6 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH .................................................................... 1-11
1.4.7 HAUNCHED BEAMS ................................................................................. 1-11
1.4.8 COLUMN GEOMETRY AND END CONDITIONS ....................................... 1-11
1.4.9 WIDTH OF SUPPORT FOR MOMENT REDUCTION .................................. 1-13
1.4.10 END-SUPPORT CONDITIONS .................................................................. 1-14
1.4.11 INTERIOR SUPPORT CONDITIONS........................................................... 1-14
1.5
LOADING ............................................................................................................. 1-16

1.5.1 NUMBER AND CLASSES OF LOADING ................................................... 1-16
1.5.2 TYPES OF LOADING ................................................................................. 1-16
1.5.3 LOAD SKIPPING (PATTERN LOADING) .................................................... 1-20
1.5.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS.............................................................................. 1-21
1.6
MATERIALS ......................................................................................................... 1-21

1.6.1 CONCRETE ............................................................................................... 1-22
1.6.2 POST-TENSIONING ................................................................................... 1-22
1.6.3 TENDON PROFILE .................................................................................... 1-22
1.6.4 MILD REINFORCEMENT (PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT) ......................... 1-26
1.7
SHEAR CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 1-33

1.7.1 SHEAR CHECKS FOR ONE-WAY SLABS AND BEAMS .......................... 1-33
1.7.2 PUNCHING SHEAR CHECK FOR TWO-WAY SLABS ............................... 1-33
1.8
DEFLECTIONS .................................................................................................... 1-36

1-i
ADAPT
1.9
OUTPUT OPTIONS ............................................................................................. 1-37

1.9.1 RESULTS REPORT ................................................................................... 1-37
1.9.2 RESULTS GRAPHS ................................................................................... 1-40
1.9.3 PT SUMMARY REPORT ............................................................................ 1-41
1.10
POST-PROCESSORS ......................................................................................... 1-41

1.10.1 FRICTION AND LONG TERM LOSSES ..................................................... 1-41
1.10.2 INITIAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 1-43
1.10.3 LATERAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 1-44
1 - ii
ADAPT
1.0
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This booklet provides an overview of the factors which govern the design of a post- tensioned
member with particular emphasis on the algorithms used in ADAPT. It also discusses the output
options. Chapter 4 of the Software Manual provides further details on the design algorithms.
1.1
BASIS OF DESIGN
A conventionally reinforced concrete slab is typically designed for strength (ultimate moment) requirements. The design consists of selecting a slab thickness, concrete strength, and area of reinforcement
which provide the required moment capacity. Serviceability (crack and deflection control) is addressed by limiting the span to depth ratios and ensuring calculated deflection are within acceptable
limits.
Post-tensioned slabs are designed for both strength and serviceability requirements, however. The
post-tensioning is usually designed to satisfy serviceability requirements by limiting stresses under
service loading. Nonprestressed reinforcement is added to achieve the strength requirements if
necessary.
A good design optimizes the slab thickness, the beam widths and depths, the amount of
post-tensioning, and the amount of mild reinforcement to arrive at a solution that complies with the
governing codes. A design typically proceeds as follows:
Determine the design criteria based on code requirements and additional site or structure specific requirements;
Analyze the structure;
Design the structure;
Select the post-tensioning based on stresses;
Add mild steel if necessary for the ultimate moment;
Check shear and deflections; and,
Adjust the design criteria if necessary and repeat the analysis.
The initial selection of design criteria and subsequent adjustments are of prime importance for an
optimum design. Having a good understanding of the design criteria is essential to being able to design
efficiently. Specific design criteria will depend on the project but will typically include requirements
for minimum cover over both post-tensioning cables and mild steel reinforcement, minimum average
precompression and minimum and maximum percentages of dead load to balance. Additional design
criteria include material strengths, load factors and tendon profiles.
1.2
POST-TENSIONING DESIGN APPROACHES

There are two common approaches to the design of post-tensioned structures: the final effective
force approach and the system bound approach. The primary difference between the two approaches is the way that prestress losses are handled.
Prestress losses include both immediate and long-term effects. There is a stress loss due to friction
between the strand and its sheathing or duct during stressing. There is also a small loss of elongation
1-1
ADAPT
Chapter 1
when the wedges are seated in the anchorage device. These immediate losses are jointly referred to
as friction and seating losses.
Long-term effects result from creep and shrinkage of the concrete, elastic shortening of the concrete
and stress relaxation in the prestressing strands. Strictly speaking, elastic shortening is an immediate
phenomenon but it is grouped with the long-term losses since it is calculated in a similar manner. The
forces in the tendons after all stress losses have taken place are referred to as the final effective
forces.
1.2.1
Final effective force design

The final effective force approach is typically used in situations where the structural designer is
different from the post-tensioning supplier and the design is done before the supplier is
selected. The specifics of the post-tensioning system are thus not taken into account during
design. This is the most common design approach in the US and Canada.
The outcome of a final effective force design is the final effective post-tensioning force in each
span and the tendon profile. The tendon profile is specified by indicating the height of the
center of gravity of the strand (cgs) at critical locations. Hardware dependent parameters
such as friction coefficients, relaxation of the strand and seating loss are considered during the
shop drawing stage, independently of the design. Shop drawings prepared by the supplier
are normally submitted to the structural engineer for review for compliance with the design
concept. The post-tensioning supplier determines the number of strands required based on
the system being used and provides information on stressing and elongations.
The sequence of steps in this type of design is as follows:
(i) The problem definition is formulated. This includes establishing:
the geometry of the structure (dimensions);

the loading; and,
design criteria.
(ii) An analysis is done to determine both the post-tensioning and the supplementary
mild reinforcement required at each location. The results are shown on the structural drawings with the post-tensioning expressed in terms of final effective forces.
Jacking forces, strand elongations and friction loss calculations are not shown on the
structural drawings.
(iii) Shop drawings are prepared by the post-tensioning supplier, based on the structural
drawings. The shop drawings show the number of strands required, the layout of
the strands, and the expected elongations. Immediate and long-term stress losses
are calculated according to the parameters of the post-tensioning system. The posttensioning supplier must submit calculations for the friction and long-term stress
losses along with the shop drawings, in order to demonstrate that the number of
strands shown supply the required post-tensioning forces.
1-2
ADAPT
Chapter 1
In monostrand construction it is common practice for post-tensioning suppliers to use reasonable, assumed average values for final effective forces rather than doing friction calculations
for each tendon. Even though the hardware from different suppliers may be slightly different,
the assumed values for final effective forces are often the same. If two suppliers assume the
same final effective forces, their tendon layout will be very similar.
1.2.2 System bound design
The system bound approach, also referred to as variable force design, allows for full variation
of force along the length of tendons. In this approach, the change in post-tensioning due to
stress losses is integrated into the calculations during design. The objective during design is
to determine the number of strands required at each location.
The system bound approach is common in Europe and many other parts of the world. It is
generally used when the post-tensioning supplier and the parameters of the system are known
and can be incorporated into the design. In some cases, the engineer may base the design on
an arbitrarily selected post-tensioning system and allow the supplier to redesign the project if
the system selected has parameters that are significantly different from those originally used.
The sequence of steps in this type of approach is as follows:
(i) Select a post-tensioning system and determine the tendon layout, including the plan
locations and vertical profiles. Determine which end(s) of the tendons will be
stressed.
(ii) Based on the geometry and parameters selected for the tendons, determine the
long-term stress losses, immediate stress losses and effective forces along the length
of the tendons.
(iii) Analyze the structure with the balanced loading which results from the specified
tendon layout. If necessary, make adjustments to the tendon profiles or the number
of strands provided for a given tributary. Rerun the analysis to determine how these
changes affect the design.
The outcome of the design, including the number and location of the strands, friction losses,
long-term losses and the elongation of each strand is shown on the structural drawings. The
stress losses thus form part of the structural calculations. Other than the tendon support
layout, very little additional information is required on the shop drawings.
1.2.3
Design Options
Allowance for prestress losses is an integral part of any post-tensioning design. ADAPT
supports both the final effective force and system bound approaches. If the final effective
force approach is used, the Friction and Long-term Loss Post-processor can be used to
generate the information required for shop drawings. The post-processor is run at the
completion of the analysis.
1-3
ADAPT
1.3
Chapter 1
GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL

The ADAPT post-tensioning software system can handle a wide range of structures including
one-way slabs, mat foundations, two-way slabs with drop caps and/or drop panels, waffle slabs, pan
joists and a variety of beam designs. For two-way slabs, the Equivalent Frame model, as recommended in Chapter 13 of ACI 318, can be used.
The design algorithm used in ADAPT is based on a single story slab and/or beam frame with supports above and/or below the slab or beam. The frame consists of one line of supports with their
associated tributary widths. A simple example of frame modeling is shown in Fig. 1.3-1.
FIGURE 1.3-1
Span lengths are measured from support centerline to support centerline, also referred to as system
lines. The frame line runs from middle of support to middle of support in the direction of the frame.
1-4
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.3-2
Figure 1.3-2 shows the definitions of left and right in the direction of the frame and transverse to the
frame. It also shows the positive directions of applied loadings, span actions and column moments.
The parameters required to model the frame include the span lengths, the cross-sectional definition of
the slab/beam in each span, and the details of the slab/beam supports. The cross-sections available in
ADAPT are shown in Fig. 1.3-3. Note, however, that the I-section and extended-T section are only
available when doing segmental input.
A span which has a uniform cross-section is referred to as prismatic. Prismatic beams and slabs with
or without drop caps and panels are typically modeled via the conventional input mode. The user
inputs the span lengths, slab or beam width and depth, and whatever other dimensions are required to
define the geometry of the frame.
1-5
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.3-3
A span with a non-uniform cross-section, i.e. a haunched beam or a slab where the tributary width
changes within a span, is referred to as nonprismatic. Nonprismatic spans are modeled by breaking
the slab into segments and using the segmental input mode. A segment is a section of span in the
direction of the frame. Up to seven segments can be defined for each span and each segment can
have a different cross-sectional geometry. Complex beam and slab geometries with nonstandard
support conditions can be readily modeled with segments. Segments can also be used to model
changes in the tributary width and steps at the top or bottom of the slab/beam. All changes in the
cross sectional geometry of a member are rigorously accounted for in ADAPT when calculating the
relative stiffness of the various frame members.
1-6
ADAPT
1.4
Chapter 1
STRUCTURAL MODELING
1.4.1
Number of Spans
Up to twenty spans plus one cantilever at each end can be entered for a frame; this should be
sufficient for almost any structure. If a frame has more than twenty spans, it can be divided in
sections by modeling the first twenty spans and fixing the right support. The remaining spans
are then modeled with a second section that has the left support fixed. Unless the structure is
symmetrical enough that no rotation would be expected over the support modeled as fixed,
the results for the end spans will be incorrect. To get accurate values, at least three spans
should be overlapped.
1.4.2
Structural Modeling of Slabs

The slab/beam geometry input covers only the typical region of a span, which in most cases is
the midspan region. Information on the geometry of drop caps, drop panels, and transverse
beams is input when defining the supports.
Figure 1.4.2-1 shows the input screen for slab modeling. The dimensions required to model
a slab consist of the span length, the slab depth and the tributary width. The tributary width is
composed of left tributary (the portion of the tributary width that falls to the left of the frame
line) and the right tributary (the portion that falls to the right of the frame line). The tributary
width can vary from span to span but is assumed to be constant within a single span unless
segmental input is used.
There are two methods of modeling slabs: Unit Strip input and Tributary input. Both methods produce the same results, which method to use is a matter of user preference. Once a
method is selected however, it should be used consistently throughout a given project to
avoid confusion. Note that the calculations and results are always shown in terms of the total
tributary width, regardless of the way the slab was modeled during data entry.
FIGURE 1.4.2-1
1-7
ADAPT
Chapter 1
Unit strip modeling

It is typically easiest to model slabs with the Unit Strip method. A unit strip is a strip parallel
to the span with a width equal to or less than the total tributary width. Although the unit strip
width is typically 12 in. or 1000 mm, any reasonable value may be used. The unit width has
no affect on the analysis as long as the total tributary width is modeled correctly.
The tributary is modeled by specifying a unit strip width along with left and right multipliers.
The left and right multipliers (< and >) indicate the number of times the unit strip
needs to be multiplied to cover the left and right tributaries. The multipliers need not be whole
numbers.
As an example, suppose the tributary width for a given span was 12 ft with 6 ft- 6 in. to the
left of the frame line and 5 ft- 6 in. to the right of the frame line. If the unit width had been
entered as 12 in., the left width multiplier would be 6.5, the right width multiplier would be
5.5.
If there are drop caps and/or drop panels, the strips closest to the column will not have a
constant cross-sectional geometry. The program automatically calculates any corrections
required for the drop cap and drop panel regions.
Tributary Modeling
In tributary modeling, the total tributary width is entered as the b dimension. The width
multipliers (<-M and M->) are used to indicate how much of the tributary falls on either side
of the frame line. The sum of the left and right multipliers should be one.
1.4.3
Drop caps and drop panels for two-way slabs

Drop caps and drop panels are treated by the program as defined in ACI 318, regardless of
how they are entered. A thickened slab that extends one-sixth of the span or more toward
the next support is treated as a drop panel; otherwise the thickening is considered a drop
cap. The distinction between drops and caps is only significant when calculating ultimate
capacity, however, the actual cross section of the slab and drop is used when calculating
stresses. The added stiffness due to both drop caps and drop panels is taken into account
when calculating the relative stiffness of the columns and slab.
Any support can have a drop cap and/or drop panel and the caps and panels at different
supports can have different geometries. The screen for defining drop panels is shown in Fig.
1.4.3-1. The screen for defining drop caps is shown in Fig. 1.4.3-2.
The lengths parallel to the frame, D1 and D2, and the widths left and right of the frame line,
W1 and W2, are specified for both drop caps and drop panels. Drop panels may have
different depths, H1 and H2 on either side of the support. Drop caps must be of uniform
depth H, specified as the total depth from the top of the slab to the bottom of the cap.
1-8
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.4.3-1
Drop caps and panels do not have to extend to both sides of the support, i.e. either of the
D1,D2 dimensions and either of the W1,W2 dimensions can be zero. Note that on the
Results Report, the widths W1 and W2 are combined and shown as the total width.
FIGURE 1.4.3-2
If a support has both a drop cap and a drop panel, the depth of the drop cap must be greater
than that of the drop panel; the length and width of the drop cap must be less than or equal to
those of the drop panel. Geometries that do not fit these restrictions can be modeled using
segmental input.
Drop caps and drop panels can only be specified when conventional input is used. If segmental input is used, drop caps and drop panels need to be defined as separate segments.
In segmental input, the segments are analyzed according to their actual geometry for both
stresses and ultimate capacity; there is no distinction between drops and caps.
1-9
ADAPT
1.4.4
Chapter 1
Beams normal (transverse) to direction of frame

In conventional input, beams normal to the direction of the frame can be modeled as transverse beams. The schematics for defining transverse beams are shown in Fig. 1.4.3-2. The
depth of the beam is specified as the total depth H measured to the top of the slab, the width
of the beam is specified as the width left and right of the system line. Note that the transverse beam option is not available in segmental input. In segmental input, the beam must be
entered as a segment which extends to the right and left edges of the tributary.
1.4.5
Slab Bands (wide shallow beams)

Typically, when the supports of a uniform floor slab are such that the spans are substantially
longer in one direction than the other, the longer span governs the slab thickness. In posttensioned slab construction, the adverse effects of the longer span can be reduced if the
tendons in the long direction are banded and placed with an increased drape to provide
additional upward forces.
Wide shallow beams (Fig. 1.4.5-1) are basically a thickening of the slab along the column
lines to allow this additional drape. In order for the bands not to be considered as supports,
the two-way action of the floor system must be retained. Although there is no absolute
maximum value for the band depth h, localized stiffening of the slab to an extent that would
significantly inhibit slab deformation must be avoided. The recommended dimensions are:
h2t and b>3h.
FIGURE 1.4.5-1
Wide shallow beams (slab bands) are entered by defining the span as one with a T-section
(Type 2) having a shallow depth and wide stem. Since wide shallow beams are a two-way
1 - 10
ADAPT
Chapter 1
slab configuration the entire tributary width is considered effective in resisting the load. The
requirements for one-way shear reinforcement (stirrups) do not apply.
1.4.6 Effective flange width
Cast-in-place concrete beams are usually designed assuming an effective flange width that
includes a given amount of the slab on either side of the beam. Although ACI specifies the
effective flange width to use for non-prestressed beams (stem width plus 16 times the slab
thickness for T-beams, stem width plus 6 times the slab thickness for L-beams at slab edges),
determination of the effective flange width for prestressed beams is left to the judgment of the
engineer.
By and large the ACI-318 specifications for non-prestressed beams are used for prestressed
beams. In stress computations the effective width of a prestressed beam is larger than that of
a non-prestressed beam of the same geometry however, due to the precompression. Stem
width plus 24 times the slab thickness for T-beams and stem width plus 12 times the slab
thickness for L-beams are also used.
In ADAPT, the effective beam width may be calculated automatically according to ACI-318
or it may be input by the user. Note however that the automatic calculation is not strictly per
ACI 318 for L-beams (edge beams). ADAPT calculates the effective flange width for both
T- and L- beams as the stem width plus an overhang which is up to eight times the slab
thickness on each side but not more than the tributary width.
1.4.7 Haunched beams
Haunched beams are modeled using segments to represent distinct steps. Each span can have
a maximum of seven segments, normally three steps are used for each haunch. The step sizes
and locations are determined by the user. Figure 1.4.7-1(a) shows an example of a
haunched beam with sloping faces, Fig. 1.4.7-1(b) shows how it could be modeled.
1.4.8
Column Geometry and End Conditions

The relative stiffnesses of the column and slab/beam elements in a frame are determined by
the respective cross-sectional geometries and the column connections. The schematics on the
support geometry screen (Fig. 1.4.8-1) show the dimensions that need to be entered for
columns:
D
B
Dc
=
=
=
H1
H2
=
=
Column/wall depth (dimension in the direction of the frame).

Column/wall width (dimension perpendicular to the frame).
Diameter of a circular column (circular columns are transformed into square
columns of the same cross sectional area for analysis).
Height of column below, measured from center of slab to top of slab below.
Height of column above, measured from center of slab to underside of slab
above.
1 - 11
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.4.7-1
FIGURE 1.4.8-1
Column connections are specified via the column boundary conditions. There are three
possible boundary conditions: fixed, pinned and roller. Typically, the columns above and
below the slab/beam are modeled as fixed at both ends. Although it is not possible to specify
a degree of fixity, the column stiffness can be reduced by entering a column height that is
greater than the actual height. Reducing the column stiffness reduces the amount of moment
transferred to the column; this may increase the post-tensioning required for the slab or beam.
1 - 12
ADAPT
Chapter 1
It may be appropriate to reduce the column stiffness in some instances because of anticipated
cracking.
Although each of the boundary conditions is specified separately, if the near end of a column
is specified as pinned, the column is not included in the frame analysis. In this case, it does
not matter what the far end boundary condition is set to or what is entered for the length of
the column.
1.4.9 Width of Support for Moment Reduction
The analysis is based on centerline moments (moments at the center of the joints). Moments
can be reduced to the face of the supporting column or beam by selecting the Reduce
moments to face-of-support option during data input. For column-supported slabs and
beams, the support width is typically D, the dimension of the column in the direction of the
frame; drop caps are usually ignored. In one-way slab systems, the width of the beam is
typically used as the support width for the slab model. Note that the support width is used
only to determine moment reduction; it has no effect on support fixity. Also, only the negative
(support) moment is reduced, the midspan moment is not changed.
Figure 1.4.9-1 shows recommended support widths for several typical conditions.
FIGURE 1.4.9-1
1 - 13
ADAPT
Chapter 1
1.4.10 End-support conditions

The supports at either end of the frame can be specified as rotationally free (a regular end
support) or rotationally fixed. Rotationally free supports occur when the slab/beam terminates over a wall, column or beam and is free to rotate. The amount of rotation is a function
of the relative stiffness of the column/wall support and the type of support connection (fixed
or pinned).
Rotationally fixed end-conditions occur when the span is tied to a structure that is rigid
enough to prevent rotation of the slab/beam at the connection. A typical example might be a
slab tied to a stiff shear wall. ADAPT calculates the bending moment developed by the slab/
beam at the connection and designs the reinforcement accordingly. A rotationally fixed endcondition can also be used to model half of a symmetrical, multi-span frame if there will be no
rotation over the support at the line of symmetry.
Note that if there is a cantilever at the right or left end of the span, the corresponding end
support cannot be specified as rotationally fixed. Figure 1.4.10-1 shows the screen used for
entering End Support Fixity, support widths and boundary conditions.
FIGURE 1.4.10-1
1.4.11 Interior support conditions
The different interior support conditions are shown in Fig. 1.4.11-1. Note that deflection at
the centerline of the support (the system line) is assumed to be zero for all of the conditions
shown. ADAPT does not include provisions for modeling column shortening or support
settlement.
The differences between the support conditions lie in:
The connection between the slab/beam and the supporting column or wall;
The width of support in the direction of the frame; and,
1 - 14
ADAPT
Chapter 1
For two-way slabs, the torsional stiffness of beams transverse to the direction of the
frame.
The support conditions in Fig. 1.4.11-1(a), (b) and (c) represent a moment connection to the
slab/beam. Moment transfer between the slab/beam and the column is based on the relative
stiffness of the columns and slab/beam.
The wall support condition in Fig. 1.4.11-1(d) also provides a moment connection with the
slab/beam. In each of these cases, the slab or beam can be designed based on moments
reduced to the face of support. The support width is typically, but not necessarily, the width
of the column or wall in the direction of the frame.
FIGURE 1.4.11-1
1 - 15
ADAPT
Chapter 1
For a two-way slab modeled with the equivalent frame method, the torsional stiffness of any
beams transverse to the frame, Fig. 1.4.11-1(e), will affect the solution.
Figure 1.4.11-1(f) shows a wall with a release or slip joint. Slip joints are used to minimize
restraint to shortening in the direction of the slab. Although the joint does not allow for
transfer of moments to the support, the span moments can be reduced based on the support
width.
Figure 1.4.11-1(g) shows a knife-edge support. In this type of support, no moment is
transferred to the support and the system line moments are not reduced for the slab/beam
design.
1.5
LOADING
1.5.1
Number and Classes of Loading

Each span can have an essentially unlimited number of different loadings. Live loading (LL)
and dead loading (DL) are entered by the user. Loading due to the post-tensioning is calculated automatically by the program. This is discussed further in Chapter 4 of the Software
Manual.
Dead loading consists of selfweight and superimposed dead load. The program can be set
to calculate selfweight automatically, based on the structures geometry and unit weight. The
self-weight calculated for each segment will be listed on the output with the notation SW. If
the spans have been entered via the segmental input mode, each segments weight will be
calculated according to its respective geometry. Spans input via the conventional input option
will be divided into segments, if necessary, to account for drop caps and drop caps. The
user may also suppress the selfweight computation and enter the selfweight manually.
1.5.2
Types of loading
ADAPT supports five types of loading:
Uniformly distributed loading over the entire span (U);

Partial uniform loading over specific sections of a span (P);
Concentrated loading at given distances along span (C);
Applied moment at given distances along a span (M); and,
Line loading along part or all of a span (L).
The loading types are shown in Fig. 1.5.2-1. Other loading distributions can be modeled as
a combination of these types.
Uniform and partial loadings are assumed to be uniformly distributed over the uppermost
surface of the member with a constant intensity per unit area. The user only needs to enter
the load intensity (k/ft2 or N/m2); ADAPT calculates the frame loading. If a span has been
1 - 16
ADAPT
Chapter 1
entered segmentally with different tributary widths, there will be a non-uniform load distribution along the span.
FIGURE 1.5.2-1
Line loading is specified as a uniform magnitude in the direction of span; it is not affected by
the surface geometry of the member. Line loading can be applied to part or all of a span.
Figures 1.5.2-2 (mnl-rc11) and 1.5.2-3 (mnl-rc14) illustrate various loadings on a two-span
column supported slab. Figure 1.5.2-4 (mnl-rc10) illustrates the difference between partial
and line loading.
Since the analysis is based on a plane frame model of the member, all loadings must be added
up and compiled in terms of loading along the frame line. ADAPT automatically calculates
the frame loadings from the user input. Both the user input and the calculated frame loadings
1 - 17
ADAPT
Chapter 1
are shown on the output. The position of the loadings transverse to the frame does not enter
into the calculations; all calculations are done for moments and shears in the direction of the
frame.
FIGURE 1.5.2-2
1 - 18
ADAPT
FIGURE 1.5.2-3
1 - 19
Chapter 1
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.5.2-4
1.5.3
Load Skipping (Pattern Loading)

If load skipping (pattern loading) was specified, the program applies load selectively on
various spans in order to obtain the maximum and minimum moments and shears.
In the general case, there are six loading patterns (Fig. 1.5.3-1). In case one, the full dead
and live load is assumed to act on all spans. In cases 2 through 6, dead load is assumed to
act on all spans but live load, multiplied by a skip factor, is only applied to certain spans. The
loaded spans are selected in order to generate the maximize moments over the supports and
at midspan. The skip factor is specified by the user and is typically less than 1.
1 - 20
ADAPT
Chapter 1
Except for the British code where a proportion of dead loading is also skipped, load skipping
only applies to live loads. All of the live loads entered for a span are considered to act
simultaneously.
FIGURE 1.5.3-1
1.5.4
Load Combinations
There are three load combinations: a code-specified serviceability (service state) condition,
the ultimate (strength state) condition and a user-specified combination that can be used to
check stresses for some condition other than the service state.
ADAPT has default load combination values for each of the codes but the user may override
these values. The moments and shears at each 20th point are multiplied by the load factors
and combined in order to get minimum and maximum values for the specified load combinations.
1.6
MATERIALS
The calculations in ADAPT are based on materials-specific parameters entered by the user. There
are separate screens for the concrete, the post-tensioning and the mild steel reinforcement.
1 - 21
ADAPT
1.6.1
Chapter 1
Concrete
Figure 1.6.1-1 shows the screen for entering concrete parameters. Depending on the code,
the concrete weight classification is used in shear and/or flexure calculations. The ultimate
creep coefficient is used in the calculation of long-term deflections. Typical values are between 2 and 3.
Default values of the modulus of elasticity are calculated based on the concrete strength and
the appropriate code formula.
FIGURE 1.6.1-1
1.6.2
Post-tensioning
ADAPT can handle both grouted and unbonded post-tensioning systems. Tendon sizes,
strand diameters and steel properties are specified by the user.
1.6.3
Tendon Profile
The tendon profile can be specified as either a:
Simple/Partial Parabola;
Reversed Parabola; or,
Harp.
Figure 1.6.3-1 shows the general shape of these profiles. The balanced load associated with
each profile is shown in Fig. 1.6.3-2. Users may enter variations of the basic tendon profiles
in order to obtain a wide range of different balanced loadings. Figure 1.6.3-3 shows the
parameters used to define the tendon profiles. The horizontal distances are specified during
data input; the vertical distances are specified during the analysis when the tendon heights are
entered.
1 - 22
ADAPT
FIGURE 1.6.3-1
FIGURE 1.6.3-2
1 - 23
Chapter 1
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.6.3-3
Horizontal distances are entered as ratios of the span length, i.e. setting X2 = 0.5 would
indicate the midspan. For all three profiles, the X2 distance indicates the point to use as the
low point of the profile. For the reversed parabola, the X1 and X3 distances indicate the
location of the inflection points. For the partial parabola and harped profiles, the X1 and X3
indicate that the tendon should be laid flat (without profile) for a given distance from the
centerline of the adjacent support. Note that selecting a partial parabola profile and specifying X1 and X3 as zero generates a simple parabola.
The user may select the profile most suited for a particular project and each span can have a
different profile. In most situations however, the default parameters provided by ADAPT
should be used. Unless the structural drawings specifically call out something different, these
are what will be used by the detailer doing the shop drawings.
Beams, and distributed tendons in two-way slabs are usually detailed as partial parabolas
with inflection points at L/10. Banded tendons in two-ways slabs are also usually detailed as
parabolas. One-way slab tendons are actually laid out with a profile more like a partial
1 - 24
ADAPT
Chapter 1
parabola with a straight section over the supports running 6 to 12 in. past the beam on either
side. The difference in the design produced by these two configurations is negligible however.
Harped profiles are used for transfer girders and other situations where there are heavy
concentrated loads. The low point of the profile is usually specified to coincide with the
location of the concentrated load. Although the schematics for a harped profile sometime
show a sharp point at the low point, tendons cannot actually be bent in a sharp kink. The A
parameter is used to modify the harped profile to account for the fact that the bend will be
gradual. It indicates that the tendon is assumed to be flat for a given distance either side of
the low point.
FIGURE 1.6.3-4
Cantilevers are defined in a similar manner. Figure 1.6.3-4 shows the profile options
available for a cantilever. The X distance shown for the partial parabola and harped profiles
1 - 25
ADAPT
Chapter 1
indicates that the tendon should be laid flat for a given distance from the centerline of the first
interior support. In many cantilevers however, particularly those that are short and lightly
loaded, the tendon is run flat for the entire cantilever. This would be indicated on the structural drawings by showing the same height (typically the centroid of the section) for the
tendon height at both ends of the cantilever.
The Results Report displays a value for the balanced loading (k/ft or kN/m) in the block
which shows the selected post-tensioning (Block 9.3). These are representative upward
forces obtained by dividing the total upward force between the inflection points by the
respective span length. They are for reference only; the calculations are based on the actual
balanced loadings.
1.6.4
Mild Reinforcement (Passive Reinforcement)

ADAPT calculates the mild reinforcement required for both code-specified minimums and
ultimate moment (strength). The Results Rebar graph (Fig. 1.6.4-1 section 6) displays the
amount of rebar required versus amount provided, based on the bar sizes selected by the
user and shown on the Results Report. The PT Summary report shows the length and
position of the bars (Fig. 1.6.4-1 sections 3, 4 and 5); it also provides the option of recalculating the required steel with a different bar size than originally selected in the input data of the
program.
1 - 26
ADAPT
Chapter 1
ADAPT - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM

ADAPT-PT Version 6.06 Date: 7/13/00 Time: 11:29:11 AM File: PT_sup10
1- PROJECT TITLE PT_sup10

1.1 DESIGN STRIP Support Line 4 Current_plane
2 - MEMBER ELEVATION
[ft]
8.40
18.37
27.00
18.27
25.25
15.54
0.65
3 - TOP REBAR
3 10#5X6'
3.3 ADAPT selected

1 6#5X10'
3.4 ADAPT selected
5 10#5X6'
2 11#5X14'
4 11#5X16'
8 10#5X14'
9 12#5X14'
12 6#5X6'
4 - TENDON PROFILE
4.2 Datum Line

4.3 CGS Distance [in]
4.00
4.93
7.00 7.00
1.50
[190 kips]
[190 kips]
4.00
4.5 Force
kips]
7.00 7.00
1.00
[190 kips]
7.00 7.00
1.00
[190 kips]
7.00 7.00
1.00
[190 kips]
7.00 7.00 1.50 4.00

4.00
4.00
[190 kips] [190
5 - BOTTOM REBAR
7 5#7X14'
5.3 ADAPT selected
11 3#7X12'
6 6#7X18'
5.4 ADAPT selected
10 3#7X16'
13 4#7X2'
6 - REQUIRED & PROVIDED BARS

max 1.84
6.1 Top Bars
6.6
3.72
6.27
3.59
3.70
2.00
1.80
0.00
6.47
0.00
3.53
0.00
1.84
[ in ]
required
provided
3.3
6.2 Bottom Bars
0.0
1.7
3.4
5.1
6.8
max 0.00
FIGURE 1.6.4-1 REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT AND SELECTION
1 - 27
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.6.4-2 CUT-OFF LENGTHS AND BAR EXTENSIONS

Figure 1.6.4-2 shows the screen used to determine the lengths of the mild steel (non-prestressed) reinforcement. If the mild steel requirement is governed by the code requirements
for minimum steel, the lengths will be determined by the values entered for cut off lengths. If
the mild steel is required to supplement the post-tensioning for ultimate moment, the length
will be based on the point where steel is no longer required. In order to determine the point
where mild steel is no longer required, the program calculates an envelope of the moments at
1/20th points along the member. The user specified extension (development length) is added
to all bar lengths.
In the common case the reinforcement for the code minimum requirements is positioned as
shown in Fig. 1.6.4-3 with the lengths specified in the figure. In the general case, where
nonconventional loading can cause tension at the top of the field and/or bottom of supports,
the layout and lengths for the minimum reinforcement are as shown in Fig. 1.6.4-4
FIGURE 1.6.4-3 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT LENGTHS AND LAYOUT

FOR COMMON CONDITIONS
1 - 28
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.6.4-4 GENERAL CASE FOR MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT LENGTHS AND

LAYOUT
The Results Report lists in three tables the area of steel required and shown in Fig. 1.6.4-1
along with the associated quantity and lengths of the bars. Table 1.6.4-1 is the list of the
required reinforcement both for serviceability and strength along with the governing value in
each case. Table 1.6.4-2 is a simple compilation of the bars selected to envelop the required
values shown in the preceding table. The bars in this table are the same as they appear in
sections 3 and 5 of Fig. 1.6.4-1. Any discrepancies between the two is due to round off
procedure adopted in the program. For the American units bar lengths are expressed in
multiples of 6 inches. For SI and MKS units 20mm or 2 cm are used respectively. Table
1.6.4-2 is the breakdown of the bars into spans according to Fig. 1.6.4-4. In this table the
bars which straddle the support lines are reported in two parts, each referring to the span the
part associates with.
1 - 29
ADAPT
TABLE 1.6.4-1: REQUIRED REINFORCEMENT

11.2.1
S T E E L
A T
M I D - S P A N
T O P
B O T T O M
As
DIFFERENT REBAR CRITERIA
As
SPAN (in^2) <---ULT-----TENS-------->
(in^2) <---ULT-----TENS-------->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
2
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
6.41 (
5.07
6.41
.00)
3
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
4
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
3.53 (
2.67
3.53
.00)
5
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
11.3.1
S T E E L
A T
S U P P O R T S
T O P
B O T T O M
As
As
JOINT (in^2) <---ULT-----MIN--------->
(in^2) <---ULT-----MIN--------->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
1.84 (
.00
1.84
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
2
6.34 (
6.34
1.94
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
3
6.22 (
6.22
1.94
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
4
2.81 (
2.81
1.83
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
5
3.70 (
3.70
1.82
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
6
1.80 (
.00
1.80
.00)
1.84 (
.00
1.84
.00)
TABLE 1.6.4-2: BREAKDOWN OF REINFORCEMENT

ACCORDING TO SPANS
11.2.2 & 11.3.2
SELECTION OF REBAR
SPAN ID LOCATION NUM BAR LENGTH [ft] AREA [in^2]
--1----2-----3------4----5-------6---------7---------0
1
T
6 # 5 x 10'6"
1.86
-----------------------------------------------------1
2
T
11 # 5 x 15'6"
3.41
1
3
T
10 # 5 x
6'6"
3.10
-----------------------------------------------------2
4
T
11 # 5 x 16'6"
3.41
2
5
T
10 # 5 x
6'6"
3.10
2
6
B
6 # 7 x 18'6"
3.60
2
7
B
5 # 7 x 14'6"
3.00
-----------------------------------------------------3
8
T
10 # 5 x 14'0"
3.10
-----------------------------------------------------4
9
T
12 # 5 x 14'0"
3.72
4
10
B
3 # 7 x 16'0"
1.80
4
11
B
3 # 7 x 12'6"
1.80
-----------------------------------------------------5
12
T
6 # 5 x
6'0"
1.86
-----------------------------------------------------6
13
B
4 # 7 x
2'0"
2.40
-----------------------------------------------------Notes:
Bar location - T = Top, B = Bottom.
NUM - Number of bars.
1 - 30
Chapter 1
ADAPT
Chapter 1
For one-way spans, the minimum area of bonded reinforcement in both positive and negative
moment regions is 0.004A where A is the area between the flexural tension face and the
center of gravity of the cross-section. The reinforcement required is independent of the steel
yield stress and must be provided regardless of the magnitude of tensile stresses at service
loads. Calculation of the area A must consider the T-beam effect, thus T-beams require
more bonded reinforcement in negative moment regions than in positive moment regions.
For two-way flat plates, a minimum bonded reinforcement equal to 0.00075 Acf must be
provided at negative moment regions, regardless of the magnitude of the tensile stresses at
service loads. Acf is the cross-sectional area of the larger of the two slab/beam design strips
intersecting at a support. In accordance with ACI-318 requirements, a minimum of four bars
are specified over the supports.
In two-way construction, bonded reinforcement is not needed in positive moment regions
unless computed tensile stresses at service loads exceed 2 fc. When computed tensile
stresses exceed 2 fc, the minimum area of bonded reinforcement must be equal to or greater
than Nc/0.5fy where Nc is the total tensile force in the concrete due to unfactored dead and
live load.
Where the required reinforcement is provided to meet strength demand, the following consideration should be observed in the length determination and layout.
At interior spans, extend one-fourth of the bars computed for strength requirements to
the adjacent supports.
At exterior spans, extend one-third of the bars computed for strength requirements to
the adjacent supports.
This consideration is left to the user to observe when the results of the program are transferred to the structural drawings. Use Table 1.6.4-1 to determine if and how much of the
listed steel area is for strength requirements.
1 - 31
ADAPT
Chapter 1
TABLE 1.6.4-3a: LAYOUT OF TOP REINFORCEMENT

11.5.1
STEEL DISPOSITION - TOP BARS
-------|----------- TOP STEEL -----------------|
SPAN
| ID
LOCATION | NUM BAR
LENGTH [ft]|
--1----|--2------3-----|---4----5------6-------|
0
| 1
RIGHT
|
6 # 5 x
5'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
1
| 1
LEFT
|
6 # 5 x
5'0"
|
1
| 2
RIGHT
| 11 # 5 x
7'6"
|
1
| 3
RIGHT
| 10 # 5 x
3'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
2
| 2
LEFT
| 11 # 5 x
7'0"
|
2
| 4
RIGHT
| 11 # 5 x
8'0"
|
2
| 3
LEFT
| 10 # 5 x
3'0"
|
2
| 5
RIGHT
| 10 # 5 x
4'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
3
| 4
LEFT
| 11 # 5 x
7'6"
|
3
| 8
RIGHT
| 10 # 5 x
6'6"
|
3
| 5
LEFT
| 10 # 5 x
2'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
4
| 8
LEFT
| 10 # 5 x
6'6"
|
4
| 9
RIGHT
| 12 # 5 x
7'6"
. |
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
5
| 9
LEFT
| 12 # 5 x
5'6"
|
5
| 12
RIGHT
|
6 # 5 x
5'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
6
| 12
LEFT
|
6 # 5 x
0'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
TABLE 1.6.4-3b: LAYOUT OF BOTTOM

REINFORCEMENT
11.5.2
STEEL DISPOSITION - BOTTOM BARS
-------|-------- BOTTOM STEEL -----------------|

SPAN
| ID
LOCATION | NUM BAR
LENGTH [ft]|
--1----|--2------3-----|---4----5------6-------|
2
| 6
CENTER
|
6 # 7 x 18'6"
|
2
| 7
CENTER
|
5 # 7 x 14'6"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
4
| 10
CENTER
|
3 # 7 x 16'0"
|
4
| 11
CENTER
|
3 # 7 x 12'6"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
6
| 13
LEFT
|
4 # 7 x
2'0"
|
-------|---------------|-----------------------|
UBC requirement of (D + 0.25*L)

ADAPT can optionally calculate the mild steel required for one-way systems designed
according to the Uniform Building Code (UBC). UBC, the code used in the western US,
requires that the mild steel reinforcement be able to resist actions developed due to the dead
loading plus 25% of the unreduced live loading. This requirement has not been included in
the International Building Code (IBC 2000) however, nor is it part of ACI-318. Since UBC
is no longer to be continued, the application of (D + 0.25*L) will be automatically phased
out.
1 - 32
ADAPT
1.7
Chapter 1
SHEAR CALCULATIONS
1.7.1
Shear Checks for One-way Slabs and Beams

For one-way slabs and beams, ADAPT calculates the factored shears at 1/20th points along
each span and checks the section for one-way shear. The vertical component of the
post-tensioning force is conservatively disregarded in calculation of the shear strength. The
hyperstatic shear from post-tensioning is included in the design shear force (Vu). If the shear
strength of the section is not adequate, ADAPT calculates the required stirrups. The governing ACI equations and ratio of Vu/Vc at each 1/20th point are printed along with the spacing
of the stirrups.
1.7.2
Punching Shear Check for Two-way Slabs

For two-way slabs, ADAPT calculates punching shear at each of the supports. ADAPT
recognizes five different conditions in the calculation of punching shear: interior columns, end
columns, corner columns, edge columns and wall (continuous) supports. Figure 1.7.2-1
shows these different conditions. The user does not need to identify the conditions of the
individual supports, ADAPT determines this automatically from the geometry of the problem.
If the face of a column is less than seven times the slab thickness from the slab edge, the
column will be considered an end, corner or edge column. If a column extends for 80% or
more of the tributary width, it is considered to be a wall. No punching shear check is done
for a wall support since a two-way (punching) shear failure is virtually impossible.
The output lists the factored moments and shears at each support, the calculated stresses and
the ratio of the stresses to permissible values. Secondary effects due to post-tensioning are
considered in the evaluation of the factored moments and shears.
At each joint, ADAPT checks the punching shear at the critical section associated with the
face-of-support (referred to as CASE 1), and at the critical section from the first change in
section if the span has a drop cap and/or drop panel (referred to as CASE 2). The higher of
the two stress ratios governs the design and is shown on the printout. Figure 1.7.2-2 shows
the two sections where punching shear is checked.
Note that if the face of the column is less than seven times the slab thickness from the slab
edge, ADAPT ignores any overhang and conservatively assumes that the face of the column
is at the slab edge (Fig. 1.7.2-3) . If the punching shear ratio reported by ADAPT is not
satisfactory at one of these columns, it may be worthwhile to check it with a manual calculation, since the software assumptions are conservative for nonstandard cases.
1 - 33
ADAPT
FIGURE 1.7.2-1
1 - 34
Chapter 1
ADAPT
FIGURE 1.7.2-2
1 - 35
Chapter 1
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.7.2-3
1.8
DEFLECTIONS
The maximum deflections in each span and deflection-to-span ratios are listed for:
Dead load;
Dead load and post-tensioning;
Dead load, post-tensioning and creep;
Live load; and,
Dead load post-tensioning, creep and live load.
Negative numbers indicate upwards deflection Note that the figure for dead-load only deflection is
primarily shown for reference since the structure would typically be shored until the post-tensioning
had been applied. Creep is calculated based on the creep factor input by the user; the creep factor is
1 - 36
ADAPT
Chapter 1
applied to the deflection due to dead load and post-tensioning in order to determine the long-term
deflections.
Deflection of Cracked Sections
Deflections are calculated based on the gross cross-sectional geometry of the section. Where
stresses exceed the code-specified modulus of rupture, ADAPT uses a bilinear moment-deflection
relationship with a reduced moment of inertia to account for cracking. If cracking has been allowed
for, the deflections block of the Results Report will show an Ie/Ig ratio less than one.
1.9
OUTPUT OPTIONS
Output options include the Results Report, the Results Graphs and the PT Summary Report. There
are a large number of formatting options and all reports and graphs can be viewed on the screen
before printing. There are also four optional post-processors.
1.9.1 Results Report
The Results Report is organized into separate data blocks; the report for a given analysis can
be configured to include only the blocks required. A virtually unlimited number of different
reports can be printed by selecting different data blocks.
The major data blocks are as follows:
1.
General Input - General design criteria such as tension and compression limits and
minimum average precompression.
2.
Input Geometry - All geometry information: span lengths, tributary widths, column
sizes and boundary conditions.
3.
Applied Loading - Loading as entered by the user and as compiled by ADAPT into
frame loading.
4.
Calculated Section Properties - Area, moment of inertia, Yb and Yt for each segment in
each span.
5.
Dead Load Moments & Shears - Dead load moments at the left, midspan and right of
each span, shears at the left and right of each span, reactions and column moments.
Span moments are moments at the support centerlines.
6.
Live Load Moments & Shears - Minimum and maximum live load moments at the left,
midspan and right of each span, shears at the left and right of each span, reactions and
column moments. Span moments are moments at the support centerlines. If live loading
was not skipped, the maximum and minimum span values will be the same.
1 - 37
ADAPT
Chapter 1
7.
Moments Reduced to F.O.S. Dead load and minimum and maximum live load moments at left, midspan and right of each span, reduced to the face of support. Note that
only the support moments are affected when you reduce the moment to face of support;
the midspan moments are not changed.
8.
Sum of Dead and Live Moments - Minimum and maximum combined dead and live
load moments at left, midspan and right of each span. Moments are combined according to the user specified load combination factors for serviceability checks (typically 1.0
DL + 1.0 LL). Depending on what has been specified under Design Criteria, the span
moments will be either centerline moments or moments reduced to the face of support.
9.
Selected Post-Tensioning - This block has several subsections:
10.
User-selected tendon profile type and parameters.
User-selected post-tensioning force in each span and heights of the tendon at

control locations; average precompression and average balanced loading in each
span.
Required minimum post-tensioning force (kips or KN) at the left, center and right of
each span based on stress conditions and minimum P/A.
Maximum compression and tension service stresses at the top and bottom of the
section at the left, right and center of each span.
Post-tensioning balanced span moments, shears, reactions and column moments.

Note that the post-tensioning actions are self-equilibrating; within the limits of
numerical accuracy the reactions will sum to zero.
Factored Moments & Reactions - Factored design moments at the left, midspan and
right of each span, secondary moments at the left, midspan and right of each span,
factored reactions and factored column moments. If live load was skipped, minimum
and maximum span moments, reactions and column moments are shown. Design
moments and secondary moments are either centerline or face of support moments,
depending on what was selected during data input.
11. There are two data blocks for mild steel. Mild steel (No Redistribution) shows the
amount of mild steel required if there is no redistribution of moments. Mild steel (Redistributed) shows the amount of mild steel required if limited redistribution of the moments
is allowed. The two blocks are selected independently; selecting both blocks allows the
user to see how the steel requirement changes when moments are redistributed.
Mild Steel Required (No Redistribution) - Areas of mild reinforcement required at the
supports and spans for code requirements and ultimate strength; selected size, number
and length of bars required.
1 - 38
ADAPT
Chapter 1
Mild Steel Required (Redistributed) - Redistributed design moments and redistribution

coefficients along with area of steel, size, number and lengths of required bars.
12. Shear Calculations -For two-way slabs, this block shows punching shear stresses, for
one-way slabs and beams this block shows shear stirrup requirements.
13.
Deflection Calculations - Maximum immediate and long-term deflections in each span.

Allowance is made for cracking of the concrete section where applicable.
14.
Friction and Long Term Loss (Tendon Selection) This data block is only applicable
when the analysis has been done using the Tendon Selection mode. In the Tendon
Selection mode, prestress losses are incorporated into the design.
Post-processor Results:
15.
Initial Stress Calculations The Initial Stresses option allows the user to calculate
stresses for any load combination and compare them to allowable stresses for any
concrete strength. The data block will show whether compressive stresses are within
acceptable limits and whether any additional mild steel is required.
16.
Lateral Analysis The Lateral Analysis post-processor allows the user to check the
design for lateral moments. The data block will show whether any additional mild steel
is required.
17.
Friction and Long Term Losses If the analysis is done using the Force Mode (Final
Effective Force approach), the Friction and Long Term Losses post-processor can be
used to calculate prestress losses.
In addition to the data blocks listed above, the following detailed listings are stored in
separate files that can either be viewed in a wordprocessor or included on the Results
Report.
Listing of balanced loading at 1/20th points along the spans
Listing of moments, shears and stresses at 1/20th points along the spans for dead
load, live load (minimum and maximum values), balanced loading and secondary
reactions.
Listing of post-tensioning required at 1/20th points along the spans
Listing of tendon heights at 1/20th points along the spans
Listing of rebar required at 1/20th points along the spans
With the exception of the balanced loading, the same information can also be viewed
graphically on the Results Graphs.
1 - 39
ADAPT
Chapter 1
Figure 1.9.1-1 shows the Report Output screen used to indicate which data blocks to
print. The detailed listings are selected by clicking on the Detailed Output tab and
checking the boxes for the desired listings.
FIGURE 1.9.1-1
1.9.2
Results Graphs
The seven Results Graphs show values at 1/20th points along each span. The graphs which
may be viewed on the screen, printed or saved as either .DXF or .WMF files show:
Bending Moments;
Shears;
Stresses;
Post-tensioning required/provided;
Tendon Height;
Deflections; and,
Rebar required/provided.
Figure 1.9.2-1 shows a Results Graph for Bending Moments due to dead load.
1 - 40
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.9.2-1
1.9.3
PT Summary Report
The PT Summary module enables the user to generate a flexible and compact graphical
report for each ADAPT run. The report summarizes all post-tensioning parameters, rebar
requirements, and shear checks from a computer run on a single page of output. The formatted report may be viewed on the screen, then printed, saved as a Drawing Exchange (.DXF)
file or copied to the Windows clipboard as a .CLP file.
The report is designed for professionals involved in the design, construction, or management
phases of a project who need a compact, readily accessible summary of the post-tensioning
and mild steel requirements. It does not show analysis results, design actions or deflection
calculations. This information is available on the Results Report and Results Graphs.
1.10 POST-PROCESSORS
The four ADAPT post-processors are:
Friction and Long Term Losses;

Initial Stresses;
Lateral Analysis; and,
Stresses.
1.10.1 Friction and Long Term Losses

The information for the Friction and Long Term Losses post-processors is entered during
data input. If the Force/Tendon Selection Friction Calculations button on the Criteria
Calculation Options screen is chosen, additional input questions will appear. Information for
both short- and long-term losses can be entered, alternatively long-term losses can be specified as a lump sum value.
1 - 41
ADAPT
Chapter 1
Figure 1.10.1-1 shows the screen for entering Friction and Long Term Loss information.
The values shown are typical for an unbonded system.
FIGURE 1.9.3-1
The analysis will determine the stress in the tendon at the left, center and right end of each
span. It will calculate the average initial stress, total long-term losses and anchor set influence
distance. It will also calculate required elongations for both one and two-ended pulls. The
results of the Friction and Long Term Losses post-processor can be included on the Results
Report by checking the appropriate box on the Report Setup screen.
1 - 42
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.10.1-1
The analysis generates a file called FRICTION.DAT which can also be viewed in a
wordprocessor.
1.10.2 Initial Analysis
The Initial Stress Analysis allows the user to determine if additional mild steel reinforcing is
required for loading conditions other than what is assumed for the original analysis. The term
Initial Stress Analysis is something of a misnomer, however; its applicability is not limited to
the initial stress condition. Stress checks can be performed for any loading, post-tensioning,
or concrete strength conditions. Several stress checks may need to be performed for a given
design.
The reinforcing steel calculated during execution of the original analysis is based on the
specified 28 day concrete strength, full dead load, full or skipped live load and final effective
post-tensioning forces. The Initial Analysis option allows concrete strength to be specified as
a ratio of the 28-day strength, post-tensioning to be specified as a fraction of the final effective forces, and dead and live load to be specified as a percentage of the full load. The ratios
can be zero, one, greater than one or less than one.
Information for the Initial Stresses Analysis is entered via the Post-Processors item on the
Action menu. Figure 1.10.2-1 shows the entry screen with typical values for checking
stresses at the time the tendons are stressed. At this time, the concrete strength is often 0.6
or 0.75 of the 28 day strength and the post-tensioning is slightly higher than what was
1 - 43
ADAPT
Chapter 1
assumed in the analysis for final effective forces since long term losses have not taken place.
Often it is assumed that there is no live loading.
FIGURE 1.10.2-1
The results of the Initial Analysis can be included on the Results Report by checking the
appropriate box on the Report Setup screen. The that are files generated by the analysis can
also be viewed in a wordprocessor. The files are as follows:
INITIAL.DAT
Input listing and additional required mild reinforcement due to initial stresses.
INISTL.DAT
Total mild reinforcement (non-prestressed) required due to initial stresses.
INISTRS.DAT Distribution of initial stresses at 1/20th points along each span.

1.10.3 Lateral Analysis
The Lateral Analysis option allows the user to determine if additional mild steel is required for
lateral moments. The information required for Lateral Analysis is entered via the PostProcessors item on the Action menu. Figure 1.10.3-1 shows the tab for Lateral Analysis
Settings, the lateral moments are entered on the second tab. The load combinations shown
are typical combinations for design, however they may vary depending on the governing
code.
The user can specify what percentage of the post-tensioning available in the frame should be
considered as contributing to lateral moment resistance. For two-way systems, the user must
also specify either the number of strands or the percentage of post-tensioning which is available for transfer of column moments.
Note that the steel shown for the Lateral Analysis may be less than that required for either
minimum code requirement or the ultimate moment combination. The user must check to
determine what requirement governs. Data block 11 of the Results Report shows the steel
required for code minimums and ultimate moment.
1 - 44
ADAPT
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.10.3-1
The results of the Lateral Analysis can be included on the Results Report by checking the
appropriate box on the Report Setup screen. The files that are generated by the analysis can
also be viewed in a wordprocessor. The files are as follows:
LATERAL.DAT
Summary of critical analysis and design information including total

mild steel required for lateral moments.
LATBM.DAT
The factors used for moment combinations and the moments at 1/

20th points along each span.
LATERAL.DAT
Mild reinforcement requirements of the critical lateral and gravity

moment combination.
1.10.4 Stresses
The Stresses post-processor allows the user to graphically display the stresses resulting from
different load combinations. The load combination data is entered via the Post-processors
option on the Action menu. The load combinations can be set as any fraction of the live load,
dead load and post-tensioned load.
Note that the Stresses post-processor is intended as a serviceability check in addition to the
Service Load Combination used for the analysis. The Stresses Results graph is the only place
that these changes are shown. The results of the analysis as shown on the Results Report are
not changed and there is no recalculation of the moments or required reinforcement. The
results of the Stresses post-processor can be viewed on the Stresses Results Graph by
1 - 45
ADAPT
Chapter 1
selecting the User Combination option. Figure 1.10.4-1 shows a Stresses Results Graph
for the User Combination option.
FIGURE 1.10.4-1
1 - 46
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
LIST OF CONTENTS
2.0
GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2
THE MAIN PROGRAM WINDOW .......................................................................... 2-2

2.2.1 MENU ITEMS AND CORRESPONDING MAIN TOOLBAR BUTTONS: ......... 2-3
File Menu ..................................................................................................... 2-3
Action Menu ................................................................................................. 2-3
View Menu ................................................................................................... 2-3
Options Menu .............................................................................................. 2-4
Window Menu ............................................................................................... 2-5
Help Menu .................................................................................................... 2-5
2.3
INPUT EDITOR ...................................................................................................... 2-5

2.3.1 INPUT SCREENS ........................................................................................ 2-6
A.
PROJECT INFORMATION ................................................................. 2-8
B.
GEOMETRY ...................................................................................... 2-9
C.
LOADING (Fig. 2.3.1-13) ................................................................ 2-15
D.
MATERIALS .................................................................................... 2-17
E.
CRITERIA ........................................................................................ 2-19
2.3.2 SAVING INPUT DATA ................................................................................. 2-23
2.3.3 DATA ENTRY FOR A NON-PRISMATIC SECTION ..................................... 2-25
2.3.4 STAND-ALONE DATA ENTRY ................................................................... 2-26
2.3.5 CONVERTING UNITS ................................................................................. 2-27
2.3.6 FEATURES SPECIFIC TO THE BRITISH CODE ........................................ 2-27
2.3.7 FEATURES SPECIFIC TO THE CANADIAN CODE................................... 2-27
2.4
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF INPUT GEOMETRY ................................................. 2-28

2.4.1 VIEWING CAPABILITIES ............................................................................ 2-29
2.4.2 DESCRIPTION OF VIEWER OPERATION ................................................. 2-30
2.5
PROGRAM EXECUTION ....................................................................................... 2-32

2.5.1 RECYCLE WINDOW TABS ....................................................................... 2-33
2.5.2 DESIGN INDICATOR BOX ......................................................................... 2-37
2.5.3 RECYCLE WINDOW CONTROL BUTTONS .............................................. 2-38
2.5.4 USER INTERACTION ................................................................................. 2-40
2.6
VIEWING AND PRINTING OUTPUT ................................................................... 2-44

2.6.1 RESULTS REPORT SETUP ...................................................................... 2-44
2.6.2 REPORT HEADING ................................................................................... 2-45
2.6.3 VIEWING AND PRINTING THE RESULTS REPORT .................................. 2-46
2.6.4 VIEWING AND PRINTING RESULTS GRAPHS .......................................... 2-46
2.6.5 PRINTER SETUP ....................................................................................... 2-47
2-i
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
2.7
PRINCIPAL OUTPUT FILES ............................................................................... 2-48
2.8
SAVING PROJECTS ........................................................................................... 2-49
2.9
TENDON SELECTION MODE ............................................................................. 2-51

2.9.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 2-51
2.9.2 DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES ................................................................. 2-51
Tendon types .............................................................................................. 2-51
Stress Loss Calculations ............................................................................ 2-54
2.9.3 DATA INPUT FOR LONG-TERM STRESS LOSS CALCULATIONS ........... 2-54
2.9.4 DESCRIPTION OF EXECUTION ................................................................ 2-55
2.9.5 DIFFERENCES IN LONG TERM STRESS LOSS COMPUTATIONS .......... 2-57
2 - ii
ADAPT
2.0
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
GENERAL
This chapter describes the data input, program execution and procedures for saving and recalling
data. It also discusses options for viewing and printing the output and execution of the post-processors. It is written for the individuals who are going to be using the ADAPT Post-tensioning software.
It assumes that ADAPT-PT is already installed on the computer and that the user is editing or generating data for new runs. It also assumes that the user knows the features and the scope of the program, such as the type of sections, loading and design criteria. This information is covered in Chapter
1 of this booklet.
The user in doubt about the theoretical background or underlying assumptions of ADAPT is urged to
review Chapter 4 of the Software Manual. An understanding of the theory and assumptions helps
ensure that the structure is being modeled appropriately and within the limits of the software.
New users are encouraged to run one of the examples included with the program. There are examples for all of the different codes in American (ft-lb), metric and MKS units. The different versions
of example MNL5-2 are shown in the table below. MNL5-2 is a three span two-way slab with drop
caps. Printouts of examples MNL5-2 and MNL5-2M are included in Chapter 5 of the Software
manual. There are additional examples in Chapter 6 of the Software Manual.
Code
ACI
British
Canadian
2.1
Units
American
SI
MKS
SI
SI
Example
MNL5-2
MNL5-2M
MNL5-2K
MNL5-2B
MNL5-2C
OVERVIEW
A full cycle for the analysis and design of a post-tensioned structural member using ADAPT
consists of:
Structural modeling;
Data entry;
Execution of the analysis; and,
Optional post-processing.
During the structural modeling step, the user defines the basic analysis and design parameters,
i.e. the structural system (beam, one-way or two-way slab), the span lengths, cross-sectional
geometries, tributary widths and supports. The user also defines the loading, allowable
stresses and reinforcement covers. This is the most critical stage of the design process. The
users experience and engineering judgment play a major role in the selection of suitable
design parameters. This stage of the design should be performed, or at least reviewed, by a
senior engineer. A structure which is not modeled correctly is not likely to yield reasonable
results using ADAPT or any other software.
2 -1
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
Data entry in ADAPT is independent from the execution of the analysis. Data for a particular
project may be entered at any time for later execution. Data is entered through a spreadsheet-like Input Editor described in Section 2.3. A 3-D graphical viewer, described in
Section 2.4, allows the model to be viewed on the screen and/or printed.
The program may be executed in either automatic or interactive mode. In the automatic
mode, the program attempts to come up with a design that meets all of the user specified
requirements without any user intervention. The program performs similar calculations in the
interactive mode but the user has the opportunity to optimize the design through adjustments
in the post-tensioning forces and drapes. In most cases, it is more appropriate to use the
interactive mode.
After completion of the calculations the results may be viewed on the screen and/or printed.
Output options include graphs, a detailed Results Report and a graphical Summary Report.
Optional post-processors allow the user to do calculations for Initial Stresses, Lateral Analysis, Prestress Losses and additional Load Combinations.
2.2
THE MAIN PROGRAM WINDOW

Figure 2.2-1 shows the main ADAPT-PT program window as it appears once a project has
been opened. All program functions including data entry, program execution and postprocessing are accessed through the Main Program window. Menu options will be grayed
out when they are not applicable. For example, if there is no project open, the Save As,
Close and Print options on the File Menu will be grayed out.
FIGURE 2.2-1
2 -2
ADAPT
2.2.1
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
Menu Items and Corresponding Main Toolbar Buttons:

File Menu
New
Starts a new project.
Open
Opens an existing project.
Save As
Saves both the input files and the Results report file under a
user-specified filename.
Close
Delete Intermediate
Files
Export Graph
Print
Closes the currently open project
Deletes all intermediate calculation files from the current

project directory
Allows the user to export the currently active graph as
either a bitmap (.BMP) or a Windows metafile (.WMF).
Prints the currently active report or graph window.
Print/Page Setup
Exit
Sets the paper size, report margins and paper orientation.

Closes all windows and exits the program.
Action Menu
Enter/Edit Data
Opens the data input editor.

.
Execute Analysis
Executes the program calculations.
Recycle Window
Opens the recycling window. Used when re-running a

project in order to adjust the post-tensioning force or
profile.
Post-Processors
Opens the dialogue box for selecting and running the postprocessors.
View Menu
Status Bar
Turns the status bar at the bottom of the main window on

and off.
2 -3
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Results Report
Graphs
PT Summary
Viewer
Chapter 2
Opens a window for viewing the Results Report.

The Graphs menu item opens a submenu which allows any
or all of the Results Graphs to be viewed. The Show
Graphs button on the main toolbar displays all graphs.
Creates and displays a one-page graphical summary report.
Starts the 3-D graphical viewer.
Options Menu
Default Code
Allows the user to select the default code (ACI, Canadian,

British).
Default Units
Allows the user to select the default units (American, SI,

MKS).
Auto-Execution of
Post-Processors
Remember Printer
Selection
Report Heading
Report Setup
Report Font...
Graph Properties
Spreadsheet Options
If this option is checked the calculation is done automatically.
If this option is checked, the program uses the latest printer

settings for all future runs, regardless of the default printer
selected in the Windows settings.
Opens a dialogue box which allows the report header to be
edited.
Opens a dialogue box where the report contents may be
set. This includes the option to append detailed 1/20th
point data to the report.
Opens a dialogue box where the Report font may be sent.
For best results the font should be set to Courier New.
Configures the graphs generated by the program. Options
include whether to include X and Y gridlines, min/max data
points and a legend.
Configures the action of the ENTER key in the data entry
spreadsheets. The key may be set to move the cursor right,
down or stay in the same field.
2 -4
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
Window Menu
This menu lists which of the graph windows are open and indicates whether the Results
Report window is open. The graphs may be stacked vertically for scrolling or the
windows may be cascaded.
Help Menu
Contents
Shows the help contents of ADAPT-PT.
Calculator
Invokes the standard Windows calculator.
System Information
Local Key Status
Indicates status of the local protection Key.
Network Key Status
Provides tools to operate the program using a network Key
Key Troubleshooting
Provides information on troubleshooting problems with the

Key
About ADAPT
About ADAPT-PT
Technical Support
Disclaimer
2.3
Lists the System hardware & software configuration.
Company address, phone, fax and e-mail information

Program information
Information on how to obtain technical support
Defines responsibility of the software user.
INPUT EDITOR
The input editor is used both to enter new projects and edit existing files.
To start a new project either click New on the File Menu or click the New button
on the Main Toolbar.
To edit an existing Version 6 ADAPT file, either select the Open item on the File
menu or the Open button on the Main Toolbar. This will bring up a list of the
.ADB files in the default data directory. After selecting the desired file, click on
either the Enter/Edit Data item on the Action Menu or the Enter/Edit Data button
.
To edit a Version 5.x ADAPT file, click on the arrow next to the Files of type:
box and select [Old-ADAPT (*.PT)].
Note: To open a version 5.x file all of the associated input files (*.PT, *.CLD, *.CCR,
*.CGE) must be in the same directory.
2 -5
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3-1
2.3.1 INPUT SCREENS
Data is entered and displayed via a series of input screens. The screens are arranged as follows:
A. Project Information;
B. Geometry;
C. Loading;
D. Material; and,
E. Design Criteria.
When first entering data for a project, the user would typically go through the screens in order by
clicking on the Next and Back buttons or pressing ALT-N and ALT-B. In subsequent editing,
specific screens may be selected from the menus.
Much of the information on the Material and Design Criteria screens will be the same from project to
project. Experienced users will find that on a typical project it may only be necessary to enter the
Project Information, Geometry and Loading.
The three-span frame shown in Figs. 2.3.1-1 through 2.3.1-3 will be used to explain the data input
process. Please note that this example is only intended to illustrate the ADAPT data input features.
It is not intended to represent an economical, or even a realistic, design.
2 -6
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
FIGURE 2.3.1-1
FIGURE 2.3.1-2
2 -7
Chapter 2
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.1-3
The data entry screens are as follows:
A.
PROJECT INFORMATION
General Settings (Fig. 2.3.1-4)
FIGURE 2.3.1-4
The General Settings window automatically opens when a new project is started or an
existing project is opened. The General title of the project will appear at the top of the first
page of output. The Specific title will appear at the top of each subsequent page of output.
2 -8
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
If the structural system is specified as a two-way slab, the user is given the option of including
drop caps, transverse beams and/or drop panels. If the structural system is specified as a
beam, the user is given the option of considering an effective flange width in the calculations.
Typically the answer to this would be Yes.
Segmental Input is used for entering non-prismatic structures, i.e. those where the tributary
width or the depth of the section changes within a span. Most structures can be entered with
Conventional Input however. With Conventional Input the tributary width, section type and/
or the section depth can vary from span to span; Segmental Input is only necessary if they
vary within a span.
Design Settings (Fig. 2.3.1-5)
The Design Settings screen is used to select various calculation and design options. The
selection of Automatic versus Interactive mode is discussed in Section 2.5. The other options
include whether to reduce the moments to the face of the supports and whether to allow
limited plastification (moment redistribution).
FIGURE 2.3.1-5
For two-way slab systems, the user has the option of modeling the structure using the Equivalent Frame Method (EFM). For one-way systems, and two-way systems where Equivalent
Frame Method is not used, there is an option to increase the moment of inertia over the
supports. Both of these options affect the relative stiffness of the beam and column members.
This, in turn, affects the relative distribution of the moments and may affect the amount of
post-tensioning required. For more information on modeling options, see Chapter 4 of the
Software Manual.
B.
GEOMETRY
The geometry of the problem is defined via a series of input screens that can be accessed
from the Geometry menu. The screens will vary slightly depending on which structural system
has been specified. There are three basic screens: Span Geometry, Supports Geometry,
and Supports Boundary Conditions. Additional screens are used to enter effective flange
widths, segmental data, drop caps, drop panels and transverse beams. The screens are as
follows:
2 -9
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
Span Geometry (Fig. 2.3.1-6)

The Span Geometry screen is used to enter the cross-sectional geometry of the slab or beam
at midspan. To set the number of spans, use CTRL+/- or click on the up/down arrow at the
left of the screen.
The dimensions that need to be entered (b, h, etc) will depend on the section type. All
dimensions are defined in the legend at the top of the screen and/or illustrated in the appropriate section figure. The section type for any span can be changed by clicking on the button in
the Section (Sec.) column.
FIGURE 2.3.1-6
The reference height (Rh) identifies the position of a reference line that is used in determining
how to display tendon heights. The reference height indicates the distance from the reference
line to the top of the slab with positive being measured upwards. Typically, the reference
height is set equal to the slab depth. The soffit of the slab/beam is thus used as the reference
line.
Tendon heights are shown with respect to the reference line. Using the bottom of the slab as
the reference line thus shows tendon heights as height above the slab soffit. This is how they
are shown on most structural drawings.
Figure 2.3.1-7 shows several different reference height configurations. Typically the same
reference height is used for all spans. The reference height can thus be set via the typical row.
If the slab or beam depth changes, the same reference height can still be used as long as the
resulting tendon heights are adjusted accordingly when transferred to the structural drawings.
Alternatively, the reference height can be entered as zero which will set the reference line at
the top of the slab. If the reference line is at the top of the slab, tendon heights will be shown
as negative numbers, indicating distance below the top of the slab.
2 - 10
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.1-7
The reference height can be changed from span to span to model steps at the top of the slab.
If this is done however, it will be necessary to adjust the tendon profiles so they match at the
2 - 11
ADAPT
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
supports. In general, it is best to use the same reference height for all spans. Changes in the
slab depth should be modeled accurately however to ensure that the calculations are done
correctly.
The left and right multiplier columns (<-M and M->) are used to specify the tributary width.
Tributary widths can be specified using either the Unit Strip method or the Tributary method.
This is discussed in more detail in Section 1.4.2.
The typical input row (top row) can be used if several spans have similar dimensions. To
enter typical values, type the value into the appropriate cell in the top row and then press
ENTER. The typical value will be copied to all spans.
Unit strips, for example, are typically entered with a width of 12 in. (or 1000 mm). Typing 12
(or 1000) into the b column in this row and pressing ENTER will cause all spans to be
assigned a width of 12 in. (or 1000 mm). The value of any field initialized in this manner can
be subsequently changed as necessary. Data can be entered in the typical row at random; it
is not necessary to enter values in all fields of the typical row.
If there are cantilevers on the right and/or left ends of the frame, they are added by clicking
on the appropriate check box. This will activate the input fields for the corresponding cantilever.
If any of the spans need to be entered as non-prismatic, the Segmental option on the General
Settings screen must be selected. Section 2.3.3 discusses entry of non-prismatic sections in
more detail.
Effective Flange Width (Fig. 2.3.1-8)
If you are entering a beam and you answered Yes to Consider Effective Flange Width on
the General Settings screen, the Span Geometry screen will be followed by the Effective
Flange screen. If you choose to use the ACI method of effective flange width calculation, the
resulting flange widths will be displayed but you will not be able to edit them. If you select
User Input calculation, the effective width column (be) will default to the ACI calculated
values but you will be able to change them.
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FIGURE 2.3.1-8
Note that ACI does not actually specify an effective flange width for prestressed beams. The
widths calculated by the program are in accordance with the ACI recommendations for
nonprestressed beams.
Supports - Geometry (Fig. 2.3.1-9)
This screen is used to input column heights, widths and depths. You may enter dimensions for
columns above and below the slab, above only, or below only. If you are entering a one-way
slab, you would enter data for walls. The No Walls option would be selected for a slab
supported on beams.
Units and dimensions are as shown on the figures. H1 is the distance from the mid-depth of
the slab to the top of the slab below. H2 is the distance from the mid-depth of the slab to the
bottom of the slab above. For a rectangular column, the D dimension is the dimension in
the direction of the frame. For a circular column, the diameter is entered in the Dc column.
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FIGURE 2.3.1-9
Supports - Boundary Conditions (Fig. 2.3.1-10)
This screen is used to enter support widths and column boundary conditions. For columns,
the typical boundary condition is fixed at both ends of the columns above and below the slab.
A different boundary condition may be assigned to each of the four ends however.
Support widths are only entered if you answered Yes to the Reduce Moments to face-of support question on the Design Settings screen. To set the support width to the column
dimension (D), check the SW = Column Dimension box.
If No Columns was specified on the Supports-Geometry screen the boundary condition
entries will be ignored. The support widths will be used to calculate reduced moments,
however.
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.1-10
Geometry - Drop Cap/Transverse Beam (Fig. 2.3.1-11)
To enter drop caps or transverse beams for two way slabs, you must answer Yes to the
Include Drops & Transverse Beams question on the General Settings screen. Figure
2.3.1-11 shows the screen for entering drop caps and transverse beams. The input parameters are defined in the figures at the top of the screen. Note that H, the depth of the cap or
beam, is the total depth of the section, not the depth below the slab.
If there are drop caps or transverse beams with the same dimensions at several supports,
their dimensions may be entered using the typical row. To enter typical values for drop caps,
type the value into the typical row and press ENTER. The value will be copied to any
supports that have been marked as having drop caps. Any supports which are subsequently
marked as having drop caps will also be assigned this value as a default.
Transverse Beams dimensions are entered in the same manner.
Geometry - Drop Panel (Fig. 2.3.1-12)
To enter drop panels you must answer Yes to the Include Drops & Transverse Beams
question on the General Settings screen. Drop panels are input the same way as drop caps.
Typical values can be entered via the typical row at the top of the table.
C.
LOADING (Fig. 2.3.1-13)

Figure 2.3.1-13 shows the screen used to enter loading information. Any number of different loads and load types may be entered for a span. You may also specify whether to skip
the live loading and whether to calculate selfweight automatically. If these features are selected, the skip factor and concrete unit weight must be entered.
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FIGURE 2.3.1-11
FIGURE 2.3.1-12
Loads may be entered for multiple spans by entering the span numbers separated by a
comma (i.e. 1,5,6). If a load occurs on a series of consecutive spans it may be entered by
specifying the first span, a dash and the last span (i.e. 1-3). To enter a load for all spans enter
all or ALL as the span number. To enter loads on a left cantilever, enter either LC or 0 as
the span number. To enter loads on a right cantilever, enter either RC or the number of
spans+1 as the span number.
There are five load types: Uniform, Partial uniform, Concentrated, Line and Moment. The
load type may be specified by either typing U,P,C,L or M in the L-? column or by dragging
the icon from the top of the screen to the cell in the L-? column. The schematics for each
load type indicate the required input data. For information on the difference between line
loads and uniform or partial uniform loads, see Section 1.5.2. Each load must be specified as
either Dead Load (DL) or Live Load (LL).
Note that on cantilevers, distances are always measured from the support (Fig. 2.3.1-14).
The distances for a left cantilever as thus entered contrary to those of the typical spans.
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.1-13
FIGURE 2.3.1-14
D.
MATERIALS
Material - Concrete (Fig. 2.3.1-15)
This screen is used to enter concrete properties. Depending on the code, the concrete weight
classification is used in shear and/or flexure calculations. Default values of the modulus of
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Chapter 2
elasticity are calculated based on the concrete strength and the appropriate code formula.
The ultimate creep coefficient is used in the calculation of long-term deflections.
FIGURE 2.3.1-15
Material - Reinforcement (Fig. 2.3.1-16)
FIGURE 2.3.1-16
This screen is used to specify reinforcement bar sizes and properties. When entering data for
a beam, there will be an additional entry for Yield strength of the shear reinforcement. The
preferred bar sizes are used when calculating the number of bars required. The bar sizes
may be changed on the PT Summary report, however.
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Chapter 2
Material - Post-Tensioning (Fig. 2.3.1-17)
FIGURE 2.3.1-17
This screen is used to input the post-tensioning system parameters. The information entered
here is used to calculate the Ultimate Moment capacity of the member when the effective
force option of the program is used. When tendon selection option is used, the effective
stress is calculated by the program. The stress in the tendon at nominal strength (fps) is
calculated from the effective stress and the reinforcement ratio.
E.
CRITERIA
The screens for design criteria input are as follows:
Criteria - Allowable Stresses (Fig. 2.3.1-18)
FIGURE 2.3.1-18
This screen is used to enter initial and final allowable stresses. Tension stresses are input as a
multiple of the square root of fc, compression stresses are entered as a multiple of f . The
c
values entered for final allowable stresses will be shown on the Stresses Compression and
Tension tab of the Recycle window.
Criteria - Recommended Post-Tensioning Values (Fig. 2.3.1-19)
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This screen allows the user to specify minimum and maximum values for average
precompression (P/A; total prestressing divided by gross cross-sectional area) and percentage of dead load to balance (Wbal). These values are used by the program to determine the
post-tensioning requirements shown on the Tendon Forces and Heights tab of the Recycle
window. They are also used to determine the status of the Pmin/Pmax and WBAL Min/ Max
indicators on the Recycle window.
If data is being entered for a beam, the bottom section of the screen will ask whether to
include the (DL + 25% LL) loading case. This is a UBC (Uniform Building Code) requirement used to determine the amount of mild steel reinforcement required. If this is answered
Yes, the ratio of reduced live load to actual live load must be entered. This option allows a
reduced live load to be used for the post-tensioning if so desired but provides the full live load
for the 25% UBC design loading. Live load reduction is optional; if the live load entered on
the Loading screen was not reduced, the ratio of reduced to actual live load would be 1.
FIGURE 2.3.1-19
If data is being entered for a one- or two-way slab, the bottom of the screen will ask for the
maximum spacing between tendons. This is entered as a multiple of the slab thickness (i.e. 8
x thickness). The program does not check tendon spacing however, this is something that
must be checked on the shop drawings. Tendon spacing is typically more of an issue for
detailing than design but on very thin, very lightly loaded slabs, it might control the design.
Note that the (DL +25%LL) provisionis not required by ACI-38, nor is it included in the
IBC-2000 (International Building Code).
Criteria Calculation Options (Fig. 2.3.1-20)
This screen is used to select the post-tensioning design option. The two options are Force
Selection and Force/Tendon Selection. Force Selection is the default option, in order to use
Tendon Selection, the Force Selection/Tendon Selection option must be specified. Tendon
Selection is discussed is Section 2.9.
If Force /Tendon Selection is specified, the screen will prompt for the information required to
calculate the prestress losses. The values given as defaults are fairly typical in the industry
and should be used unless more accurate information is available. Long-term losses may
either be entered as a lump sum value or the information required to calculate them may be
entered.
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.1-20
This same information is used for the Friction and Long-Term Loss post-processor calculations. For more information on these calculations, see the chapter on Friction and Long Term
Losses in the Software Manual.
Criteria - Tendon Profile (Fig. 2.3.1-21)
This screen allows the user to specify the tendon profiles. The profile and values shown, a
reversed parabola with the low point at mid-span and inflection points at span length/10, are
the defaults. These are typical industry defaults; they will be appropriate for most designs
with essentially uniform loading.
The parameters used to define the tendon profiles are discussed in Section 1.6.3 and are
shown in the schematics at the top of the screen. Note that if a non-standard profile, i.e. a
low point at somewhere other than midspan, is used, this must be clearly called out on the
structural drawings. Transfer girders and slabs with heavy concentrated loads may require a
harped profile. The low point is usually specified to coincide with the column being transferred or the concentrated load.
Criteria - Minimum Covers (Fig. 2.3.1-22)
This screen is used to specify minimum covers for both the post-tensioning tendons and mild
steel reinforcement. Note that the cover for the pre-stressing steel is specified to the center
of gravity of the strand (cgs) whereas for mild steel it is clear cover. (For in. strand, the
clear cover on the tendon will be in. less than the distance to the cgs.)
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FIGURE 2.3.1-21
FIGURE 2.3.1-22
Criteria - Minimum Bar Length (Fig. 2.3.1-23)
FIGURE 2.3.1-23
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Chapter 2
This screen is used to specify how mild steel reinforcement bar lengths are calculated. The
values entered for cut-off lengths are used to calculate top and bottom bar lengths when
minimum reinforcement requirements govern. The lengths of bars required for ultimate
strength are calculated from the reinforcement necessary to supplement post-tensioning at 1/
20th points along each span. Bar lengths for both minimum steel and steel required for
ultimate strength will include the specified extension lengths.
Load Combinations (Fig. 2.3.1-24)
This screen is used to input the load combination factors for service and strength (ultimate)
ultimate load conditions. It is also used to enter any applicable material factors. The default
values will depend on which design code is being used.
FIGURE 2.3.1-24
Criteria - Design Code (Figure 2.3.1-25)
This screen allows the user to choose the design code. Depending on the code chosen,
materials factors and other design parameters may need to be entered. These are entered on
the Load Combinations screen.
2.3.2
SAVING INPUT DATA

The input files generated for each project are as follows: *.adb, *.ccr, *.cge, *.cld, *.pt,
*.tbx, where * is the filename you specify for the input data.
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FIGURE 2.3.1-25
To save the input data and execute the analysis, either select Execute from the Input Editor
menu or click on the Save & Execute Analysis button . If you are entering a new project,
you will be prompted for a file name and directory in which to save the file. Once the file is
saved, the program will automatically execute the analysis. If you opened an existing project,
it will be saved to the same directory, under the same filename. The program will then
automatically execute the analysis. Figure 2.3.2-1 shows the dialog box for saving files.
FIGURE 2.3.2-1
To save the input data and return to the Main Program window, select either Save or Save
As from the Input Editor File menu or select the Save button
on the Input Editor Toolbar.
If you have opened an existing file, Save will save the file under the same name, in the same
directory. Save As will allow you to change the file name and/or directory. Once the file is
saved, select Exit to return to the Main Program window.
Note that it is often not necessary to go through all of the screens, even when entering a new
project. Much of the information on the Materials and Criteria input screens will be the same
on many projects. The program is set up with defaults on all of these screens. If you want to
use these defaults you can exit the Input Editor once you have entered the Project, Geometry
and Loading information and made any changes to the defaults that are necessary.
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2.3.3
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
Data Entry for a Non-prismatic Section

The following example illustrates data entry for a non-prismatic section using the segmental
option. The example is a single span beam which is made up of seven segments of varying
cross-sectional geometries (Fig. 2.3.3-1). Although this is not a practical design, it illustrates
ADAPTs ability to model complex geometries. The segmental option is activated by
selecting the Segmental item on the Design Settings screen. General span data is entered as if
the beam were prismatic, except that for each span which requires segmental input, the
Prismatic column is changed to NP (Non-Prismatic).
FIGURE 2.3.3-1
Figure 2.3.3-2 shows the Span Geometry screen for this beam. Changing a span to NP
activates the More button in the Segments column. Clicking on the More button opens
the Geometry-Span (More) window for that span.
FIGURE 2.3.3-2
The segment cross-sections are shown in Fig. 2.3.3-3. The screen used to enter the segments in shown in Fig. 2.3.3-4.
Up to seven segments may be entered per span. The parameters are input in the same
manner as general span geometry data except the XL column is used to specify the distance
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Chapter 2
from the left support centerline to the start of the segment. The length of each segment is
calculated automatically based on the distance to the start of the next segment. The start of
the first segment is always zero.
Note that if either the Equivalent Frame or Increase moment of inertia over support option
was selected, the program will automatically generate additional segments over each support
using the geometry entered for the first and last segments. If these segments are generated
before the support dimensions are entered, their XL values will be initialized with values of
zero and the span length, respectively. These values will be updated when the support
dimensions are entered.
FIGURE 2.3.3-3
2.3.4
Stand-Alone Data Entry

Data entry can be done as a stand-alone function. The Hardware Key is not required. After
the input files are saved, either they will need to be transferred to a computer which has the
Hardware Key, or a Hardware Key must be attached to the computer to execute the analysis.
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.3-4
When attempting to enter data on a computer which does not have the Hardware Key, you
will get a message telling you that you can enter data and view results of previous runs but
you cannot execute an analysis.
2.3.5
Converting Units
The default code and units are set via the Options Menu on the Main Program Window. If
the design is being done according to the ACI code, either American (ft-lbs), SI or MKS
units can be used. To convert between different systems of units, select the Convert Units
item on the Input Editor Project Menu.
Note that if the design is being done according to either the British or Canadian code, only SI
units can be used. The Convert Units option will not appear on the Project Menu unless
ACI is being used.
2.3.6
Features Specific To The British Code

The British code allows slabs to be designed as either beams or slabs for shear. To design a
slab as a beam, the structural system must be specified as a beam on the Design Settings
screen. The British code also uses material factors rather than strength reduction factors in
ultimate strength calculations. This information is entered on the Load Combinations screen.
Figure 2.3.6-1 shows the Load Combinations screen for the British code with the default
material factors.
2.3.7
Features Specific To The Canadian Code

The Canadian code uses material factors rather than strength reduction factors in ultimate
strength calculations. This information is entered on the Load Combination screen. Figure
2.3.7-1 shows the default material factors for the Canadian code.
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.3.6-1
FIGURE 2.3.7-1
2.4
GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF INPUT GEOMETRY

While in the Input Editor, a three dimensional model of the structure can be displayed by either
selecting the Viewer item on the Input Menu or clicking on the Viewer button . The Viewer can
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Chapter 2
also be accessed from the Main Program window by clicking on the Viewer button or selecting the
Viewer item on the View Menu.
The Viewer allows perspective displays, zooming, panning and printing; the model can either be
displayed as a wire frame or as solid surfaces.
2.4.1
Viewing Capabilities
Figure 2.4.1-1 shows plan and elevation views of a three-span, two-way slab frame which
has been isolated from the rest of the floor system for analysis and design. As shown, the
second column has a drop cap and a panel. The third span has a beam in direction of the
frame. At the fourth support there is a beam perpendicular to direction of frame. Note also
that there is a cutout in the slab in span three and the slab changes thickness from span two to
span three.
FIGURE 2.4.1-1
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Chapter 2
Figure 2.4.1-1 is drawn using CAD, not ADAPT. Figure 2.4.1-2 is a wireframe model
generated from the users input data using the ADAPT Viewer. In the ADAPT generated
views, the lines perpendicular to the direction of frame delineate the different segments of
each span. Each segment is a slice whose cross-sectional geometry may be different from the
adjacent segments. Segments, therefore, represent changes in cross-section that would occur
in nonprismatic frames.
If either the Equivalent Frame or Increase moment of inertia over support option was
selected, the regions over the supports are considered as additional segments. Figure 2.4.12 is a view of the model with solid surfaces.
FIGURE 2.4.1-2
2.4.2
Description of Viewer Operation

The viewing screen is shown in Fig. 2.4.1-2. You can view the model from any angle and
zoom in and out using the mouse and the buttons on the toolbar, or the menu items which
appear if you right click the mouse. The following are several of the view options:
To Rotate the Model:
Use action buttons for all four rotation directions or rotation mode button (Rotate).
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Chapter 2
To Move the model:

Use action buttons for all directions or use the Pan button (Pan).
To Zoom:
Use zoom in/zoom out action buttons or zoom mode button (Zoom).
To View the Model:
Choose one of the eight action buttons of different view directions.
To Print the Current View:
Click on the Print button. To get the best quality printout, maximize the screen
and zoom in on the model as much as possible before printing.
To Record and Play the View Motions:
Use the motion record and play menu.
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Chapter 2
2.5 PROGRAM EXECUTION

The program can be executed either by selecting the Execute Analysis item on the Action menu or
on the Main Toolbar.
clicking the Execute Analysis button
The program begins by reading the data files and performing a number of preliminary data checks. If
an error is detected, the program will stop and display a message box indicating the most likely
source of the error. The data consistency checks are not exhaustive however; the user is ultimately
responsible for ensuring that the data is input correctly.
Automatic mode
The tendon forces and drapes can either be calculated automatically or interactively. In the automatic
mode, the program attempts to select a post-tensioning force and profile within the design bounds
specified by the user. If a solution is possible, the program will complete the calculations and return
to the Main Program window. The results can then be viewed and/or printed. If a satisfactory
solution is not possible, the program will display a message box which describes the problem and will
switch to the interactive mode. The user can then decide whether it is possible to override the original
design criteria and continue with the design.
The automatic mode begins by assuming the maximum drape for each span and determining the
minimum force which satisfies the maximum allowable tensile stresses. The same force is used for all
spans. The force is then adjusted to meet the following requirements as specified by the user:
Minimum percentage of dead loading to balance for each span;

Minimum average precompression for each span; and,
Maximum spacing of tendons (applies only to slabs).
After these initial adjustments, each span is checked for compliance with the following:
Maximum percentage of dead loading to balance: if the balanced loading in any span exceeds the
maximum percentage specified by the user, the program adjusts the tendon drape in that span in order
to lower the balanced loading. It then recalculates the balanced loading and the related moments.
Average precompression and compressive stresses: if either the average precompression or the
compressive stresses exceed the maximum permissible values the program will stop and display a
message box. It then switches to the Interactive mode and displays the Recycle window.
Interactive mode
The interactive mode gives the user an opportunity to optimize the design by adjusting the tendon
forces and tendon drapes in each span. It can be executed using either the Force Selection or Force/
Tendon Selection mode. The following is a description of the Force Selection mode. The Force/
Tendon Selection mode is discussed in Section 2.9.
The program begins by going through the same calculations that it goes through for the Automatic
mode. After it has determined an initial tendon force and profile however, it displays the Recycle
window shown in Fig. 2.5.1-1.
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Chapter 2
The Recycle window is comprised of five tabs which display information about the post-tensioning
design, a Design Indicator box which summarizes the status of the current design, a Status indicator
and four control buttons: Recycle, Recall, Graphs and Exit.
2.5.1
Recycle Window Tabs

The Recycle Window tabs are as follows:
Tendon Forces & Heights Tab (Fig. 2.5.1-1):
This screen allows the user to adjust the tendon heights and post-tensioning forces. The
table lists the post-tensioning forces at the midpoint of each span, the tendon heights at
the left, center and right of each span, the average precompression at midspan (P/A mid)
and the percentage of dead loading balanced in each span (Wbal % DL).
Adjustments in tendon force, and/or tendon height may change the average
precompression and the percentage of dead load balanced. These changes are reflected in the P/A and Wbal columns as the changes are made. In order to see how the
changes affect the stresses and average precompression at locations other than midspan,
however, it is necessary to recycle the window.
FIGURE 2.5.1-1
PT Forces Tab (Fig. 2.5.1-2):
The PT forces tab shows the PT forces provided in the left, center and right region of
each span as well as the forces required in each region for minimum P/A. The
post-tensioning force provided in each region is compared with the governing minimum
force in that region as shown on the Required Forces tab. If the provided force does
not envelop the required values, FORCE NG (No Good) is displayed in the indicator
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Chapter 2
box at the top of the screen. Forces which are less than what is required will be highlighted in red in the Provided PT Force columns.
FIGURE 2.5.1-2
Required Forces Tab (Fig. 2.5.1-3):
This tab shows the required post-tensioning forces for the most recently calculated
profile. Note that all values in the tables are forces and that these forces refer to the
entire tributary width entered in the geometry input.
The window consists of three sections. The left (light blue) boxes display the governing
forces for the left, center and right region of each span. The force selected for each
region is the largest required force based on tensile stresses in that region, minimum P/A
and minimum percentage of dead load to balance. The middle (light yellow) boxes
display the forces required for tensile stresses. If the moments in a particular region are
such that no post-tensioning is required, a zero (0) is shown.
The first column of the right (light green) section is the post-tensioning force required to
satisfy the minimum average precompression specified by the user, based on the
members cross-sectional area at midspan (P/A mid). Average precompression is based
solely on the cross-sectional area; it is not a function of the applied loading or tendon
profile.
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.5.1-3
The second column of the right section (Wbal %DL) is the force required to provide an
uplift equal to the minimum percentage of the total dead loading specified by the user.
The force required for each span depends on the tendon geometry and loading of that
span. All the dead loads, including superimposed dead load, are summed for each span,
regardless of whether they are self weight, uniform or concentrated. The upward and
downward forces resulting from different tendon profile are illustrated in Fig. 2.5.4-1.
Note that when calculating Wbal for display on this screen, the downward tendon forces
are not included. This approximation is made only for the purposes of obtaining a rapid
screen display. The actual computations of moments and stresses include all forces in
each tendon.
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Chapter 2
Stresses Tension and Compression (Fig. 2.5.1-4):
FIGURE 2.5.1-4
This tab shows the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the left, center and right
regions of each span. The stresses are calculated at 1/20th points and the highest stress
in each region is displayed. If any of the stresses displayed are more than the allowable
value, they will be highlighted in red. If the stress at any of the 1/20th points exceeds the
allowable value, an NG warning is displayed in the indicator box. The location of the
critical stress values can be determined by looking at the Stresses Recycle graph.
Tensile stresses are shown as a ratio of the square root of the concrete compressive
strength at 28 days ( fc1/2). Compressive stresses are shown as a ratio of fc. The
allowable stress values are shown for reference.
Tendon Selection and Extents Tab:
This screen is used to edit tendons when using the Force/ Tendon Selection mode. The
Force/Tendon Selection mode is discussed in Section 2.9.
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2.5.2
PROGRAM EXECUTION
Chapter 2
Design Indicator Box
FIGURE 2.5.2-1
The status of the current design is summarized and displayed in the Design Indicator box at
the top center of the Recycle window. Each design check is identified as either OK or NG
(No Good).
The items displayed in the Design Indicator Box are as follows:

Cycle No: #
Each time a force or tendon height is adjusted and recycled, the program recalculates the
related balanced loadings, moments, stresses, average precompression and percent of
dead load balanced. Each set of calculations is referred to as a cycle. The number of
cycles executed for a particular design is shown in the CYCLE block. In most cases two
to three cycles are adequate to arrive at an acceptable solution. It is rarely necessary to
exceed five cycles.
WT ### Lb, or ### Kg
The weight of post-tensioning strand required to provide the selected forces is estimated
and displayed in either pounds or kilograms.
The weight is estimated as follows: The force supplied by each strand is calculated
based on its cross-sectional area and final effective stress, both of which are values input
during data entry. The number of strands required to provide the forces shown on the
Tendon Forces and Heights tab is then determined. The actual length of each strand is
assumed to be its calculated length plus 3 feet (1 meter) to allow for a stressing tail. If
the force changes between successive spans, it is assumed that the larger force extends
over the common support and the tendons are anchored at the fifth-point of the next
span (see Fig. 2.5.4-2). If the forces are modified, the weight is recalculated and
displayed after the window is recycled.
Force OK
This block indicates whether the selected post-tensioning forces meet all criteria at all 1/
20th points along the member. The governing minimum forces for each span are displayed in the left section of the Required Forces tab (Fig. 2.5.1-3). If the provided
force is less than the value required at any of the 1/20th points along the member, Force
NG will be displayed.
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Chapter 2
Pmin OK Pmax OK
This block compares the average precompression at midspan with the minimum and
maximum values entered by the user. If the average precompression is above or below
the specified limits, an NG is displayed.
Note that although the Force indicator considers the P/A all along the span, this block
only considers the P/A at midspan. If the P/A is above or below the specified limits in a
support region, the PMIN and PMAX indicators will show OK however the Force
indicator will show NG.
In two-way slabs with drops or transverse beams for example, the cross-sectional area
at the supports will be much larger than the cross-section at midspan. Providing the
minimum P/A at the supports may result in a much higher P/T force than necessary.
Typically, the post-tensioning is adjusted so that the P/A at the supports is lower than the
specified minimums. The Force indicator will thus show NG even if the P/A at midspan
is within the specified limits.
The PT Forces tab (Fig. 2.5.1-2) shows the post-tensioning force required in each of
the three regions of each span.
Stresses Tens OK Comp NG

This block compares the tensile and compressive stresses with the allowable values
specified by the user. The maximum stresses in each span are shown on the Stresses
Tension and Compression tab (Fig. 2.5.1-4).
Wbal Min-OK Max-NG
The total upward force of the tendon (Wbal) in each span is computed from the
post-tensioning force in span and the tendon geometry in the span. This upward force is
compared with the total dead loading on the respective span. An OK for both Wbal
Min and Wbal Max means that the ratio of balanced loading to the total dead loading fell
within the limits specified by the user in all spans. The percentage of dead load balanced
in each span is shown on the Tendon Forces & Heights tab (Fig. 2.5.1-1). The force
required to balance the specified minimum percentage of dead loading is shown on the
Required Forces tab (Fig. 2.5.1-3).
2.5.3
RECYCLE WINDOW CONTROL BUTTONS

Recycle
The Recycle button causes the stresses and required forces along the member to be
recalculated based on the current tendon profile and forces.
If changes are made to either the tendon profile or force in any span, the status indicator
at the top right of the Recycle window will begin to flash. Once all of the changes are
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made, click on the Recycle button to update all of the tabs, the Design Indicator box and
the Recycle Graphs.
Recall
The Recall button allows the user to undo editing changes by recalling the tendon forces
and profile from the previous recycle. After selecting Recall, the window must recycled
again in order to update the tabs, the Design Indicator box and the graphs.
Graphs
The Graphs button displays a set of three graphs which provide detailed information on
the tendon profile, the tension and compression stresses and the required versus provided post-tensioning forces. The Recycle graphs are shown in Fig. 2.5.3-1.
FIGURE 2.5.3-1
The graphs are as follows:
Tendon Height: The Tendon Height graph can be used as a means of verifying that
the tendon profile is at least reasonable. This graph allows the user to see the
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tendon profile either by itself or as it relates to the member elevation (concrete

outline). This can be helpful for finding input errors such as a tendon profile that
extends outside the member, or a profile that is not continuous. The concrete
outline shows all steps, drop caps/panels, transverse beams and changes in thickness.
Stresses: This graph plots the maximum compressive and tensile stresses at the top
and bottom face of the member. Dead, Live and Post-Tensioning loadings can
either be shown separately or combined. The Verify Allowable Stresses option
shows the combined stresses along with an envelope of the allowable stresses. The
graph provides easy interpretation of stress results and clearly shows if stress limits
are exceeded.
Post-tensioning: This graph shows the required and provided post-tensioning force
at 1/20th points along each span.
The graphs may be configured to show only certain spans and values by clicking on the
check boxes at the left of the window. To maximize a graph for detailed viewing or
change the display options, right-click on the desired graph and use the editing menu that
opens up.
Exit
Selecting the Exit button closes the Recycle window. The program continues with the
calculations based on the most recent tendon force and profile selection. At the conclusion of the calculations, it returns to the Main Program window. The Results Report, the
PT Summary Report and the Results Graphs may then be viewed and/or printed.
Note: if Force or Profile adjustments are made and the window is not recycled before
exiting, the program will automatically do a Recycle.
2.5.4
USER INTERACTION
Tendon Forces & Heights may be edited on the Tendon Forces and Height tab (Fig. 2.5.11). When the program does the initial calculation for tendon forces, it assumes the same
force for the entire frame, i.e. all tendons are full length. Tendon forces and heights may be
adjusted in each span in order to arrive at an optimal post-tensioning design.
The user may choose different forces for different spans by using partial length tendons. The
economy achieved in using partial length tendons may be evaluated by viewing the weight of
strand after the screen is recycled.
FORCE: The first column on the Tendon Forces and Heights screen shows the force at the
center of each span. For the initial design, the algorithm uses the same force for all spans.
The largest governing force is selected and the tendon is assumed to have its maximum
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permissible drape. Although this layout may work in some cases, it will typically not be
satisfactory when span lengths, geometry and loading vary from one span to the next. In
particular, the dead load will be overbalanced in short spans that are adjacent to long spans.
If the average precompression or percentage of dead load balanced in the initial calculations
do not fall within the limits specified by the user, an NG will be displayed in the Design
Indicator box.
TENDON HEIGHTS: The second, third and fourth columns of the Tendon Force and
Heights tab indicate the distance from a user selected reference line to the cgs (center of
gravity of strand) at the left, center and right of each span. The reference location is determined from the reference height entered on the Span Geometry screen.
The choice of reference height has no effect on the calculations. It is important to know what
was used as the reference height when transferring information to the structural drawings
however. Usually, this will be obvious from what the program calculates as the tendon
profile. The tendon profile is shown on the Tendon Heights graph.
Fig. 2.3.1-7 shows several different reference height configurations. When the slab soffit is
used as the reference line for adjacent spans which have the same depth, the tendon heights
will be equal at the common support. In this case, the tendon heights can be transferred to
the structural drawings as shown on Tendon Forces & Height screen and the Results Report.
When adjacent spans are different depth as in Fig. 2.3.1-7 (b), the tendon heights must be
adjusted in those spans where the depth does not match the reference height.
As an example, a parking garage might have some bays with a 5-in. (160-mm) thick slab and
some bays with an 8-in. (200 mm) thick slab. If the reference height was set to 8 (200), the
tendon heights as shown on the screen will be correct for the sections of 8-in. (200-mm)
thick slab. In the bays with the 5-in. (160-mm) thick slab, the tendon heights shown on the
screen must be reduced by 3 inches (40-mm) when they are transferred to the structural
drawings.
Note that the reference line can also be set to the top of the slab. In this case, the program
will show the tendon heights as negative numbers, indicating distance below the top of the
slab. The reference height is discussed in more detail in Section 2.3.1.
ADJUSTMENTS: The force and tendon profile in any span can be edited independently.
The upward and downward forces resulting from different tendon profile are illustrated in Fig.
2.5.4-1. The P/A and Wbal figures on the right side of the screen will be updated each time
a change is made. The Wbal figure is only an approximation however; it will not be completely re-calculated until a Recycle is done. If an adjustment is made to either a force or
profile value, the Design Indicator checks will be blanked out and the Recycle message will
start to flash. Any number of adjustments can be made before doing a Recycle though.
Selecting Recycle causes a complete recalculation of all stresses and updates all the Design
Indicator checks.
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FIGURE 2.5.4-1
(adpt215-g)
CAUTION
The ability to edit tendon forces and profiles and immediately view the outcome of the
changes is a powerful tool for the skilled engineer. Less experienced engineers are
strongly encouraged to make sure their modifications are reasonable from a construction
point of view.
In particular, three considerations must be kept in mind:
1. As discussed in Section 1.4.2, a slab may be modeled either as a strip
whose width is equal to the tributary width or as a unit strip with the
appropriate left and right multipliers. Both modeling schemes are
treated the same internally by the program and thus yield identical
solutions. All forces shown on the Recycle window tabs are for the full
tributary width entered by the user.
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2. Each tendon must have at least one of its ends terminating at a free slab/
beam edge (or an internal stressing pocket) to allow stressing. Note
that the program will not check to see if a post-tensioning layout is
reasonable or even if it feasible.
3. The program assumes that a tendon terminated at any support actually
continues over the support and is anchored at the centroidal axis at span
length/5 in the next span (Fig. 2.5.4-2). In both of the tendon arrangements shown in Fig. 2.5.4-2, the PT force is assumed to be 38 kips
(170 kN) at either side of the interior supports. The balanced loading
of the structure is adjusted to include the portion of the tendon in the
next span. Both the contribution of the terminated tendon to the average precompression over the support and the influence of this tendon on
the ultimate strength of the support region are accounted for by the
program. To see the contribution of the added tendon, select the
Balanced Loading item on the Detailed Output tab of the Results
Report setup. The extent of the force may be seen on the PostTensioning section of the Recycle Graphs screen (Fig. 2.5.3-1).
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FIGURE 2.5.4-2
2.6
VIEWING AND PRINTING OUTPUT

2.6.1
Results Report Setup

The Results Report is comprised of independently selected data blocks. The data blocks
may be selected via either the Report Setup item on the Options Menu or the Report Setup
button
on the Main Toolbar. This will bring up the window shown in Fig. 2.6.1-1.
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FIGURE 2.6.1-1
The Results Report generated with the blocks selected in Fig. 2.6.1-1 will contain the General Input (data block 1), Selected Post-tensioning (data block 9), Factored Moments (data
block 10) and Rebar Required without Moment Redistribution (data blocks 11.1 to 11.4).
The data blocks are discussed in more detail in Section 1.9.1. The Basic Output tab lists the
blocks that are customarily included in the Results Report. The items on the Detailed
Output (Fig. 2.6.1-2) are detailed listings of actions and results at 1/20th points. In certain
situations, this information may be useful as backup. The listings provide information similar
to what is shown on the Results graph. The one difference is that there is a listing for Balanced Loading but there is no listing for deflections.
To include an item from either tab on the report, check the box next to the item. After
selecting the desired items, an updated report may be generated by clicking on the
Repaginate button. The selections will be retained and used for future runs and projects. If a
checked item contains information which comes from a post-processor that has not been run,
the program will prompt the user to run the post-processor.
2.6.2
Report Heading
The first page of the Results Report shows the users Company name and address. This may
be changed via the Pagination Setting button on the Report Setup screen or the Pagination
Setup item on the Options Menu.
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FIGURE 2.6.1-2
2.6.3
Viewing and Printing the Results Report

To view the Results Report on the screen, select Results Report from the View Menu or click
on the View Results button
on the Main Toolbar. The report displayed will include the
most recently selected data blocks.
To print the Results Report, click on the Print button
on the Main Toolbar or select the
Print item on the File menu in the Main Program window while the Results Report is the
active window.
2.6.4
Viewing and Printing Results Graphs

The seven Results Graphs are as follows:
Bending Moments,
Shears,
Rebar,
Deflection,
Stresses,
Post-tensioning required/provided, and;
Tendon Height.
To view the Results graphs, either click on the Show Graphs button
on the Main Toolbar
or select the Graphs item on the View Menu. The Show Graphs button will open all the
graphs; the Graphs item will allows the user to either show all graphs or pick a specific graph.
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Chapter 2
The graphs display information at 1/20th points along the spans. Figure 2.6.4-1 shows a
Results Graph for stresses due to the Service Load Combination. The check boxes on the left
side of the graph allow the user to specify what spans and/or what information should be
displayed.
FIGURE 2.6.4-1
Default graph properties can be set via the Graph Properties item on the Options Menu. To
customize a particular graph, right-click on the graph to bring up a formatting menu. The
formatting menu provides a number of options including the option to maximize the graph to
full screen, mark the data points or show the data values at a specified precision. (The
formatting menu is the same for the Recycle Window graphs).
To print a graph, select either the Print item on the File Menu in the Main Program window or
the Print button
on the Main Toolbar while the graph is the currently active window.
Graphs may be printed either in portrait or landscape orientation. Graphs may also be exported as a bitmap file (.BMP) or Windows metafile (.WMF). A default bitmap size can be
set via the Graph Properties item on the Options Menu.
There is another, more extensive export option on the right mouse menu. Figure 2.6.4-2
shows the Export Dialog options on this menu.
2.6.5
Printer Setup
The Page/Print option on the File Menu in Main Program window allows the user to select
the printer, paper size, orientation and margins for the Results Report and Results Graphs.
2.6.6
PT Summary
The PT Summary Report is a one-page graphical report which summarizes the post-tensioning and mild steel reinforcing requirements. To create the PT Summary Report, either select
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Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.6.4-2
the PT Summary item on the View Menu or the Open PTSum button
Toolbar. The PT Summary Report is discussed further in Section 3.1.
2.7
on the Main
PRINCIPAL OUTPUT FILES

At the completion of the analysis, the program generates a set of temporary output files, then returns
to the Main Program window. The output files, stored in the same subdirectory as the input files, are
as follows:
RESULTS.DAT
This file contains the data shown on the most recently generated Results Report. Depending
on what has been selected, it may include input data and some or all of the output data
blocks. Section 2.6.1 describes how to set up this report and select the items that are
included in this file. Sample printouts of this file are given in Chapters 5 and 6 of the Software
manual. If the project is saved via one of the Save As options in the Main Program window,
the RESULTS.DAT file is renamed to *.CRE.
The user may also find it helpful to examine the following files which contain information at 1/
20th points along the span. These files are straight text files so they may be viewed in any text
editor. They may also be appended to the Results Report by selecting the appropriate
box(es) on the Detailed Output tab of the Report Setup screen.
MOMENTS.DAT
This file contains a listing of moments at 1/20th points along the span due to dead load, live
load (minimum and maximum), post-tensioning balanced moments, and secondary moments.
SHEARS.DAT
This file contains a listing of shears at 1/20th points along each span due to dead load, live
load (negative and positive), post-tensioning balanced loading, and secondary loading.
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FACBMSF.DAT
This file contains a listing of factored moments and shears at 1/20th points along the member.
The load factors are those specified by the user for the Strength (Ultimate) load case during
data input.
STRESSES.DAT
This file contains a listing of stresses due to dead load, live load (maximum tension and
compression), post-tensioning balanced loading and the service stress combination selected
by the user during data input. Stresses at the top and bottom of the member are listed at 1/
20th points along the span.
WBAL.DAT
This files contains a detailed listing of the Balanced Loading. The file is organized in much the
same manner as the loading file created by the user during data input; it lists all of the loadings
imposed on the structural model by the selected tendon profile.
PTREQ.DAT
This file contains a listing of the post-tensioning force required at 1/20th points along each
span according to the final tendon profile.
REBAR.DAT
This file contains a listing of the rebar required for the Strength (Ultimate) load case at 1/20th
points along each span. It lists both the factored moments and the top and bottom rebar
required.
PTCGS.DAT
This file contains a listing of the tendon height above the reference line at 1/20th points along
each span.
2.8
SAVING PROJECTS
To save a project so that it can be accessed in the future, select either Save As from the File menu in
the Main Program window or click on the Save As button on the Main Toolbar. The file name and
directory can be different from what was used when saving the input files.
The screen for saving projects is shown in Fig. 2.8-1. To save the project as an ADAPT Version 5.x
file, click on the down arrow next to the Save as type: box and select ADAPT-PT (old)(*.PT).
The files saved through the Save As command are:
*.ADB,
*.CRE
*.PT, *.CGE, *.CLD, *.CCR
*.PTX, OPT, *.LAT
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The first file *.ADB contains all of the input data, except the data for the post-processors. This file is
all that is required to re-load and re-execute the analysis for a project.
The file *.CRE contains the information displayed on the most recently generated Results Report.
The *.CRE file is an ordinary text file and can be opened in a word processor for additional editing or
formatting.
The files *.PT, *.CGE, *.CLD, *.CCR are saved for backward compatibility with ADAPT-PT
version 5.xx programs. They are not used in the current version.
The file *.OPT contains the information for the Initial Stresses and Stresses post-processors. The
file *.LAT contains the information for the Lateral Analysis post-processor. The file *.PTX contains
the user-specified tendon profile and forces. This information is used if the Recall button is invoked to restore the previously specified profile and forces.
FIGURE 2.8-1
Note:
The save options in the Input Editor (the Save and Save As commands on the
File menu, the Execute option, the Save buttons) only save the input files. The
project must be saved from the Main Program window in order to view the
Results Report without re-executing the analysis or open it in a word processor.
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Chapter 2
TENDON SELECTION MODE

If the Force/Tendon Selection option was chosen during input, the user may choose between the
Force and Tendon Selection modes in the Recycle window. The difference between the two modes
is discussed in Section 1.1. The Force Selection option is the design method commonly used in
North America. It assumes that a tendon will be assigned a final and constant effective force equal to
the jacking force minus all stress losses expressed as a single representative value. The Tendon
Selection method is a newer, more accurate procedure. In the Tendon Selection method, the posttensioning force is assumed to vary along the length of the tendon. The variation accounts for stress
losses in the tendon due to both immediate and long-term effects. It also includes consideration of the
interaction between the various sources of loss. It is thus more accurate than procedures which
account for losses as a lump sum approximation.
2.9.1 Overview
In Tendon Selection mode, the actual number of strands, as opposed to effective forces, may
be specified. The user is able to see what the final stresses will be and can adjust the number
of strands, the tendon profiles and the stressing ends as necessary. At each design section
along a span, the program performs an analysis based on the post-tensioning force at that
section. Consideration is given to both short-term (friction, seating loss, elastic shortening)
and long-term (creep, shrinkage, relaxation of the prestressing steel) stress losses.
If the tendon profile is altered, friction and long-term losses are recalculated and the revised
tendon forces are used for the computations. If the tendon forces have changed significantly
however, the selected profile may not be satisfactory. The solution thus becomes iterative
since subsequent changes to the profile will also result in changes to the tendon forces. The
iteration is automatically continued until an acceptable solution is reached.
2.9.2
Description of Features
Tendon types
For each member, up to three tendon types A, B, and C, may be specified. Each type
can be configured to have a different length and different stressing/fixed ends. A given
tendon type may include one or more strands.
Figure 2.9.2-1(a) shows a five span beam with three different tendon arrangements.
Tendon A extends the entire length of the beam and is stressed at both ends. It is shown
in Fig. 2.9.2-1(b) as a straight line with two arrowheads representing the stressing ends.
The other two tendon types, B and C, start at either end of the beam and extend only
part way through the member. The short vertical lines signify a fixed (non-stressing) end.
Figure 2.9.2-1(c) illustrates the shapes that the different tendon types can assume.
Tendon type A must extend from one end of the member to the other. It can be stressed
at one or both ends. Tendons types B and C can be configured the same as A, the same
as one another, or completely different. They can be stressed at one or both ends and
they can start and end anywhere in the member as long as it is possible to stress them.
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Under normal conditions, the three tendon types will be configured differently. A posttensioned member may not need all the three tendon types, however. Many members
have only a Type A tendon. Type B and C tendons are typically configured to provide
additional post-tensioning in end spans if necessary.
FIGURE 2.9.2-1
The number of strands in each type of tendon, and consequently the force in each tendon
will usually be different. All the tendons are assumed to follow the same profile, however. I.e. if a reversed parabola profile was specified during data input, all tendons are
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assumed to have a reversed parabola profile with the same high and low points along the
member. The one exception is where tendons terminate at the interior of a member (Fig.
2.9.2-2). The end anchorage or stressing point is assumed to be at the centroidal axis of
the section where the tendon terminates. Note that this restriction does not apply to the
tendons terminating at the ends of the post-tensioned member. At the ends of the member, tendon heights are as specified on the Tendon Force and Heights tab. Although
FIGURE 2.9.2-2
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tendons are usually terminated at the centroid of the section, they may be specified with
an eccentricity.
Stress Loss Calculations
There are two types of prestress losses: immediate losses which occur at the time the
tendon is stressed and long-term losses which may continue for several years. The final
effective force in the tendon is the jacking force minus all losses.
The immediate losses, friction and anchorage seating, are calculated based on the userinput friction parameters together with the tendons profile and stressing configuration.
The stress in the tendon immediately after it is seated, with due allowance for friction and
seating loss, is referred to as the initial or lock-off stress. Although friction coefficients
are different for grouted (bonded) and unbonded systems, the friction loss computations
are essentially the same.
There are three options for long-term stress loss calculations:
Lump sum entry
A lump sum value may be calculated by the user and entered during data
input. The effective stresses in the tendon are calculated by subtracting this
value from the initial stresses. Since the friction and seating losses cause the
initial stresses to vary along the tendon, the effective stresses will also vary.
Long Term Loss calculations for unbonded tendons
For unbonded tendons, the strain in the tendon at any given point is not
directly related to the local strain in the concrete. The program can calculate an average long-term loss value for the entire tendon based on the
average precompression in the member and expected losses due to shrinkage, creep, elastic shortening and relaxation of the prestressing steel. The
effective stresses in the tendon are calculated by subtracting the average
long-term loss value from the initial stresses.
Long Term Loss computation for grouted tendons
Long-term stress losses in grouted tendons are a function of the local strain
in the concrete. Long term-losses are thus computed at 1/20th points along
the tendon. The effective stress at each point is the jacking stress minus the
friction, seating loss and long-term stress losses at that point. The long-term
losses are stored in the file LTLOSS.DAT. This is a text file and can be
viewed with any text editor or word processor.
2.9.3
Data Input for Long-term Stress Loss Calculations

In order to be able to use Tendon Selection, the Force/Tendon Selection option on the
Calculation Options screen must be selected during data entry. If Force Selection is chosen,
the program will only allow Force Selection to be used in the Recycle window. If Force/
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Chapter 2
Tendon Selection is chosen, the user may toggle between the two options in the Recycle
window.
Figure 2.9.3-1 shows the Calculation Options screen. The section of the screen for Calculation of friction and long-term losses is only displayed if Force/Tendon Selection/Friction
Calculations is chosen. This section of the screen allows the user to specify the friction and
long-term loss parameters. Note that long-term losses may either be calculated by the
program or entered as a lump sum value. Additional information on input parameters for
prestress loss calculations is given in Section 3.4.
FIGURE 2.9.3-1
2.9.4
Description of Execution
Execution of this option is similar to the standard program execution except that the user is
able to select the Tendon Selection option. The default mode is Force selection. To use
Tendon Selection, the user must click on the Tendon Selection option in the Recycle window
(Fig. 2.9.4-1.)
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FIGURE 2.9.4-1
The Tendon Selection & Extents tab becomes active when the Tendon Selection mode is
chosen. The left side of the tab shows the average force in each strand and the number of
strands required and selected for each tendon type. The average force in each strand is the
force after all losses. Note however that the average forces are not actually used in the
calculations. They are displayed to provide the user with a measure of the relative efficiency
of each strand type.
The right side of this screen shows a symbolic representation of the spans and the tendon
layout. The default layout is a Type A continuous tendon stressed at both ends of the member, a Type B tendon stressed from the left and extending over the leftmost span and a type C
tendon stressed from the right and extending over the rightmost span.
The user can edit the post-tensioning layout by:
Adjusting the tendon profiles
Tendon heights are edited on the Tendon Force & Heights tab. Note that
when the Tendon Selection option is active, the user cannot access the Force
column on this tab. In the Tendon Selection option, forces are calculated
based on the number of strands and the final stresses in the strand.
Editing the number of strands in a tendon type
The number of strands to use for each tendon type is shown in the Selected
Number column. These numbers may be changed independently of one
another. To delete a tendon type, set the number of strands selected to zero.
To add a tendon type, enter the number of strands to use for that type.
Changing the stressing ends and/or extent of the tendons
To change a tendon end from dead to stressing or stressing to dead, hold down
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the Shift key and left click once at the end of the tendon. Clicking a second
time will change the tendon back to its original configuration. Note that the
tendon must have at least one stressing end. To change the extent of a Type B
or C tendon, position the cursor over the tendon end, hold down the left mouse
button and drag the end to the desired location.
If any changes are made to the tendon profiles or number of strands, the window must be
recycled to recalculate the force provided. There is no limit on the number of changes that
can be made or the number of times the window can be recycled. Once an acceptable posttensioning layout has been determined, select Exit to continue with the calculations.
Clicking on the Force Selection button at the top of the Recycle Window will toggle the
program back to the Force Selection mode. Any changes that have been made while in the
Tendon Selection mode will be reflected in the forces shown on the Tendon Force & Heights
tab.
2.9.5 Differences in Long Term Stress Loss Computations
Long-term stress loss calculations are different for grouted and unbonded systems since the
stress loss for grouted tendons is a function of the local strain in the concrete. They are also
different for pre- and post-tensioned members.
As noted above, an average long-term stress loss is usually calculated for unbonded tendons.
For bonded strands that are pre-tensioned, many engineers use a lump sum value based on
stress losses at the location of maximum moment. Pre-tensioned members are typically
simply supported, they generally have only one critical moment location and the strands are
often straight. Calculating the stress loss at only one location may therefore be acceptable. It
is typical not acceptable for post-tensioned systems with profiled strand, however. Losses at
mid-span and over the supports may be widely different and both sections may be stress
critical.
In order to calculate long-term stress losses for a grouted system, a detailed strain computation must be done along the path of tendon. A listing of strains at 1/20th points is only
available when ADAPT is executed in the Tendon Selection mode. If a friction and long-term
losses calculation needs to done for a grouted system designed with Force Selection, a lump
sum must be entered for long-term losses.
The theoretical background for the elastic shortening and long-term stress loss calculations is
given in Section 3.4.
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Post-Tensioned Slab
San Francisco Bay - California
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Chapter 2
ADAPT
PT SUMMARY REPORT AND POST-PROCESSORS
LIST OF CONTENTS
3.0
PT SUMMARY AND POST-PROCESSORS ........................................................ 3-1
3.1
PT SUMMARY REPORT ........................................................................................ 3-3

3.1.1 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION .......................................................................... 3-3
3.1.2 PROGRAM EXECUTION ............................................................................. 3-4
3.1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTPUT ................................................................ 3-7
One-Way Shear ............................................................................................ 3-8
Punching Shear ............................................................................................ 3-8
3.1.4 EXAMPLE PRINTOUT THREE SPAN BEAM ............................................ 3-9
3.1.5 EXAMPLE PRINTOUT THREE SPAN, TWO-WAY SLAB ........................ 3-10
3.2
INITIAL STRESS ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 3-11

3.2.1 BACKGROUND AND THEORY .................................................................. 3-11
Stress Check at Time of Transfer of Prestress (Initial Conditions) ................ 3-12
Stress Check for Members Designed with High Live Loading ..................... 3-12
3.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INITIAL STRESS CHECK .............................. 3-12
3.2.3 DESCRIPTION OF FILES AND PRINTOUT ................................................ 3-14
Initial Stress Check Summary (INITIAL.DAT) ............................................... 3-14
Stresses At 1/20th Points (INSTRS.DAT) .................................................... 3-15
Steel Required Due To Stress Check (INISTL.DAT) .................................... 3-16
3.2.4 EXAMPLE - TWO-SPAN T-BEAM ............................................................. 3-18
3.2.5 VERIFICATION ........................................................................................... 3-23
Data Block 14.1 - Parameters Specified As Input For Initial Stress Checks. 3-23
Data Block 14.2 Additional Mild Reinforcement Required ........................ 3-23
Data Block 14.3 - Compressive Stresses ................................................... 3-25
3.2.6 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF VERSIONS OTHER THAN ACI ........................ 3-26
3.3
LATERAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 3-27

3.3.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 3-27
3.3.2 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 3-29
3.3.3 INPUT SCREENS ...................................................................................... 3-32
3.3.4 DESCRIPTION OF PRINTOUT ................................................................... 3-33
3.3.4.1Summary of Moments - file LATBM.DAT .......................................... 3-34
Data Block 15.1 ............................................................................... 3-34
Data Block 15.2 ............................................................................... 3-34
Data Block 15.3 ............................................................................... 3-34
Data Blocks 15.4, 15.5 .................................................................... 3-34
3.3.4.2 Summary of Moments - file LATBM.DAT ......................................... 3-35
3.3.4.3 Summary of Mild Reinforcement - file LATSTL.DAT ......................... 3-35
3.3.5 EXAMPLES ............................................................................................... 3-36
EXAMPLE 1 - TWO-WAY EQUIVALENT FRAME ANALYZED FOR WIND
LOADING ................................................................................................... 3-36
EXAMPLE 2 - T-BEAM ANALYZED FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING ......... 3-36
3.3.6 VERIFICATION ........................................................................................... 3-49
3-i
ADAPT
Data Block 15.1, Calculated Factored Span Moments Mu .......................... 3-62

Data Block 15.2 .......................................................................................... 3-63
Data Blocks 15.3 Through 15.5................................................................... 3-64
3.3.7 DISCUSSION OF LATERAL LOADING TREATMENT ................................ 3-66
3.3.8 SPECIFIC FEATURES FOR CODES OTHER THAN ACI .......................... 3-70
3.4
FRICTION AND LONG TERM LOSSES POST-PROCESSOR .......................... 3-71

3.4.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 3-71
3.4.2 STRESS DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................ 3-72
3.4.3 FRICTION AND SEATING LOSS CALCULATIONS .................................... 3-77
3.4.4 LONG-TERM STRESS LOSS PARAMETERS ........................................... 3-83
3.4.5 DESCRIPTION OF PRINTOUT ................................................................... 3-88
3.4.6 NOTATION .................................................................................................. 3-92
3.5
USER STRESS COMBINATION ......................................................................... 3-93
A.1
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 3-94
3 - ii
ADAPT
3.0
Chapter 3
PT SUMMARY AND POST-PROCESSORS

After the analysis is executed, there are four optional post-processors which can be run In
addition, a graphical summary report can be generated. To invoke these options, you must
exit from the Recycle window. The program will continue with the calculations, then return
to the Main Program window. At this point, you can view and print the Results Report and
Results Graphs. You can also run the PT Summary Report and the post-processor programs.
The four options are described briefly below. This is followed by a detailed description of
each.
PT Summary Report
The PT Summary module enables the user to generate a flexible and compact graphical
report for each ADAPT run. The report summarizes all post-tensioning parameters, rebar
requirements, and shear checks from a computer run on a single page of output. The formatted report may be viewed on the screen, then printed, saved as a Drawing Exchange (.DXF)
file or copied to the Windows clipboard as a (.CLP) file.
The report is designed for professionals involved in the design, construction, or management
phases of a project who need a compact, readily accessible summary of the post-tensioning
and mild steel requirements. It does not show analysis results, design actions or deflection
calculations. This information is available on the Results Report and Results Graphs.
Post-Processors
The four post-processors are:
Friction and Long Term Losses;

Initial Stresses;
Lateral Analysis; and,
Stresses.
Information for the Friction and Long Term Losses post-processors is entered during data
input. If the Force/Tendon Section | Friction Calculations button on the Criteria Calculation
Options screen is chosen, additional input questions will appear.
Information for the Initial Stresses, Lateral Analysis and Stresses post-processors is entered
via the Post-Processors item on the Action menu. Clicking on the Set Values button to the
right of an option will bring up the entry screen for that option. Figure 3.0-1 shows the
screen for entering Initial Stresses data.
To execute one or more of the post-processors, check the appropriate box or boxes and then
click on Execute.
3-1
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.0-1
The results of the Initial Stresses, Lateral Analysis and Friction and Long Term Losses postprocessors can be included on the Results Report by checking the appropriate boxes on the
Report Setup screen. If the box is checked before the post-processor is executed, the results
will be automatically appended to the report. They can be appended to a previously formatted report by checking the appropriate box on the Report Setup screen and then repaginating.
The files that are generated by these post-processors are text files that can also be viewed in a
wordprocessor.
The post-processors can be executed automatically at the completion of the analysis by
selecting the Automatic Execution of Post-processors item on the Options menu. If this
item is selected, all of the post-processors checked on the screen above will be automatically
executed.
Initial Analysis
required due to high stresses at the transfer of prestressing to the member
Lateral Analysis
The Lateral Analysis option allows the user to determine if additional mild steel is required
for lateral moments. The steel shown for the Lateral Analysis may be less than that required
for either minimum code requirement or the ultimate moment combination however. The
user must check to determine what requirement governs.
Friction and Long Term Losses
The Friction and Long Term Losses post-processor calculates prestress losses for designs that
have been executed using the Force Selection mode. The analysis will calculate the stress in
the tendon at the left, center and right end of each span, the average initial stress, total longterm losses and the anchor set influence distance. It will also calculate required elongations
for both one and two-ended pulls. If the tendon selection mode is selected the program
automatically calculates the friction losses and reports the associated results in its output.
3-2
ADAPT
Chapter 3
User Stress Combination

The User Stress Combination post-processor allows the user to graphically display the
stresses resulting from various load combinations. The load combinations can be set at any
fraction of the live load, dead load and post-tensioned load.
The post-processor is intended as a serviceability check which is in addition to the Service
Load Combination used for the analysis. Note that the Stress Results graph is the only place
that the results are shown. The results of the analysis as shown on the Results Report are not
changed and there is no recalculation of the moments or required reinforcement.
3.1
PT SUMMARY REPORT
3.1.1
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
To run the PT Summary module, select either the Open PTSum button on the Main
Toolbar or the PT Summary item on the View menu of the Main Program window.
The PTSUM window will open up with a default format for the report. The window
is shown in Fig. 3.1.1-1.
FIGURE 3.1.1-1
The PT Summary report content is organized into independent data blocks which
include the following information:
An elevation view of the member, including all drops and steps, with span
lengths and the post-tensioning tendon profile, including inflection points and
low points;
Heights of tendon control points with respect to the reference line and the total
post-tensioning force or total number of strands specified for each span;
3-3
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Graphical representation of mild steel required in each span with a listing of

amounts and lengths of both top and bottom bars. There is also space to add
additional remarks for the rebar;
Bar graph of the rebar required and provided at 1/20th points in each span;
For beams, a comprehensive graphical report of the shear reinforcing required
along the span and the maximum allowable spacing for the user-specified
stirrup size;
For two-way slabs, a report of the punching shear analysis at each column;
A summary of design parameters used in the analysis; and,
A section for designer notes.
The user can select which of the data blocks to print. In addition, the user can recalculate the mild steel requirements using a bar size which is different from what was
initially specified in the ADAPT run.
The PTSUM report can be viewed in final form on the screen. It can then be printed
or saved as either a .DXF or clipboard file. If it is saved as a file, it can be inserted
into contract documents, calculation packages or structural drawings.
3.1.2
PROGRAM EXECUTION
The report may be printed in color or black-and-white, portrait or landscape, and on a
variety of paper sizes. After the data blocks are selected, the report is automatically
rescaled to fit the specified paper size.
The Zoom buttons on the PTSum Toolbar can be used to adjust the size of the report
on the screen. There are also Zoom In and Zoom Out options on the PTSum View
Menu.
Report Setup
To specify what information to print, select the Report Setup item on the View menu
or click on the Report Setup button on the PTSUM Toolbar. A window with three
tabs will appear. Figure 3.1.2-1 shows these three tabs.
3-4
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Use the check boxes on the Sections to be printed tab to select which data
blocks to print.
Use the Rebar Selection tab to change the bar sizes or bar system used for
top and bottom reinforcing steel.
Use the Designers Notes tab to input notes that will be printed at the bottom
of the report.
FIGURE 3.1.2-1
3-5
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Click on the Apply button to apply the selected options to the report. To format the
report to include only certain spans, use the Spans button on the PTSUM Toolbar.
The Refresh item on the PTSum View Menu will reformat the report to include all
spans.
To specify color or black-and-white, select the Color Setup item on the View Menu or
click on the Color Setup button on the PTSum Toolbar. This will change the color
setup on both the screen and the printout.
Print Setup
To specify the printer, set the margins or set the orientation of the report, select the
Page Setup item on the File Menu. To just need to set the orientation of the report,
select the Page Setup item on the File Menu or click on the Page Setup button on the
PTSum Toolbar. To print the report, select either the Print item on the File Menu or
the Print button on the PTSum Toolbar.
Save as DXF file/ Exporting to the Clipboard

To save the report as a drafting (.DXF) file or export it to the clipboard, the report
must first be set up with the desired information and in the desired format.
To save the report as a drafting (.DXF) file, select the Save As DXF item on the File
Menu or click on the Save as DXF button on the PTSum Toolbar. To export the
report to the clipboard, select the Copy item from the Edit Menu or click on the Copy
button on the PTSum Toolbar. This will save an image of the report on the Windows
clipboard. The image can then be pasted into another file or the Windows clipboard
viewer can be used to edit and save the file.
More on Rebar Selection
The bar system used for the ADAPT-PT analysis is determined according to the
design code selected during data input. The preferred bar size is also specified during
data input. Although these will be used as defaults for the PTSum report, both the
bar system and bar size can be changed.
All of the bars systems shown on the Rebar Selection tab (ASTM - US Customary,
ASTM - US SI, Euro or CSA) are available, no matter what design code was used for
the ADAPT-PT run. First, select the desired bar system. Then, specify the top and
bottom bar size from the pull-down list of bar sizes available for that bar system.
Click on Apply to recalculate the mild steel reinforcing requirements with the new bar
sizes.
To go back to the bar system and sizes in the original ADAPT-PT run, select the Use
Input Data as Default option. Click on Apply to recalculate the number of bars
required.
3-6
ADAPT
3.1.3
Chapter 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTPUT

The following is a description of the data blocks that can be included:
Data Block 1
This data block contains the General and Specific titles entered during data input.
Data Block 2 Member Elevation
This data block contains an elevation view of the member with span dimensions. It
also includes a graphical representation of the tendon profile that shows inflection
points and low points.
Data Block 3 Top Rebar
This data block reports the amount and length of rebar required at the top of the
member. The rebar shown is the larger of the steel required to withstand the negative
moment demand and code specified minima.
If the steel required is controlled by the negative moment demand, the bar lengths are
based on the required rebar quantities at 1/20th points. The selected rebar is calculated
as two lengths in an effort to minimize material requirements. This is particularly
helpful for cases where rebar requirements vary and a large amount of reinforcing is
required over a short section of the span. In the cases, using bars that are all the same
length bars might be an unnecessary waste of materials.
Note that the steel selected by the program is only one acceptable design solution.
Space has been provided in this data block for the designer to provide alternate
information on rebar quantity, size and length. The designer may also use this space
to write in any additional notes or remarks pertaining to the rebar.
Data Block 4 Tendon Profile
Data Block 4 shows an elevation view of the tendon profile. Tendon control points
are marked and their heights with respect to the reference line are given. If the computer run was done in the Force Selection mode, the program shows the total posttensioning force in each span. If the Tendon Selection option was used, the elevation
view also includes the total number of tendons, the location of all dead and live
stressing ends, and any added tendons (see Section 2.9 for more information on the
Tendon Selection mode).
Data Block 5 Bottom Rebar
This data block reports the amount and length of rebar required at the bottom of the
member. The format is the same as Data Block 3 Top Rebar.
Data Block 6 Required & Provided Bars
This data block plots the rebar required and provided for the top and bottom of the
section at each 1/20th point. The maximum required areas of steel required for the top
and bottom of each span are also shown.
3-7
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Data Block 7 Shear Bars / Punching Shear

This data block shows one-way shear results for beams and one-way slabs. For twoway slabs, it shows punching shear results.
One-Way Shear
For beams and one-way slabs, this data block reports the stirrup size and
spacing based on user input during data entry. The spacing shown is the
maximum spacing along the different segments of the span. The data block
also includes a bar graph of the area of shear reinforcement required along
each span.
This block is typically not included on reports for one-way slabs since shear
reinforcement is seldom required. Although this block may indicate that shear
reinforcement is required at the supports for a one-way slab, a review of the
Results Report will show that this is for beams only.
Punching Shear
For two-way slabs, the data block plots an elevation view of the model, which
indicates the punching shear stress ratio at each support and states whether the
stress ratio is acceptable per the specified code.
Data Block 8 Legend
This data block identifies the symbols used to indicate stressing and dead ends. Note,
however, that the stressing and dead ends are only shown when the Tendon Selection
option has been used for the analysis. The legend is not applicable if Force Selection
was used.
Data Block 9 Design Parameters
This data block reports the following design parameters used in the ADAPT-PT run:
Design Code;
Concrete strength; fc,
Mild steel yield strength; fy,
Ultimate tendon strength; fpu,
Minimum Top and Bottom rebar cover;
Rebar Table;
Tendon jacking stress; fpj and,
Tendon strand area.
Data Block 10 Designers Notes

This data block contains notes added by the designer. The entry in this box will be
used on future runs and future projects until it is cleared. To clear the notes, select
Clear and then click on Apply.
3-8
ADAPT
3.1.4
Chapter 3
EXAMPLE PRINTOUT THREE SPAN BEAM

The following is a design summary for the three-span beam example in the Software
Manual (MNL5-3M). The Tendon Selection method was used for design. The
report was printed in landscape orientation.
A D APT - ST R U C TU R A L C O N C R ETE S O FTW AR E SY STEM

A DAP T-P T Ve rsion 6.08
Date: 10 /1 1/00
Tim e: 1 0:02 :20 A M File : Mn l5_ 3_ L
1- P RO JE CT T IT L E A DAP T PT M anual
1.1 DE SIG N STRIP T- BE AM E XA MPL E FO R ADA P T P OS T TEN SION IN G SO FTW A RE
2 - M EM BE R ELEV AT IO N
[ft]
64 .0 0
55 .00
1 7. 00
3 - T O P RE BA R
3.1 Use r sele cte d
3.3 A DAP T sele cte d
2 4 #5 X5 '6 "
1 4 #5 X1 8' 0"
4 9# 5X 17'0 "
8 4#5 X2 3'0"
3 9# 5X3 4'6"
7 4# 5X3 1'6"
4 - T END O N PRO FILE
4.2 Da tu m Lin e
4.3 CG S Di sta nce [in]
4.5 For ce
23 .00
3.2 5
[3 73 kips]
3 1.0 0 3 1.0 0
3 .25
[ 20 8 kip s]
31 .00 31 .0 0 22
23.0.00
0
[ 208 kip s]
5 - BO T T O M REB A R
6 3 #8 X4 7' 0"
10 1# 8X 32 '6 "
5 3 #8 X5 3' 6"
9 2# 8X 38 '0 "
11 3# 8X6 '6 "
6 - REQ U IR ED & P RO V IDE D B A RS

ma x
6.1 Top Ba rs
5 .5 2
4. 91
2. 41
3 .9 8
1. 64
1. 64
5 .6
[ in ]
re qu ire d
pr ovid ed
2 .8
0 .0
2 .4
4 .8
6.2 B otto m Ba rs
ma x
7 - SHE A R ST IRRU PS
7.1 A DAP T sele cte d.
B ar S ize #6 Le gs: 2
S paci ng [in]
24
24
24
24
24
7.2 Use r-se lected

B ar S ize #
Le gs:
0 .07 2
0 .05 4
0 .03 6
0 .01 8
0 .00 0
7.3 Re qui red are a

2
[in /ft]
.0 7
S tressi ng E nd
8 - LEG E ND
.07
Dea d En d
9 - DES IG N PA RA ME T E RS
9.1 C od e: A CI f'c = 4 ksi f y = 60 ksi (lo n gitu di na l) f y = 60 ksi (sh e ar ) f pu = 2 7 0 ksi
9.2 Re bar Co ve r: Top = 2 in B ottom = 3 in Re ba r Tab le: AS TM - US Cu stoma ry b ar s (No n-r ed istr ibu ted Mo men ts)
9.3 S tre ssin g : f pj = .8 f pu
9.4 S tra n d A re a = .15 3 in
10 - DE SIG NE R'S NO T E S
FIGURE 3.1.4-1
3-9
ADAPT
3.1.5
Chapter 3
EXAMPLE PRINTOUT THREE SPAN, TWO-WAY SLAB

The following is a design summary for the three-span, two-way flat slab example
provided in the Software Manual (MNL5-2M). The Force Selection method was used
for design.
A D APT - ST R U C TU R AL C O N C R ETE SO FT W AR E SYS TEM
A DA PT- PT V ersi on 6 .0 8
Date: 9/2 9/00
Time : 2 :33:3 3 PM
File : Mn l5 _2m _L
1- P RO J E CT T ITL E A DA PT P T M anu al
1 .1 D ES IGN S TRIP Two -way eq uiva len t fr ame sl ab e xamp le fo r AD AP T ( SI)
2 - M EM BER E LEV AT IO N
[m ]
5. 75 0
8 .2 00
6. 75 0
0 .90 0
3 - T O P R EB A R
3 .1 U ser se lected
3 11 -1 6m m X 20 00 mm
3 .3 A DA PT se lected
1 6 -1 6m m X 20 40 mm
5 11 -1 6m m X21 00 mm
2 1 1- 16 mm X4 38 0 mm
4 1 2- 16 mm X4 68 0 mm
7 7- 1 6m m X 318 0 mm
4 - T E NDO N P RO F ILE
4 .2 D atum L ine
13 0
4 .3 C GS Distan ce [mm]
4 .5 F orce
25
[1 23 8 kN ]
23 52 35
25
[ 12 38 kN ]
2 35 23 5
25
[1 65 0 kN ]
15 13
011050
35
[1 65 0 kN ]
5 - B O T TO M R EB A R
9 4- 1 6mm X2 62 0 mm
6 9 -1 6m m X 34 80 mm
8 4- 1 6mm X3 30 0 mm
6 - RE QUIRE D & P RO V IDE D BA RS

6 .1 T op B ar s
2
[ mm ]
r eq uir ed
p ro vide d
6 .2 B ottom B ar s
ma x
3 77 7
4 53 3
4 35 8
1 31 6
89 7
1 71 5
1 41 2
4 8E +0 2
3 6E +0 2
2 4E +0 2
1 2E +0 2
0 0E +0 0
9 0E +0 1
1 8E +0 2
ma x
7 - P UNC HING SH EA R
OK =Acce ptab le
NG =N o G ood
*=n ot ap pli cabl e
or n ot pe rfor med
7 .1 S tre ss Ra tio
- --
.6 5
.6 5
-- -
7 .2 S tatus
OK
OK
Stre ssing En d
8 - LE G E ND
Dea d En d
9 - DE S IG N P A RA ME T E RS
2
9 .1 Co de : AC I f'c = 2 8 N/m m f y = 46 0 N /m m (l on gi tud in al ) f y = 4 6 0 N/m m (sh ea r) fpu = 1 8 60 N/mm

9 .2 R eb ar Cove r: T op = 2 5 mm Bo tto m = 2 5 mm Reb ar Ta bl e: A S TM - US S I b ar s (No n- red istrib ute d Mom en ts)
9 .3 S tre ssin g: f pj = .8 f pu
9 .4 S tra nd Ar ea = 99 mm
10 - D ES IG NE R'S NO T E S
FIGURE 3.1.5-1
3 - 10
ADAPT
3.2
Chapter 3
INITIAL STRESS ANALYSIS

required at force transfer of prestressing to concrete.
Stress checks can be performed for any loading, post-tensioning, or concrete strength conditions. Several stress checks may need to be performed for a given design. For each stress
check, the user enters the ratio of the initial to specified concrete strength, initial to specified
post-tensioning force and the fraction of dead and live load. The screen for entering these
values is shown in Fig. 3.2-1.
FIGURE 3.2-1
3.2.1
BACKGROUND AND THEORY

In post-tensioned members such as mat foundations and transfer girders, the posttensioning is usually applied before the member is subject to its full design loading.
Since the post-tensioning is generally determined for the design loading, its transfer
prior to the application of the total loading can result in stress distributions which are
significantly different from the final service conditions. In addition, in members
where the ratio of live loading to self weight is very high, the presence or absence of
live loading can have a significant impact on the member response. Substantial
changes in stresses can occur depending on the loading.
Stage stressing the tendons as the loading is applied can reduce the stress extremes for
mat foundations and transfer girders. It is not a solution for members with high live
loading or other unusual loading conditions, however. In these cases, it may be
necessary to provide additional mild steel to resist the tensile stresses.
In a member where there will be significant changes in loading, stresses for each of
the extreme loading cases should be reviewed. Typically, the post-tensioning is designed for the full loading condition. If stresses for other potential loading conditions
exceed the allowable tensile limits, addition rebar should be provided for crack
control. The two most common stress conditions that need to be checked are:
3 - 11
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Stress Check at Time of Transfer of Prestress (Initial Conditions)

At the time of the prestress transfer, the concrete is usually between three and
five days old and therefore is only 60 to 75% of its design strength. In addition, the post-tensioning is higher than the design value since long-term losses
have not occurred and in most cases, live loading is absent. The following
table gives the typical ratios of these parameters at initial condition to their
respective design values:
Description
Initial concrete strength ratio
Initial post-tensioning force ratio
Fraction of initial dead load
Fraction of initial live load
Ratio
0.75
1.15
1.00
0.00
Stress Check for Members Designed with High Live Loading

Such members are generally designed for full live loading and then checked
for stresses without live loading. The typical stress check parameters are as
follows:
Description
Initial concrete strength ratio
Initial post-tensioning force ratio
Fraction of initial dead load
Fraction of initial live load
Ratio
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
In this case the allowable stress against which the member is checked will be
allowable service stresses. The allowable service stresses are different from
those used for initial condition check.
3.2.2
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INITIAL STRESS CHECK

The user can enter a different set of parameters for each stress check. The following
computations are performed:
The dead loading, live loading, post-tensioning and combined stresses at 1/

20th points along each span are calculated using the combinations specified by
the user. The computed stresses are recorded in the file INSTRS.DAT.
The combined stresses are compared with the allowable tension and compression values based on the concrete strength and the stress limits specified
during data entry. For example, if the specified concrete strength was 4000 psi
3 - 12
ADAPT
Chapter 3
and the ratio of the initial to final concrete strength was 0.75, the tensile stress
limit for the condition shown in Fig. 3.2.2-1 would be: 3 * square root of
(0.75*4000) = 164 psi.
FIGURE 3.2.2-1)
If tension stresses exceed the allowable values, the area of reinforcement required is
calculated. The following relationship (ACI 318) is used to calculate the required
area:
As
= T/(0.5*fy)
As
T
fy
= Area of steel required;

= total tensile force of tension block; and,
= yield stress of the steel but not more than 60 ksi.
Where:
The required area of steel due to initial stress conditions at each 1/20th point is recorded in the file INISTL.DAT
The calculated rebar is compared with that computed for the ultimate strength
requirements and minimum code requirements as recorded in the file
SELBAR.DAT and summarized in data block 11 of the Results Report. If the
rebar required to satisfy initial stress condition exceeds that due to service
conditions, the excess is recorded in the file INITIAL.DAT If rebar computed
for the initial stress check option does not exceed values already provided in
the original design (service condition), none will be recorded in
INITIAL.DAT.
If compressive stresses exceed the specified value, a warning will be displayed. If this occurs, the original design should be modified. The status of
the compressive stresses is recorded in the file INITIAL.DAT.
Important: although the ratio of initial to specified concrete strength is entered on the
post-processor screen, the allowable stresses are entered during data entry for the
original analysis. If you want to change the allowable stresses, you must edit the
input data and re-execute the analysis.
3 - 13
ADAPT
3.2.3
Chapter 3
DESCRIPTION OF FILES AND PRINTOUT

The following describes the three principal files generated by the Initial Stress
Initial Stress Check Summary (INITIAL.DAT)
The results summary is stored in the file INITIAL.DAT which is a text file that may
be viewed with any word processor. The results may also be included on the Results
Report as data block 14 by checking the Initial Stresses box on the Report Setup. The
summary file lists:
stress check criteria consisting of load combinations and strength

values;
permissible stresses; and,
any required rebar which is in addition to the rebar reported for the
original design.
Figure 3.2.3-1 shows the summary file for the example of Section 3.2.4.
14 - I N I T I A L CONDITION STRESS CHECK & REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS

==============================================================================
14.1 Parameters specified as input for initial stress checks:
Tensile stresses divided by (f`c)^1/2
Concrete f`c (initial/final)
.75
Top fiber
........
.25
PT force (initial/final) ... 1.15
Bottom fiber
........
.25
Dead loading (initial/final) 1.00
Live loading (initial/final)
.00
Compression as ratio of f`c ....
.60
Note:
14.2.1
Reinforcement in this data block is in addition to that reported in data

block II for minimum and strength reinforcement required by code.
NO added MILD REINFORCEMENT is required for G R O U P
1*
14.2.2
SELECTION OF REBAR G R O U P
2*
(REFER TO 14.2.3 FOR POSITION)
<------- TOP STEEL -------->
<------ BOTTOM STEEL ------>
JOINT
(mm^2)
<-- SELECTION -->
(mm^2)
<-- SELECTION -->
--1---------2--------3---4------5-----------------6--------7---8------9------1
0
0
2
0
1534
3 #25 x 6600 mm
3
0
0
14.3 Compressive stresses

COMPRESSIVE stresses are within allowable limit (
MAXIMUM stress.............................. =
(f`ci = initial concrete strength)
.60 * f`ci )
.44 * f`ci
* Group 1 is generally in span and Group 2 at support.

For exact location refer to the file INISTL.DAT.
FIGURE 3.2.3-1
3 - 14
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Data block 14.1 reflects the user-input parameters for stress checks.
Data block 14.2 indicates the additional mild steel reinforcement required due to
initial stress conditions. The rebar shown is additive to the amounts shown in data
block 11 of the Results Report. Data blocks 14.2.1 and 14.2.2 indicate the area of
steel required and bar selection for Group #1 and Group #2, respectively.
For common conditions, Group #1 refers to rebar required in span and Group #2
refers to rebar at support. For unusual geometries or conditions however, user should
refer to the INISTL.DAT file for the exact location of the calculated reinforcement.
Data block 14.3 reports the maximum compressive stress as a multiple of the initial
concrete strength. Depending on the calculated maximum compressive stress, it
displays a message saying either:
COMPRESSIVE stresses are within allowable limit ( * fci)
or,
W A R N I N G .....exceeded the specified limit ( * fci)
Stresses At 1/20th Points (INSTRS.DAT)

This file, shown in Fig. 3.2.3-2, lists the stresses at 1/20th points along each span.
The stress combination specified by the user is listed in the heading as:
Stress COMBINATION used is .... ( #.##DL + #.##LL + #.##PT)
Stresses at the top and bottom of the structure are listed separately for dead load, live
load, post-tensioning and the combination specified by the user. Stresses are only
listed where applicable. If moments are reduced to face-of-support, only values
within the clear span length are displayed.
3 - 15
ADAPT
ADAPT STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM

Data ID: MNL-INST
DATE: Sep 29,2000

Output File ID:
Chapter 3
TIME: 15:54
INSTRS.DAT
==============================================================================
SUMMARY OF BENDING STRESSES AT 1/20TH POINTS
UNITS ARE ALL IN (N/mm^2)
NOTE: stresses at centerlines, or next to centerline points may not be of
practical significance if these points fall over the supports. Use the
stresses which fall within the net span length as given at top of each
table below. Where applicable, reduced moments are used.
If live load (LL) is included, its maximum value at any point is used.
Tension is shown positive.
Stress COMBINATION used is .... ( 1.00DL +
.00LL + 1.15PT)
SPAN = 1
LENGTH = 20.00 meter

(Net span from
.46 to 19.54 m )
<--- D L --->
<--- L L --->
<--- P T --->
<-COMBINED->
X/L
X
top
bottom
top
bottom
top bottom
top bottom
------------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
1.00
-.94
1.88
-1.02
2.05
-2.17
-5.86
-3.43
-4.86
.10
2.00
-1.74
3.49
-1.92
3.85
-1.09
-8.01
-3.00
-5.72
.15
3.00
-2.41
4.83
-2.69
5.40
-.18
-9.84
-2.62
-6.49
.20
4.00
-2.95
5.90
-3.34
6.70
.58 -11.36
-2.28
-7.17
.25
5.00
-3.35
6.70
-3.87
7.75
1.18 -12.57
-1.99
-7.75
.30
6.00
-3.61
7.24
-4.27
8.56
1.63 -13.46
-1.74
-8.23
.35
7.00
-3.75
7.51
-4.55
9.12
1.91 -14.03
-1.55
-8.63
.40
8.00
-3.75
7.51
-4.71
9.43
2.05 -14.30
-1.40
-8.93
.45
9.00
-3.62
7.24
-4.74
9.49
2.02 -14.24
-1.29
-9.14
.50
10.00
-3.35
6.71
-4.65
9.30
1.84 -13.88
-1.24
-9.26
.55
11.00
-2.95
5.90
-4.43
8.87
1.43 -13.07
-1.30
-9.12
.60
12.00
-2.41
4.83
-4.09
8.19
.74 -11.67
-1.57
-8.59
.65
13.00
-1.74
3.49
-3.62
7.26
-.25
-9.70
-2.03
-7.66
.70
14.00
-.94
1.88
-3.04
6.08
-1.52
-7.15
-2.69
-6.34
.75
15.00
.00
.01
-2.32
4.65
-3.09
-4.01
-3.56
-4.61
.80
16.00
1.07
-2.14
2.48
-4.96
-4.94
-.30
-4.62
-2.48
.85
17.00
2.27
-4.55
2.63
-5.27
-7.09
4.00
-5.88
.05
.90
18.00
3.61
-7.23
3.34
-6.69
-9.52
8.87
-7.34
2.98
.95
19.00
5.08 -10.18
4.70
-9.42 -11.52
12.88
-8.17
4.63
1.00
20.00
SPAN = 2
STRESSES ARE SYMMETRIC TO SPAN 1
FIGURE 3.2.3-2
Steel Required Due To Stress Check (INISTL.DAT)
The rebar required due to the initial stress check at each 1/20th point is summarized in
the file INISTL.DAT. The values listed are due to consideration of the initial condition, they are not additive to the steel from the original analysis.
This listing is useful for comparison with the steel provided for ultimate strength and
the minimum area of steel required by code. It can also be used as a guide to determine where in the span the rebar should be placed.
Figure 3.2.3-3 is a partial reproduction of this file for the example of Section 3.2.4.
3 - 16
ADAPT

Data ID: MNL-INST
DATE: Sep 29,2000

Output File ID:
Chapter 3
TIME: 15:54
INISTL.DAT
==============================================================================
AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED DUE TO INITIAL STRESSES AT RELEASE
Note: this is NOT in addition to rebar from other considerations
Note: for LEFT CANTILEVER (if any) X/L= 0.00 is
and X/L= 1.00 is at first support
at tip of cantilever,
SPAN = 1
X/L
LENGTH =
20.00 meter; CLEAR from
.46 to
19.54 m
X
<--Reinforcement (mm^2)-->
m
TOP
BOTTOM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------.80
16.00
.000
.000
.85
17.00
.000
.000
.90
18.00
.000
785.329
.95
19.00
.000
1533.735
1.00
20.00
SPAN = 2
X/L
LENGTH =
.46 to
19.54 m
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
1.00
.000
1533.735
.10
2.00
.000
785.329
.15
3.00
.000
.000
.20
4.00
.000
.000
.25
5.00
.000
.000
FIGURE 3.2.3-3
3 - 17
ADAPT
3.2.4
Chapter 3
EXAMPLE - TWO-SPAN T-BEAM

This section contains an example of the use of the Initial Stresses post-processor to check
stresses at the transfer of post-tensioning. The structure is shown in Fig. 3.2.4-1. A partial
listing of the gravity design of this example containing the relevant information for the initial
check condition is shown in Fig. 3.2.4-2. The solution to the stress check condition is given
in Fig. 3.2.4-2. Data block 11 of the Results Report, Mild Reinforcement Requirements
shows the steel required for the final design conditions. A summary of the Initial Stress
option requirements is given in data block 14.
FIGURE 3.2.4-1
Geometry and loading:
L
Dead Load
Live Load
= 20 m
= 23.88 kN/m
= 22.11 kN/m
Allowable stress at transfer of prestressing (initial stress):

Tension Stress
Compression Stress
= 0.25(f)1/2
= 0.60(fci)
3 - 18
ADAPT
Chapter 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
ADAPT CORPORATION
|
|
|
|
1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, California 94061
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
ADAPT-PT FOR POST-TENSIONED BEAM/SLAB DESIGN
|
|
Version 6.08 AMERICAN (ACI-318-99/UBC-1997)
|
|
Tel: (650)306-2400, Fax: (650)364-4678
|
|
Support@AdaptSoft.com, www.AdaptSoft.com
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DATE AND TIME OF PROGRAM EXECUTION:
Sep 29,2000
At Time: 15:55
PROJECT FILE:
MNL-INST
P R O J E C T
T I T L E:
TWO SPAN T-BEAM FOR INITIAL VERIFICATION
(MNL-INST)
1 - USER SPECIFIED
G E N E R A L
D E S I G N
P A R A M E T E R S
==============================================================================
CONCRETE:
STRENGTH at 28 days, for BEAMS/SLABS .............
for COLUMNS .................
28.00 N/mm^2
28.00 N/mm^2
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY for BEAMS/SLABS ............

for COLUMNS ................
24870.00 N/mm^2
24870.00 N/mm^2
CREEP factor for deflections for BEAMS/SLABS .....

CONCRETE WEIGHT ..................................
2.00
NORMAL
TENSION STRESS limits (multiple of (f'c)1/2)

At Top ..........................................
At Bottom .......................................
.500
.500
COMPRESSION STRESS limits (multiple of (f'c))

At all locations .................................
.450
REINFORCEMENT:
YIELD Strength ...................................
Minimum Cover at TOP .............................
Minimum Cover at BOTTOM ..........................
460.00 N/mm^2
15.00 mm
15.00 mm
POST-TENSIONING:
SYSTEM ...........................................
Ultimate strength of strand ......................
Average effective stress in strand (final) .......
Strand area.......................................
Min CGS of tendon from TOP........................
Min CGS of tendon from BOTTOM for INTERIOR spans..
Min CGS of tendon from BOTTOM for EXTERIOR spans..
Min average precompression .......................
Max spacing between strands (factor of slab depth)
Tendon profile type and support widths............
UNBONDED
1860.00 N/mm^2
1200.00 N/mm^2
99.000 mm^2
25.00 mm
25.00 mm
25.00 mm
.85 N/mm^2
8.00
(see section 9)
ANALYSIS OPTIONS USED:

Structural system ................................
BEAM
Moment of Inertia over support is ................
NOT INCREASED
Moments REDUCED to face of support ...............
YES
Limited plastification allowed(moments redistributed)
NO
Effective flange width consideration .............
NO
3 - 19
ADAPT
Chapter 3
2 - I N P U T
G E O M E T R Y
==============================================================================
2.1.1 PRINCIPAL SPAN DATA OF UNIFORM SPANS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------S
F|
|
|
TOP
|BOTTOM/MIDDLE|
|
P
O|
|
|
FLANGE
|
FLANGE
| REF | MULTIPLIER
A
R| LENGTH| WIDTH
DEPTH| width thick.| width thick.|HEIGHT| left right
N
M|
m
|
mm
mm |
mm
mm |
mm
mm | mm |
-1-----3----4-------5-------6-------7------8------9------10----11-----12----131
2
20.00
460
915
2286
155
915
.50
.50
2
2
20.00
460
915
2286
155
915
.50
.50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGEND:
1 - SPAN
3 - FORM
C = Cantilever
1 = Rectangular section
2 = T or Inverted L section
11 - Top surface to reference line; positive reference line
2.2 - S U P P O R T
W I D T H
A N D
C O L U M N
D A T A
SUPPORT
<------- LOWER COLUMN ------>
<------ UPPER COLUMN ------>
WIDTH
LENGTH
B(DIA)
D
CBC*
LENGTH
B(DIA)
D
CBC*
JOINT
mm
m
mm
mm
m
mm
mm
--1-------2---------3-------4-------5-----6---------7-------8-------9----10--1
915
.00
0
0 (1)
.00
0
0 (1)
2
915
.00
0
0 (1)
.00
0
0 (1)
3
915
.00
0
0 (1)
.00
0
0 (1)
*THE COLUMN BOUNDARY CONDITION CODES (CBC)
Fixed at both ends ...(STANDARD) ............................. = 1
3 - I N P U T
A P P L I E D
L O A D I N G
==============================================================================
<---CLASS--->
D = DEAD LOAD
L = LIVE LOAD
<--------------TYPE------------------->
U = UNIFORM
P = PARTIAL UNIFORM
C = CONCENTRATED
M = APPLIED MOMENT
Li= LINE LOAD
SW= SELF WEIGHT Computed from geometry input and treated as dead loading
3.1 - LOADING AS APPEARS IN USER`S INPUT SCREEN PRIOR TO PROCESSING

==============================================================================
UNIFORM
(kN/m^2),
( CON. or PART. )
( M O M E N T )
SPAN CLASS TYPE
LINE(kN/m)
( kN@m or m-m )
( kN-m @ m )
-1-----2------3---------4------------5-------6-----------7-------8-----------1
1
L
D
Li
Li
22.100
23.880
.00
.00
20.00
20.00
2
2
L
D
Li
Li
22.100
23.880
.00
.00
20.00
20.00
NOTE: LIVE LOADING is SKIPPED with a skip factor of
3 - 20
1.00
ADAPT
Chapter 3
4 - C A L C U L A T E D
S E C T I O N
P R O P E R T I E S
==============================================================================
4.2 - Computed Section Properties for Segments of Nonprismatic Spans
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Section properties are listed for all segments of each span
A= cross-sectional geometry
Yt= centroidal distance to top fiber
I= gross moment of inertia
Yb= centroidal distance to bottom fiber
SPAN
AREA
I
Yb
Yt
(SEGMENT)
mm^2
mm^4
mm
mm
---------------2----------------3---------------4-------------5----SPAN 1
1
703930.00
.5437E+11
610.29
304.71
SPAN 2
1
703930.00
.5437E+11
610.29
304.71
9 - SELECTED POST-TENSIONING FORCES AND TENDON PROFILES

==============================================================================
9.1
PROFILE TYPES AND PARAMETERS
LEGEND:
For Span:
1 = reversed parabola
2 = simple parabola with straight portion over support
9.2
T E N D O N
P R O F I L E
TYPE
X1/L
X2/L
X3/L
A/L
----------1--------2----------3----------4----------5-----1
1
.000
.500
.100
.000
2
1
.100
.500
.000
.000
9.3 - SELECTED POST-TENSIONING FORCES AND TENDON DRAPE

==============================================================================
<-------- SELECTED VALUES --------> <- CALCULATED VALUES ->
FORCE
<- DISTANCE OF CGS (mm) ->
P/A
Wbal
SPAN
(kN/-)
Left
Center
Right
(N/mm^2)
(kN/-)
--1----------2---------3--------4--------5-----------6----------7--------1
2391.000
610.29
25.00
890.00
3.40
34.676
2
2391.000
890.00
25.00
610.29
3.40
34.676
11 - M I L D
S T E E L
==============================================================================
REINFORCEMENT based on
NO
REDISTRIBUTION of factored moments
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------11.2.1
S T E E L
A T
M I D - S P A N
T O P
B O T T O M
As
As
SPAN (mm^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
(mm^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
0 (
0
0
0)
0 (
0
0
0)
2
0 (
0
0
0)
0 (
0
0
0)
3 - 21
ADAPT
11.3.1
Chapter 3
S T E E L
A T
S U P P O R T S
T O P
B O T T O M
As
As
JOINT (mm^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
(mm^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
0 (
0
0
0)
1123 (
923
1123
0)
2
1815 (
1815
1693
0)
103 (
103
0
0)
3
0 (
0
0
0)
1123 (
923
1123
0)
11.2.2 & 11.3.2
SELECTION OF REBAR
-----------------------------------------------------SPAN ID LOCATION NUM BAR LENGTH [mm] AREA [mm^2]

--1----2-----3------4----5-------6---------7---------1
1
T
4 # 25 x 10600
2040
1
2
B
3 # 25 x 40600
1530
-----------------------------------------------------Notes:
Bar location - T = Top, B = Bottom.
NUM - Number of bars.
Refer to tables 11.5.1,11.5.2 and PTsum graphical display for
positioning of bars.
14 - I N I T I A L CONDITION STRESS CHECK & REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS

==============================================================================
14.1 Parameters specified as input for initial stress checks:
Tensile stresses divided by (f`c)^1/2
Concrete f`c (initial/final)
.75
Top fiber
........
.25
PT force (initial/final) ... 1.15
Bottom fiber
........
.25
Dead loading (initial/final) 1.00
Live loading (initial/final)
.00
Compression as ratio of f`c ....
.60
Note: Reinforcement reported in this data block is in addition to that reported
in data block 11 for minimum and strength reinforcement required by code.
14.2.1
NO added MILD REINFORCEMENT is required for G R O U P
1*
14.2.2
SELECTION OF REBAR G R O U P 2*
(REFER TO 14.2.3 FOR POSITION)
<------- TOP STEEL -------->
<------ BOTTOM STEEL ------>
JOINT
(mm^2)
<-- SELECTION -->
(mm^2)
<-- SELECTION -->
--1---------2--------3---4------5-----------------6--------7---8------9------1
0
0
2
0
1534
3 #25 x 6600 mm
3
0
0
14.3 Compressive stresses

COMPRESSIVE stresses are within allowable limit (
MAXIMUM stress.............................. =
(f`ci = initial concrete strength)
FIGURE 3.2.4-2
3 - 22
.60 * f`ci )
.44 * f`ci
ADAPT
3.2.5
Chapter 3
VERIFICATION
The purpose of this section is to verify the results of the Initial Stresses Post-processor. The
two-span T-beam from Section 3.2.4 will be used. The following refers to data block 14,
Initial Condition Stress Check & Reinforcement Requirements.
Data Block 14.1 - Parameters Specified As Input For Initial Stress Checks
The left column reflects information input by the user in both ADAPT-PT and in the
post-processor dialog box. The user has indicated that concrete strength at time of
stressing, fci, is 75% of the final strength, fc. The post-tensioning force and dead
loading are 115% and 100% of their values from the ADAPT-PT run, respectively.
There is no live loading so the ratio is shown as zero.
In this example, the dead loading is due only to the weight of the beam. If there had
been a superimposed dead load that was not to be included during the initial stress
check, the user would have input the dead load ratio as:
(Selfweight)/(Selfweight + Superimposed dead load)
The right column shows the tensile stress limits in terms of multiples of (fc)1/2 . The
last entry in the column gives the limit for compression stresses in terms of fc. In this
example, the tensile stress limit is 0.25 (fci)1/2, the compressive stress limit is 0.6 fci.
Data Block 14.2 Additional Mild Reinforcement Required
In this example, additional steel is only required at the bottom of the second support.
The following computations verify that the calculated area is correct. The results are
referenced to the Results Report, i.e. the notation ADAPT B4.2, C3 refers to column
3 of block 4.2. Note that since these values are rounded off to the second decimal
place, there will be small discrepancies between these hand calculations and the
ADAPT-PT results.
Stresses due to initial conditions are recorded in the file INSTRS.DAT. The maximum tensile stress are at X/L = 0.95 in span 1 and X/L = 0.05 in span 2. Stresses are
calculated as:
f
= (+ M(combined)/S) - P/A
Sb
= I/Yb =
=
= I/Yt =
=
Where,
St
5.437 x 1010 mm4 / 610.29 mm

8.908 x 107 mm3
5.437 x 1010 mm4 / 304.71 mm
1.7843 x 108 mm3
3 - 23
(ADAPT B4.2, C3, C4)

(ADAPT B4.2, C3, C5)
ADAPT

P/A
Chapter 3
= 1.15 * 3.40 N/mm2 = 3.91 N/mm2 (ADAPT B9.3, C6)
Moments are stored in the file MOMENTS.DAT. Evaluating the combination of

1.00DL + 1.15PT at X/L=0.05 gives:
M(combined,X/L=0.05) = 1.00*(-906.7) + 1.15*(1450)
= 760.8 kN-m
fb
= (760.8 x 106)/(8.908 x 107) - 3.91

= 4.63 N/mm2 (T)
(ADAPT 4.63, INSTRS.DAT)
ft
= (-760.8 x 106)/(1.784 x 108) - 3.91

= -8.17 N/mm2
= 8.17 N/mm2 (C)
(ADAPT -8.17, INSTRS.DAT)
The allowable tensile stresses are calculated as:

fci
= 0.75 fc
fallowable, (T)
= 0.75 * 28 N/mm2
= 21 N/mm2
= 0.25(fci)1/2 = 0.25 * 211/2

= 1.15 N/mm2 (tension)
Since the tensile stress fb(4.63 N/mm2 ) is greater than the allowable value (1.15 N/
mm2), nonprestressed reinforcement needs to be provided. Mild reinforcement is
provided for the tension force (T) on the concrete section using the following relationship from ACI-318:
As
T
fy
= T/(0.5*fy)
= tension force
= 460 N/mm2
(ADAPT B1)
The tensile force is found by assuming a linear stress distribution as shown in Fig.
3.2.5-1:
h
bw
= 915 mm
= 460 mm
= [4.63/(4.63 + 8.17)]*915
= 330.97 mm
3 - 24
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.2.5-1
T
= (330.97*460/2)*4.63/1000
= 352450 N
Steel required for the initial conditions is recorded in the file INISTL.DAT.
As
= 352450/(0.5*460)
= 1532 mm2
(ADAPT 1534 mm2, INISTL.DAT)
Additional steel is the difference between the total required for initial stress conditions and that required for the ADAPT run as recorded in the file SELBAR.DAT.
At X/L = 0.05 in the second span:
As due to initial stress only = 1534 mm2
As, due to other considerations = 0 mm2
(INISTL.DAT)
(SELBAR.DAT)
As, to be added = 1534 - 0 = 1534 mm2
(ADAPT 1534 mm, B14.2.2, C6)
Data Block 14.3 - Compressive Stresses

The initial compressive strength, fci, is the ratio of fc specified in the post processor
dialog window. In this example:
fci
= 0.75*fc
= 0.75*28 = 21 N/mm2
(ADAPT B14.1)
Allowable stresses were as 0.60*fci. Therefore, the maximum allowable stress is:
3 - 25
ADAPT
Chapter 3
0.60*21 = 12.6 N/mm2

The maximum compressive stress, as shown in the file INSTRS.DAT, is 9.25 N/mm2
at X/L=.50
9.26/21 = 0.4409
(ADAPT 0.44, B14.3)
The maximum stress is thus reported as 0.44*fci:

0.44*fci = 0.44*21 = 9.24 N/mm2 (C)
The small discrepancy is due to rounding.
3.2.6 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF VERSIONS OTHER THAN ACI
Calculation of initial stresses and additional required steel are carried out in the same manner
for all the codes. The verification in the previous section applies to all of the codes available
in ADAPT-PT.
3 - 26
ADAPT
3.3
Chapter 3
LATERAL ANALYSIS
3.3.1
BACKGROUND
In this document, lateral forces refers to the forces and effects that are generated in a
slab/beam frame due to wind or earthquake. The forces and moments due to the
lateral loading are additive to those due to gravity.
In high seismic or wind areas however, buildings are usually provided with members
that are specifically designated to resist the lateral forces. These members are called
the primary lateral load resisting members. Collectively, they make up the lateral
force resisting structural system of the building. The primary lateral load resisting
system of a building must be designed for gravity and lateral forces. Common lateral
load resisting systems are shear wall systems, braced frames, and moment frames.
Where relatively high lateral forces and possibly large horizontal displacements are
anticipated, the integrity of the members which are not part of the primary lateral load
resisting system must be checked against the displacements of the building. Such
frames are not expected to contribute to the resistance of the lateral loads but are
expected to remain serviceable after the lateral load-inducing event. The Uniform
Building Code (UBC), for example, requires that all framing members which are not
part of the lateral force-resisting system be shown adequate for a combination of
gravity loads and induced moments due to a prescribed multiple of the displacements
caused by the code-required lateral forces.
Post-tensioned buildings that are not subjected to either high seismic or high wind
loadings typically do not have a separate lateral load resisting system. The slabs and
beams are designed to resist the wind or seismic forces in proportion to either their
tributary area or the area of faade they support.
The UBC requirements for the primary lateral force-resisting members are:
Mu
Mu
= 0.75*(1.40Md + 1.70Ml + 1.70Mlat) + 1.00Msec

= 0.90Md + 0.00Ml + 1.30Mlat + 1.00Msec
(1)
(2)
Mu
Md
Ml
Msec
Mlat
= Factored moment accounting for lateral effects;

= moment due to dead loading;
= moment due to live loading;
= secondary moment due to prestressing; and,
= moment due to wind loading. The coefficient is multiplied by 1.1 if
Mlat is due to earthquake.
Where,
The intent of the two UBC relationships is to cover the most adverse combinations of
dead, live and lateral loading to determine the factored moments that a given member
3 - 27
ADAPT
Chapter 3
should be designed to resist. Note that the factors 1.4, 1.7, etc, are quoted for illustration only, they may be different in other codes. The designer must determine the
governing factors using the applicable building code.
It should also be noted that in the design of prestressed members subject to wind or
earthquake loading, only the members strength performance is checked against the
combinations of lateral actions and gravity loadings. Lateral loading is not considered
when doing the serviceability stress checks that are used to determine the required
prestressing forces. For this reason, the design for lateral loading is viewed as a postprocessing operation in which the gravity design, and therefore the prestressing, is
already determined.
Percentage of Prestressing Available
When calculating the required mild reinforcement for the combined actions of gravity
and lateral loading, all or part of the prestressing in the section may be considered
available. The percentage of prestressing to include in the strength analysis for the
combined actions is specified by the user. For wind loading, the common practice is
to assume that 100% of the prestressing is effective. For earthquake loading in high
seismic regions (Zone IV of UBC) a lesser value is recommended, in order to provide
a larger amount of mild reinforcement, thereby increasing ductility.
Two-way Slab Systems
In addition to the check for the total combined moment to be resisted by the frame,
there is a second requirement for two-way systems. At any joint of a two-way system,
ACI requires that a fraction of column moment be resisted by a narrow strip of slab
(referred to as the a strip) immediately over the column. This is referred to as transfer
of unbalanced joint moment. The a strip extends 1.5 times the slab thickness, or the
drop thickness if there is one, on either side of the column as illustrated in Fig. 3.3.11.
The fraction of unbalanced moment to be transferred by the a strip at each joint is
calculated as:
= {1/(1 + (2/3)*[(c1+d)/(c2+d)]1/2}
Where,
c1
= size of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or

bracket measured in the direction of the span for which moments are
being determined,
c2
= size of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or

bracket measured transverse to the direction of the span
3 - 28
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.3.1-1
d
= distance of compression fiber to center of tension
For two-way slab systems, the width of slab on either side of the column to be considered as the making up the plane frame must also be determined. This is further discussed at the end of this chapter.
3.3.2
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
For slab/beam frames subjected to lateral forces, either wind or earthquake, the
following design procedure is commonly adopted:
1. Design the frame for gravity loading.
2. Combine the actions due to lateral loading with those from the gravity loading.
3 - 29
ADAPT
Chapter 3
3. Check the adequacy of each member for the combined actions. If necessary,
add mild reinforcement to meet the requirements of the combined actions.
Figure 3.3.2-1 illustrates the loading and moments on a single span of a continuous
frame. Figure 3.3.2-1(a) shows the dead and live loading, a post-tensioning tendon,
and lateral loading.
The procedure used by ADAPT in analysis and design for lateral moments is as
follows:
1.
The moments due to lateral loading (Mlat) at each end of a beam/slab span are
computed using an independent frame analysis. For this example, these
moments are shown in Fig. 3.3.2-1(e). Note that the lateral moments vary
linearly between adjacent support centerlines. Often, these moments can
FIGURE 3.3.2-1
3 - 30
ADAPT
Chapter 3
change sign due to reversal in direction of the lateral loading. The user specifies whether a sign change for the lateral moments should be accounted for
when calculating the critical load combinations.
2.
Moments at 1/20th points due to dead loading are determined by ADAPT as

part of the gravity analysis. These are shown for a typical case in Fig. 3.3.21(b).
3.
There are two considerations for live loading.

Live loading may be completely absent. Since the absence of live loading
may lead to more severe conditions at some points, the factor for the live
loading is commonly zero in one of the moment combination equations.
When live loading is present, its arrangement on different spans should maximize the moments at given points. A typical moment envelope is shown in
Fig. 3.3.2-1(c). The envelope lists the maximum positive and negative moments at 1/20th points along each span due to different live load patterns.
This type of envelope is generated whenever skipped live loading is specified.
If live loading is skipped, each of the two load combination equations must be
evaluated twice at any given point along the span, once with the maximum
positive live load moment and once with the maximum negative live load
moment.
4.
Since this is a strength evaluation of a prestressed member, secondary (hyperstatic) moments due to post-tensioning must be included. Note that the secondary moments also vary linearly from support to support. The combination
factor commonly used for secondary moments is typically one since the
parameters governing their magnitudes are well defined and are not subject to
the statistical scatter that applies to dead and live loading. Secondary moments are calculated by ADAPT at 1/20th points along each span. For a
complete description of secondary moments and their evaluations, refer to the
chapter on Theory in the Software Manual.
5.
The lateral load moments are combined with the moments at 1/20th points due
to dead loading, live loading, and secondary moments derived from the gravity
solution using the two specified equations. Up to eight moment combinations
are evaluated for each of the 1/20th points along each span.
There are two relationships; if the lateral moments change sign, each relationship is evaluated once for the positive direction of the lateral moments, and
once for the reversed direction. If live load is skipped, each point is considered
with both the maximum positive and maximum negative live load moment.
The outcome of the combinations is listed as an envelope of factored moments
at 1/20th points as shown in Fig. 3.3.2-1(f).
3 - 31
ADAPT
3.3.3
Chapter 3
6.
For the purposes of a summary report a set of six moment values are selected
from the list of factored moments generated at 1/20th points. These are: two at
the left support, two in the span, and two at the right support. At each location, the maximum and minimum moments are selected. For the left and right
supports, the values are moments at the face-of-support, if the user has invoked this option in inputdata. Otherwise, they are centerline values. For the
in-span moments, the midspan values are selected. The values selected are
listed in data block 15.1 of the Results Report in columns 4 through 9. The
values of the moments at 1/20th points are recorded in the file LATBM.DAT.
7.
The required mild reinforcement is calculated for each of the 1/20th points for
each span. The corresponding factored moment at each 1/20th point. The
reinforcement necessary for the lateral load case is listed at 1/20th points in
data file LATSTL.DAT. In addition, this file includes the reinforcement
needed at the face-of-supports. This is a text file and can be viewed using a
word processor. The maximum value of reinforcement for each of the three
regions left, center and right of each span are selected and reported in data
block 15 of the program output.
INPUT SCREENS
Figures 3.3.3-1 and 3.3.3-2 show the input screens for the Lateral Analysis.
The Settings tab shows the two underlying equations for the combination of moments,
the combination coefficients are entered by the user. The bottom of the Settings tab
shows the conditions that the user may impose for the combination of the moments
and the calculation of the required mild reinforcing. These conditions are:
Whether the calculations should consider change of sign for the applied lateral
moments;
What percentage of the post-tensioning available in the frame should be
considered as contributing to the lateral load resistance; and,
For two-way systems, the number of strands or the percentage of post-tensioning which is available over the a strip. This information is used to determine
the rebar required for transfer of the unbalanced moments.
The Moments tab contains a table for entering the applied lateral moments at the ends
of each span.
3 - 32
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.3.3-1
FIGURE 3.3.3-2
3.3.4 DESCRIPTION OF PRINTOUT
A summary of the analysis and design for the combination of lateral and gravity
moments is saved in the file LATERAL.DAT. This file may be included in the Results Report by checking the Lateral Analysis box on the Report Setup screen. The
Lateral Analysis results are data block 15.
3 - 33
ADAPT
Chapter 3
3.3.4.1 Summary of Moments - file LATBM.DAT

Data Block 15.1
The first section of this block shows the combination coefficients entered by
the user. The applied moments are listed in columns 2 and 3. Representative
moments for each span, as illustrated in Fig. 3.3.2-1(f), are listed in columns 4
through 9.
Data Block 15.2
This data block is only applicable to two-way systems, where a fraction of the
unbalanced moment must be transferred through a strip of slab over the
column (the a strip). The coefficient , listed in column 2, is the fraction of
column moment which must be resisted by the a strip. The actual value of the
moment at the left and right of each joint is shown in columns 3 through 6.
Both the maximum negative and maximum positive moments of the various
combinations at each side of a joint are listed. These values are the products
of the respective unbalanced moments and the related value. The full unbalanced moments to be resisted by the frame columns are shown in columns 7
and 8. The unbalanced moment, Mc (=Mc1 + Mc2) is illustrated in Fig.
3.3.4.1-1.
In some cases, the column moments printed in columns 7 and 8 do not appear
to balance the corresponding joint moments. This is because the joint moments are selected from the maxima occurring over a length of span (1/10)
from each joint whereas the unbalanced moment refers strictly to the moment
necessary to statically balance the moments at the face-of-column and slab/
beam. The influence of shear at the face-of-support on the column moment is
disregarded.
Column 9 of this data block indicates the amount of post-tensioning the user
has specified as being available within the a strip. This is used in the
calculation of additional rebar required at that location.
Data Block 15.3
This is the legend for the mild steel reinforcement printout.
Data Blocks 15.4, 15.5
This is a summary of the calculated and governing rebar along with the selected bar size, quantity, and length. Columns 2 and 6 of data blocks 15.4 and
15.5 reflect the total mild steel reinforcement calculated to meet all lateral
requirements. These values do not reflect the gravity load analysis however.
3 - 34
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.3.4.1-1
The user must compare these results with the gravity load analysis to determine the governing condition.
3.3.4.2 Summary of Moments - file LATBM.DAT
The file LATBM.DAT contains the factors used for moment combinations and
the moments at 1/20th points along each span. This file also includes the
applied lateral moment computed for each point. Listings of the dead, live and
secondary moments are given in the data file MOMENTS.DAT which is
generated during the gravity load analysis.
3.3.4.3 Summary of Mild Reinforcement - file LATSTL.DAT
This file lists the mild reinforcement requirements for the critical lateral and
gravity moments listed in data blocks 15.1 and 15.2. In the absence of a
graphical display of bar along the length of the spans, it is strongly recom3 - 35
ADAPT
Chapter 3
mended to consult this file for a clear indication of the amount and location of
the bars.
3.3.5
EXAMPLES
This section contains two examples of the Lateral Analysis post-processor. They are
based on two of the designs given in Chapter 5 of the Software Manual.
EXAMPLE 1 - TWO-WAY EQUIVALENT FRAME ANALYZED FOR WIND
LOADING
The three span two-way slab, MNL5-2M, is assumed to be subjected to a wind loading that causes the lateral moment distribution in the scale shown below.
FIGURE 3.3.5-1
An exerpt of the results of the gravity design along with the lateral analysis are listed
in the verification part of this section.
EXAMPLE 2 - T-BEAM ANALYZED FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING
The three span beam shown below is designed for gravity and lateral loading. It is
assumed that the response of the structure to a given earthquake loading has resulted
in the additional beam moments shown.
3 - 36
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.3.5-2
The results of the ADAPT analysis for this case are given in the following excerpt
from the printout:
3 - 37
ADAPT
Chapter 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
ADAPT CORPORATION
|
|
|
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
Tel: (650)306-2400, Fax: (650)364-4678
|
|
|
Sep 27,2000
At Time: 15:28
PROJECT FILE:
Mnl5_3_L
P R O J E C T
T I T L E:
T-BEAM EXAMPLE FOR ADAPT POST TENSIONING SOFTWARE
1 - USER SPECIFIED
G E N E R A L
D E S I G N
P A R A M E T E R S
==============================================================================
CONCRETE:
for COLUMNS .................
4000.00 psi
4000.00 psi

for COLUMNS ................
3604.00 ksi
3604.00 ksi

CONCRETE WEIGHT ..................................
2.00
NORMAL

At Top ..........................................
At Bottom .......................................
9.000
9.000

At all locations .................................
.450
REINFORCEMENT:
YIELD Strength ...................................
POST-TENSIONING:
SYSTEM ...........................................
Strand area.......................................
60.00 ksi
2.00 in
3.00 in
UNBONDED
270.00 ksi
175.00 ksi
.153 in^2
2.25 in
3.25 in
3.25 in
200.00 psi
8.00
(see section 9)

Structural system ................................
ONE-WAY
Moment of Inertia over support is ................
NOT INCREASED
YES
NO
Effective flange width consideration .............
NO
3 - 38
ADAPT
Chapter 3
2 - I N P U T
G E O M E T R Y
==============================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------S
F|
|
|
TOP
|BOTTOM/MIDDLE|
|
P
O|
|
|
FLANGE
|
FLANGE
| REF | MULTIPLIER
A
R| LENGTH| WIDTH
N
M|
ft |
in
in |
in
in |
in
in | in |
-1-----3----4-------5-------6-------7------8------9------10----11-----12----131
2
64.00 18.00
34.00
98.00
5.00
34.00
.50
.50
2
2
55.00 18.00
34.00
98.00
5.00
34.00
.50
.50
3
2
17.00 18.00
34.00
98.00
5.00
34.00
.50
.50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGEND:
1 - SPAN
3 - FORM
C = Cantilever
2 = T or Inverted L section
11 - Top surface to reference line; above reference line positive
2.2 - S U P P O R T
W I D T H
A N D
C O L U M N
D A T A
SUPPORT
<------- LOWER COLUMN ------>
<------ UPPER COLUMN ------>
WIDTH
LENGTH
B(DIA)
D
CBC*
LENGTH
B(DIA)
D
CBC*
JOINT
in
ft
in
in
ft
in
in
--1-------2---------3-------4-------5-----6---------7-------8-------9----10--1
14.00
10.00
14.00
14.00 (3)
.00
.00
.00 (1)
2
18.00
10.00
18.00
18.00 (1)
.00
.00
.00 (1)
3
18.00
10.00
18.00
18.00 (1)
.00
.00
.00 (1)
4
14.00
10.00
14.00
14.00 (3)
.00
.00
.00 (1)
Fixed at near end, hinged at far end ......................... = 3
3 - I N P U T
A P P L I E D
L O A D I N G
==============================================================================
<---CLASS--->
D = DEAD LOAD
L = LIVE LOAD
<--------------TYPE------------------->
U = UNIFORM
P = PARTIAL UNIFORM
C = CONCENTRATED
M = APPLIED MOMENT
Li= LINE LOAD
3 - 39
ADAPT
Chapter 3

==============================================================================
UNIFORM
(k/ft^2),
( CON. or PART. )
( M O M E N T )
SPAN CLASS TYPE
LINE(k/ft)
( k@ft or ft-ft )
( k-ft @ ft )
-1-----2------3---------4------------5-------6-----------7-------8-----------1
1
L
D
Li
Li
.540
1.900
.00
.00
64.00
64.00
2
2
L
D
Li
Li
.540
1.900
.00
.00
55.00
55.00
3
3
L
D
Li
Li
.540
1.900
.00
.00
17.00
17.00
7 M O M E N T S
REDUCED TO FACE-OF-SUPPORT
==============================================================================
7.1
R E D U C E D
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS (k-ft)
SPAN
<- left* -> <- midspan ->
<- right* ->
--1---------------2-------------3-------------4------------------------------1
2
3
-60.69
-671.00
-241.67
527.75
210.75
-62.42
-747.42
-267.08
2.90
Note:
* = face-of-support
7.2
R E D U C E D
LIVE LOAD MOMENTS (k-ft)
<----- left* ------>

<---- midspan ---->
<----- right* ----->
SPAN
max
min
max
min
max
min
-1----------2----------3-----------4----------5-----------6----------7----1
-17.25
-17.25
150.00
150.00
-212.42
-212.42
2
-190.75
-190.75
59.89
59.89
-75.90
-75.90
3
-68.69
-68.69
-17.74
-17.74
.82
.82
Note:
* = face-of-support
8 SUM OF DEAD AND LIVE MOMENTS (k-ft)

==============================================================================
Maxima of dead load and live load span moments combined
for serviceability checks
( 1.00DL + 1.00LL )
<----- left* ------>
<---- midspan ---->
<----- right* ----->
SPAN
max
min
max
min
max
min
-1----------2----------3-----------4----------5-----------6----------7----1
-77.94
-77.94
677.75
677.75
-959.83
-959.83
2
-861.75
-861.75
270.64
270.64
-342.98
-342.98
3
-310.36
-310.36
-80.16
-80.16
3.72
3.72
Note:
* = face-of-support
3 - 40
ADAPT
Chapter 3

==============================================================================
9.1
PROFILE TYPES AND PARAMETERS
LEGEND:
2 = simple parabola with straight portion over support
9.2
T E N D O N
P R O F I L E
TYPE
X1/L
X2/L
X3/L
A/L
----------1--------2----------3----------4----------5-----1
2
3
2
2
2
.031
.036
.000
.500
.500
.500
.031
.000
.059
.000
.000
.000

==============================================================================
Tendon editing mode selected: FORCE SELECTION
FORCE
<- DISTANCE OF CGS (in) ->
P/A
Wbal
SPAN
(k/-)
Left
Center
Right
(psi)
(k/-)
--1----------2---------3--------4--------5-----------6----------7--------1
373.000
23.00
3.25
31.00
368.58
1.537
2
208.000
31.00
3.25
31.00
205.53
1.321
3
208.000
31.00
22.00
23.00
205.53
2.431
9.7
POST-TENSIONING
B A L A N C E D
M O M E N T S, SHEARS & REACTIONS
<--REACTIONS (k )-->
<-- COLUMN MOMENTS (k-ft) -->
-joint------------2-----------------Lower columns-----Upper columns----1
4.034
60.317
.000
2
-7.011
-62.475
.000
3
-1.278
-21.600
.000
4
4.255
1.668
.000
10 - F A C T O R E D
M O M E N T S
&
R E A C T I O N S
==============================================================================
Calculated as ( 1.40D + 1.70L + 1.00 secondary moment effects)
10.2
SECONDARY MOMENTS (k-ft)
SPAN
<-- left* -->
<- midspan ->
<-- right* -->
-1-----------2----------------3----------------4-------1
62.67
189.42
315.50
2
253.75
174.17
94.50
3
67.47
34.50
.81
Note:
* = face-of-support
3 - 41
ADAPT
Chapter 3
11 - M I L D
S T E E L
==============================================================================
SPECIFIC CRITERIA for ONE-WAY or BEAM SYSTEM
- Dead + 25% of unreduced Live load capacity requirement
Ratio of reduced to total Live loading .... 1.00
- Minimum steel .............................
- Moment capacity > factored (design) moment
0.004A
NO
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------11.1
TOTAL WEIGHT OF REBAR =
2274.2 lb
AVERAGE =
2.0 psf
11.2.1
S T E E L
A T
M I D - S P A N
T O P
B O T T O M
As
As
SPAN (in^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
(in^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
3.98 (
1.00
1.64
3.98)
2
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
1.64 (
.00
1.64
1.58)
3
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
11.3.1
S T E E L
A T
S U P P O R T S
T O P
B O T T O M
As
As
JOINT (in^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
(in^2) <---ULT-----MIN--D+.25L->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
2.41 (
.00
2.41
.41)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
2
5.52 (
2.34
2.41
5.52)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
3
2.41 (
.00
2.41
1.86)
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
4
.00 (
.00
.00
.00)
1.64 (
.00
1.64
.02)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 - 42
ADAPT
Chapter 3
A D APT - ST R U C TU R AL C O N C R ETE SO FT W AR E SYS TEM

A DA PT- PT V er sion 6 .08
Date : 9/2 9/00
Tim e: 8:07 :0 4 A M
Fil e: M nl5 _3 _L
1- P RO J E CT TITL E A DA PT P T M anu al
1 .1 D ES IGN S TRIP T- BE AM E XA MP LE F OR A DA PT P OS T TENS IO NIN G S OFT W ARE
[ft]
64 .00
5 5.0 0
17 .0 0
3 - T OP R EB A R
2 6# 4X5 '6 "
1 7# 4X1 8'0"
4 1 4#4 X1 7' 0"
8 6# 4X2 3'0"
3 14 #4 X34 '6 "
7 7# 4X3 1'6"
4 - T E NDO N P RO FILE
4 .2 D atum L ine
4 .3 C GS Distan ce [in]
4 .5 F orce
23 .0 0
3 .25
[ 37 3 k ip s]
3 1. 00 3 1. 00
3. 25
[2 08 k ips]
31 .0 0 3 1.0 0 223
2. 00
.0 0
[20 8 k ips]
5 - B O TT O M R EB A R
6 3# 8X4 7'0"
1 0 1 #8 X3 2' 6"
5 3# 8X5 3'6"
9 2 #8 X3 8' 0"
11 3# 8X 6' 6"
6 - RE Q UIRE D & P RO V IDE D BA RS

max
6 .1 T op B ar s
5 .52
4.9 1
2 .41
3 .98
1.6 4
1 .64
5 .6
[ in ]
r eq uir ed
p ro vide d
2 .8
0 .0
2 .4
4 .8
6 .2 B ottom B ar s
max
7 - S HE AR S TIRRU PS
7 .1 A DA PT se lected .
B ar Size # 6 Le gs: 2
S pa cin g [i n]
24
24
24
24
24
7 .2 U ser- sele cted

B ar Size #
L eg s:
0 .07 2
0 .05 4
0 .03 6
0 .01 8
0 .00 0
7 .3 R eq uir ed a re a
2
[in /ft]
.07
Stre ssing En d
8 - LE G E ND
. 07
Dea d En d
9 - DE S IG N P A RA ME TE RS
9 .1 Co de : AC I f' c = 4 ksi f y = 60 ksi ( lon g itud in al ) f y = 6 0 ksi (sh e ar ) f pu = 27 0 k si
9 .2 R eb ar Cove r: T op = 2 in B o ttom = 3 in Reb ar T abl e: AS TM - US C ustom ary ba rs
9 .3 S tre ssin g: f p j = .8 f p u
9 .4 S tra nd Ar ea = .1 5 3 in
10 - D ES IG NE R'S NO TE S
3 - 43
( Non -re di str ibu ted M o m e nts)
ADAPT
Chapter 3
15 - REINFORCEMENT DUE TO MOMENTS FROM LATERAL FORCES

==============================================================================
o Lateral moments are considered with positive and reversed directions
o Percentage of post-tensioning considered in resisting lateral moments= 25 %
o Factored moments calculated are the larger from the followings equations
i ) Mu = (1.05Md + 1.28Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.40Mlat)
ii ) Mu = ( .90Md + .00Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.43Mlat)
Where, Md
= dead load moments;
Ml
= live load moments;
Msec = secondary moments; and
Mlat = lateral
moments.
15.1
INPUTTED LATERAL MOMENTS AND THE RESULTING COMBINED MOMENTS k-ft
<- I N P U T ->
<------- CALCULATED FACTORED SPAN MOMENTS Mu ------>
LATERAL MOMENTS
LEFT
MID-SPAN
RIGHT
span left
right
neg------pos
neg------pos
neg------pos
-1------2--------3----------4--------5---------6--------7---------8--------9-1
225.00 -225.00
-332.39
323.93
.00
935.48 -1048.83
.00
2
250.00 -250.00 -1035.38
.00
.00
472.08
-623.55
201.87
3
350.00 -350.00
-720.96
306.31
-53.74
.00
-462.73
469.57
Note: Moments listed under 4,5,8,9 are reduced to face-of-support, if
applicable.
For distribution of moments see file LATBM.DAT
15.2 COLUMN MOMENTS

MAX COLUMN MU
JNT
neg------pos
-1-----2----------3--------4---------5--------6---------7--------8---------9-1
-332.39
323.93
2
-654.86
694.36
3
-808.24
799.94
4
-469.57
462.73
Columns 7 and 8 are the sum of top and bottom column moments
15.3
15.4
LEGENDS AND NOTES FOR MILD STEEL

Columns 2 and the like in following block list total rebar
due to lateral forces. These are not in addition to other
considerations reported in preceding blocks.
For details of rebar reinforcement refer to file LATSTL.DAT
15.5
NO added MILD REINFORCEMENT is required at MID-SPAN
SELECTION OF REBAR AT
S U P P O R T S
<------ T O P
S T E E L ----> <----- B O T T O M
S T E E L --->
JNT (in^2) Ult
SELECTION
(in^2) Ult
SELECTION
-1-----2----3----4-----------5-------------6----7------8-----------9---------1
2
3
4
1.10(
6.56(
4.46(
2.62(
1.10
6.56
4.46
2.62
) 4 # 5
) 22 # 5
) 15 # 5
) 9 # 5
x
x
x
x
5'-6"
31'-6"
21'-6"
10'-0"
5.63( 5.63
8 # 8 x
66'-0"
2.97( 2.97
3.05( 3.05
)
)
4 # 8 x
4 # 8 x
64'-0"
10'-0"
For exact location of the bars refer to the file LATSTL.DAT.
3 - 44
ADAPT

Data ID: Mnl5_3_L
DATE: Sep 27,2000

Output File ID:
Chapter 3
TIME: 14:05
LATSTL.DAT
==============================================================================
SUMMARY OF REBAR REQUIRED AT 1/20TH POINTS DUE TO ULTIMATE LATERAL MOMENTS
Note: This is NOT in addition to rebar from other considerations

SPAN = 1
X/L
LENGTH =
64.00 feet ; CLEAR from
.58 to
63.25 ft
X
<--Reinforcement (in^2)-->
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
3.20
.00
2.42
.10
6.40
.00
3.39
.15
9.60
.00
4.18
.20
12.80
.00
4.81
.25
16.00
.00
5.26
.30
19.20
.00
5.53
.35
22.40
.00
5.63
.40
25.60
.00
5.55
.45
28.80
.00
5.29
.50
32.00
.00
4.85
.55
35.20
.00
4.73
.60
38.40
.00
4.44
.65
41.60
.00
3.98
.70
44.80
.00
3.37
.75
48.00
.00
2.60
.80
51.20
.00
1.83
.85
54.40
.53
1.37
.90
57.60
2.33
.82
.95
60.80
4.43
.19
1.00
64.00
SPAN = 2
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
54.25 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
2.75
4.89
.19
.10
5.50
3.38
.43
.15
8.25
2.05
.63
.20
11.00
.88
.77
.25
13.75
.08
1.55
.30
16.50
.00
1.71
.35
19.25
.00
2.04
.40
22.00
.00
2.26
.45
24.75
.00
2.34
.50
27.50
.00
2.30
.55
30.25
.00
2.66
.60
33.00
.00
2.88
.65
35.75
.00
2.97
.70
38.50
.00
2.94
.75
41.25
.00
2.77
.80
44.00
.00
2.48
.85
46.75
.35
2.08
.90
49.50
1.35
1.86
.95
52.25
2.61
1.57
1.00
55.00
3 - 45
ADAPT
Chapter 3
SPAN = 3
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
16.42 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
.85
4.39
2.06
.10
1.70
3.78
1.76
.15
2.55
3.19
1.47
.20
3.40
2.62
1.18
.25
4.25
2.07
.89
.30
5.10
1.54
.59
.35
5.95
1.03
.29
.40
6.80
.53
.00
.45
7.65
.05
.00
.50
8.50
.00
.00
.55
9.35
.00
.00
.60
10.20
.09
.23
.65
11.05
.37
.64
.70
11.90
.67
1.04
.75
12.75
.98
1.43
.80
13.60
1.33
1.82
.85
14.45
1.70
2.20
.90
15.30
2.09
2.58
.95
16.15
2.49
2.94
1.00
17.00
REBAR REQUIRED AT FACES OF SUPPORTS

==============================================================================
SPAN = 1
X/L
LENGTH =
.58 to
63.25 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------face of support at left
.01
.58
1.10
1.63
face of support at right
.99
63.25
6.56
.00
SPAN = 2
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
54.25 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
.01
.75
6.42
.00
.99
54.25
3.64
1.32
SPAN = 3
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
16.42 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
.04
.75
4.46
2.09
.97
16.42
2.62
3.05
3 - 46
ADAPT
Chapter 3

DATE: Sep 27,2000
TIME: 14:05
Data ID: Mnl5_3_L
Output File ID:
LATBM.DAT
==============================================================================
DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL MOMENTS AT 1/20TH POINTS ALONG EACH SPAN TOGETHER
WITH MAXIMA OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORED MOMENTS AT EACH POINT USING
THE FOLLOWING TWO LOAD COMBINATION EXPRESSIONS :
i )
ii )
Mu = (1.05Md + 1.28Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.40Mlat)

Mu = ( .90Md + .00Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.43Mlat)
Where, Md
Ml
Msec
Mlat
=
=
=
=
dead load
live load
secondary
lateral
moments;
moments;
moments; and
moments.
Units : ft and (k-ft)

SPAN = 1
LENGTH = 64.00 feet

(Net span from
.58 to 63.25 ft )
Applied lateral moments
Maxima of combined moments
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.00
.00
225.00
-225.00
301.65
-381.00
.05
3.20
202.50
-202.50
441.43
-162.43
.10
6.40
180.00
-180.00
606.34
-.53
.15
9.60
157.50
-157.50
743.76
143.87
.20
12.80
135.00
-135.00
853.67
270.76
.25
16.00
112.50
-112.50
936.06
380.13
.30
19.20
90.00
-90.00
990.97
471.99
.35
22.40
67.50
-67.50
1018.35
546.35
.40
25.60
45.00
-45.00
1018.24
603.20
.45
28.80
22.50
-22.50
990.62
642.53
.50
32.00
.00
.00
935.48
664.35
.55
35.20
-22.50
22.50
915.85
604.31
.60
38.40
-45.00
45.00
868.70
526.76
.65
41.60
-67.50
67.50
794.05
431.70
.70
44.80
-90.00
90.00
691.89
319.13
.75
48.00
-112.50
112.50
562.23
189.06
.80
51.20
-135.00
135.00
427.57
27.06
.85
54.40
-157.50
157.50
326.82
-220.62
.90
57.60
-180.00
180.00
208.57
-495.80
.95
60.80
-202.50
202.50
72.79
-798.50
1.00
64.00
-225.00
225.00
-80.50
-1128.70
SPAN = 2
LENGTH = 55.00 feet

(Net span from
.75 to 54.25 ft )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.00
.00
250.00
-250.00
-30.29
-1105.33
.05
2.75
225.00
-225.00
67.31
-856.17
.10
5.50
200.00
-200.00
151.98
-627.34
.15
8.25
175.00
-175.00
223.73
-418.80
.20
11.00
150.00
-150.00
282.53
-230.59
.25
13.75
125.00
-125.00
328.41
-62.69
.30
16.50
100.00
-100.00
364.89
75.35
.35
19.25
75.00
-75.00
422.15
166.86
.40
22.00
50.00
-50.00
459.12
245.44
.45
24.75
25.00
-25.00
475.76
311.09
.50
27.50
.00
.00
472.08
363.81
.55
30.25
-25.00
25.00
518.09
332.09
.60
33.00
-50.00
50.00
543.79
287.45
.65
35.75
-75.00
75.00
549.17
229.86
.70
38.50
-100.00
100.00
534.24
159.35
3 - 47
ADAPT
.75
.80
.85
.90
.95
1.00
41.25
44.00
46.75
49.50
52.25
55.00
-125.00
-150.00
-175.00
-200.00
-225.00
-250.00
125.00
150.00
175.00
200.00
225.00
250.00
498.99
443.44
370.73
319.99
256.32
179.72
Chapter 3
75.90
-20.46
-129.77
-288.62
-475.13
-681.94
SPAN = 3
LENGTH = 17.00 feet

(Net span from
.75 to 16.42 ft )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.00
.00
350.00
-350.00
332.58
-794.13
.05
.85
315.00
-315.00
302.71
-711.35
.10
1.70
280.00
-280.00
271.61
-630.52
.15
2.55
245.00
-245.00
239.27
-551.63
.20
3.40
210.00
-210.00
205.70
-474.68
.25
4.25
175.00
-175.00
170.89
-399.68
.30
5.10
140.00
-140.00
134.86
-326.60
.35
5.95
105.00
-105.00
97.57
-255.48
.40
6.80
70.00
-70.00
59.06
-186.29
.45
7.65
35.00
-35.00
19.31
-119.05
.50
8.50
.00
.00
-21.67
-53.74
.55
9.35
-35.00
35.00
36.21
-88.38
.60
10.20
-70.00
70.00
92.85
-124.95
.65
11.05
-105.00
105.00
148.26
-163.47
.70
11.90
-140.00
140.00
202.43
-203.93
.75
12.75
-175.00
175.00
255.37
-246.33
.80
13.60
-210.00
210.00
307.07
-293.53
.85
14.45
-245.00
245.00
357.54
-343.16
.90
15.30
-280.00
280.00
406.77
-394.03
.95
16.15
-315.00
315.00
454.77
-446.13
1.00
17.00
-350.00
350.00
501.53
-499.47
SPAN = 1
LENGTH = 64.00 feet
(Net span from
.58 to 63.25 ft )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.01
.58
220.90
-220.90
323.93
-332.39
.99
63.25
-219.73
219.73
-43.00
-1048.83
SPAN = 2
LENGTH = 55.00 feet
(Net span from
.75 to 54.25 ft )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.01
.75
243.18
-243.18
-2.36
-1035.38
.99
54.25
-243.18
243.18
201.87
-623.55
SPAN = 3
LENGTH = 17.00 feet
(Net span from
.75 to 16.42 ft )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.04
.75
319.12
-319.12
306.31
-720.96
.97
16.42
-325.98
325.98
469.57
-462.73
3 - 48
ADAPT
3.3.6
Chapter 3
VERIFICATION
The purpose of this section is to provide a procedure for verifying the results of the
Lateral Analysis. The results of Example 1, a two-way Equivalent Frame subjected to
wind loading (case MNL5-2M), are used.
FIGURE 3.3.6-1
Three files are generated in the calculation of steel required for lateral moment:
LATERAL.DAT, LATBM.DAT and LATSTL.DAT. The gravity load moments are
obtained from the file MOMENTS.DAT. The file LATBM.DAT is included below
for reference.
3 - 49
ADAPT
Chapter 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
ADAPT CORPORATION
|
|
|
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
Tel: (650)306-2400, Fax: (650)364-4678
|
|
|
Sep 27,2000
At Time: 15:27
PROJECT FILE:
Mnl5_2m_L
P R O J E C T
T I T L E:
TWO-WAY EQUIVALENT FRAME SLAB EXAMPLE FOR ADAPT (SI)
1 - USER SPECIFIED
G E N E R A L
D E S I G N
P A R A M E T E R S
==============================================================================
CONCRETE:
for COLUMNS .................
28.00 N/mm^2
28.00 N/mm^2

for COLUMNS ................
24870.00 N/mm^2
24870.00 N/mm^2

CONCRETE WEIGHT ..................................
2.00
NORMAL

At Top ..........................................
At Bottom .......................................
.500
.500

At all locations .................................
.450
REINFORCEMENT:
YIELD Strength ...................................
460.00 N/mm^2
25.00 mm
25.00 mm
POST-TENSIONING:
SYSTEM ...........................................
Strand area.......................................
UNBONDED
1860.00 N/mm^2
1200.00 N/mm^2
99.000 mm^2
25.00 mm
25.00 mm
25.00 mm
.75 N/mm^2
8.00
(see section 9)

Structural system ....(using EQUIVALENT FRAME)....
3 - 50
TWO-WAY
YES
NO
ADAPT
Chapter 3
2 - I N P U T
G E O M E T R Y
==============================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------S
F|
|
|
TOP
|BOTTOM/MIDDLE|
|
P
O|
|
|
FLANGE
|
FLANGE
| REF | MULTIPLIER
A
R| LENGTH| WIDTH
N
M|
m
|
mm
mm |
mm
mm |
mm
mm | mm |
-1-----3----4-------5-------6-------7------8------9------10----11-----12----131
1
5.75
1000
260
260 3.00 2.50
2
1
8.20
1000
260
260 3.00 2.50
3
1
6.75
1000
260
260 3.00 2.50
C
1
.90
1000
260
260 3.00 2.50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGEND:
1 - SPAN
3 - FORM
C = Cantilever
1 = Rectangular section
11 - Top surface to reference line
2.1.5 D R O P
C A P
A N D
D R O P
P A N E L
D A T A
==============================================================================
CAPT
CAPB
CAPDL
CAPDR
DROPTL DROPTR
DROPB
DROPL
DROPR
JOINT
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
--1------2-------3-------4-------5---------6-------7-------8-------9-------101
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
460
1100
800
800
0
0
0
0
0
3
460
1100
800
800
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGEND:
DROP CAP DIMENSIONS:
CAPT = Total depth of cap
CAPB = Transverse Width
CAPDL = Extension left of joint
CAPDR = Extension right of joint
2.2 - S U P P O R T
W I D T H
A N D
C O L U M N
D A T A
SUPPORT
<------- LOWER COLUMN ------>
<------ UPPER COLUMN ------>
WIDTH
LENGTH
B(DIA)
D
CBC*
LENGTH
B(DIA)
D
CBC*
JOINT
mm
m
mm
mm
m
mm
mm
--1-------2---------3-------4-------5-----6---------7-------8-------9----10--1
200
3.00
5500
200 (2)
.00
0
0 (1)
2
450
3.00
300
450 (1)
.00
0
0 (1)
3
450
3.00
300
450 (1)
.00
0
0 (1)
4
200
3.00
5500
200 (2)
.00
0
0 (1)
Hinged at near end, fixed at far end ......................... = 2
3 - I N P U T
A P P L I E D
L O A D I N G
==============================================================================
<---CLASS--->
D = DEAD LOAD
L = LIVE LOAD
<--------------TYPE------------------->
U = UNIFORM
P = PARTIAL UNIFORM
C = CONCENTRATED
M = APPLIED MOMENT
Li= LINE LOAD
3 - 51
ADAPT
Chapter 3

==============================================================================
UNIFORM
(kN/m^2),
( CON. or PART. )
( M O M E N T )
SPAN CLASS TYPE
LINE(kN/m)
( kN@m or m-m )
( kN-m @ m )
-1-----2------3---------4------------5-------6-----------7-------8-----------1
1
L
D
U
U
6.400
13.500
2
2
L
D
U
U
5.500
13.500
3
3
L
D
U
U
6.000
13.500
L
D
U
U
6.000
13.500
CANT
CANT
7 M O M E N T S
REDUCED TO FACE-OF-SUPPORT
==============================================================================
7.1
R E D U C E D
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS (kNm)
SPAN
<- left* -> <- midspan ->
<- right* ->
--1---------------2-------------3-------------4------------------------------1
14.04
107.50
-337.00
2
-352.60
178.30
-405.70
3
-404.80
170.80
-11.96
CANT
-23.76
--------* = face-of-support
7.2
R E D U C E D
LIVE LOAD MOMENTS (kNm)
<----- left* ------>

<---- midspan ---->
<----- right* ----->
SPAN
max
min
max
min
max
min
-1----------2----------3-----------4----------5-----------6----------7----1
6.91
6.91
58.16
58.16
-145.90
-145.90
2
-149.50
-149.50
67.97
67.97
-168.80
-168.80
3
-171.60
-171.60
80.21
80.21
-5.19
-5.19
CR
-10.56
---------

==============================================================================
==============================================================================
Tendon editing mode selected: FORCE SELECTION
FORCE
<- DISTANCE OF CGS (mm) ->
P/A
Wbal
SPAN
(kN/-)
Left
Center
Right
(N/mm^2)
(kN/-)
--1----------2---------3--------4--------5-----------6----------7--------1
1238.000
130.00
25.00
235.00
.87
9.985
2
1238.000
235.00
25.00
235.00
.87
6.539
3
1650.000
235.00
25.00
150.00
1.15
10.259
CANT
1650.000
150.00
130.00
1.15
14.815
Approximate weight of strand ...........................
3 - 52
214.9 Kg
ADAPT
9.7
POST-TENSIONING
B A L A N C E D
Chapter 3
M O M E N T S, SHEARS & REACTIONS
<--REACTIONS (kN)-->
<-- COLUMN MOMENTS (kNm ) -->
-joint------------2-----------------Lower columns-----Upper columns----1
8.824
.000
.000
2
-8.854
-9.573
.000
3
-8.797
18.660
.000
4
8.827
.000
.000
10 - F A C T O R E D
M O M E N T S
&
R E A C T I O N S
==============================================================================
Calculated as ( 1.40D + 1.70L + 1.00 secondary moment effects)
10.2
SECONDARY MOMENTS (kNm)
SPAN
<-- left* -->
<- midspan ->
<-- right* -->
-1-----------2----------------3----------------4-------1
.88
25.37
48.75
2
41.16
41.04
40.93
3
57.60
29.79
.88
Note:
* = face-of-support
11 - M I L D
S T E E L
==============================================================================
NO
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------11.2.1
S T E E L
A T
T O P
M I D - S P A N
B O T T O M
As
As
SPAN (mm^2) <---ULT-----TENS-------->
(mm^2) <---ULT-----TENS-------->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
0 (
0
0
0)
897 (
229
897
0)
2
0 (
0
0
0)
1715 (
717
1715
0)
3
0 (
0
0
0)
1412 (
732
1412
0)
11.3.1
S T E E L
A T
S U P P O R T S
T O P
B O T T O M
As
As
JOINT (mm^2) <---ULT-----MIN--------->
(mm^2) <---ULT-----MIN--------->
--1------2---------3-------4-------5-----------6---------7-------8-------9---1
1121 (
0
1121
0)
0 (
0
0
0)
2
4221 (
4221
1599
0)
0 (
0
0
0)
3
4533 (
4533
1599
0)
0 (
0
0
0)
4
1316 (
0
1316
0)
0 (
0
0
0)
3 - 53
ADAPT
Chapter 3
A D AP T - S T R U C TU R AL C O N C R E TE S O FT W AR E S Y S TE M
A DA PT - PT V ersi on 6 .0 8
Date: 9/2 9/00
Tim e : 8 :14:0 7 AM
File : M n l5 _2m _L
1- P RO J E CT T IT L E A DA PT P T M anu al
1 .1 D ES IGN S TRIP Two -way eq uiva len t fr am e sl ab e xamp le fo r AD AP T ( SI)
[m ]
5. 75 0
8 .2 00
6. 75 0
0 .90 0
3 - TO P R EB A R
3 16 -4 mm X2 00 0 m m
3 .3 A DA PT se lec ted
1 9 -4 mm X2 04 0 m m
5 18 -4 mm X2 10 0 mm
2 1 7- 4m m X43 80 mm
4 1 8- 4m m X46 80 mm
7 11 - 4m m X 318 0 mm
4 - TE NDO N P RO F ILE
4 .2 D atum L ine
13 0
4 .3 C GS Distan c e [m m ]
4 .5 F orce
25
[1 23 8 kN ]
23 52 35
25
[ 12 38 kN ]
2 35 23 5
25
[1 65 0 kN ]
1513
011050
35
[1 65 0 kN ]
5 - B O T T O M R EB A R
9 1-8 mm X26 20 m m
6 4 -8 mm X3 48 0 m m
8 2-8 mm X33 00 m m
6 - RE Q UIRE D & P RO V IDE D BA RS

ma x
6 .1 T op B ar s
3 77 7
4 53 3
4 35 8
1 31 6
89 7
1 71 5
1 41 2
4 8E +0 2
3 6E +0 2
2 4E +0 2
[ mm ]
r eq uir ed
p ro vide d
1 2E +0 2
0 0E +0 0
1 1E +0 2
2 2E +0 2
6 .2 B ottom B ar s
ma x
7 - P UNC HING SH EA R
OK = Acc e ptab le
NG =N o G ood
*=n ot ap pli cabl e
or n ot pe rfor m ed
7 .1 S tre s s Ra tio
- --
7 .2 S tatus
.6 5
OK
Stre ssing En d
8 - LE G E ND
.6 5
-- -
OK
Dea d En d
9 - DE S IG N P A RA ME T E RS
9 .1 Co de : AC I
9 .2 R eb ar
f'c = 2 8 N/m m
f y = 46 0 N /m m (l on gi tud in al )
Cove r: T op = 2 5 m m
Bo tto m = 2 5 m m
f y = 4 6 0 N/m m (sh ea r) fp u = 1 8 60 N/m m
Reb ar Ta bl e: A S TM - US Cu stom a ry ba rs
9 .3 S tre ss in g: f p j = .8 f p u
9 .4 S tra nd Ar ea = 99 mm
10 - D ES IG NE R'S NO T E S
3 - 54
(N on -re dis tr ibu te d Mo men ts )
ADAPT
Chapter 3
15 - REINFORCEMENT DUE TO MOMENTS FROM LATERAL FORCES

==============================================================================
o Lateral moments are considered with positive and reversed directions
o Percentage of post-tensioning considered in resisting lateral moments= 100 %
o Percentage of post-tensioning for moments transfer to columns
= 20 %
o Factored moments calculated are the larger from the followings equations
i ) Mu = (1.05Md + 1.28Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.28Mlat)
ii ) Mu = ( .90Md + .00Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.30Mlat)
Where, Md
= dead load moments;
Ml
= live load moments;
Msec = secondary moments; and
Mlat = lateral
moments.
15.1
INPUTTED LATERAL MOMENTS AND THE RESULTING COMBINED MOMENTS kNm
<- I N P U T ->
<------- CALCULATED FACTORED SPAN MOMENTS Mu ------>
LATERAL MOMENTS
LEFT
MID-SPAN
RIGHT
span left
right
neg------pos
neg------pos
neg------pos
-1------2--------3----------4--------5---------6--------7---------8--------9-1
.00
-86.77
.00
26.40
.00
268.18
-598.57
.00
2
141.00 -141.00
-691.01
.00
.00
315.30
-771.70
.00
3
108.50
.00
-721.34
.00
.00
381.24
-20.37
.00
Note: Moments listed under 4,5,8,9 are reduced to face-of-support, if applicable.
For distribution of moments see file LATBM.DAT
15.2 COLUMN MOMENTS AND MOMENTS TO BE TRANSFERRED OVER LIMITED SLAB/BEAM WIDTH
<-- GAMMA*(UNBALANCED JOINT MOMENT) -->
LEFT
RIGHT
MAX COLUMN MU
PT
JNT GAMMA
neg------pos
neg------pos
neg------pos
kN
-1-----2----------3--------4---------5--------6---------7--------8---------9-1
1.00
.00
.00
.00
26.40
.00
26.40
247.60
2
.56
-145.86
.00
-171.60
.00
-305.88
259.99
247.60
3
.56
-183.48
.00
-163.87
.00
-292.11
327.07
330.00
4
1.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
-22.21
.00
330.00
Note:
Moments listed under 3,4,5,6 are reduced

Values in columns 7 and 8 are the sum of
GAMMA = Fraction of moment taken by flexure of a
PT
= PT force assumed available to resist the
15.3
15.4
to face-of-support, if applicable.
lower and upper column moments.
limited slab width (ACI-318)
unbalanced moment
LEGENDS AND NOTES FOR MILD STEEL

Columns 2 and the like in following block list total rebar
due to lateral forces. These are not in addition to other
considerations reported in preceding blocks.
For details of rebar reinforcement refer to file LATSTL.DAT
SELECTION OF REBAR
A T
M I D - S P A N
<------ T O P
S T E E L ----> <----- B O T T O M
S T E E L --->
SPAN (mm^2) Ult

SELECTION
(mm^2) Ult
SELECTION
-1----2-----3----4-----------5------------6-----7-----8-----------9-------1
2
3
20(
20
) 1 #13 x 1275 mm
3 - 55
ADAPT
15.5
SELECTION OF REBAR AT
Chapter 3
S U P P O R T S
<------ T O P
S T E E L ----> <----- B O T T O M
S T E E L --->
JNT (mm^2) Ult
Trans
SELECTION
(mm^2) Ult
Trans
SELECTION
-1-----2----3-----4----------5-------------6----7------8-----------9---------1
2 3998( 3998 1206) 57 #10 x 3965 mm
0
3 3980( 3980 1160) 57 #10 x 3928 mm
0
4
15.6
DISTANCE OF INFLECTION POINTS (limit of zero rebar) FROM SUPPORTS ( m
<-- T O P
B A R S -->
<-- BOTTOM
B A R S -->
JOINT
TO LEFT
TO RIGHT
TO LEFT
TO RIGHT
---1-------------2----------------3-------------------4----------------5-----1
.00(1)
.00(1)
.00(1)
.00(1)
2
1.73(1)
1.64(1)
.00(1)
.00(1)
3
1.64(1)
1.69(1)
.00(1)
4.39(1)
4
.00(1)
.90(1)
1.69(1)
.90(1)
Legend:
1 = Common Case of rebar
2 = Rebar is needed continuosly over the entire span
3 = Range of rebar requirement is not fully explicit in this table.
Refer to either the print plot or detailed printout of rebar at
1/20th points (file "LATSTL.DAT")
3 - 56
ADAPT

Data ID: Mnl5_2m_
DATE: Sep 27,2000

Output File ID:
Chapter 3
TIME: 15:25
LATSTL.DAT
==============================================================================
SUMMARY OF REBAR REQUIRED AT 1/20TH POINTS DUE TO ULTIMATE LATERAL MOMENTS
Note: This is NOT in addition to rebar from other considerations
SPAN = 1
X/L
LENGTH =
.10 to
5.53 m
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
.29
.00
.00
.10
.57
.00
.00
.15
.86
.00
.00
.20
1.15
.00
.00
.25
1.44
.00
.00
.30
1.73
.00
.00
.35
2.01
.00
.00
.40
2.30
.00
.00
.45
2.59
.00
.00
.50
2.88
.00
.00
.55
3.16
.00
.00
.60
3.45
.00
.00
.65
3.74
.00
.00
.70
4.03
.00
.00
.75
4.31
244.98
.00
.80
4.60
718.45
.00
.85
4.89
1169.76
.00
.90
5.18
1577.02
.00
.95
5.46
2589.25
.00
1.00
5.75
SPAN = 2
X/L
LENGTH =
.22 to
7.97 m
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
.41
2963.37
.00
.10
.82
1446.07
.00
.15
1.23
436.80
.00
.20
1.64
.00
.00
.25
2.05
.00
.00
.30
2.46
.00
.00
.35
2.87
.00
.00
.40
3.28
.00
.00
.45
3.69
.00
.00
.50
4.10
.00
.00
.55
4.51
.00
.00
.60
4.92
.00
.00
.65
5.33
.00
.00
.70
5.74
.00
.00
.75
6.15
.00
.00
.80
6.56
.00
.00
.85
6.97
452.61
.00
.90
7.38
1386.37
.00
.95
7.79
2884.13
.00
1.00
8.20
3 - 57
ADAPT
Chapter 3
SPAN = 3
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
16.42 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.00
.00
.05
.85
4.39
2.06
.10
1.70
3.78
1.76
.15
2.55
3.19
1.47
.20
3.40
2.62
1.18
.25
4.25
2.07
.89
.30
5.10
1.54
.59
.35
5.95
1.03
.29
.40
6.80
.53
.00
.45
7.65
.05
.00
.50
8.50
.00
.00
.55
9.35
.00
.00
.60
10.20
.09
.23
.65
11.05
.37
.64
.70
11.90
.67
1.04
.75
12.75
.98
1.43
.80
13.60
1.33
1.82
.85
14.45
1.70
2.20
.90
15.30
2.09
2.58
.95
16.15
2.49
2.94
1.00
17.00

==============================================================================
SPAN = 1
X/L
LENGTH =
.58 to
63.25 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
.01
.58
1.10
1.63
.99
63.25
6.56
.00
SPAN = 2
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
54.25 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
.01
.75
6.42
.00
.99
54.25
3.64
1.32
SPAN = 3
X/L
LENGTH =
.75 to
16.42 ft
X
ft
TOP
BOTTOM
.04
.75
4.46
2.09
.97
16.42
2.62
3.05
3 - 58
ADAPT
Chapter 3

==============================================================================
SPAN = 1
X/L
LENGTH =
.10 to
5.53 m
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
.02
.10
.00
.00
.96
5.53
2911.10
.00
SPAN = 2
X/L
LENGTH =
.22 to
7.97 m
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
.03
.22
3998.20
.00
.97
7.97
3980.49
.00
SPAN = 3
X/L
LENGTH =
.22 to
6.65 m
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
.03
.22
3376.07
.00
.99
6.65
.00
.00
RIGHT CANTILEVER
LENGTH =
.90 meter; CLEAR from
.10 to
.90 m
X/L
X
m
TOP
BOTTOM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------face of support
.11
.10
.00
.00
3 - 59
ADAPT

Data ID: Mnl5_2m_
DATE: Sep 27,2000

Output File ID:
Chapter 3
TIME: 15:25
LATBM.DAT
==============================================================================
DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL MOMENTS AT 1/20TH POINTS ALONG EACH SPAN TOGETHER
WITH MAXIMA OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORED MOMENTS AT EACH POINT USING
THE FOLLOWING TWO LOAD COMBINATION EXPRESSIONS :
i )
ii )
Mu = (1.05Md + 1.28Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.28Mlat)

Mu = ( .90Md + .00Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.30Mlat)
Where, Md
Ml
Msec
Mlat
Units : m
=
=
=
=
dead load
live load
secondary
lateral
moments;
moments;
moments; and
moments.
and (kNm)
SPAN = 1
LENGTH =
5.75 meter
(Net span from
.10 to 5.53 m )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.05
.29
-4.34
4.34
72.58
31.43
.10
.57
-8.68
8.68
134.99
57.33
.15
.86
-13.02
13.02
187.22
77.70
.20
1.15
-17.35
17.35
229.29
92.55
.25
1.44
-21.69
21.69
261.20
101.89
.30
1.73
-26.03
26.03
282.92
105.69
.35
2.01
-30.37
30.37
294.49
103.97
.40
2.30
-34.71
34.71
295.89
96.74
.45
2.59
-39.05
39.05
287.12
83.97
.50
2.88
-43.38
43.38
268.18
65.68
.55
3.16
-47.72
47.72
239.07
41.87
.60
3.45
-52.06
52.06
199.79
12.54
.65
3.74
-56.40
56.40
150.35
-22.32
.70
4.03
-60.74
60.74
95.22
-64.75
.75
4.31
-65.08
65.08
60.59
-145.64
.80
4.60
-69.42
69.42
20.45
-236.70
.85
4.89
-73.75
73.75
-25.22
-337.92
.90
5.17
-78.09
78.09
-76.42
-449.31
.95
5.46
-82.43
82.43
-133.14
-570.87
1.00
5.75
-86.77
86.77
-195.38
-702.59
SPAN = 2
LENGTH =
8.20 meter
(Net span from
.22 to 7.97 m )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.00
.00
141.00
-141.00
-151.41
-803.17
.05
.41
126.90
-126.90
-65.57
-603.05
.10
.82
112.80
-112.80
9.04
-422.56
.15
1.23
98.70
-98.70
72.43
-261.67
.20
1.64
84.60
-84.60
124.57
-120.41
.25
2.05
70.50
-70.50
181.73
-17.82
.30
2.46
56.40
-56.40
247.67
48.52
.35
2.87
42.30
-42.30
294.00
103.63
.40
3.28
28.20
-28.20
320.72
147.51
.45
3.69
14.10
-14.10
327.82
180.15
.50
4.10
.00
.00
315.30
201.55
3 - 60
ADAPT
.55
.60
.65
.70
.75
.80
.85
.90
.95
1.00
4.51
4.92
5.33
5.74
6.15
6.56
6.97
7.38
7.79
8.20
-14.10
-28.20
-42.30
-56.40
-70.50
-84.60
-98.70
-112.80
-126.90
-141.00
14.10
28.20
42.30
56.40
70.50
84.60
98.70
112.80
126.90
141.00
319.27
303.62
268.36
213.49
140.09
94.09
36.87
-31.59
-111.28
-202.21
Chapter 3
175.06
137.34
88.39
28.21
-43.21
-171.68
-321.49
-490.92
-679.97
-888.62
SPAN = 3
LENGTH =
6.75 meter
(Net span from
.22 to 6.65 m )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.00
.00
108.50
-108.50
-226.05
-835.79
.05
.34
103.07
-103.07
-143.79
-666.37
.10
.68
97.65
-97.65
-69.14
-510.63
.15
1.01
92.22
-92.22
-2.10
-368.58
.20
1.35
86.80
-86.80
57.32
-240.23
.25
1.69
81.38
-81.38
109.14
-125.57
.30
2.03
75.95
-75.95
169.83
-44.13
.35
2.36
70.53
-70.53
243.22
6.57
.40
2.70
65.10
-65.10
302.92
49.65
.45
3.04
59.67
-59.67
348.93
85.13
.50
3.38
54.25
-54.25
381.24
112.99
.55
3.71
48.83
-48.83
399.86
133.23
.60
4.05
43.40
-43.40
404.79
145.86
.65
4.39
37.97
-37.97
396.03
150.89
.70
4.72
32.55
-32.55
373.57
148.31
.75
5.06
27.13
-27.13
337.43
138.11
.80
5.40
21.70
-21.70
287.59
120.30
.85
5.74
16.27
-16.27
224.07
94.88
.90
6.07
10.85
-10.85
146.84
61.84
.95
6.41
5.43
-5.43
55.93
21.20
1.00
6.75
.00
.00
-27.06
-48.67
SPAN = 1
LENGTH =
5.75 meter
(Net span from
.10 to 5.53 m )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.02
.10
-1.51
1.51
26.40
11.56
.96
5.53
-83.37
83.37
-146.16
-598.57
SPAN = 2
LENGTH =
8.20 meter
(Net span from
.22 to 7.97 m )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.03
.22
133.26
-133.26
-102.94
-691.01
.97
7.97
-133.26
133.26
-150.96
-771.70
SPAN = 3
LENGTH =
6.75 meter
(Net span from
.22 to 6.65 m )
X/L
X
positive
reversed
largest
smallest
---1-------2-------------3------------4---------------5-------------6----.03
.22
104.88
-104.88
-170.38
-721.34
.99
6.65
1.61
-1.61
-7.79
-20.37
3 - 61
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Data Block 15.1, Calculated Factored Span Moments Mu

The results of data block 15.1 will be verified for the first interior joint.
The moments Md, Ml and Msec can be found on the Results Report. The values are
given below with the data block and column (i.e. B7.1,C4) shown to the right.
Left Face of Support (right of span #1):
Md
M1
Msec
Mlat
=
=
=
=
-337.0
-145.90
48.75
-83.37
(B7.1, C4)
(B7.2, C6)
(B10.2, C4)
(LATBM.DAT)
Right Face of Support (left of span #2):

Md
M1
Msec
Mlat
= -352.60
= -149.50
= 41.16
= 133.27
(B7.1,C1)
(B7.2, C2)
(B10.2, C2)
(LATBM.DAT)
Up to eight moment combinations are evaluated at each 1/20th point along a span.
Since live loading was not skipped in MNL5-2, only four combinations are used to
calculate Mu at each section:
1.05Md + 1.28Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.28Mlat
1.05Md + 1.28Ml + 1.00Msec - 1.28Mlat
0.90Md + 0.00Ml + 1.00Msec + 1.30Mlat
0.90Md + 0.00Ml + 1.00Msec - 1.30Mlat
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Values are calculated at the face of the first interior support:
Equation
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
Mu
Left FOS
-598.56
-385.14
-362.93
-146.17
Right FOS
-349.84
-691.02
-103.33
-449.43
Note: FOS = Face-of-Support
The maximum and minimum values for each section are listed in columns 5 and 6 of
file LATBM.DAT. The governing value of Mu for joint 2 is selected from these values
and is reported in column 8 of data block 15.1 as -598.56 kNm for the left face-ofsupport (FOS) and in column 4 as -691.02 for the right FOS.
3 - 62
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Data Block 15.2

Since this is a two-way slab, a fraction of the unbalanced moment must be transferred
over the a strip.
At joint 2, is calculated using the equation from ACI Section 13.5.3.2:
= {1/(1 + (2/3)*[(c1+d)/(c2+d)]1/2}
(c1 + d) = 1600 mm
(c2 + d) = 1100 mm
(B2.3,C4,C5)
(B2.3,C3)
= {1/(1 + (2/3)*[1600/1100]1/2}
= 0.5543
(ADAPT 0.56, B15.2, C2)
Columns 3 through 6 give the unbalanced joint moments used for calculation of the
rebar required for transfer of the unbalanced moment. The following table values
shows values for the four combinations. Note that the Mu values are taken at the face
of support.
Mu
Equation
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
Span 1
X/L = 0.961
-598.56
-385.14
-362.93
-146.17
Span 2
X/L = 0.034
-349.84
-691.02
-103.33
-449.43
*Unbalanced Mu
0.56*(-248.72)
0.56*(-305.88)
0.56*(-260.00)
0.56*(-303.26)
=
=
=
=
-139.28, left
-171.29, right
-145.60, left
-169.83, right
The maximum values are:

Left, negative = -145.86 kNm
Left, positive = 0.00 kNm
Right, negative= -171.60 kNm
Right, positive = 0.00 kNm
The moment transferred to the column is:
(Mu right of joint) - (Mu left of joint)
3 - 63
(ADAPT -145.95, B15.2, C3)

(ADAPT 0.00, B15.2, C4)
(ADAPT -171.60, B15.2, C5)
(ADAPT 0.00, B15.2, C6)
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Once again, ADAPT considers all four combinations and selects the governing
maximum values. The maximum values are:
Mu
Equation
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
Span 1
X/L = 0.961
-598.56
-385.14
-362.93
-146.17
Span 2
X/L = 0.034
-349.84
-691.02
-103.33
-449.43
(Mu right - Mu left)

-248.72
-305.88
-260.00
-303.26
Negative Column Mu = -305.88 kNm
(ADAPT -305.92, B15.2, C7)
Positive Column Mu = 259.99 kNm
(ADAPT 260.16, B15.2, C8)
Data block 15.2, column 9 indicates the amount of post-tensioning available to be

used for transfer of unbalanced moment, and is verified by multiplying the userselected parameter times total PT force provided, data block 9.3, column 2.
0.20 x 1238 = 247.60kN
(ADAPT 247.60, B15.2, C9)
Note that this percentage is independent of the percentage entered as being effective
in resisting lateral moments. The amount of post-tensioning considered effective for
transfer of the unbalanced moment will be the full amount of the post-tensioning
multiplied by the amount entered as PT contributory to transfer of unbalanced moment in the slab.
Data Blocks 15.3 Through 15.5
Data blocks 15.3 through 15.5 report the amount of mild reinforcement required to
resist the lateral forces. The calculated areas of steel are based on the maximum
ultimate moments, Mu, resulting from the lateral load combinations specified by the
user (data block 15.1) and the fraction of the unbalanced joint moment to be transferred (data block 15.2).
For the moment Mu calculated in data block 15.1, verification of the mild reinforcement is carried out in the same way as the rebar reported in data block 11. The general method is to perform an analysis to verify that the section capacity, given the
amount of mild reinforcement reported, is equal to the ultimate span or unbalanced
joint moments.
The user is referred to Chapter 7 of the Manual, Verification, Section 7.4.1, Reinforcement Required for Strength. For the case of the top steel required at joint two in
example MNL5-2M, the user begins with the total area of steel, 3998 mm2 reported
,
both in LATSTL.DAT and data block 15.5, column 3 of the Results Report, which is
the total steel based on the larger of either the transfer or ultimate moments. The
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ADAPT
Chapter 3
procedure of Chapter 7, Section 7.4.1, can be used to check that the area has been
correctly determined.
Keep in mind that the mild steel is the amount required for the Lateral Analysis
combinations. The amounts must be compared to those calculated for the gravity or
other load cases to determine which load case governs the design. For the second
support of the current example, the user compares the lateral and gravity steel
amounts as follows:
Mild rebar due to combined actions
Mild rebar due to gravity only
= 4221 mm2 (B11.3.1, C2)

= 3998 mm2 (B15.5, C2)
Therefore, the lateral case governs at this location. The mild steel to be provided is
4221 mm2
3 - 65
ADAPT
3.3.7
Chapter 3
DISCUSSION OF LATERAL LOADING TREATMENT
The structural models used for gravity and lateral loads are different. For gravity loading, the
Equivalent Frame approach is typically used. In the Equivalent Frame approach, each line of
columns along with their respective slab tributaries is considered as a plane frame (Fig. 3.3.71(a)). Each level is treated as a single story frame with the associated columns fixed at their
far ends (Fig. 3.3.7-1(b)). The basic difference between the Equivalent Frame approach and
a regular plane frame is that the Equivalent Frame approach recognizes that a column in the
actual three dimensional structure is subject to a smaller moment than what it is calculated
from the plane frame. The reduced column stiffness used in the Equivalent Frame modeling
greatly improves the accuracy of the frame approximation.
For a lateral analysis (Fig. 3.3.7-2), vertical frames encompassing the horizontal extent of the
building are handled as multistory plane frames. Due to concrete cracking and plate geometry however, the entire tributary width of the slab does not participate in the frame behavior.
With prestressed slabs, 50% of the slab tributary is usually considered effective in resisting
wind/earthquake loads. With non-prestressed slabs, 33% of the tributary is assumed effective
for lateral loading.
Figure 3.3.7-3 is an illustration of the frame stiffnesses for the gravity and lateral analyses as
they relate to the slab tributaries. For the gravity loading condition, the equivalent frame
approximation is expressed in terms of effective slab weight, in order to afford comparison
between the gravity and lateral frame behaviors. It is noted that for gravity loading a larger
effective width is used. This nonconformity in modeling necessitates two independent
analyses, one for the gravity and the other for the later loading, each having a different set of
frame stiffness. The solutions obtained from the two analyses must be combined, as illustrated in Fig. 3.3.2-1, in order to design for critical combinations. Observe that since no
serviceability stress checks are required for the lateral loading, only the secondary moments
due to post-tensioning are included in the combinations of Fig. 3.3.2-1.
Beams and slabs are typically sized and designed on the basis of the gravity loading analysis.
They are subsequently checked for combinations with lateral loading. Nonprestressed reinforcement is added if the initial gravity design is not adequate,. The combination of gravity
and lateral moments may result in moment reversals at the joints (Fig. 3.3.2-1(f)), in which
case the post-tensioning falls in the compression zone (Fig. 3.3.7-4). In such conditions, the
amount of rebar in the tension zone must be adequate to (i) compensate for the tensile force
in the prestressing tendon, and (ii) develop the moment imposed on the section.
3 - 66
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.3.7-1
3 - 67
Chapter 3
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.3.7-2
3 - 68
Chapter 3
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.3.7-3
3 - 69
Chapter 3
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.3.7-4
3.3.8
SPECIFIC FEATURES FOR CODES OTHER THAN ACI

Ultimate moments and unbalanced joint moments are calculated in the same manner for all
design codes. The required reinforcement is determined according to the specific design
code, however. If the British code were used for the ADAPT-PT run, BS8110 requirements
would have been automatically used by the lateral module.. Likewise, if the Canadian code
were used for the ADAPT-PT run, CAN3-A23.3-94 requirements would of been invoked.
3 - 70
ADAPT
3.4
Chapter 3
FRICTION AND LONG TERM LOSSES POST-PROCESSOR

The Friction and Long Term Losses post-processor calculates prestress losses for designs that
have been executed using the Force Selection mode. In order to enter the information required for the calculations, the Force/Tendon Section | Friction Calculations button on the
Criteria Calculation Options screen must be chosen during data entry.
The output of the program consists of:
3.4.1
a reflection of the input data;

a listing of the long-term stress loss constituents and the total long-term stress loss;
the distribution of stress immediately after tensioning and seating of the tendons;
the location and magnitude of the maximum stresses; and,
the design elongations.
BACKGROUND
The stresses in a prestressing strand normally vary along its length and decrease with
time. The principal factors affecting the distribution of stress along a strand are:
friction losses during stressing;

retraction of strand as it seats and locks into the anchorage device (seating
loss);
elastic shortening of the concrete;
shrinkage of the concrete;
creep of the concrete; and,
relaxation of the steel.
Other factors such as changes in temperature and flexing of the structure under loading also affect the stresses in a strand, but these do not necessarily result in a permanent lowering of stress level and are not typically considered as stress losses.
The total prestress loss for unbonded, low-relaxation tendons is typically 20 percent
of the jacking stress. A lump sum stress loss of 30 ksi (14%) was assumed for several
years for prestressed members, since there is no friction loss in prestressing. The
development of low-relaxation strands and results of subsequent studies prompted a
call for more exact estimates. A rigorous evaluation of stress losses is both time
consuming and complex, however. Precise calculations for each tendon are not
usually warranted in most residential and commercial buildings; studies have indicated that reliable solutions can be obtained with a number of simplifying assumptions.
The commentary for ACI 318, Section 18.6.1 states the following:
3 - 71
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Lump sum values of prestress losses for both pre-tensioned and

post-tensioned members which were indicated in pre-1983 editions of the
commentary are considered obsolete. Reasonably accurate estimates of
prestress losses can be easily calculated in accordance with recommendations
in Reference 18.6 which include considerations of initial stress level (0.70fpu
or higher), type of steel.
Reference 18.6 presents the results of a study initiated by ACI/ASCE committee 423,
directed by Paul Zia and reported in Concrete International (June 1979). The Friction
and Long-term Losses uses the equations given in this article to calculate long-term
losses. The stress losses due to friction and seating of tendon are based on ACI 318.
Research on friction losses and the background to the proposed procedures for their
calculation is reported in numerous publications including several listed in the References at the end of this section.
It is assumed that the various factors such as friction, creep, and shrinkage that affect
the stress losses are independent from one another. Hence, the loss due to each factor
may be computed separately. The total stress loss in a tendon is the sum of the individually calculated losses.
In addition to the stress loss factors discussed above, the effective prestressing in a
member may be affected by its connections to other structural members that restrain
its movement. These factors are not taken into account in the Friction and Long Term
Losses post-processor. They should be accounted for based on rational procedures
that consider equilibrium of forces and strain compatibility. Aalami and Barth (1987)
discuss the consequences of restraint in commercial buildings.
3.4.2
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
The stress losses along a tendon are illustrated in Fig. 3.4.2-1. Figure 3.4.2-1(a)
shows a beam with a continuous tendon stressed at both ends. It is assumed that the
left end is stressed first. Figure 3.4.2-1(b) shows the distribution of stress along the
strand during stressing, prior to locking off the strand. The jacking stress is commonly specified at 0.80fpu, where fpu is the ultimate strength of strand. The smooth
curve is a simplification of the actual distribution for illustration purposes however.
The actual shape of the curve is determined by the tendon profile and friction parameters.
3 - 72
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.4.2-1 (contd. . . .)
3 - 73
Chapter 3
ADAPT
(contd. . . .) FIGURE 3.4.2-1
3 - 74
Chapter 3
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Figure 3.4.2-1(c) is the distribution after the strand is locked off at the left end of the
beam. Observe that the initial stress is partially lost over a length of strand at the left
end marked XL. This is the result of the retraction of the strand at the stressing end
while the wedges are being seated. Per ACI 318, Chapter 18. the maximum permissible stress value immediately after lock-off and away from anchorage device is
0.74fpu. The maximum stress occurs at XL. The maximum permissible stress at the
anchorage immediately after seating of the strand is 0.7fpu.
The seating loss, also referred to as anchorage set or draw-in, is typically 3/8 to of
an inch (6 to 8 mm). For short strands, and/or larger values of seating loss, the length
XL may extend to the far end of the strand. Stressing rams with power seating capability will minimize the seating loss. Note that the retraction of the strand is resisted
by the same friction forces that resisted the initial stressing. The stress diagram along
length XL thus has the same gradient as the remainder of the curve, but in the opposite direction.
In most cases, jacking of the tendon at right end, Fig. 3.4.2-1(d), raises the stresses to
about the mid-point of the tendon and the stress diagram will have a second peak at
XR. The distribution of stress immediately after the strand is seated at the right is
shown in Fig. 3.4.2-1(e). Note that the lock-off stresses at the left and right are not
generally the same unless the tendon is symmetrical about its mid-point.
The average initial stress is the average of this stress distribution. This value is used
by some designers to calculate the stresses in unbonded post-tensioned structures at
the transfer of post-tensioning. Transfer of post-tensioning refers to the loading
condition immediately after stressing, prior to the application of live loading and the
influences of long-term stress losses. It is also referred to as the lock-off stress.
As long-term stress losses occur, the stress in strand is reduced along its length.
Figure 3.4.2-1(f) shows a schematic of the stress distribution after all losses have
taken place. The following should be noted with respect to the final distribution of
stress:
Long-term stress losses along a tendon are not constant. Even under uniform
geometry and exposure conditions, differences in concrete stress along a
strand result in non-uniform losses. In the design of commercial buildings,
however, it is common practice to calculate a representative long-term loss
value for the entire member when unbonded tendons are used. The average
precompression in concrete is used to calculate the representative stress loss.
The average precompression is calculated using the effective prestressing
force and gross cross-section of concrete. In bonded tendon construction,
long-term losses are strictly a function of concrete strain at location of tendon
along the length of member
Long-Term stress losses are obviously a function of time. The relationships

developed by the ACI/ASCE committee refer to a time at which over 90
3 - 75
ADAPT
Chapter 3
percent of the losses have taken place. For common commercial buildings
this period is between 2 and 2 1/2 years. The stress loss rates for shrinkage,
creep and relaxation are not the same however. The curve shown in Fig.
3.4.2-2 may be used as a first approximation to estimate the combined stress
losses for concrete at earlier ages. This diagram is compiled from the combined effects of shrinkage and creep using data from the PCI Design Handbook.
FIGURE 3.4.2-2
The stress diagram computed from the friction formulas given in ACI 318 and shown
in the Fig. 3.4.2-2 represent the maximum possible stress gradient attainable from the
friction coefficients. The diagram is constructed with the maximum gradient at all
points. With unbonded strands, flexing of the member due to applied loading, temperature changes, shrinkage and creep can only reduce the stress gradient. Thus there
could actually be a flattening of the diagram toward a more uniform stress distribution
along the length of the tendon. This is the premise for the use of effective stress in
design of post-tensioned members reinforced with unbonded tendons. There do not
appear to be any conclusive studies that would quantify the extent of the stress redistribution however.
3 - 76
ADAPT
Chapter 3
A paper from University of Texas at Austin (Burns et al. 1991) indicates that the
stress distribution in unbonded tendons does not significantly equalize with time.
Further tests are needed to clarify the concept of equalization of force with time along
unbonded tendons.
If a final effective force design approach is used, the outcome of the design is an
effective force to be provided by post-tensioning. The effective force is the value that
is shown on the structural drawings and in the calculations. The question of whether
the effective force is based on average stresses, local stresses, or other considerations
is not applicable during design.
At the shop drawing preparation phase, the effective forces must be replaced by the
number of strands. In theory, the actual stresses in the strand at each location should
be used to arrive at the number of strands required at that location. Because of the
lack of information, and the complexity of this approach, however, an effective stress
is typically used when designing commercial buildings with unbonded tendons. The
effective stress is the average initial stress (Fig. 3.4.2-1(e)), minus a representative
long-term stress loss value calculated for the entire member. Some engineers refer to
the effective stress as the design stress.
When the design is done using a system bound approach, the structural calculations
are preceded by a friction and long-term loss computation using parameters particular
to the post-tensioning supplier. The structural calculations can thus determine the
number and location of the strands. In this case, the calculation of the design stress is
of prime importance to the structural designer. The ACI code specifies that the
stresses used in structural computations should be derived with due considerations to
immediate and long-term losses. Unless satisfactory research shows otherwise, the
use of an effective stress does not seem justified in a system bound design approach.
3.4.3
FRICTION AND SEATING LOSS CALCULATIONS

Figure 3.4.2-1(a) shows a typical post-tensioning tendon profile. When the jacking
force, P , is applied at the stressing end, the tendon will elongate in accordance with
j
the strength of materials formula:
= Pdx/AE
Where,
dx =
A =
E =
the element of length along tendon;

cross-sectional area of the tendon; and,
modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel (typically taken as either
28000 or 28500 ksi).
This elongation will be resisted by friction between the strand and its sheathing or
duct, however. As a result of this friction, there will be a drop in the force in the
3 - 77
ADAPT
Chapter 3
tendon with distance from the jacking end. The friction is comprised of two effects:
curvature friction which is a function of the tendons profile, and wobble friction
which is the result of minor horizontal or vertical deviations from the intended profile. Curvature friction is greatest when there are short spans with fairly large changes
in profile.
The stress at any point along a strand is related to the jacking stress through the
following relationship:
Px = Pj*e-( + KX)
Where,
Px
Pj
m
a
X
K
= stress at distance x from the jacking point;

= stress at jacking point;
= coefficient of angular friction;
= total angle change of the strand in radians from the stressing point to
distance X;
= distance from the stressing point; and,
= wobble coefficient of friction expressed in radians per unit length of
strand.
TABLE 3.4.3-1 FRICTION COEFFICIENTS

FOR POST-TENSIONING TENDONS
a - RANGE OF VALUES
Type of Tendon
Flexible tubing;
non-galvanized
Galvanized
Rigid thin wall tubing;
non-galvanized
Galvanized
Greased and wrapped
Wobble coefficient
K (radians per ft)
Curvature
coefficient
0.0005-0.0010
0.0003-0.0007
0.18-0.26
0.14-0.22
0.0001-0.0005
0.0000-0.0004
0.0005-0.0015
0.20-0.30
0.16-0.24
0.05-0.15
Wobble coefficient
K (radians per ft)
Curvature
coefficient
0.00075
0.0005
0.22
0.18
0.0003
0.0002
0.0010
0.25
0.20
0.07
b - RECOMMENDED VALUES
Type of Tendon
Flexible tubing;
non-galvanized
Galvanized
Rigid thin wall tubing;
non-galvanized
Galvanized
Greased and wrapped
3 - 78
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Table 3.4.3-1, reproduced from the PTI Manual, gives friction coefficients for common strand and duct materials. Note that unbonded, monostrand tendons are referred
to as Greased and Wrapped in this table. A similar table is given in ACI 318. The
post-tensioning supplier should be consulted for friction coefficients of duct and
coating materials not shown.
Seating Losses
After they are stressed, tendons are typically anchored with two-piece conical wedges.
The strand retracts when it is released and pulls the wedges into the anchorage device;
this forces the wedges together and locks the strand in place. The stress loss due to
seating is somewhat hard to calculate because the loss in elongation is fairly small (it
depends on both the jack and jacking procedure.) In addition, the loss in elongation
(referred to as anchor set, or draw-in) is resisted by friction much as the elongation
itself is resisted by friction.
Calculation of the stress loss is typically done as an iterative process; an anchor set
influence length, lset, is chosen and the loss in force over this length is calculated
based on the friction profile. An elongation loss is then calculated using the formula:
= (Px dx/AE)
The anchor set length is adjusted until the calculated delta is reasonably close to the
seating loss.
The stress loss is typically shown on force profile diagrams as the difference between
the jacking force and the lock-off force at the stressing end(s) of the member.
The stress loss due to seating the wedges is calculated from the following relationship:
a
= (1/Es)* (final stress - initial stress)*dx
Where,
a = anchor set;
Es = modulus of elasticity of tendon.
The integral is carried out over the range XL or XR (see Fig. 3.4.2-1). It may be
interpreted as the area between the pre- seating and post-seating stress levels divided
by the modulus of elasticity of strand. The distances XL and XR are calculated so
that the value of the integral equals the anchor set (see Fig. 3.4.3-1)
3 - 79
ADAPT
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.4.3-1
The program calculates the stresses at 21 points in each span. Only three points are
listed in the short output however. The locations of these points for each tendon
profile type are shown in Figs. 3.4.3-2 and 3.4.3-3.
3 - 80
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.4.3-2
3 - 81
Chapter 3
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.4.3-3
3 - 82
Chapter 3
ADAPT
Chapter 3
The average stress is calculated as the area under the stress diagram divided by the
length of the tendon. Note that the slope of the post-seating stress line is the inverse of the initial stress loss line. The elongation for the first stressing is the average
stress in the tendon after the first stressing, divided by the modulus of elasticity of the
strand. The elongation for the second stressing is the average stress in the tendon
divided by the modulus of elasticity, minus the first elongation.
3.4.4
LONG-TERM STRESS LOSS PARAMETERS

The following describes the relationships given for long-term stress loss calculations
in (Zia et al., 1979).
Elastic Shortening of Concrete (ES)
Elastic shortening refers to the shortening of the concrete member as the post-tensioning force is applied. If there is only one tendon in a member, there will be no loss due
to elastic shortening since the elastic shortening will have occurred before the tendon
is locked into place. Generally, however there will be several tendons in a member.
As each tendon is tensioned, there will be a loss of prestress in the previously tensioned tendons due to the elastic shortening of the member.
Since an unbonded tendon can slide within its sheathing, it typically does not experience the same stress-induced strain changes as the concrete surrounding it. For this
reason, the average compressive stress in the concrete, fcpa, is typically used to
calculate prestress losses due to elastic shortening and creep for unbonded tendons.
This relates these prestress losses to the average member strain rather than the strain
at the point of maximum moment.
The equation given for calculating elastic shortening for unbonded tendons is:
ES = KesEs fcpa/Eci
Where,
Es is the elastic modulus of the steel;
Eci is the elastic modulus of the concrete at time of prestress transfer;
Kes = 0.5 for post-tensioned members when tendons are tensioned in sequential order to the same tension. With other post-tensioning procedures,
Kes may vary from 0 to 0.5; and,
fcpa = average compressive stress in the concrete along the length of the
member at the center of gravity (cgs) of the tendon immediately after
the prestress transfer. Note that the stress at the cgs is larger than the
average compression in a member.
3 - 83
ADAPT
Chapter 3
At the time they are stressed, the ducts in which bonded tendons are housed have
usually not been grouted. Thus, the elastic shortening equations for unbonded
tendons would apply to these tendons as well.
Creep of Concrete (CR)
Over time, the compressive stress induced by post-tensioning causes a shortening of
the concrete member. This phenomenon, the increase in strain due to a sustained
stress, is referred to as creep. Loss of prestress due to creep is proportional to the net
permanent compressive stress in the concrete. The initial compressive stress induced
in the concrete at transfer is subsequently reduced by the tensile stress resulting from
self-weight and superimposed dead load moments.
For members with unbonded tendons, the equation is:
CR = Kcr (Es / Ec) fcpa
For members with bonded tendons, the equation is:
CR = Kcr (Es / Ec) (fcir -fcds)
Where:
Ec = elastic modulus of the concrete at 28 days;
Kcr = 1.6 for post-tensioned members; and,
fcds = stress in the concrete at the cgs of the tendons due to all sustained
loads that are applied to the member after it has been stressed
The difference in the equations is due to the fact that unbonded tendons do not experience the same strains as the surrounding concrete. The prestress loss due to creep is
thus more logically related to the average stress in the concrete. With bonded tendons
however, once the duct is grouted the shortening of the concrete member due to creep
will result in a comparable shortening (loss of elongation) in the tendon.
For members made with sand-lightweight concrete, a 20% decrease in the value of Kcr
is suggested.
Shrinkage of Concrete (SH)
In the calculation of prestress losses, shrinkage is considered to be entirely a function
of water loss. Shrinkage strain is thus influenced by the members volume/surface
ratio and the ambient relative humidity. The effective shrinkage strain, esh is obtained
by multiplying the basic ultimate shrinkage strain, (esh)u, taken as 550 x 10-6, by the
factors (1-.06 V/S) and (1.5 - 0.015RH).
3 - 84
ADAPT

esh
=
=
Chapter 3
550 x 10-6 (1-0.06 V/S)(1.5 - 0.015RH)

8.2 x 10-6 (1-0.06V/S) (100 - RH)
The equation for losses due to shrinkage is:

SH
8.2 x 10-6 Ksh Es (1-0.06 V/S) (100-RH)
V/S
RH
=
=
volume to surface ratio;

relative humidity (percent), see Fig. 3.4.4-1.
Ksh
a factor which allows for the amount of shrinkage which will

have taken place before the prestressing is applied. For posttensioned members, Ksh is taken from Table 3.4.4-1.
Where:
TABLE 3.4.4-1 SHRINKAGE CONSTANT Ksh

DAYS* 1
3
5
7
10
20
30
60
Ksh
0.92 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.45
*
DAYS refers to the time from the end of moist curing to the application of
prestressing. For stressing more than 60 days after curing, a value of 0.45 is assumed.
In structures that are not moist cured, Ksh is typically based on the time when the
concrete was cast. It should be noted that in most structures, the prestressing is
applied within five days of casting the concrete, whether or not it is moist-cured.
Note that the effective shrinkage strain is zero under conditions of 100% relative
humidity, i.e. if the concrete is continuously submerged in water.
3 - 85
ADAPT
Chapter 3
PCI Design Handbook

ANNUAL AVERAGE AMBIENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY, PERCENT
FIGURE 3.4.4-1
Relaxation of Tendon (RE)
Relaxation is defined as a gradual decrease of stress in a material under constant
strain. In the case of steel, it is the result of a permanent alteration of the grain structure. The rate of relaxation at any point in time depends on the stress level in the
tendon at that time. Because of other prestress losses, there is a continual reduction of
the tendon stress which causes a corresponding reduction in the relaxation rate.
The equation given for prestress loss due to relaxation of the tendons is:
RE
= [Kre - J*(SH + CR + ES)]*C
Where: Kre and J are a function of the type of steel and C is a function of both the
type of steel and the initial stress level in the tendon (fpi/fpu).
Table 3.4.4-2 gives values of Kre and J for different types of steel. The factor J
accounts for the reduction in tendon stress due to other losses. As can be seen, the
relaxation of low-relaxation tendons is approximately one-quarter that of stressrelieved tendons.
3 - 86
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Table 3.4.4-3 gives values for C. The values for stress-relieved and low-relaxation
tendons are different because the yield stress for low relaxation tendons is higher than
that of the same grade stress-relieved tendons. Although ACI allows a stress of 0.74
fpu along the length of the tendon immediately after prestress transfer, the stress at
post-tensioning anchorages and couplers is limited to 0.70 fpu. In the absence of more
exact calculations, the ratio fpi/fpu is typically taken as 0.70 for unbonded posttensioning. With very short tendons however, the loss due to anchor set may be such
that fpi/fpu is considerably lower.
TABLE 3.4.4-2 STRESS RELAXATION CONSTANTS Kre AND J
STRESS
RELIEVED
LOW
RELAXATION
Grade and type*
Kre
270 strand or wire

250 strand or wire
240 wire
235 wire
160 bar
145 bar
270 strand
250 wire
240 wire
235 wire
20000
18500
17600
17600
6000
6000
5000
4630
4400
4400
J
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.05
0.05
0.040
0.037
0.035
0.035
* In accordance with ASTM A416-74, ASTM A421-76, ASTM A722-75.

Linear interpolation is used for values between those given in the table.
3 - 87
ADAPT
Chapter 3
TABLE 3.4.4-3 STRESS RELAXATION CONSTANT C

fpi/fpu
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60
Stress Relieved Stress Relieved Bar

Strand and Wire and Low Relaxation
Strand and Wire
1.28
1.22
1.16
1.11
1.05
1.45
1.00
1.36
0.95
1.27
0.90
1.18
0.85
1.09
0.80
1.00
0.75
0.94
0.70
0.89
0.66
0.83
0.61
0.78
0.57
0.73
0.53
0.68
0.49
0.63
0.45
0.58
0.41
0.53
0.37
0.49
0.33
For values of fpi/fpu outside of what is given in this table, the following is assumed:
Stress-relieved strand and wire:
For 0.00 < (fpi/fpu) < 0.60, C = linear between 0 and 0.49
For 0.75 < (fpi/fpu) < 0.95, C = 1.75
Stress-relieved bar and low-relaxation strand and wire:
For 0.00 < (fpi/fpu) < 0.60, C = linear between 0 and 0.33
For 0.80 < (fpi/fpu) < 0.95, C = 1.36
These values are extrapolations to provide a rough estimate of losses. Values of fpi/
fpu > 0.95 will generate an error message during program execution.
3.4.5
DESCRIPTION OF PRINTOUT
This section describes the printout, data block 16 of the Result Report. The printout
is for the beam shown in Fig. 3.4.5-1.
3 - 88
ADAPT
Chapter 3
16 - FRICTION, ELONGATION AND LONG TERM STRESS LOSSES

==============================================================================
16.2 FRICTION AND ELONGATION CALCULATIONS
16.2.1 INPUT PARAMETERS :
Coefficient of angular friction (meu)................
Coefficient of wobble friction (K)...................
Ratio of jacking stress to strand's ultimate strength
Anchor set ..........................................
Cross-sectional area of strand ......................
Modulus of elasticity of strand .....................
STRESSING ...........................................
.07000
.00140
.80
.25
.153
29000.00
AT BOTH
/radian
/ft
inch
inch^2
ksi
ENDS
16.2.2 CALCULATED STRESSES :

LENGTH
< TENDON HEIGHT in.> Horizontal ratios
<- STRESS (ksi) -->
SPAN ft
P start center right
X1/L X2/L X3/L
start
center right
-1----2-----3----4------5------6-------7----8----9--------10------11------121
64.00 2
23.00
3.25 31.00
.03 .50 .03
185.85 197.87 190.85
2
55.00 2
31.00
3.25 31.00
.04 .50 .00
189.80 192.85 190.12
3
17.00 2
31.00 22.00 23.00
.00 .50 .06
190.12 182.52 179.60
-------------------------------------136.00 ft (total length of tendon)
Note: P = tendon type (refer to legend of data block 9)
Stresses are after anchor set, but before long-term losses
16.3 SUMMARY :
Average initial stress (after release)..............
Long term stress losses ............................
Final average stress ...............................
Final average force in tendon ......................
Anchor set influence from left pull ( 200.62ksi)..
Anchor set influence from right pull ( 197.65ksi)..
Elongation at left pull ............................
Elongation at right pull ...........................
Total elongation ...................................
Note: Elongations are all after anchor set
16.4 CRITICAL STRESS RATIOS :

At stressing .80; At anchorage .69; Max along tendon .74
3 - 89
190.57
.00
190.57
29.16
38.60
33.79
ksi
ksi
ksi
k
ft
ft
10.322 inch
.402 inch
10.725 inch
ADAPT
FIGURE 3.4.6.1-1
3 - 90
Chapter 3
ADAPT
Chapter 3
Block 16.1 shows the long-term stress losses. The INPUT PARAMETERS section
shows the values input during data entry. The bottom part shows the total long-term
losses as well as the values calculated for elastic shortening, shrinkage, creep and
relaxation. For typical designs, total long-term losses are generally between 11 and
13 ksi. They may be somewhat higher for beams with very high average
precompression.
Block 16.2 shows the friction loss calculations. The INPUT PARAMETERS
section shows the values input during data entry. This is followed by a table which
shows the tendon profile in each span (column 3), the heights at the control points
(columns 4 through 6) and the horizontal distance ratios (columns 7 through 9). The
calculated stresses in the tendon are shown in columns 10 through 12 for the left,
center and right of each span.
Block 16.3 gives the average initial stress, the total long-term losses, the final average
stress and the final average force. It also gives the left and right anchor set influence
distances (XL and XR). The numbers in parentheses are the maximum stresses in the
tendon; these occur at distances XL and XR (see Fig. 3.4.2-1(f)). The bottom section
shows the left, right and total elongation after anchor set.
Block 16.4, the Critical Stress Ratios, shows the ratios of the stresses to the strands
specified ultimate strength. These should be compared with the maximum permissible ratios given in ACI 318.
3 - 91
ADAPT
3.4.6
Chapter 3
NOTATION
a
A
=
=
Anchor set;
cross sectional area;
CR
stress loss due to creep;
e
Ec
Eci
ES
Es
=
=
=
=
=
eccentricity of tendon from centroidal axis;

concretes modulus of elasticity at 28 days;
concretes modulus of elasticity at stressing age;
stress loss due to elastic shortening;
strands modulus of elasticity;
fcds
fcir
fcpa
fpi
fpu
=
=
stress in concrete at center of gravity of tendons due to all superimposed permanent dead loads that are applied to the member after it has
been prestressed;
net stress in concrete at center of gravity of tendons immediately after
prestress has been applied to concrete;
average compressive stress in concrete immediately after stressing, at a
hypothetical location defined by the center of gravity of tendons;
stress in tendon immediately after transfer of prestressing;
ultimate strength of strand;
I
J
=
=
moment of inertia;
a coefficient for stress relaxation in tendon (Table 4.3-1);
K
Kcir
Kcr
Kes
Kre
Ksh
=
=
=
=
=
=
wobble coefficient of friction expressed per unit length of strand;

an adjustment coefficient for loss due to elastic shortening;
creep coefficient;
a coefficient for elastic shortening stress loss calculation;
a coefficient for stress relaxation in tendon;
a shrinkage constant (Table 4.3-1);
moment;
Px
stress at distance x from the jacking point;
RE
RH
=
=
stress loss due to relaxation of tendon;

relative humidity (percent);
SH
stress loss due to shrinkage of concrete;
V/S
volume to surface ratio;
distance from the stressing point;
3 - 92
ADAPT
3.5
Chapter 3
Yb
Yt
=
=
centroidal axis to bottom fiber;

centroidal axis to top fiber;
change of angle in strand (radians) from the stressing point to distance

X; and,
coefficient of angular friction.
USER STRESS COMBINATION

This post-processing option allows the user to obtain graphical distributions of stresses for
any user specified combination of dead, live and prestressing actions. The results can be
viewed on the Stress Results graph by checking the User Combination box at the left side of
the screen.
3 - 93
ADAPT
A.1
Chapter 3
REFERENCES
Aalami, Bijan, Moment-Rotation Relation Between Column and Slab, ACI Journal,
Proceedings, V. 69, No. 5, May 1972, pp. 263-269.
Aalami, B. and Barth, F., Restraint Cracks and Their Mitigation in Unbonded Post-Tensioned
Building Structures, American Concrete Institute SP113, 1989, pp. 157-179.
AASHTO, Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, The American Society of State
Highway and Transportation Officials, Twelfth Edition, 1977.
ACI, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, publication, ACI 318-89, 1989.
ACI Committee 443, Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design, Journal, American Concrete
Institute, Vol. 73, November 1976, pp. 597-612.
Burns, Ned H., Helwig, Todd, and Tsujimoto Tetsuya, Effective Prestress Force in Continuous Post-Tensioned Beams with Unbonded Tendons, ACI Structural Journal, January-February 1991, pp. 84-90.
Mehrain, Mehrdad, and Aalami, Bijan, Rotational Stiffness of Concrete Slabs, ACI
Journal, Proceedings, September 1974, pp. 429-435.
PCI Committee on Prestress Losses, Recommendations for Estimating Prestress Losses,
Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute, July-August 1975, pp. 44-75.
Post-Tensioning Institute, Newsletter, Monthly newsletter, January 1982, p. 4.
Vanderbilt, M. Daniel, and Corley W. Gene, Frame Analysis of Concrete Buildings, ACI,
Concrete International, December 1983, pp. 33-43.
Zia, P., Preston, H.K., Scott, N.L. and Workman E.B., Estimating Prestress Losses, Journal,
Concrete International, June 1979, pp. 32-38.
3 - 94

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STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM

Supplement to ADAPT-PT Manual

Dr. Bijan O. Aalami

Consulting Company Member

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1-1

GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 2-1

PT SUMMARY AND POST-PROCESSORS ..................................................................................... 3-1

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 3-94

Slab Band Using Unbonded Tendons

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1-1

BASIS OF DESIGN ................................................................................................ 1-1

POST-TENSIONING DESIGN APPROACHES ..................................................... 1-1

GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL ............................................................................... 1-4

STRUCTURAL MODELING .................................................................................. 1-7

LOADING ............................................................................................................. 1-16

MATERIALS ......................................................................................................... 1-21

SHEAR CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 1-33

DEFLECTIONS .................................................................................................... 1-36

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

OUTPUT OPTIONS ............................................................................................. 1-37

POST-PROCESSORS ......................................................................................... 1-41

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

POST-TENSIONING DESIGN APPROACHES

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Final effective force design

the geometry of the structure (dimensions);

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Structural Modeling of Slabs

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Unit strip modeling

Drop caps and drop panels for two-way slabs

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Beams normal (transverse) to direction of frame

Slab Bands (wide shallow beams)

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Column Geometry and End Conditions

Column/wall depth (dimension in the direction of the frame).

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

1.4.10 End-support conditions

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Number and Classes of Loading

Uniformly distributed loading over the entire span (U);

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

Load Skipping (Pattern Loading)

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS

INPUT DATA AND RESULTS