Paranormal Phenomena, Physics and Dirac Energy

By Rich Borutta
Abstract:
Experiments in low temperature physics have indicated the possibility of an extreme state
of matter and energy characterized by negative energy that was predicted in 1928 by P.
A. M. Dirac. A modern interpretation of that concept by D. L. Hotson describes a
domain of negative energy, anti-particles that exist beyond our direct perception. The
coupling between that realm and ours may provide answers to some of the vexing
problems associated with consciousness and paranormal phenomena that are difficult to
explain using the current picture of physical reality that ignores these extreme states.

Introduction

One of the difficulties with getting paranormal phenomena accepted by mainstream

science is that there currently exists no comprehensive mainstream theory that can
include the physical, repeatable observations typically recognized by science and the
more elusive psychic experiences which suggest a more subjective basis of these
observations than mainstream science can comfortably tolerate. This dilemma has been
conveniently dealt with in Western thought by adopting Cartesian Duality which
banished religious, spiritual, mental or emotional experiences to a category of knowledge
regarded as somewhat less real and inferior than hard physical reality that could be more
objectively described. That strategy did not proceed unchallenged, but, as Edmund
Husserl pointed out in The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental
Phenomenology(Husserl, 1954), it merely excluded whole fields of knowledge by
effectively sweeping them under the rug, so to speak. The orthodoxy of the physical
sciences, however, has resulted in creating some paradoxical issues within its own
paradigm.

Current physical theories are divided into three major branches. The Classical or
Newtonian branch is rooted in the common world we experience everyday. It is based on
the concept of objects existing in empty space independent of each other. Simple
geometry and an independent time scale describe interactions and a causal chain of
events that occur in the scales that we observe as humans. In the Relativistic branch the
concepts of independent objects and empty space are retained but it modifies the
interactions and geometries when speeds begin to approach the speed of light since the
speed of light is an invariant parameter regardless of the frame of reference. Quantum
theory was developed to describe the behavior of the microscopic world of the atom and
its constituents. At this scale the masses of the particles and the forces between them
make the precise positions of these particles difficult to measure and the energies
involved in their interactions are broken into tiny discrete packages instead of the
continuous flow we normally experience in the larger dimensions we inhabit. In one
observation an entity can be a particle and in another observation it appears as a wave.
All the entitys possibilities are described by its wave function and the interaction
between wave functions determine what outcome will be observed.

The incompatibility of the Classical, Relativistic, and Quantum physical models of

physical reality are reconciled by limiting their application to the appropriate scale they
have been derived from. This inhibits the formulation of any Grand Unified Theory of
reality on the basis of the three existing models alone. All three strive to eliminate or
minimize the role of the observer in the expression of the physical laws they propose.
Some forms of Quantum Mechanics do include the role of the observer in reducing the
potentialities of the wave function into observable events. This produces the paradox of
the measurement problem and may lead one to the objection expressed by Einstein
about having to believe that the moon may not exist when we are not looking at it.
Another problem is the non-local nature (spooky action at a distance) of the

phenomena at the atomic scale, which has been confirmed by experiment over and over
at the most sensitive levels of detection. These and other paradoxes indicate that the
current paradigm is incomplete and have led researchers such as David Bohm (Wholeness
and the Implicate Order,1980) to propose a theory of Hidden Variables be added to the
current models that will account for these observations.

Paranormal phenomena are another example of a group of knowledge that doesnt fit the
current paradigm. In order to explore these spurious fields of study such as
consciousness, the Near Death Experience (NDE) or other psychic phenomena many
have tried to adopt models based on Quantum Mechanics (Zohar 1990, Radin 2006,
Penrose 1994, Jahn & Dunne 1987 ) since the quantum world seems to exhibit many of
the same puzzling characteristics as those of the psyche (non locality, non causal). There
are many good reasons to challenge this connection since it isnt clear why the bizarre
behavior of sub-atomic particles should be applied to the much larger chemical and
electrical phenomena that occur in living and thinking organisms. What is required, as
David Bohm suggested, is widening the paradigm in some way to include the
observations so that the new paradigm is consistent with all the data.

Quantum Mechanics has some obscure notions of its own, however, that may be a clue to
a more unified picture of reality that resolves some of its inconsistencies and could
include many Paranormal phenomena as well.

The misinterpretation of the Dirac Equation has ignored solutions that suggest a domain
of energy which modern physics labs have only recently begun to explore and
acknowledge as real. This domain may be a key to providing a link between the
physical world of material and the non-physical world of the psyche that Cartesian
Duality split apart some 400 years ago.

In the article, The NDE and BioPhysics (Borutta, R. 2008) I suggested, based on my
own NDE, that some of the elements of a NDE (specifically the tunnel and light) might
be perceptions of the pure energy and momentum that only become apparent when we
begin to loose contact with the common reality of space-time. The Fourier transform was
introduced as the explanation for the forms perceived. The exact nature of this energy,
however, remained elusive. Where does this energy exist? Why is it not easily detected?
The experimental works referenced in the article; What is Life?,Popp F.A., et al(2002),
The Rainbow and the Worm, Ho (1998) indicated that bio-organisms produce a sort of
coherent energy that was based on a mechanism called Frohlich Condensation
(Frohlich H., 1968). That mechanism has since been challenged on the basis that the
phenomena would not be likely at the temperatures that exist in bio-organisms.(Reimers,
J.R., et al) but the coherent energy exists nevertheless. Could this coherent energy
persist after physical death? Is this what is experienced in the tunnel and light in the
NDE?

Negative Energy
There has been interest focused on Zero Point Energy (ZPE) lately (McTaggart, L. 2008)
and the property of inertia has even been derived as a force created by the reaction of the
Zero Point Field to the vibrational energy of matter ( Rueda, Haisch, Puthoff, 1994).
Zero Point Energy was mathematically eliminated from the equations of quantum
mechanics many decades ago by a process called re-normalization since the solutions
made no sense physically at the time. Similarly, the Dirac equation (Eq. 1), first
proposed by Paul Dirac in 1928, has solutions that suggest the possibilities of negative
energies and anti-matter.

Eq. 1

[()

x +( h)

mc

]=0

This equation is a relativistic form of the Schrdinger wave equation that is the basis
for describing quantum states of the electron. The anti-matter that this equation implies
was discovered a few years later but the negative energy solutions continued to be a
problem for physicists and were dealt with in various ways to eliminate or at least
minimize their implications. (Penrose, 2004).

In addition, the complete form of the Relativistic Mass-Energy relation has negative
energy solutions as well (Eq. 2)

Eq. 2

E = (c2p2+m2c4)
The negative energies are a result of the positive and negative roots for the square root of
the sum of the momentum energy and rest mass energy on the right side of the equation.
This equation is usually expressed as the rest mass energy alone (the familiar E=mc).
The complete interpretation is that the momentum term and the negative energies cannot
be ignored for any electrons or particles interacting with each other or in some sort of
field.

Dirac dealt with the situation by proposing that there exists an infinite sea (Dirac Sea)
of negative energy electrons that remain unobserved until individual electrons acquire
enough energy to be promoted into the positive energy domain where they take on the
normal observable characteristics measured usually. This is similar to the concept of
electrons in a semiconductor needing enough energy to move across a band gap in the
junction.

The situation is described in detail in two articles by D.L. Hotson; (Diracs Equation and
the Sea of Negative Energy, Parts 1 and 2;see links at Hotson D.L. 2002). He makes the
case for this sea of negative energy by proposing that it is really a Bose-Einstein
Condensate (BEC) that exists everywhere but is below absolute zero (-273 C) and
undetectable by us in the positive energy domain. This negative energy, he explains, is
not some manifestation of evil forces but a realm of energy that adds symmetry to the
positive energy universe we experience in normal life. The negative label is blamed on
Ben Franklin when he defined the electric charge of the electron as minus polarity while
doing his experiments and thus started the convention we use today identifying positive
and negative charges and forces in our universe.

Hotsons proposal is that every electron is paired with an anti-matter positron vibrating
out of phase with each other. He terms them an epo pair. High-energy collisions of
particles also produce a variety of short-lived particles that are not normally observed
including the anti-matter positron. We only observe the positive energy components of
the epo pair with the properties of the electron. The rest of the energy components are
negative energy vibrations that have the characteristics of a class of quantum particles
called bosons. These bosons are the building blocks of the Bose-Einstein Condensate
(BEC).

Little was known about the BEC in Diracs day and they have only been created in the
laboratory and studied recently by scientists. This condition occurs when atoms have
been cooled near absolute zero and the wave functions of the individual atoms begin to
overlap each other in space. At this point the atoms begin to behave as if they were the
same particle. A similar phenomenon occurs in superconductors when electrons begin to
form Cooper pairs and the conditions of what is termed a BCS forms.

One of the singular properties of negative energy at these levels is that it is essentially a
binding energy as opposed to how we experience positive energy. Thermal energy is
primarily a feature of atoms moving violently against each other, trying to get apart from
each other. Many forms of mechanical and electrical energy are measures of the
tendency of particles to bang each other about or push them apart. This is the classical
billiard ball picture of reality. Some features of the quantum world defy explanation
using this model. The force binding the nucleus of the atom must be immense at the
distances involved since the charged protons are trying to push each other apart and the
binding force must overcome this tendency. This binding force is an example of how
negative energy plays a role in our observable world.

Hotson goes on to develop his theory and show how this BEC sea, existing beyond our
detection, can produce the classical, relativistic and quantum properties we observe in our
world. In a way, this is a reintroduction of the concept of the ether that was questioned
after the Michelson-Morley experiments determined that the speed of light was constant
and Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity further dispelled with the need for the ether.
This BEC model, however, conforms to the principle requiring a constant speed of light
in any inertial frame and does not contradict relativity.

The rest of this article will concern itself with only those aspects of Hotsons theory that
applies to NDEs and other paranormal phenomena. If a more detailed understanding of

the Hotson proposal is desired the reader is encouraged to use the links in the
bibliography to examine the original articles.

The NDE Connection

In the article, The NDE and BioPhysics(Borutta, 2008) I showed how a Fourier
transform of space-time perceptions could resemble the perceptions acquired during a
NDE. A Fourier transform equation for this was obtained from Introduction to Quantum
Chemistry, Pilar (1968) and is shown as Eq. 3

Eq. 3

F(,) =

f(x,y) e

-j2(x+y)

dx dy

Where the range of the integration is from - to + and the transformation is between the
space-time domain (x,y) and the energy-momentum domain (,). Processing 2dimensional representations of simple objects in space-time using this function yields
images strikingly similar to impressions derived from NDEs.

This Fourier transform gives a range of values that are both positive and negative. The
negative values normally have been interpreted as the reversed time mirrors of the
positive values but if we are assuming that the negative values can exist in the universal
BEC they can be acknowledged as having some meaning as negative energy.

The BEC Reality

The BEC has many striking characteristics that make it an ideal candidate for supporting
paranormal and psychic phenomena as well as the pure physical domain from which it
has been developed. First, it is non-local so any interaction that occurs at any point is
immediately transferred over the entire BEC. This effect is not limited by the speed of
light because the entire BEC is entangled in one singular quantum state. Second, it
strives to remain balanced at the lowest energy state possible. It cannot tolerate any
strain over its fabric and to restore balance it pushes electrons and, according to Hotson,
forms other particles as well into the positive energy domain, the world we are normally
aware of. This implies our reality is merely the dumping ground for the excess energy of
the BEC Sea.

Note, that instead of assuming that paranormal phenomena exists due to some higher
energy levels this model implies that they are part of phenomena that exist due to lower
energy levels that have been heretofore ignored.

Since the BEC supports electromagnetic fields it is responsive to charged particles such
as ions and plasmas in the positive energy domain. Hotson explores this sensitivity with
regards to solar and planetary astrophysics (Hotson, 2002 Part 2) and unintentionally
provides a mechanism for the astrological influence of the sun and planets throughout the
solar system. The response of the BEC to plasmas might also explain some of the strange
behavior observed about ball lightning and other rare atmospheric phenomena that appear
to be aware of their environment without any discernable intelligent guidance.

The cells of living organisms are sources of ionic activity. In The Rainbow and the
Worm, Mae Won Ho (1998) demonstrates how cellular activity coherence regulates the

overall functions required to sustain the organism they are part of. The nervous systems
of animals operate by exchanging ionic charges in a more complicated way and at higher
levels than those of plants and other organisms. This massive ionic activity should put
some strain on the underlying BEC and induce it to release small amounts of positive
energy back into our side of reality thus sustaining the organism and producing another
ionic charge that continues the process of renewal necessary for life. In this fashion we
continuously create a sort of shadow of ourselves in the BEC that is connected through
it to every other organism and energy source in the universe. It might be more accurate
to say that we are the shadow and the BEC form of energy is the primary source if we
follow Hotsons model. In my NDE there was an overwhelming feeling that I was
returning home to a much more comfortable and familiar place than the reality I had
left.

When the NDE begins we start losing our link with the positive energy world and start to
perceive our negative energy counterpart as well as those of others and that of the
universe at large. This energy, however, is not extinguished with death since energy is
never destroyed just changed in form. Our energy shadow (or soul?) persists purely in
the negative energy realm which does not experience space-time. In this form the
experiencer may perceive the energy forms of others that have passed on before. Many
experiencers report recognizing loved ones they meet during the NDE. In my experience
I did not recognize the entities or energies I encountered personally but I intuitively
understood how they were helping me.

The basis for human consciousness may be rooted in this BEC. Penrose(1994) ,
Jahn(1987), Zohar(1990) and others have developed theories that involve a quantum
basis for explaining at least part of the puzzle surrounding consciousness. Penrose (1994)
actually details specifically how a BEC could explain conscious phenomena. The

problem is that the quantum process is not observable. A BEC of negative energy would
explain its lack of visibility or measurement on our positive side of reality.

The coupling of the BEC to mental states resolves the measurement problem described
above. The subjective experience in our mind is the result of the interaction of the
negative energy wave function that we are coupled to and the wave function of the object
or event we perceive.

Paranormal Examples
Often in times of great stress our sensitivity to paranormal experiences increases. This
may be due to the increased stress induced into the BEC which responds by balancing the
stressor with introducing some unusual events into the space-time we exist in normally.

Visions of loved ones or spirits may be manifestations of energies from the BEC that are
somehow raised into our awareness due to some emotional stress that has happened in the
past, is happening currently or will happen at some future time.

The karmic principle may be an example of how the BEC tends to balance the energies
created in the positive energy world we inhabit.

Catastrophic events in space-time can also induce emotional or psychic experiences in

many people not normally sensitive to them. The response of the Princeton Eggs
throughout the world to events like the 9-11 attacks and the Tsunami disaster are
examples of these phenomena.

One of the common post NDE conditions reported by experiencers is the interfering
disturbance that occurs in electrical equipment when they are nearby. This phenomena
isnt well documented quantitatively but the anecdotal evidence, including my own,
indicate that strong emotional states may be associated with these incidents. The intense
emotions produce strain in the BEC that reacts by interfering with the operation of
computers and other sensitive electrical and electronic devices in the vicinity. The
Electronic Voice Phenomena may be another form of this influence but originating in the
BEC itself from the energies of those who have passed on.

Meditative states and sleep also modify the activity of our nervous systems and these
lower energy states might open us up to the influences of this BEC.

Out of body experiences could be interpreted by realizing that they are adventures of
exploring the world through the negative energy realm.

Reincarnation becomes a possibility with this model. Our energy, after being
transformed in the BEC, can once again be projected into positive reality as a new
person or possibly spread over many entities and animate something such as a forest.
Our participation in the creative process need not be limited to a human one. Perhaps life
existing beyond our Earth takes forms that we may find impossible to imagine using our
current understanding of Terrestrial biology. A broader definition based on this type of
balance between positive and negative energies may open us up to new concept of life.

Shamanic visions and the shamans intuitive understanding of the healing power of plants
could be linked to the enhanced sensitivity of the practitioner to the negative energies
associated with this ancient form of knowledge.

Experimental Verification Possibilities

Certain aspects of this model may be verified experimentally. In the paper Experimental
Concepts for Generating Negative Energy in the Laboratory (2006) authors E.W. Davis
and H.E. Puthoff suggest using special lasers and rotating mirrors to generate negative
energy. This negative energy could be applied to a plasma, living cells or some other
ionic system and observe the interaction.

In a series of experiments described in Conscious Acts of Creation W.A. Tiller, W.E.

Dibble Jr., and M.J. Kohane (2001) report modification of cellular energies (specifically
enhancing an enzyme in vivo) by charging or imprinting an electronic device using
meditation and afterwards locating that device in the vicinity of the larva samples to be
enhanced. The physical model they propose includes negative energies but is based on
principles derived from material sciences, geometry and the concept of reciprocal space
that is found in studying crystals. The BEC model with its negative energies is more
general and comprehensive and offers more possibilities than the materialistic one they
present however the two do compliment each other.

Conclusion

Expanding the scientific paradigm of mainstream science to embrace paranormal

phenomena is needed so a more complete understanding of reality can be accomplished.
A new concept of negative energy revived from an older issue first noted in the
development of quantum mechanics addresses many of the problems associated with

including paranormal experiences into a physical, scientific paradigm. The negative

energy BEC model proposed by D. L. Hotson not only solves some of these problems but
also resolves some of the paradoxes that have arisen within the mainstream Standard
Model theory of Quantum mechanics.

The knowledge that our essential coherent energy survives the physical death of our
bodies and persists in an energetic state that is the basis for creating all reality in spacetime is a comforting notion. From this state our participation in the creation of reality
will vary according to primary nature of our individual roles and talents. It has been the
misinterpretation of this process that has labeled these interventions supernatural and
created fear and mystery around them.

New discoveries exploring the lowest energy conditions achievable so far may hold the
key explaining what have been termed subtle energies inferred in paranormal
phenomena.

Bibliography

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111,139.
Borutta, R. (2008) The Near-Death Experience and BioPhysics, The Journal of
Spirituality and Paranormal Studies, Vol 31, Number 3, pp 124-128

Davis, E.W., Puthoff, H.E. (2006) Experimental Concepts for Generating Negative
Energy in the Laboratory, Space Technology and Applications International Forum 2006,
Americal Institute of Physics.
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Radin, Dean. (2006) Entangled Minds, Pocket Books, New York, NY.
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