NI 0133 (English)

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N-133
N
REV.. L
ENGLISH
E
02 / 2014
CO
ONTEC
C
Comiss
o de Normalizzao
Tcnica
Weldin
ng
SC-26
Welding
1st Amendm
ment
This is the 1st Ame

endment to PETROBRA
AS N-133 RE
EV. L, and it is used too alter the te
ext of the
Standarrd in the partts indicated below:
b
NOTE 1 The news pages with the

t performe
ed amendments are place
ed in its correesponding po
ositions.
NOTE 2 The amen
nded pages, indicated th
he date of th
he amendme
ent, are placced at the end of this
standard, in chronological order, an
nd shall not be
b used.
CONTE
ENTS OF THE
T
1st AME
ENDMENT - 02/2014
- Table 6
Alteratio
on of the textt of Note 1.
Include of Note 2.
- Subse
ection 5.12.4..2
Alteratio
on of the textt.
PROPE
ERTY OF PETROBRAS
4 pages
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Welding
Procedure
This Standard replaces and cancels its previous revision.
The CONTEC - Authoring Subcommittee provides guidance on the
interpretation of this Standard when questions arise regarding its contents. The
Department of PETROBRAS that uses this Standard is responsible for adopting
and applying the sections, subsections and enumerates thereof.
CONTEC
Comisso de Normalizao
Tcnica
Technical Requirement: A provision established as the most adequate and

which shall be used strictly in accordance with this Standard. If a decision is
taken not to follow the requirement (non-conformity to this Standard) it shall be
based on well-founded economic and management reasons, and be approved
and registered by the Department of PETROBRAS that uses this Standard. It is
characterized by imperative nature.
Recommended Practice: A provision that may be adopted under the conditions
of this Standard, but which admits (and draws attention to) the possibility of
there being a more adequate alternative (not written in this Standard) to the
particular application. The alternative adopted shall be approved and registered
by the Department of PETROBRAS that uses this Standard. It is characterized
by verbs of a nonmandatory nature. It is indicated by the expression:
[Recommended Practice].
SC - 26
Welding
Copies of the registered non-conformities to this Standard that may contribute

to the improvement thereof shall be submitted to the CONTEC - Authoring
Subcommittee.
Proposed revisions to this Standard shall be submitted to the CONTEC Authoring Subcommittee, indicating the alphanumeric identification and revision
of the Standard, the section, subsection and enumerate to be revised, the
proposed text, and technical/economic justification for revision. The proposals
are evaluated during the work for alteration of this Standard.
This Standard is exclusive property of Petrleo Brasileiro S. A. PETROBRAS, internal application and PETROBRAS Subsidiaries and
shall be used by its suppliers of goods and services under contracts or
similar under the conditions established in Bidding, Contract, Agreement
or similar.
The use of this Standard by other companies / organizations / government
agencies and individuals is the sole responsibility of the users..
Introduction
PETROBRAS Technical Standards are prepared by Working Groups - WG
(consisting specialized of Technical Collaborators from Company and its Subsidiaries), are
commented by Company Units and its Subsidiaries, are approved by the Authoring Subcommittees SCs (consisting of technicians from the same specialty, representing the various Company Units and
its Subsidiaries), and ratified by the Executive Nucleus (consisting of representatives of the Company
Units and its Subsidiaries). A PETROBRAS Technical Standard is subject to revision at any time by its
Authoring Subcommittee and shall be reviewed every 5 years to be revalidated, revised or cancelled.
PETROBRAS Technical Standards are prepared in accordance with PETROBRAS Technical
Standard N-1. For complete information about PETROBRAS Technical Standards see PETROBRAS
Technical Standards Catalog.
PROPERTY OF PETROBRAS
107 pages, Index of Revisions and WG
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Summary
Foreword................................................................................................................................................ 12
1 Scope................................................................................................................................................. 12
2 Normative References ....................................................................................................................... 12
3 Terms and Definitions........................................................................................................................ 15
4 General Conditions ............................................................................................................................ 17
4.1 General Welding Conditions ................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Welding Documents ............................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Welding Procedure Qualification .......................................................................................... 18
4.4 Personnel Qualification ........................................................................................................ 20
4.4.1 Welder and Welding Operator ..................................................................................... 20
4.4.2 Inspectors ..................................................................................................................... 21
4.4.3 Welding Supervisors or Welding Foremen .................................................................. 22
4.4.4 Certified Welding Specialist Engineer and Certified Welding Technologist................. 22
4.5 Welding Processes and Equipment ..................................................................................... 23
4.6 Welding Technique............................................................................................................... 24
4.7 Consumable ......................................................................................................................... 26
4.8 Environmental Conditions .................................................................................................... 28
4.9 Preheating and Interpass Temperature ............................................................................... 28
4.10 Post-heating ....................................................................................................................... 29
4.11 Inspection and Quality Control ........................................................................................... 29
4.12 Weld Repairs ...................................................................................................................... 30
4.13 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) ................................................................................... 30
4.14 Auxiliary Assembly Devices ............................................................................................... 31
4.15 Marking of Welded Joints ................................................................................................... 31
4.16 Safety in Welding ............................................................................................................... 32
5 Materials ............................................................................................................................................ 32
5.1 Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel ....................................................................... 32
5.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 32
5.1.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 32
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5.1.3 General Welding Technique ........................................................................................ 33

5.1.4 Applicable Welding Processes ..................................................................................... 33
5.1.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 33
5.1.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 34
5.1.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 34
5.1.4.4 FCAW................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.4.5 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.5 Preheating and Interpass Temperature ....................................................................... 34
5.1.6 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 36
5.1.7 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)............................................................................. 36
5.1.8 Weld Repair ................................................................................................................. 36
5.1.9 Supplementary Requirements for Maintenance Weld ................................................. 36
5.2 Heat-Treated Low Alloy Steel .............................................................................................. 36
5.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 36
5.2.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 37
5.2.5 General Conditions for Consumables .......................................................................... 37
5.2.6 Preheating and Interpass ............................................................................................. 38
5.2.7 Post-Heating ................................................................................................................ 38
5.2.9 Maintenance Weld Repair ............................................................................................ 38
5.2.10 Supplementary Requirements for Inspection ............................................................. 38
5.3 Chrome-Molybdenum Steels and Molybdenum Steels ........................................................ 39
5.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 39
5.3.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 39
5.3.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 40
5.3.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 40
5.3.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 40
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5.3.4.4 FCAW-G............................................................................................................... 41
5.3.4.5 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 41
5.3.7 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 44
5.3.9 Hardness Test in Homogeneous Joints ....................................................................... 46
5.3.10 Weld Repair ............................................................................................................... 46
5.3.11 Supplementary Requirements for Maintenance Weld ............................................... 46
5.4 Nickel Steel .......................................................................................................................... 47
5.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 47
5.4.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 47
5.4.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 48
5.4.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 48
5.4.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 48
5.4.4.4 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 49
5.4.7 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 50
5.4.9 Weld Repair ................................................................................................................. 51
5.5 Austenitic Stainless Steels ................................................................................................... 51
5.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 51
5.5.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 52
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5.5.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 55

5.5.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 55
5.5.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 55
5.5.4.4 FCAW................................................................................................................... 56
5.5.4.5 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 56
5.5.7 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 58
5.5.9 Weld Repair ................................................................................................................. 58
5.6 Superaustenitic Stainless Steels .......................................................................................... 59
5.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 59
5.6.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 59
5.6.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 60
5.6.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 60
5.6.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 60
5.6.7 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 62
5.6.9 Heat Treatment of Solubilization .................................................................................. 62
5.6.10 Weld Repair ............................................................................................................... 62
5.7 Duplex, Superduplex and Hyperduplex Stainless Steels ..................................................... 63
5.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 63
5.7.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 64
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5.7.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 67
5.7.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 67
5.7.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 68
5.7.4.4 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 68
5.7.7 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 69
5.7.9 Weld Repair ................................................................................................................. 69
5.8 Martensitic Stainless Steels ................................................................................................. 69
5.8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 69
5.8.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 69
5.8.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 70
5.8.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 71
5.8.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 71
5.8.4.4 FCAW................................................................................................................... 71
5.8.4.5 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 71
5.8.7 Post-heating ................................................................................................................. 72
5.8.9 Weld Repair ................................................................................................................. 73
5.9 Ferritic Stainless Steels ........................................................................................................ 73
5.9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 73
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5.9.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 73

5.9.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 74
5.9.4.2 GTAW .................................................................................................................. 75
5.9.4.3 GMAW.................................................................................................................. 75
5.9.4.4 FCAW................................................................................................................... 75
5.9.4.5 SAW ..................................................................................................................... 75
5.9.7 Post-Heating ................................................................................................................ 77
5.9.9 Weld Repair ................................................................................................................. 77
5.10 Nickel and Nickel Alloys ..................................................................................................... 78
5.10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 78
5.10.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................. 78
5.10.3 General Welding Technique ...................................................................................... 79
5.10.4 Applicable Welding Processes................................................................................... 80
5.10.4.1 SMAW ................................................................................................................ 80
5.10.4.2 GTAW ................................................................................................................ 80
5.10.4.3 GMAW................................................................................................................ 80
5.10.4.4 FCAW................................................................................................................. 80
5.10.4.5 SAW ................................................................................................................... 81
5.10.5 General Conditions for Consumables ........................................................................ 81
5.10.6 Preheating and Interpass ........................................................................................... 82
5.10.7 Post-heating ............................................................................................................... 82
5.10.8 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)........................................................................... 82
5.10.9 Weld Repair ............................................................................................................... 82
5.10.10 Supplementary Requirements for Inspection ........................................................... 82
5.11 Copper and Copper Alloys ................................................................................................. 83
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5.11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 83

5.11.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................. 83
5.11.4.1 SMAW ................................................................................................................ 84
5.11.4.2 GTAW ................................................................................................................ 84
5.11.4.3 GMAW................................................................................................................ 84
5.11.6 Preheating and Interpass ........................................................................................... 85
5.11.7 Post-heating ............................................................................................................... 85
5.12 Welding of Metal Sheets and Coated Tubes ..................................................................... 85
5.12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 85
5.12.2 Types of Metal Coatings ............................................................................................ 86
5.12.2.1 Cladded Plate .................................................................................................... 86
5.12.2.2 Plate with Coating Deposited by Welding (Weld Overlay)................................. 86
5.12.2.3 Plate with Lining ................................................................................................. 86
5.12.3 Weldability .................................................................................................................. 86
5.12.7 Preheating and Interpass Temperature ..................................................................... 90
5.12.8 Post-heating ............................................................................................................... 91
5.12.10 Supplementary Requirements for Inspection ........................................................... 91
5.13 Dissimilar Welding .............................................................................................................. 92
5.13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 92
5.13.2 Base Metal ................................................................................................................. 92
5.13.5 Preheating and Interpass Temperature ..................................................................... 94
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5.13.6 Post-heating ............................................................................................................... 94

Annex A -Instructions for Sampling Inspection on Receipt of Consumables ....................................... 96
A.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................................ 96
A.2 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 96
A.3 Guide For Determination of Sample Size and Acceptance and Rejection Limits .......................... 97
Annex B -Hardness Measurement Test [Recommended Practice] ...................................................... 99
B.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................................ 99
B.2 General Conditions ........................................................................................................................ 99
B.2.1 Calibration of Bench and Portable Measurement System ................................................ 99
B.2.2 Personnel Qualification ..................................................................................................... 99
B.2.3 Hardness Measurement in Laboratory ........................................................................... 100
B.2.3.1 Measurement Procedure ........................................................................................ 100
B.2.3.2 Test Reports ........................................................................................................... 100
B.2.3.3 Test Specimen for Welding Procedure Qualification .............................................. 101
B.2.3.4 Hardness Measurement in Welding Procedure Qualification ................................. 101
B.2.4 Hardness Measurement in Field ..................................................................................... 104
B.2.4.1 Measurement Procedure ........................................................................................ 104
B.2.4.2 Test Reports ........................................................................................................... 105
B.2.4.3 Suitability of Field Portable Instruments ................................................................. 105
B.2.4.4 Surface Preparation ................................................................................................ 106
B.2.4.5 Hardness Measurement Test Performance ........................................................... 107
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Figures
Figure 1 - Detail for Determination of Thickness ................................................................................... 35

Figure 2 - Examples of Solidification Cracks ......................................................................................... 53
Figure 3 - Examples of Torch Outlet Profile .......................................................................................... 53
Figure 4 -
Examples of Contamination Due to Different Concentrations of Oxygen in Purge Gas... 54
Figure 5 - Heat Input and Corrosion Resistance ................................................................................... 66

Figure 6 - Joint Preparation of Coated Plate with Access on Both Sides ............................................. 86
Figure 7 -Preparation of Joint from Coated Plate with Access Only on the Substrate Side ................ 86
Figure A.1 - Application Diagram of a Simple Sampling Plan ............................................................... 98
Figure B.1 - Hardness Profile for Double V Bevel ............................................................................... 102
Figure B.2 - Hardness Profile for V Bevel ........................................................................................... 102
Figure B.3 Hardness Measurement Points for Profile in V Bevel on Upper Face............................ 103
Figure B.4 Hardness Measurement Points for Profile in V Bevel on Root ....................................... 103
Figure B.5 - Hardness Measurement Points in Profile of Plate with Coating Deposited by Welding
(Weld Overlay) ................................................................................................................ 104
Figure B.6 - Hardness Measurement Points in Welded Joint Surface (Weld Metal, HAZ, and Base
Metal) for Validation of Portable Durometer ................................................................... 106
Figure B.7 - Surface Preparation for Hardness Measurement in Weld ............................................... 106
Figure B.8 - Hardness Measurement Points on Welded Joint Surface ............................................... 107
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Tables
Table 1 - Diffusible Hydrogen Limit in FCAW Electrodes ...................................................................... 33
Table 2 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperatures Specified for Welding of Carbon Steel and
Carbon-manganese Steel ...................................................................................................... 34
Table 3 - Minimum and Maximum Preheating and Interpass Temperature of Heat-Treated Low Alloy
Steels .................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 4 - Designation of P numbers, According to ASME BPVC Section IX ........................................ 39
Table 5 - Consumables for Molybdenum and Chromium-Molybdenum Steels ..................................... 42
Table 6 - Consumables for Heterogeneous Welding of Molybdenum and Chromium-Molybdenum
Steels .................................................................................................................................... 43
Table 7 - Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Chromium-Molybdenum and Molybdenum Steels ... 44
Table 8 - Post-heating for Chromium-Molybdenum and Molybdenum Steels ...................................... 45
Table 9 - Hardness in Welded and Heat Affected Zone after PWHT .................................................... 46
Table 10 - Electrodes and Rods for Nickel Steel................................................................................... 49
Table 11 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Welding of Steels to Nickel Homogeneous Welding ......................................................................................................... 50
Table 12 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Welding of Steels to Nickel Heterogeneous Welding ...................................................................................................... 50
Table 13 - Consumables of Austenitic Stainless Steels ........................................................................ 57
Table 14 -Coated Electrode, Rod and Solid Wire for Welding of Superaustenitic Stainless Steels .... 61
Table 15 - Chemical Composition (% in Weight) of the Main Duplex Stainless Steels......................... 64
Table 16 - Additional Testing to ASME BPVC Section IX ..................................................................... 67
Table 17 - Consumables of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steels ................................................ 68
Table 18 - Electrodes and Rods for Martensitic Stainless Steels ......................................................... 72
Table 19 - Electrodes and Rods for Ferritic Stainless Steels ................................................................ 76
Table 20 - Electrodes, Rods and Solid Wires for Nickel and Nickel Alloys ........................................... 81
Table 21 - Rods for Copper and Copper Alloys .................................................................................... 85
Table 22 - Filler Metals for Coating Deposited by Welding - Weld Overlay - in Carbon Steel or Low
Alloy Base-Plate on Equipment with No Need for PWHT .................................................... 89
Table 23 - Filler Metals for Coating Deposited by Welding - Weld Overlay - in Carbon Steel or Low
Alloy Base-Plate on Equipment Requiring PWHT ............................................................... 90
Table 24 - Consumables, Preheating and Post-Heating Temperatures for Welding of Dissimilar Joints ... 92
Table A.1 - Simple Sampling Plan - Normal Inspection of Consumers Risk 5 % and 10 % ................ 96
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Foreword
This Standard is the English version (issued in 12/2013) of PETROBRAS N-133 REV. L 07/2013. In case
of doubt, the Portuguese version, which is the valid document for all intents and purposes, shall be used.
1 Scope
1.1 This Standard establishes the requirements and recommended practices for fusion welding of
steels and nonferrous alloys, except for 1.1.1 and 1.1.2.
1.1.1 In the event of welding or hot tapping of equipment, industrial pipes and pipelines in operation
with internal fluid, PETROBRAS N-2163 shall be used.
1.1.2 In the event of underwater welding, PETROBRAS N-2036 shall be used.
1.2 This Standard applies to the following materials and conditions:
a) carbon steel and carbon-manganese;
b) heat-treated low alloy steel;
c) chrome-molybdenum steel and molybdenum steel;
d) nickel steel;
e) austenitic stainless steel;
f) super-austenitic stainless steel;
g) duplex, super-duplex and hyper-duplex stainless steels;
h) martensitic stainless steel;
i) ferritic stainless steel;
j) nickel and nickel alloy;
k) copper and copper alloy;
l) coated sheet;
m) dissimilar welding.
1.3 This Standard applies to procedures started as of its date of issuance.
1.4 This Standard contains Technical Requirements and Recommended Practices.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document applies.
PETROBRAS N-1438 - Terminologia Soldagem;
PETROBRAS N-1738 - Descontinuidades em Juntas Soldadas, Fundidos, Forjados e Laminados;
PETROBRAS N-1859 - Qualificao de Consumveis de Soldagem;
PETROBRAS N-2036 - Soldagem Subaqutica;
PETROBRAS N-2163 - Soldagem e Trepanao em Equipamentos, Tubulaes Industriais
e Dutos em Operao;
PETROBRAS N-2301 - Elaborao da Documentao Tcnica de Soldagem;
PETROBRAS N-2349 - Segurana nos Trabalhos de Soldagem e Corte;
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ABNT NBR 5425 - Guia para Inspeo por Amostragem no Controle e na Certificao de
Qualidade;
ABNT NBR 5426 - Planos de Amostragem e Procedimentos na Inspeo por Atributos;
ABNT NBR 5427 - Guia para Utilizao da Norma ABNT NBR 5426 - Planos de
Amostragem e Procedimentos na Inspeo por Atributos;
ABNT NBR 14842 - Critrios para a Qualificao e Certificao de Inspetores de Soldagem;
ABNT NBR ISO IEC 17025 - Requisitos Gerais para Competncia de Laboratrios de
Ensaios e Calibrao;
ABNT NBR NM ISO 9712 - Ensaio No Destrutivo - Qualificao e Certificao de Pessoal;
FBTS 007 - Critrios para a Qualificao e Certificao de Engenheiro Especialista em
Soldagem e Tecnlogo de Soldagem;
ISO IEC 17024 - Conformity Assessment - General Requirements for Bodies Operating
Certification of Persons;
ISO GUIDE 65 - General Requirements for Bodies Operating Product Certification Systems;
API 510 - Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and
Alteration;
API RP 582 - Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries;
API RP 934-A - Materials and Fabrication of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo, 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo, and
3Cr-1Mo-1/4V Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels for High-temperature, High-pressure
Hydrogen Service;
API TR 934-B - Fabrication Considerations for Vanadium-Modified Cr-Mo Steel Heavy Wall
Pressure Vessels;
API RP 934-C - Materials and Fabrication of 1 1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steel Heavy Wall Pressure
Vessels for High-pressure Hydrogen Service Operating at or Below 825 F (441 C);
API TR 934-D - Technical Report on the Materials and Fabrication Issues of 11/4Cr-1/2Mo
and 1Cr-1/2Mo Steel Pressure Vessels;
API RP 934-E - Recommended Practice for Materials and Fabrication of 11/4CR-1/2Mo
Steel Pressure Vessels for Service Above 825 F (440 C);
API TR 938-B - Use of 9Cr-1Mo-V (Grade 91) Steel in the Oil Refining Industry;
ASME BPVC - Section II, Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler
Metals;
ASME BPVC - Section V - Nondestructive Examination;
ASME BPVC - Section VIII - Division 1 - Rules For Construction of Pressure Vessels;
ASME BPVC - Section IX - Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures,
Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing Operators;
ASTM A 262 - Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in
Austenitic Stainless Steels;
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ASTM A 370 - Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products;
ASTM A 380 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel
Parts, Equipment, and Systems;
ASTM A 1038 - Standard Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the Ultrasonic
Contact Impedance Method;
ASTM E 140 - Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell
Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness,
and Scleroscope Hardness;
ASTM E 340 - Standard Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys;
ASTM E 384 - Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials;
ASTM E 562 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic
Manual Point Count;
ASTM G 48 - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of
Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution;
AWS A3.0 - Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding,
Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;
AWS A4.2 - Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta
Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal;
AWS A5.01 - Procurement Guidelines for Consumables - Welding and Allied Processes Flux and Gas Shielded Electrical Welding Processes;
AWS A5.1 - Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding;
AWS A5.4 - Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding;
AWS A5.5 - Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding;
AWS A5.6 Specification for Copper and Copper-Alloy Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc
Welding;
AWS A5.7 - Specification for Copper and Copper-Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes;
AWS A5.9 - Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods;
AWS A5.11 - Specification for Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded for Metal Arc
Welding;
AWS A5.12 - Specification for Tungsten and Oxide Dispersed Tungsten Electrodes for Arc
Welding and Cutting;
AWS A5.14 - Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods;
AWS A5.17 - Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc
Welding;
AWS A5.18 - Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc
Welding;
AWS A5.22 - Specification for Stainless Steel Flux Cored and Metal Cored Welding
Electrodes and Rods;
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AWS A5.23 - Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding;
AWS A5.28 - Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding;
AWS A5.29 - Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding;
AWS A5.32 - Welding Consumables - Gases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Welding and
Allied Processes;
AWS A5.34 - Specification for Nickel-Alloy Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding;
AWS A5.36 - Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Flux Cored Electrodes for Flux
Cored Arc Welding and Metal Cored Electrodes for Gas Metal Arc Welding;
AWS C5.5 - Recommended Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding;
AWS D1.1 - Structural Welding Code-Steel;
AWS D10.8 - Recommended Practices for Welding of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel Piping
and Tubing;
AWS D10.10 - Recommended Practices for Local Heating of Welds in Piping and Tubing;
NORSOK M-601 - Welding and Inspection of Piping;
WRC 452 - Recommended Practices for Local Heating of Welds in Pressure Vessels.
NOTE
For documents referred in this Standard and for which only the Portuguese version is
available, the PETROBRAS department that uses this Standard should be consulted for any
information required for the specific application.
3 Terms and Definitions

For purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of PETROBRAS N-1438, N-1738, API
RP 582, AWS A3.0 and the following ones are applied.
3.1
controlled deposition
deposition technique with heat input control of each pass and with ratio between inputs, according to a
predetermined sequence of welding
3.2
EGW - Electrogas Welding
welding process using electro-gas
3.3
ERW - Electrical Resistance Welding
welding process using electrical resistance
3.4
ESW - Electroslag Welding
welding process using electro-slag
3.5
FCAW-G - Gas Shielded Flux Cored Arc-Welding
welding process using gas shielded flux-cored wire
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3.6
FCAW-S - Flux Cored Self-Shielded Arc Welding
welding process using self-shielded flux-cored wire
3.7
GMAW - Gas Metal Arc Welding
arc welding process using shielding gas, with automatic wire feeding. Also known as "MIG/MAG"
3.8
GTAW - Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
arc welding process using shielding gas with non-consumable tungsten electrode. Also known as
"TIG"
3.9
level 2 welding inspector
professional certified by the Sistema Nacional de Qualificao e Certificao - Pessoal (SNQC-PS) as
welding inspector level 2 in the design standard applicable to the service
3.10
high level of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal
hydrogen level exceeding 16 mL of hydrogen per 100 g of deposited weld metal
3.11
low level of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal
hydrogen level above 4 mL and of 8 mL or below per 100 g of deposited weld metal (H8)
3.12
extra low level of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal
hydrogen level exceeding 4 mL of hydrogen per 100 g of deposited weld metal (H4)
3.13
average level of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal
hydrogen level above 8 mL and of 16 mL or below per 100 g of deposited weld metal (H16)
3.14
oscillating pass
the oscillation of the electrode exceeds in more than three times the diameter of the electrode core
wire
3.15
straight-line pass
straight-line pass with no significant oscillation, in order to ensure specific requirements for corrosion
resistance and toughness. In some cases, depending on the base material, the bead may have a
width up to three times the diameter of the coated electrode core wire
3.16
PAW - Plasma Arc Welding
welding process using plasma
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3.17
welding responsible technician of PETROBRAS
maintenance professional of PETROBRAS Operating Units and technician responsible for welding,
designated by the Operating Unit and qualified to assess the behavior of the welded joint regarding
the application and exposure to the environment. The selection of the Welding Procedure
Specification / Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPS / RQPS) that best meets the service
conditions will be responsibility of this professional, who shall be registered in the Conselho Regional
de Engenharia e Arquitetura (CREA), have experience and solid background in the welding area
3.18
SAW - Submerged Arc Welding
welding process using submerged arc
3.19
SMAW - Shielded Metal Arc Welding
welding process using coated electrode
3.20
multiple pass welding
fusion weld produced by more than one progression of arc, flame, or the energy source (pass) along
the joint
3.21
welding supervisor or welding foreman
leader of the team of welders, responsible for the team performance based on his/her knowledge
about the qualification criteria of welders and welding operators, WPS, Instruction for Execution and
Welding Inspection (IEIS), welding position, range of thicknesses, welding symbols and terminology,
and technical drawing
3.22
SW - Stud Welding
welding process using studs
4 General Conditions
4.1 General Welding Conditions
4.1.1 This Standard shall be used in conjunction with the design, fabrication, assembly and post
fabrication standards, and with standards of additional requirements relating to the service conditions
of the equipment item or the structure. The conflicting requirements shall be discussed during the
clarification phase in bidding period, with PETROBRASs decision prevailing.
4.1.2 Welding is not permitted without the required qualification of welders and welding procedures,
according to the design code.
4.1.3 The requirements for welding operation are found in this Section, being valid for any of the
materials mentioned and all equipment items or structures made from those materials.
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4.1.4 Section 5 lists the requirements relating to various materials mentioned, such as, for example,
an indication of consumables, welding processes, pre-heating, post-heating and heat treatment
temperatures, and specific conditions for welding technique of the materials.
4.1.5 All welding requirements which depend on the characteristics of the equipment or structure,
such as, for example, details of bevels, adjustment of parts, dimensional tolerances, need for heat
treatment and its application method, requirements for inspection, and evaluation criteria of defects,
are not contained in this standard. This information is defined by design, fabrication, assembly and
post fabrication standards, and with standards of additional requirements relating to the service
conditions of the equipment item or the structure.
4.1.6 The heterogeneous welding shall be avoided, and its performance is mandatorily tied to prior
approval by PETROBRAS.
4.1.7 The autogenous welding shall be avoided, and its performance is mandatorily tied to prior
approval by PETROBRAS.
4.2 Welding Documents
4.2.1 All welding documents shall be prepared in accordance with PETROBRAS N-2301.
4.2.2 Welding documents shall be prepared and qualified in accordance with design, fabrication,
assembly and maintenance designs, as well as with technical specifications and contract
requirements, which may indicate additional testing, based on service or material conditions.
4.2.3 Welding documents shall be approved by the qualified welding professionals, according to
4.4.2.1 or 4.4.4, observing the responsibilities of each certification level, except as described in 4.2.4.
4.2.4 For welding in operation, maintenance or works under management of PETROBRAS' Operating
Units, the IESI may be approved by the welding responsible technician of PETROBRAS.
[Recommended Practice]
4.2.5 The selection of WPS/RQPS for welding operation and maintenance, when done by the welding
professional of the contractor, shall be endorsed by the welding responsible technician of
PETROBRAS.
4.2.6 Prequalified welding procedures provided in AWS D1.1 and the standard procedures specified
in ASME BPVC Section IX are not accepted by PETROBRAS.
4.3 Welding Procedure Qualification
4.3.1 The test specimens shall be identified in the test coupon before being removed, and their
identification shall be maintained until the tests are performed.
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4.3.2 The maximum tensile strength of the deposited weld metal shall be equal to or greater than the
minimum tensile strength specified for the base metal in the homogeneous welding. For dissimilar
welding, the maximum tensile strength of deposited weld metal shall be equal to or greater than the
minimum tensile strength specified for the base metal of lower strength.
4.3.3 In the bend test, the melted and heat affected zones of the joints shall be contained within the
bent portion of the test specimen and show plastic deformation.
4.3.4 Test specimens for mechanical tests shall undergo dimensional and visual inspection before
tests are performed.
NOTE
The dimensional tolerances and finish level of impact test specimens shall comply with
ASTM A 370. The notch inspection of the impact test specimen shall be made in a profile
comparator.
4.3.5 When impact testing on heterogeneous welds and dissimilar joints is required, all zones of
different chemical composition, such as Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and the fusion zone, shall be
represented by complete set of test specimens with notch located within those zones.
4.3.6 When the design, fabrication or assembly standard requires hardness testing in qualification of
welding procedure, the Annex B of this Standard may be adopted on fusion zone, heat affected zone
and base metal, and its results shall be compatible with the reference standard. [Recommended
Practice]
NOTE
When Annex B is adopted, it shall not be partially applied; it shall be fully applied, as a
normative requirement.
4.3.7 The application method and trademark of protective varnish of bevel shall be evaluated during
the qualification of welding procedure, when its removal before welding is not provided.
4.3.8 For clad plates, a method that proves the complete removal of the coating material shall be
assessed and approved during the welding procedure qualification. This method may not leave
residues that contaminate the weld metal.
4.3.9 For pressure vessel and other equipment with toughness requirements, during the welding
procedure qualification, the test specimens to be submitted to mechanical testing shall undergo a Post
Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) that simulates all PWHT performed during fabrication and assembly
phases, and an additional one, foreseeing a future repair of equipment.
4.3.10 In PWHT of the test coupon used for procedure qualification, the provisions of 4.13 shall be
observed.
4.3.11 Welding consumables shall be approved according to 4.7.1. In case of welding consumables
are required to be approved by PETROBRAS N-1859, the consumable trademark is not an essential
variable in qualified procedures, unless the trademark is an essential variable required by design
code.
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4.3.12 During fabrication or assembly using materials supplied in quenched and tempered or heatmechanical treatment condition, the welding procedure qualification shall be performed with the
material of the same fabrication and heat treatment process. For enlargement of existing facilities,
maintenance or rehabilitation of pipelines, the materials used shall have their quality certificate issued
by the manufacturer, containing analyzed mechanical and chemical composition properties. In these
cases, hardness shall also be measured. For maintenance services, in the occasional absence of the
manufacturers quality certificate, mechanical tests and chemical analyses shall be performed,
monitored by PETROBRAS, in order to fit in the design standard.
4.3.13 The welding procedure qualification and its tests for mirror tube welded joints shall comply with
the design standard and with API RP 582.
4.3.14 For H2S service, the minimum value of the final qualified range shall be limited to 10 % below
the value recorded by the test coupon presenting the lowest heat input.
4.4 Personnel Qualification
4.4.1 Welder and Welding Operator
4.4.1.1 Welders and welding operators shall be qualified in accordance with the applicable design
standards.
4.4.1.2 The qualification of welders and welding operators shall be documented by the Welding
Record Report (RRS) and the Certificate of Qualification of Welders and Operators (RQS).
4.4.1.3 Qualified welders and welding operators shall bear visible identification including name, the
Brazilian Register of Individual Taxpayers (CPF), the stamp number and qualification. For services
performed abroad, the CPF shall be replaced by code or numbering of the document that
unequivocally identifies the welders and operators.
4.4.1.4 A List of Qualified Welders and Welding Operators (RSQ) shall be issued.
4.4.1.5 Test specimens shall be identified in the test coupon, in order to be maintained traceable. The
identification shall be maintained until the tests are performed.
4.4.1.6 For qualification of the welder or welding operator, the methods for cleaning between weld
passes, removal of craters, and arc strikes in the bevel or auxiliary plate shall be the same as those
specified production welds.
4.4.1.7 The qualification of welder or welding operator shall include visual inspection of test coupon
welds, with the same interpretation criterion of the design, fabrication and assembly standard of
equipment or structure.
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4.4.1.8 The control over performance of welders shall be carried out using the Control Over
Performance of Welders and Welding Operators (CDS) form, according to the calculation
methodology defined in PETROBRAS N-2301. The acceptance criteria listed below shall be included
in the specific procedure of the contractor, which shall be evaluated and approved by PETROBRAS
before starting the services:
a) maintenance in workshop: in radiograph, a total not exceeding 5 % of disapproved films
(a film) in a minimum of twenty radiographed films, or, in ultrasound, the sum of defective
lengths not exceeding 2,0 % (60 mm) in at least 3,0 m of weld inspected in the
development of the welded perimeter;
b) maintenance in field: in radiography, a total not exceeding 15 % of disapproved films (a
film) in a minimum of twenty radiographed films, or, in ultrasound, the sum of defective
lengths not exceeding 5,0 % (150 mm) in at least 3,0 m of weld inspected in the
NOTE 1 For radiography, it is understood that the welder shall be disqualified when four films for
welds in field or two films for welds in workshop are disapproved, regardless of reaching the
amount of twenty films in the period.
NOTE 2 For ultrasound, it is understood that the welder shall be disqualified when he/she obtains the
minimum repair length of 60 mm for welds in workshop or 150 mm for welds in field,
regardless of reaching the minimum length to be inspected of 3,0 m.
c) construction and assembly: in radiography, a total not exceeding 10 % of disapproved
films (two films) in a minimum of twenty radiographed films, or, in ultrasound, the sum of
defective lengths not exceeding 2,5% (75 mm) in at least 3 m of weld inspected in the
d) fabrication: in radiography, a total not exceeding 10 % of disapproved films (four films) in
a minimum of forty radiographed films, or, in ultrasound, the sum of defective lengths not
exceeding 2,5% (150 mm) in at least 6 m of weld inspected in the development of the
welded perimeter.
4.4.1.9 The periodicity for presentation of CDS shall be sufficient to ensure the required corrections
are done with no difficulty and without compromising the execution term and quality of work or service
in progress. 4.4.1.9 In every case, the periodicity for presentation of CDS shall be previously approved
by PETROBRAS.
4.4.2 Inspectors
4.4.2.1 Welding inspectors shall be qualified in accordance with the Sistema Nacional de Qualificao
e Certificao de Inspetores de Soldagem (SNQC - IS), according to ABNT NBR 14842. The welding
inspector level 2 shall be qualified and certified in the main applicable standard to perform the
attributions provided in ABNT NBR 14842 in relation to welding documentation, monitoring and
approval of qualification tests, supervision of level 1 inspectors, etc. For welding services performed
abroad, welding inspectors shall be qualified and certified by international entities meeting the
requirements of ISO IEC 17024, in which case prior approval by PETROBRAS will be necessary. The
welding inspector level 2 employed abroad shall also be qualified and certified in the main applicable
standard or evidence a minimum of one year of experience working with the mentioned standard.
4.4.2.2 For services performed in Brazil, the qualification and certification of personnel for nondestructive testing shall be made by the Sistema Nacional de Qualificao e Certificao em Ensaios
No Destrutivos (SNQC - END), according to ABNT NBR NM ISO 9712, and the visual testing may
also be performed by welding inspector qualified and certified by SNQC - IS. For inspection services
performed abroad, non-destructive testing inspectors shall be qualified and certified by independent
international entities, accredited by national bodies in their respective countries, which fully meet the
requirements of ISO IEC 17024 and operate in full compliance with ISO 9712.
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4.4.2.3 The monitoring of welding performance activities by certified welding inspectors level 1 and
level 2 shall be made clear in applicable contracts.
4.4.3 Welding Supervisors or Welding Foremen
4.4.3.1 Welding supervisors and foremen shall have the following minimum knowledge:
a) interpret the welding information and parameters of IEIS;
b) know the control methodology of quality, storage and drying of consumables, specified in
the contractors procedure;
c) know the welder qualification limits;
d) know and instruct welders about the required precautions for pre-heating
(homogenization e temperature measuring), interpass temperature control, and
post-heating.
4.4.3.2 It is understood as activities of the welding supervisor or foreman, for example:
a) review the service orders, IEIS, bevel drawings of joints to be welded, so as to:
determine the quantity and type of consumables to be requested;
specify which welding machines and process shall be used in each work front;
assign welders and/or welding operators to adequate fronts;
explain the requirements for bevel preparation, pre/post-heating and inter-pass
temperatures for each work front to welders and/or welding operators;
b) ensure the correct consumables are delivered to each work front;
c) monitor the work fronts in order to ensure that:
every welder or welding operator in service in field/factory has been assigned to a task
within the scope of their certification;
every welding service in field/factory is performed within the requirements of IEIS;
the storage requirements of welding consumables in work fronts are complied with;
d) ensure that joints to be welded in next shift have the correct joint geometry, and, if not,
give feedback to the boiler supervision;
e) monitor the field assembly and adjustment of welding machines, ensuring they are
working properly;
f) at the end of each shift, ensure the consumables that returned to warehouse are duly
handled and stored;
g) manage the workforce under his/her supervision, in order to ensure safety and good
progress of welding services.
4.4.4 Certified Welding Specialist Engineer and Certified Welding Technologist
Welding specialist engineers and technologists shall be certified in accordance with the Fundao
Brasileira de Tecnologia da Soldagem (FBTS), with their attributions defined by FBTS 007.
NOTE
The certification process is being implemented by FBTS and will be available in January
2014.
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4.5 Welding Processes and Equipment

4.5.1 Welding shall be performed using processes permitted by the design, fabrication and assembly
design of equipment or structure.
4.5.2 The insulation of electrode holders and cables shall be in good conditions, without flaws or
unprotected regions, and properly sized for working conditions and personal safety. All welding shall
be performed according to the requirements of PETROBRAS N-2349.
4.5.3 The measurement instruments existing in welding sources shall be calibrated and within the
expiration date.
4.5.3.1 Welding source, cables, clamps, electrode holder, welding guns and torches, wire feeders,
control cables, extension cords, refrigeration unit, auxiliary command and control units coupled to
equipment, high-frequency drive for GTAW process, and others that have direct interference in the
process or are interdependent shall meet the requirements of NEMA (National Electrical
Manufacturers Association) or IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
4.5.3.2 For SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW processes, it is recommended the use of inverter power
sources, mainly for materials in 5.3 and 5.7. [Recommended Practice]
4.5.4 The welding inspector shall ensure that the quantity of current and voltage provided in
WPS/IEIS remains within the qualified limits throughout the welding performance. The voltage shall be
measured as close as possible to the electrode holder, without affecting the operation of welding
service in progress.
4.5.5 The oven for storage or receipt of coated electrodes, bare electrodes, tubular electrodes, rods
and fluxes shall have heating, a thermometer and hygrometer, in order to comply with 4.7.11. Those
ovens shall not be directly connected to welding source.
4.5.6 Ovens for drying coated electrodes and fluxes shall be provided with electrical resistances to
control and maintain the temperature up to 400 C, and have a thermometer, thermostat and vent with
a diameter larger than 10 mm.
4.5.6.1 Oven for drying coated electrodes shall have perforated or grid-shaped shelves at least 25
mm away from the vertical walls.
4.5.6.2 Oven for drying fluxes shall have a shaking device or trays at least 25 mm away from the
vertical walls.
4.5.7 Ovens used for keeping coated electrodes and fluxes dry shall be provided with a thermometer,
thermostat and electrical resistances to control and keep temperatures up to 200 C. Ovens for
keeping coated electrodes dry shall have perforated or grid-shaped shelves.
4.5.8 There shall be at least one storage oven, a drying oven, and an oven for keeping things dry,
which may be fixed or portable.
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4.5.9 The portable oven for keeping low hydrogen coated electrodes dry shall have electrical
resistances to keep the temperature between 80 C and 150 C, and to be of exclusive use for each
welder. The ovens shall be calibrated.
4.5.10 Equipment for pre-heating, post-heating and PWHT shall meet the fabrication and assembly
requirements of the equipment or structure.
4.5.11 Pre-heating, interpass and post-heating temperatures shall be checked by means of optical or
contact pyrometer, taking care so that the instrument adjustment is correlated with the emissivity of
the material. The temperature stick may also be used, as long as it does not conflict with Section 5.
4.5.12 Measuring and testing instruments shall be calibrated in accredited laboratories, according to
ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025. It is acceptable that the calibrations are performed using standards traced
by the Rede Brasileira de Calibrao (RBC) or INMETRO. For calibration performed abroad, the
laboratory shall have its metrological system formally recognized as operating in accordance with
ISO/IEC 17025. Calibration of measuring and testing instruments shall follow a Calibration Plan
contained in the Quality System of the unit or contractor.
4.5.13 Tungsten electrodes specified in AWS A5.12 shall be used. The electrode sharpening profile
shall be performed in accordance with AWS C5.5. Sharpening shall be performed longitudinally on the
electrode.
4.5.14 It is recommended the use of tungsten electrodes connected to Cerium (Ce), Lanthanum (La)
and Zirconium (Zr). [Recommended Practice]
4.5.15 For the preparation of the thoriated electrode tips, it shall be used a tungsten sharpener with
container that prevents dispersion in the environment.
4.6 Welding Technique
4.6.1 The use grounding clamps made of copper alloys is not allowed. In addition, there shall be no
contact of between copper pieces (or its alloys) and the areas heated or melted by welding and heat
treatment, except in the case of copper bars for lateral protection of electrogas welding and copper
butt-straps that are not consumable in any process.
4.6.2 The electrical welding arc shall be struck at the bevel or an appendix plate used for that
purpose.
4.6.3 Joints to be welded shall be free of oil, grease, rust, slag, paint, liquid penetrant testing
residues, sand, and soot from gas preheating, in an area of at least 25 mm on each side of the edges,
both internally and externally.
4.6.4 For welding with gas shielding, the bevel and edges shall be cleaned to white metal, in an area
of at least 25 mm on both internal and external sides.
4.6.5 When preparing the bevel, thermal or mechanical cutting irregularities and slag shall be
removed.
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4.6.6 Carbon, slag and copper deposits resulting from carbon electrode cutting operations shall be
mechanically removed to ensure complete removal of HAZ and the contaminants.
4.6.7 Stainless steel, nickel and nickel-alloy materials shall be stored, handled and processed
completely separated from other materials, in order to avoid the risk of contamination.
4.6.8 Slag removal and cleaning tools shall be made of materials suitable for each base metal.
4.6.9 The gas shielding shall comply with requirements of AWS A5.32. This requirement shall be
mandatory from July 2014 on.
4.6.10 When required in Section 5, the inert gas protection shall be used from the inside of the part
(purge) until it reaches the lower value between: deposit (root pass + filling) of 6.4 mm or the thickness
of the welded joint.
4.6.11 In general, controlled hammering of welds is not permitted; however, it may be accepted if
approved by PETROBRAS and supported by qualified procedure, except for the first and last layer, for
which it is always prohibited.
4.6.12 During the welding performance, pore, slag, and discontinuities identified by visual testing shall
be removed.
4.6.13 When liquid penetrant or magnetic particle testing after gouging is required, the surface
preparation for the test shall be made by grinding or other machining process.
4.6.14 The welding procedure for socket welds shall be with the GTAW process, with at least three
layers and a smooth convex profile. Special attention shall be given to protection against air currents,
humidity, rain and dust, due to the criticality of that joint configuration. It is required a liquid penetrant
testing on 100% of the joints, with no indication being allowed.
4.6.15 Specific conditions for the Flux Cored arc-welding (FCAW):
a) the self-shielded process (FCAW-S) shall be only used for welding carbon-steel structural
elements. When the metal structure shows impact requirement, only classifications of
consumables that have minimum impact evidenced by lot and with prior approval of
PETROBRAS may be used;
b) flux-cored wires identified by the manufacturer for multiple pass welding may be used;
c) the process with gas shielding may be used for welding of butt or angle joints of structural
elements and pressure components;
d) the use of welding consumables with AWS classification different from the one used in
the qualification procedure is not permitted;
e) The process for use in derivations, extensions, pipe connections with hull (nozzles) and
socket welds may be used as long as the welder is qualified in 6GR position, according to
AWS D1.1.
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The adoption of 6GR position does not imply in adoption of AWS qualification requirements,
and the same qualification requirements in the equipment or piping qualification standard
shall be used.
4.6.16 Specific conditions for the short circuit GMAW process welding (GMAW-S):
a) the process for use in derivations, extensions, pipe connections with hull (nozzles) and
socket welds may be used as long as the welder is qualified in 6GR position, according to
AWS D1.1;
NOTE 1 The adoption of 6GR position does not imply in adoption of AWS qualification requirements,
and the same qualification requirements in the equipment or piping qualification standard
shall be used.
NOTE 2 This requirement is not applied to controlled short circuit GMAW.
b) filling and finishing passes in butt or angle welds may be performed using this process, as
long as the thickness of any element does not exceed 3/8 (9,5 mm) and the vertical
welding is performed in ascending progression.
4.6.17 Specific conditions for the process of submerged arc welding (SAW):
a) the semiautomatic manual process is not permitted;
b) except for carbon steel welding without impact requirement, the change of flux
trademark is an essential variable for welding procedure;
c) for low hydrogen fluxes, they shall be kept in the conditions established by the
manufactured during the welding process.
4.7 Consumable
4.7.1 Consumables used in Brazil shall be certified by the Product Certification Body (OCP) as a
Conformity Assessment Body (OAC) accredited by INMETRO under the Sistema Brasileiro de
Avaliao de Conformidade (SBAC), according to PETROBRAS N-1859. When used abroad, they
shall be certified by an OCP accredited by INMETRO or a foreign OCP that complies with
ISO GUIDE 65 and after previous approval of PETROBRAS. In this case, the consumable trademark
does not comprise an essential variable in the qualified procedures. In case the welding consumables
are not certified by the OCP, the change in consumable trademark, even if this does not modify its
classification, results in the requalification of the welding procedure.
NOTE
In procedures with consumables qualified according to PETROBRAS N-1859 Annex A, the

requalification of welding procedure is not necessary.
4.7.2 Once the consumables with suffix G are not certifiable by OCP, their use shall be limited to
situations in which there is no specific classification to optimize a characteristic required for welding of
a given material, mentioned in 5.1. If their use is required, the RQPS and WPS shall clearly contain:
trademark, specified chemical composition of deposited weld metal, specific toughness requirements
(testing temperature and impact energy), and post-weld condition (as welded or treated). In addition, it
shall have lot control, according to AWS A5.01 Schedule J. The welding of that consumable shall be
used only with previous approval of PETROBRAS. The respective lot certificates shall present the
values specified and accepted by PETROBRAS. For use of consumables generically classified (which
means, equivalent to suffix G) with specification different from AWS, such as, for example, of
European standard (EN) or standard ISO, (only allowed when provided in the design standard of
equipment), the same requirements described herein for suffix G consumables of specification AWS
shall be met.
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4.7.3 The selection of consumables shall be in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section
5 of this Standard. For processes not covered by Section 5, the corresponding specification of ASME
BPCV - Section II, Part C shall be followed.
4.7.4 The package of the coated electrode, rod or rolled wire shall indicate, legibly and without
erasures, its trademark, specification, classification, diameter, heat number and fabrication date.
4.7.5 The coated electrode shall have individual identification through legible registration. The rod
shall be identified by punch marks at both ends. The rolled wire shall be identified on the reel.
4.7.6 Irregularities or discontinuities in the coating of coated electrodes, such as localized thickness
reduction, cracks, damages at the end, lack of adhesion, as well as dimensional deficiencies in length
and eccentricity beyond the limits of the specification and core oxidation signs, are unacceptable.
4.7.7 Bare electrodes or rods with oxidization signs are unacceptable.
4.7.8 The packages of coated electrodes and fluxes shall be free from defects that cause
contamination or damage to consumables.
4.7.9 When a consumable is used, it shall present the same conditions of receipt, regarding the
absence of defects, identification and condition of the package.
4.7.10 A specific consumable for a particular welding process may not be used in another process,
unless it is expressly indicated by the manufacturer.
4.7.11 Coated electrodes, bare electrodes, tubular electrodes, rods and fluxes in their original
packages shall be stored on supports or shelves, in ovens fulfilling the conditions mentioned in 4.5.5.
The following conditions shall be observed within the oven:
a) the temperature shall be at least 10 C above ambient temperature, but always 20 C or
above and never exceeding 40 C;
b) the maximum relative humidity shall be 50 %;
c) if the consumable manufacturer indicates temperature and humidity values more
restrictive than those required under a) and b), they shall be met.
4.7.12 When stored in vertical position, packages of coated electrodes shall be positioned with their
arcing ends facing up.
4.7.13 Packages shall be removed on a first-in first-out basis, thereby avoiding extended storage of
some lots.
4.7.14 Coated electrodes and low hydrogen fluxes shall be subjected to drying and conditions for
keeping them dry in ovens meeting the requirements of 4.5.5 to 4.5.9.
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4.7.15 For purposes of application of drying requirements, in general, the packages shall be
considered as not-waterproof. Drying may be skipped in cases of packages designed to be
waterproof, and with previous approval of PETROBRAS.
4.7.16 In the drying oven, coated electrodes shall be arranged on shelves, in a layer not exceeding
50 mm, and, in the oven for keeping them dry, in a layer equal to or less 150 mm in thickness.
4.7.17 In the ovens with trays for drying and keeping items dry, the flux layer shall be less than or
equal to 50 mm in thickness.
4.7.18 Drying and drying maintenance of coated electrodes and fluxes shall comply with the
parameters specified by the manufacturer.
4.7.19 Low hydrogen coated electrodes, whenever used in the field, shall be kept between 80 C and
150 C in portable ovens, as defined in 4.5.9.
4.7.20 Low hydrogen coated electrodes left outside ovens used to keep them dry and not used after a
working day shall be identified and separated, returning to storage oven so as to be re-dried. Only one
re-drying is permitted.
4.7.21 Submerged arc flux that does not melt during welding shall be sieved and re-dried, provided
that it did not have any type of contamination. Later, it shall be mixed with the new flux in the
proportion recommended by the manufacturer.
4.7.22 Covered electrodes shall be re-dried and kept at the temperatures recommended by the
manufacturer.
4.8 Environmental Conditions
4.8.1 Welding shall not be performed under rain, strong wind and dust in general, such as those from
abrasive blasting, application or removal of thermal and refractory insulation, unless the joint is
protected.
4.8.2 For all welding processes, protection means shall be used to prevent the action of air currents
that may alter welding conditions.
4.9 Preheating and Interpass Temperature
4.9.1 Preheating shall be applied when required in Section 5.
4.9.2 Welding shall not be performed when the part surface, in an area of 150 mm centered on the
joint to be welded, is wet or below the established preheating temperature for the material, according
to specific conditions in Section 5.
4.9.3 If preheating is not required, the temperature of the surface to be welded may not be below
10 C; in this case, the surface shall be preheated at 50 C, or as otherwise determined in Section 5.
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4.9.4 The preheating shall be performed by electrical resistance, induction or flame. Manual
preheating by blowtorch flame may be used, as long as there is no restriction to its use in Section 5.
Professionals responsible for the manual heating by flame shall receive prior training, and also shall
be guided about the possible metallurgical damage to the different materials to be welded if this
operation is poorly executed. For safety, the completion of preheating by gas and gas distribution shall
be on the opposite side where the welder is working. The use of cutting nozzle blowtorch in preheating
is not permitted.
4.9.5 Generally, the preheating temperature shall be measured on the base metal, on all joint
members, on the opposite side to the heating source, at a distance of 75 mm from the weld edges.
Preheating and temperature control procedures shall be prepared. This condition is not applied to
mirror x pipe welded connections.
NOTE
In case flame heating is used, where the temperature may only be measured from the side
of the source, heating shall be interrupted for at least 1 minute for every 25 mm of thickness
of the piece before it is measured.
4.9.6 The interpass temperature shall be measured on the weld metal, on the region in which the next
pass will be deposited. If using temperature stick, when permitted in Section 5, the measurement shall
be made in an adjacent area to avoid contamination of the following pass.
4.10 Post-heating
4.10.1 Post-heating shall be applied when required in Section 5.
4.10.2 Post-heating shall be performed by electrical resistance, induction or flame. Manual postheating by blowtorch flame may be used, as long as there is no restriction to its use in Section 5.
Professionals responsible for the manual post-heating by flame shall receive prior training, and also
shall be guided about the possible metallurgical damage to the different materials to be welded if this
operation is poorly executed. The use of cutting nozzle blowtorch is not permitted in post-heating.
4.10.3 The post-heating, when required, shall be applied immediately after the completion of welding.
To this end, the cooling cycle shall be interrupted in the post-heating temperature indicated for the
alloy in Section 5.
4.10.4 The post-heating temperature shall be measured on base metal, on all joint components, on
the opposite side to the heating source, at a distance of 75 mm from weld edges. If the base metal is
thicker than 75 mm, then a post-heating and temperature control plan shall be submitted for previous
approval of PETROBRAS.
NOTE
In case flame heating is used, where the temperature may only be measured from the side
of the source, heating shall be interrupted for at least 1 minute for every 25 mm of thickness
of the piece before it is measured.
4.11 Inspection and Quality Control

4.11.1 The inspection of welded joints and coating welds, as well as the interpretation of their results,
shall comply with the design, fabrication and assembly standards of equipment or structure, as well as
with the indications contained in Section 5.
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4.11.2 Tests applicable to each joint, as well as their extensions, shall be indicated in the IEIS
document, prepared in accordance with PETROBRAS N-2301.
4.11.3 All welds shall be 100 % visually inspected and evaluated with the acceptance criteria of the
applicable standard of manufacture. A visual inspection shall precede the other non-destructive tests.
4.11.4 Non-destructive tests required in this Standard shall be performed according to qualified
inspection procedure, as per applicable standards PETROBRAS.
4.11.5 Welding consumables shall be inspected upon receipt by sampling. It shall be performed in
line with an attribute inspection and compliance of consumables with 4.7.5 to 4.7.9 shall be checked.
Sampling shall be performed according to the instructions contained in Annex A.
4.11.6 The performance of welders and welding operators shall be controlled. The document "Control
Over Performance of Welders and Welding Operators" shall be prepared in accordance with
PETROBRAS N-2301.
4.12 Weld Repairs
4.12.1 Welding defects shall be repaired in accordance with the IEIS document applicable to repair,
prepared according to PETROBRAS N-2301, based on a qualified welding procedure.
4.12.2 The same inspection requirements needed for welded joints shall be applied to their repairs.
Non-destructive testing shall always be performed on 100 % of the surface on the excavated area
before the release of the repair filling.
4.12.3 The repair requirements for each material are detailed in Section 5 of this Standard. Additional
repairs require previous approval of PETROBRAS. Each repair shall be registered, for manufacture or
maintenance welds. In this case, the document Welding Record Report (RSS) shall be issued in
accordance with PETROBRAS N-2301.
4.12.4 The SAW process shall not be used in weld repairs, except for fabrication repairs involving
equipment of large dimensions and thicknesses.
4.13 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
4.13.1 PWHT shall be applied when required by the design or fabrication and assembly designs of
equipment or structure, and shall comply with the conditions prescribed by those standards.
4.13.2 PWHT shall be performed by electrical heating, induction, or in furnace.
4.13.3 The zone to be heated to PWHT temperature shall cover the temporary weld areas referring to
auxiliary assembly devices, even when they have been removed.
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4.13.4 It is recommended that thermocouples are fixed to the parts by capacitive discharge, so as to
ensure electrical contact between the wires of the thermocouple and the heated surface.
4.13.5 The performance of PWHT shall be documented. The document Heat Treatment Record
Report (RRTT) shall be prepared in accordance with PETROBRAS N-2301.
4.13.6 PWHT requirements for each material, when applicable, are detailed in Section 5 of this
Standard.
4.13.7 When performing PWHT located in the circumferential welds, or in which the component has
the freedom of expansion during treatment, the conditions set forth in AWS D 10.10 or WRC 452 shall
be met.
4.13.8 Other settings of localized PWHT are not permitted, except when approved by PETROBRAS,
based on analysis of the thermal gradient generated by computer simulation.
4.14 Auxiliary Assembly Devices
Auxiliary assembly devices, when permitted by the fabrication and assembly standard of equipment or
structure, shall comply with the requirements of Section 5 and the following conditions:
a) welds of auxiliary assembly devices, tack welds and other temporary welds shall be
considered definitive welds for purposes of application of the requirements of this
Standard, including those regarding the qualification of personnel;
b) the number of auxiliary assembly devices preventing transverse contraction of weld shall
be minimized, and devices limiting angular deformation of the welded joint and allowing
transverse contraction shall be preferred;
c) auxiliary assembly devices shall not be removed by impact, and the area of temporary
weld, after it has been removed, shall be inspected using liquid penetrant or magnetic
particle testing and present no undercuts, pores, cracks, thickness reduction or
incomplete removal;
d) welds of auxiliary assembly devices shall be deposited at least 25 mm away from the
edges of the bevel or directly on the faces of the bevel.
NOTE
The replacement of material to correct thickness reduction, if necessary, when permitted by

the design, fabrication and assembly standard, may be done by welding, observing the
provisions in 4.12, after previous approval of PETROBRAS.
4.15 Marking of Welded Joints

4.15.1 Welded joints shall be marked with the identification number of the welder or welding operator.
4.15.2 In joints welded by more than one welder or welding operator, the mark shall distinguish who
performs each of the passes.
4.15.3 Punch marking shall only be allowed for nominal thickness greater than 6,4 mm, at a minimum
distance of 25 mm from the edge of the weld on carbon steel, molybdenum steel and
chrome-molybdenum steel. All other materials shall be identified by an industrial marker, as long as its
composition does not contaminate the material.
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For oil and gas pipelines, punch marking shall not be allowed.
4.16 Safety in Welding

4.16.1 Any welding service shall only be performed if it complies with the safety requirements
provided in PETROBRAS N-2349 and with applicable Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE)
procedures.
4.16.2 It is recommended the use of photo-sensitive masks in welding service. [Recommended
Practice]
4.16.3 In welding services in confined space, an additional assessment shall be made by HSE team
regarding the protection of welding team.
5 Materials
5.1 Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.1.1 For purposes of this Standard, low tensile strength steels are those presenting a minimum
tensile strength limit below 490 MPa (71 ksi) and P number 1 Group 1 or 2. High tensile strength
steels are those presenting a specified tensile strength limit of 490 MPa (71 ksi) or above and P
number 1 Group 3 or 4, in addition to alloy steels of P number 3 (except molybdenum steels C1/2Mo
and 1/2Cr1/2Mo, included in CrMo family in this standard), P number 10 (except for groups H, I, J) and
P number 11B.
5.1.1.2 Those steels shall not be used at temperatures above 400 C under continuous work.
5.1.1.3 It shall be observed the additional requirements of standards and specifications for quenched,
tempered and micro-alloyed High Strength and Low Alloy - HSLA steels, classified under P number 1
Group 3 or 4, 10 (except for H, I, J) and 11B.
5.1.2 Weldability
5.1.2.1 Those steels generally have good weldability when the carbon content is below 0.20% and/or
carbon equivalent (CEIIW) is below 0,44 %; however, they may be susceptible to hydrogen induced
cracking (cold cracking), especially when the chemical composition is enriched with alloying elements
and/or in welding of thick plates.
5.1.2.2 Preheating may be necessary to reduce the cooling speed and to favor the release of the
hydrogen, since, in some cases, it is inevitable the formation of microstructures susceptible to cold
cracking.
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5.1.2.3 Post-heating is not usually necessary; however, it shall be evaluated when it involves welding
of joints with large thickness and restriction.
5.1.3 General Welding Technique
5.1.3.1 Welded joint preparation may be done by machining, cold cutting, grinding, oxy-cutting,
plasma, laser or water jet cutting. For high strength steels, the HAZ formed by cutting processes shall
be removed by machining or grinding.
5.1.3.2 When impact testing is required, the multiple pass welding shall be performed with straight
and thin passes, not exceeding three times the diameter of the core of coated electrode in SMAW
process.
5.1.3.3 Basic type coatings of consumables and fluxes shall present maximum diffusible hydrogen of
8 mL of hydrogen per 100 g of deposited weld metal (H8), except for cases where a larger control of
hydrogen is required or specified. This requirement shall be mandatory from July 2014 on.
5.1.3.4 For the FCAW process, the diffusible hydrogen limits set forth in Table 1 shall be followed.
This requirement shall be mandatory from July 2014 on.
Table 1 - Diffusible Hydrogen Limit in FCAW Electrodes

Minimum nominal tensile strength of
base metal
Designation of maximum diffusible hydrogen

(according to AWS A5.36, AWS A5.29 or API RP 582)
70 ksi (483 MPa)
H16
> 70 ksi (483 MPa) and 85 ksi
H8
(587 MPa)
> 85 ksi (587 MPa)
H4
5.1.4 Applicable Welding Processes

The SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW-G, FCAW-S, SW and SAW processes are permitted. Other
processes may be applied upon previous approval of PETROBRAS. Welding processes applied shall
comply with the design code. Processes not provided in code shall be approved by PETROBRAS.
5.1.4.1 SMAW
a) consumables shall be specified in accordance with AWS A5.1 or AWS A5.5;
b) electrodes with classification AWS EXX12, EXX13, EXX14, EXX24 and EXX27 shall not
be used for welding offshore metallic structures and pressure components;
c) electrodes with classification AWS EXX10 and EXX11 shall not be used for welding
metallic structures, pressure components and castings of any thickness, except for oil
and gas pipelines.
d) in angle welds of storage tanks with thickness of 12,5 mm or below, those consumables
may be used when permitted by design standard and with previous approval of
PETROBRAS.
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5.1.4.2 GTAW
a) consumables shall follow the specifications of AWS A5.18;
b) it is not necessary to use gas for protecting the root of the weld from inside the part.
5.1.4.3 GMAW
a) consumables shall follow the specifications of AWS A5.18;
b) it is not necessary to use gas for protecting the root of the weld from inside the part;
c) the transfer mode by conventional short circuit may not be used in thicknesses above
10 mm.
d) the use of GMAW with controlled short-circuit is permitted to perform root pass in
pipelines or piping systems, except for derivations, extensions and socket welds.
5.1.4.4 FCAW
a) consumables shall follow the specifications of AWS A5.36. In equipment fabricated
according to ASME code, consumables shall comply with ASME Section II Part C;
b) the self-shielded process (FCAW-S) shall be only used for welding carbon-steel structural
elements. When the metallic structure has impact requirement, only classifications of
consumables that have minimum impact evidenced by lot and with previous approval of
PETROBRAS may be used;
c) the process with additional gas shielding (FCAW-G) may be used for welding of butt or
angle joints of structural elements and pressure components;
d) the possible variations of impact properties between different trademarks or even
between lots from the same manufacturer shall be considered; therefore, it shall be
observed the minimum impact requirements established for weld metal.
5.1.4.5 SAW
Consumables shall follow the specifications of AWS A5.17 or AWS A5.23.
5.1.5 Preheating and Interpass Temperature
5.1.5.1 Joints shall be preheated to temperatures equal to or above those indicated in Table 2.
Table 2 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperatures Specified for Welding of

Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel
Carbon equivalent - CE (see
Note 1 from 5.1.5.2)
CEIIW 0.41%
0,41% < CEIIW 0,43%
0,43% < CEIIW 0,45%
0,45% < CEIIW 0,47%
0,47% < CEIIW 0,50%
Calculated thickness of welded joint, and [mm] (see Note 2 from

5.1.5.2)
e 20
20 < e 30
e > 30
10 C (min.)
10 C (min.)
10 C (min.) (75 C)
10 C (min.)
10 C (min.) (50 C)
100 C
10 C (min.) (50 C)
10 C (min.) (100 C)
100 C (125 C)
10 C (min.) (100 C)
100 C (125 C)
125 C (150 C)
100 C (125 C)
125 C (150 C)
150 C (175 C)
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5.1.5.2 The following information shall be followed in the application of Table 2:

a) the values in brackets are applied to offshore metallic structures AWS D1.1 and high
tensile strength steels;
b) when the ambient temperature is below 10 C, pre-heating shall be performed up to 50
C in order to remove moisture;
c) preheating temperatures of design and fabrication standards may be applied, at
PETROBRAS discretion, replacing the values given in Table 2.
NOTE 1 The carbon equivalent (CEIIW) shall be calculated according to Equation 1, based on the
values obtained from fabrication certificates (chemical analysis). In the absence of the
material certificate, identify the chemical composition of the material through one of the
following tests: sample collection, portable X-ray or optical emission spectroscopy
equipment. When it is not possible or feasible, the maximum CEIIW specified in the
fabrication standard of the material is used.
CEIIW % C
% Mn % Cr % Mo %V % Cu % Ni
6
5
15
(1)
NOTE 2 The thickness of welded joint shall be calculated according to Figure 1.
T3 = 0
37,5 mm
e = 0,5 (T1 + T2)
37,5 mm
T1
T2
T1
T3 = T2
T2
NOTE
e = 0,5 (T1 + 2T2)
T3
There may be a weld on both sides or on a single side.
Figure 1 - Detail for Determination of Thickness
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5.1.5.3 When there is a requirement of toughness, the interpass temperature shall not exceed 250 C.
When there is no toughness requirement, the temperature shall not exceed 315 C.
5.1.5.4 It is recommended that the manual heating by gas flame (blowtorch) is limited in tubes or
shells with thickness up to 25,4 mm and nominal diameter up to 10. [Recommended Practice]
5.1.6 Post-heating
It is usually not required, except when there is risk of hydrogen cracking, as for thick plates and high
restriction. In this case, use temperature of approximately 200 C with baseline time of 1 min/mm of
thickness of joint, but no less than 15 minutes.
5.1.7 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
PWHT shall comply with the respective design code and applicable technical specification, including
the number of treatment cycles.
5.1.8 Weld Repair
5.1.8.1 Weld repair procedure shall be pre-qualified when there is toughness requirement.
5.1.8.2 The same weld area may not be repaired more than twice when there is a toughness
requirement. When there is no toughness requirement, the maximum number of repairs is limited to
three times.
5.1.8.3 The repair shall be performed in multiple pass, trying to quench the previous passes.
5.1.9 Supplementary Requirements for Maintenance Weld
5.1.9.1 In equipment soaked in hydrogen, it shall be assessed the need for a previous
dehydrogenation treatment (ranging from 300 C to 400 C, for at least 4 hours), which may vary
depending on the base material, complexity and thickness of the equipment. The temperature shall
not exceed 480 C.
5.1.9.2 If applying controlled deposition techniques in maintenance service, the procedure shall be
previously qualified and approved by PETROBRAS.
5.2 Heat-Treated Low Alloy Steel
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.1.1 They are steels from the Chromium-Molybdenum and Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum family.
Those steels are typically used in the petroleum and petrochemical industry as machine parts or
components. Most of those steels have carbon content between 0,28% and 0,45% of carbon, and
addition of alloying elements, granting a high hardenability.
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Chrome-Molybdenum materials mentioned in 5.3 are not covered in 5.2.
5.2.1.2 For the purpose of this Standard, AISI 4130/4140 steels shall be deemed ChromiumMolybdenum and AISI 4340/8630 steels shall be deemed Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum.
5.2.2 Weldability
5.2.2.1 Those steels have better weldability in annealed or super-quenched condition (treated above
the typical quenching temperatures). Regardless the initial state of microstructure, those joints shall
undergo heat treatment for fitness of mechanical strength after welding.
5.2.2.2 The microstructure of HAZ of those materials, when subjected to "high cooling rates", will be
composed of martensite or bainite and martensite.
5.2.2.3 Since they are high hardenability steels, the cooling rate control is necessary in welding, by
controlling the preheating and interpass temperature.
5.2.3.1 For welding of those materials, in addition to a qualified welding procedure, there shall be
previous approval of PETROBRAS.
5.2.3.2 The preparation of the welded joint may be made by machining, oxy-cutting, plasma, laser or
water jet cutting. The HAZ formed by cutting processes shall be removed by machining or grinding.
5.2.3.3 Multiple pass welding shall be performed with straight and thin passes, not exceeding three
times the diameter of the core of coated electrode in SMAW process.
5.2.3.4 Consumables with maximum diffusible hydrogen content of 4 ml of hydrogen per 100 g of
deposited weld metal (H4) shall be used. This requirement shall be mandatory from July 2014 on.
5.2.3.5 Welding procedures shall be performed according to the hardness class of materials. In these
procedures, materials are described based on the AISI classification and with hardness required for
the mechanical elements to be welded.
The SMAW, GMAW and GTAW welding processes are allowed.
5.2.5 General Conditions for Consumables
5.2.5.1 Due to the different heat treatments those steels may undergo during their fabrication, the
mechanical strength of the base material to be welded shall be observed when choosing the
consumable.
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5.2.5.2 Whenever possible, the chemical composition of filler metal shall be as close as possible of
the base metal.
5.2.6 Preheating and Interpass
Preheating and interpass shall be performed by electrical resistance, induction or flame, and the
manual heating by flame is only allowed for welding of tethers and auxiliary assembly parts not
subjected to internal pressure. Preheating and interpass temperatures shall comply with Table 3.
Table 3 - Minimum and Maximum Preheating and Interpass Temperature of HeatTreated Low Alloy Steels
AISI
4130
4140
4340
8630
Preheating for thickness ranges (mm)

< 12.7
12.7 to 25.4
25.4
150 C
200 C
230 C
175 C
230 C
250 C
230 C
250 C
300 C
100 C
120 C
150 C
Maximum
interpass
315 C
350 C
320 C
250 C
5.2.7 Post-Heating
Post-heating shall be performed from 250 C to 300 C, with baseline time of 1 min/mm of thickness of
joint, but no less than 30 minutes.
NOTE
It is recommended that, at the end of post-heating, the cooling is controlled with cooling rate
below 95 C/h up to 80 C and thermal insulation of joint up to ambient temperature.

PWHT shall comply with the respective design code and applicable technical specification.
5.2.9 Maintenance Weld Repair
5.2.9.1 The same weld area may not be repaired more than twice when there is a toughness
requirement. When there is no toughness requirement, the maximum number of repairs is limited to
three times.
5.2.9.2 The repair shall be performed in multiple pass, trying to quench the previous passes.
5.2.9.3 If applying controlled deposition techniques, the procedure shall be previously qualified and
approved by PETROBRAS.
5.2.10 Supplementary Requirements for Inspection
5.2.10.1 When preparing the bevel, a liquid penetrant testing shall be performed.
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5.2.10.2 After welding, the welds shall be 100% inspected using liquid penetrant.
5.2.10.3 The final inspection shall be performed 48 hours after welding.
5.3 Chrome-Molybdenum Steels and Molybdenum Steels
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.1.1 Cr-Mo ferritic steels are normally used in temperatures above 400 C for their good hot
strength. These alloys show low hot deformation rate and good resistance to hydrogen, with some
specifications being employed at temperatures up to 650 C. For purposes of this standard, chromemolybdenum and modified chromium-molybdenum steels are those alloys with chromium content
between 0,5% and 11,5%, and with molybdenum content between 0,44% and 1,1%.
5.3.1.2 Besides chromium and molybdenum, some alloys may have addition of other carbide formers
(V, Nb, W, Ti). In this case, it is common the presence of elements Ni, Al, N and/or B. The
molybdenum steel by familiarity was included in this subsection.
5.3.2 Weldability
5.1.2.1 Those steels have good weldability when the carbon content is under 0,15%. However, they
are susceptible to hydrogen induced cracking (cold cracking), especially when the chemical
composition is enriched with alloying elements and/or in welding of thick plates. In case of ASME
BPVC Section IX, those steels are denominated by the following P number, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 - Designation of P numbers, According to ASME BPVC Section IX

Basic designation
C-Mo
Cr-Mo
Cr-Mo-V
Basic composition
C-0,5Mo
0,50Cr-0,50Mo
1,0Cr-0,5Mo
1,25Cr-0,5Mo
2,25Cr-1,0Mo
3,0Cr-1Mo
5,0Cr-0,50Mo
7,0Cr-0,50Mo
9,0Cr-1,0Mo
2,25Cr-1,0Mo-V
9,0Cr-1,0Mo-V
P number
3
3
4
4
5A
5A
5B
5B
5B
5C
15E
5.3.2.2 Preheating is usually required to reduce the cooling speed and to favor the release of the
hydrogen, since the formation of bainitic and/or martensitic microstructures is inevitable in some
cases.
5.3.2.3 The post-heating for Cr-Mo steels is usually performed after welding.
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5.3.3.1 Multiple pass welding shall be performed with low-thickness straight passes, aimed at
tempering the areas of coarse grains from the previous passes.
5.3.3.2 When jointing two Cr-Mo steels with different chemical compositions, it shall be preferred the
consumable indicated for the base metal of lower alloy content, due to lower susceptibility to hydrogen
induced cracking.
5.3.3.3 Generally, when jointing two Cr-Mo steels of different chemical compositions, the preheating
temperature shall be the minimum specified for the steel with higher alloy content.
5.3.3.4 It is recommended that the welding cycle in Cr-Mo steels is not interrupted until the full
completion of welding, according to qualified procedure. For relatively thin wall pipes and chromium
content below 4 %, the welding cycle may be exceptionally interrupted, as long as at least two welding
layers are deposited or 1/3 of the bevel is filled, whichever is greater, observing the specified
post-heating. [Recommended Practice]
NOTE
If the welding cycle is interrupted, the recommendations of AWS D10.8 shall be followed.
5.3.3.5 The manual heating by oxy-gas flame (shower-type blowtorch) shall be limited to pipes with
thickness below 13 mm and a nominal diameter of up to 8".
The SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW-G e SAW processes are permitted. Other processes may be
applied upon previous approval of PETROBRAS. The FCAW-S process is not permitted.
5.3.4.1 SMAW
a) the use of synthetic consumables is not permitted;
b) root welding by SMAW process is not permitted.
5.3.4.2 GTAW
a) root purging with inert gas is required when welding components to which there is no
access from both sides of the joint, for steels with chromium content of 3 % or above, in
order to prevent oxidation on the internal root face;
b) for steels with 2,25 Cr-1Mo content, it is recommended purging with inert gas;
c) inert gas protection in welding of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel (Gr91) shall present 99,998 % of
argon (high purity).
5.3.4.3 GMAW
a) the only allowed transfer modes are by spray to a flat position, and pulsed for all
positions;
b) when shielding gas in welding by GMAW process has active characteristic, the wire shall
have deoxidizing elements. The use of pure CO2 is not permitted. However, argon
mixtures with up to 25 % of CO2 may be used;
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c) root pass welding is not permitted;

d) filler welding of derivations, extensions, and pipe connections with hull are not permitted;
however, butt joint welding is allowed.
5.3.4.4 FCAW-G
a) the process shall not be used on pressurized equipment and subject to embrittlement by
tempering;
b) mechanical properties of cored wire deposits are sensitive to variations in the fabrication
process and composition of raw materials; therefore, consumables shall be acquired in
tests in the lot that will be used, according to AWS A5.01 schedule J, Class T3.
5.3.4.5 SAW
a) the flux shall not contain alloying elements;
b) in case of change of suppliers or some variable of fabrication, the deposit shall be tested
again, especially in 2.25 Cr-1Mo steels and their family;
c) special care shall be given to the flux regarding the contamination risk by dirt and
moisture.
5.3.5.1 The consumables shall be selected according to Table 5 and comply with the following
indications:
a) for equipment manufactured in Cr-Mo steel, subject to embrittlement or with impurity
control, for base metals and consumables specified in contract documents, the minimum
requirements of API RP 934 A/B/C/D/E and API TR 938-B shall be met. Restrictions of
chemical composition and impurity control, such as Bruscato Factor (Factor X),
Watanabe Factor (Factor J), K Factor and Komizo/Sugiyama Factor (Factor PE), the
maximum percentage of ferrite and impact toughness, when applicable, shall be
observed; In those cases, consumables shall be acquired as per AWS A5.01, Schedule
J, following the design specification;
b) in welding of Cr-Mo steels, electrodes with basic type coatings and fluxes for submerged
arc shall present a maximum diffusible hydrogen of 8 mL of hydrogen per 100 g of weld
metal deposited (H8), except for consumables with resistance of 90 Ksi or higher, where
the maximum content of 4 mL of hydrogen per 100 g of deposited metal (H4) is required
or, regardless of the resistance, values below H8 are specified in equipment design;
c) other processes shall present a maximum of 4 ml of hydrogen per 100 g of deposited
weld metal.
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Table 5 - Consumables for Molybdenum and Chromium-Molybdenum Steels
Type of
material
0.5Mo
0.5Cr-0.5Mo
1Cr-0.5Mo
1.25Cr-0.5Mo
Spec.
AWS
A5.5
A5.5
A5.5
Coated electrode (SMAW)

AWS Classification
Spec.
AWS
Fabrication
Alternative for
and
maintenance
maintenance
E7018-A1
A5.28
E8018-B1
E8016-B1
A5.28
E8018-B2
E8016-B2
A5.28
E701X-B2L
2.25Cr1Mo
A5.5
E901X-B3
A5.28
5Cr-0.5Mo
A5.5
E801X-B6
E801X-B6L
A5.28
9Cr-1Mo
A5.5
E801X-B8
E801X-B8L
A5.28
9Cr-1Mo-V
A5.5
E901X-B9
A5.28
Type of
material
0.5Mo
0.5Cr-0.5Mo
1Cr-0.5Mo
1,25Cr-0,5Mo
2.25Cr1Mo
5Cr-0.5Mo
9Cr-1Mo
9Cr-1Mo-V
Spec.
AWS
A5.29
A5.29
Cored wire (FCAW)

AWS Classification
Spec.
AWS
Fabrication
Alternative for
and
maintenance
maintenance
E8XT1-A1M
A5.23
E8XT1-B1M
A5.23
Bare electrode and rod

(GMAW / GTAW)
AWS Classification
Fabrication
Alternative for
and
maintenance
maintenance
ER80S-D2
ER70S-A1
ER80S-G
ER80S-B2
ER90S-B3
ER80S-B6
ER80S-B8
ER90S-B9
ER70S-B2L
ER80S-B3L
-
Submerged arc (SAW)

AWS Classification
Fabrication
Alternative for
and
maintenance
maintenance
EA1
EB1
-
A5.29
E8XT1-B2M
E7XTX-B2L
A5.23
EB2
A5.29
A5.29
A5.29
A5.29
E9XT1-B3M
E8XT1-B6M
E8XT1-B8M
E9XT1-B9M
E9XTX-B3L
E8XTX-B6L
E8XTX-B8L
-
A5.23
A5.23
A5.23
A5.23
EB3
EB6
EB8
EB9
5.3.5.2 The following indications and restrictions shall be followed in the application of Table 5:
a) alternative consumables for maintenance shall only be used after previous approval by
PETROBRAS;
b) for fabrication of coke drums, consumables E 7018-B2L and ER 70S-B2L may be
indicated, provided that the mechanical properties and chemical composition are
compatible with those specified in design;
c) consumable ER80S-G shall present similar chemical composition and mechanical
properties compatible with 0,5 Cr-0,5Mo steel. The certificates shall be submitted in
advance and approved by PETROBRAS;
d) The suffix M in the classification of consumable for cored wire indicates the shielding gas
is composed by 80 % Air + 20 % CO2 or 75 % Air + 25 % CO2;
e) for equipment manufactured with consumables of composition 1,25Cr-0,5Mo,
2,25Cr-1Mo and 2,25Cr-1Mo-V, for which there is an impact requirement in design code,
the (minimum) total level time for PWHT shall comply with the design specification. In this
case, the acquisition of those consumables shall comply with AWS A5.01 Schedule J,
and the lots shall be specified according to the following minimum criteria:
1,25Cr-0,5Mo steel (Gr 11): impact testing shall have an average of 55 J and
minimum individual of 47 J at a temperature of -18C after PWHT;
2,25Cr-0,5Mo steel (Gr 22): impact testing shall have an average of 55 J and
minimum individual of 47 J at a temperature of -30C after PWHT;
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E
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f) for 9Cr-1mo-V-Nb steel

s
(Gr 91) , the followin
ng minimum impact
i
requi rements sha
all be met:
average of 34 J (25 ft-lbs) with no valu
ue below 22 J (16 ft-lbs)) at 20C (7
70F) after
PWHT for at lea
ast 2 hours ffor all proces
sses, exceptt for GMAW process. Th
he GMAW
proccess is not permitted. The FCAW
W process shall
s
not bee used in pipes
p
and
equipment subje
ect to pressu
ure, accordin
ng to API TR
R 938-B. How
wever, it may
y be used
in non-pressuriz
n
zed equipme
ent if approv
ved in adva
ance by PET
TROBRAS, when the
average impact values are a
at least 22 J (16
( ft-lbs) witth no value bbelow 15 J (1
11 ft-lbs);
NOTE
Other requ
uirements of the design sspecifications
s and applica
able standardds to fabricattion of the
equipmentt shall also be
b specified and complie
ed with in the
e request of welding con
nsumables
such as, fo
or instance, simulated
s
PW
WHT for Cha
arpy testing.
g) in case
e of heteroge
eneous weld
ding, when not prohibited
d by the dessign or fabric
cation and
assemb
bly standard
d of equipm
ment, consu
umables sha
all be speccified as es
stablished,
conside
ering the SM
MAW and GTA
AW welding processes and
a operatingg conditions as shown
in Table
e 6.
TABLE
E 6 - CO
ONSUMABLES
FO
OR
HET
TEROGEN
NEOUS
WELDING
G
MOLYB
BDENUM AND
A
CHR
ROMIUM-M
MOLYBDEN
NUM STEE
ELS
perating con
nditions
Op
OF
M
Maximum te
emperature of applicatio
on (C)
315
5
> 315 (prefferred)
> 315
Envirronme
Tem
mperature
n
nt
GTAW
SMAW
GTAW
SMAW
G
GTAW
SMAW
No sig
gnificant
Cyyclic
or
E
ENiCrFe-3
ENiCrFe-3
prese
ence of
ERNiCr-3
E
ERNiCr-3
E
ENiCrFe-2
E
ER
RNiCr-3
nott
E
ENiCrFe-2
Note 1)
(N
su
ulfur
No sig
gnificant
E
E309-XX
ER309
prese
ence of No
on-cyclic
E
E309MoER309Mo
E
XX
su
ulfur
NOTE 1 Maximu
um operating
g temperaturre of ENiCrFe
e-3 is 480 C
C.
NOTE 2 The tem
mperature lim
mitations for chemical co
ompositions (consumablees) indicated
d in the
table arre maintaine
ed for other a
arc welding processes
p
ad
dmitted to thee welding off Cr-Mo
steels.
Preheating and Interpass Temperatture

5.3.6 P
The pre
eheating and interpass temperatures sshall be in ac
ccordance with
w Table 7.
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Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Chromium-Molybdenum and

Molybdenum Steels
Minimum preheating and interpass temperatures for welding CrMo steels of different thicknesses (see Notes 1, 2 and 3)
Material - P number (PN)
C-0,5Mo - (PN 3)
0,5Cr-0,5Mo - (PN 3)
1Cr-0,5Mo - (PN 4)
1,25Cr-0,5Mo - (PN 4)
2Cr-0,5Mo - (PN 4)
2,25Cr-1Mo - (PN 5A)
2,25-3Cr-Mo-V - (PN 5C)
3Cr-1Mo - (PN 5A)
5Cr-0,5Mo - (PN 5B)
7Cr-0,5Mo - (PN 5B)
9Cr-1Mo - (PN 5B)
9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb - (PN 15E)
NOTE 1
NOTE 2
NOTE 3
NOTE 4
NOTE 5
07 / 2013
12
Thickness (mm)
> 12
Maximum interpass
temperature
(see Note 4)
All thicknesses
Not required
150 C
250 C
150 C
200 C
300 C
200 C
250 C
350 C
200 C
250 C
350 C
200 C
250 C
330 C
For GTAW welding, the temperatures indicated in Table 7 may be reduced by up to

50 C in root pass when the thickness is 12 mm or below.
Heterogeneous welds, any chromium content and joint thickness: 150 C, except for the
carbon-molybdenum steels with joint thickness of 12 mm or below, for which no
preheating is required.
In deposition by welding of anti-corrosive coating (weld overlay), the minimum
preheating shall be 150 C for the Cr-Mo steels, regardless of thickness. Preheating at
100 C is required for the carbon-molybdenum steel with thickness above 12 mm.
The maximum interpass temperature of heterogeneous or coating welds shall be lower
than 175 C. However, in fabrication, it may be allowed an addition up to 220 C, as long
as approved by PETROBRAS and it demonstrably does not damage the lining, through
corrosion testing according to ASTM A 262.
After performing thermal cutting and gouging operations, the HAZ of the cutting shall be
fully removed before welding (preparation of the bevel).
5.3.7 Post-heating
5.3.7.1 It shall be required under the following conditions, based on the material and thickness of the
joint, in accordance with Table 8.
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Table 8 - Post-heating for Chromium-Molybdenum and Molybdenum Steels

Basic
designation
C-Mo
Cr-Mo
Cr 2 %
Cr-Mo
2 % <Cr 7 %
Cr-Mo
Cr-Mo-V
Cr-Mo-V
2 % <Cr 3 %
Basic composition
C-0.5Mo
0.50Cr-0.50Mo
1.0Cr-0.5Mo
1.25Cr-0.5Mo
2.25Cr-1.0Mo
5.0Cr-0.50Mo
7.0Cr-0.5Mo
9.0Cr-1.0Mo
9.0Cr-1.0Mo-V
2.25Cr-1Mo-V and 3Cr1Mo-V
Thickness
(mm)
> 25
> 20
Temperature (C)
Time
200
300
> 12
300
>6
300
> 12
350 - 400
1 min/mm
(minimum 15
min)
4 to 6 hours
5.3.7.2 Post-heating is not required for heterogeneous welds, except for joints with high restriction
and/or thickness, but it shall not exceed 175 C.
5.3.7.3 When post-heating is not required, the welded joint shall be protected from quick cooling
through insulating ceramic blanket.
5.3.8.1 PWHT shall meet the relevant design code and applicable technical specification, including
the number of treatment cycles.
5.3.8.2 For Cr-Mo steels with P number 5A, 5B, 5C and 15E, the PWHT shall be initiated only after
the welded joint has cooled below 50 C.
NOTE
for materials with P number 5C in welding of joints with high restriction, as in the welding of
nozzles in equipment, the need to make the PWHT or, at least, the Intermediate TTAT
immediately after welding shall be provided, without letting the component/part/equipment
cool below the interpass temperature.
5.3.8.3 The welded joints in Cr-Mo that will be subjected to PWHT shall be carefully displaced in the
period between the end of welding and completion of treatment.
NOTE
It is recommended to perform the post-heating before any displacement. [Recommended

Practice]
5.3.8.4 Before PWHT, it shall be checked the need for backing or shoring of component, in order to
avoid plastic deformation without control.
5.3.8.5 Required non-destructive tests shall be performed after PWHT.
5.3.8.6 It is recommended that non-destructive tests are performed before PWHT. [Recommended
Practice]
5.3.8.7 For quenched and tempered materials, the maximum PWHT temperature shall be at least
30C lower than the tempering temperature of the base material.
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5.3.8.8 The PWHT temperature in dissimilar joints shall be specified as a function of the steel with
higher content of alloying element.
5.3.9 Hardness Test in Homogeneous Joints
In general, the hardness in the welded and heat affected zone after PWHT shall not exceed the limits
of Table 9. More restrictive values shall be used when indicated by the design standard.
Table 9 - Hardness in Welded and Heat Affected Zone after PWHT

Basic designation
C-Mo
Cr-Mo
Cr-Mo
Cr-Mo-V
Basic composition
C-0,5Mo
0,50Cr-0,50Mo
1,0Cr-0,5Mo
1,25Cr-0,5Mo
2,25Cr-1,0Mo
5,0Cr-0,50Mo
7,0Cr-0,5Mo
9,0Cr-1,0Mo
9,0Cr-1,0Mo-V
Hardne
ss
225 HB
(237 HV)
241 HB
(250 HV).
5.3.10 Weld Repair

5.3.10.1 The same weld area may not be repaired more than twice in quenched and tempered steels
or involving thicknesses above 19 mm.
5.3.10.2 All weld repairs shall be performed by qualified welding procedure, as specified in Section 4.
5.3.10.3 The repair shall be performed in multiple pass, looking for the tempering of previous passes,
regardless if the part will be subject to PWHT. The welding shall always look for the tempering of the
coarse grain region of previous passes and HAZ. The weld repair procedure shall provide for this
tempering.
5.3.10.4 The base metal near the repair shall be inspected with ultrasound to check for cracks, in
accordance with specifications of ASME BPVC Section V.
5.3.11.1 During maintenance, if PWHT is skipped with approval of PETROBRAS, in addition to the
layers with controlled depositions and filling passes, an additional layer of tempering shall be
performed and subsequently removed. This tempering layer shall not touch the base metal.
5.3.11.2 During the maintenance service, in case of applying controlled deposition techniques with
final tempering pass and its subsequent removal, the procedure shall be pre-qualified, according to
the design code, and with prior approval by PETROBRAS. These techniques require repeated tests,
checking and training of the entire workforce. Change of welding position shall be considered as an
essential variable because it influences the heat input. In addition to the heat input of each pass, the
relationship of heat input among passes shall be controlled. Additionally, all other parameters
incorporated into the technical procedure shall be recorded and faithfully fulfilled (overlap among
passes, attack angle, diameter of electrodes, weld sequence).
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5.3.11.3 It is not allowed the use of controlled deposition techniques as a way of avoiding PWHT in
5Cr-0.5Mo steels or with higher alloy content when PWHT is indicated by the design standard.
5.3.11.4 In weld maintenance, the parameters and weld techniques may show significant difference
when compared to the materials in new condition, requiring assessment of the physical state of the
material in aged condition. In this case, the repair procedure shall previously be evaluated and
5.3.12.1 In equipment soaked in hydrogen, it shall be assessed the need for a previous
dehydrogenation treatment (in range of 350C to 450C, for at least 4 hours), which may vary
depending on the base material, complexity and thickness of the equipment. The temperature shall
not exceed 480 C.
5.3.12.2 In maintenance weld, the bevel on the side of the aged material shall always be previously
inspected with liquid penetrant before welding.
5.3.12.3 Portable hardness testers that use spheres with 10 mm of diameter shall not be used to
measure the hardness in the HAZ.
5.4 Nickel Steel
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.1.1 Ferritic alloys with addition of nickel have good mechanical strength and toughness, being
used in cryogenic services or systems which occasionally may be subjected to low operating
temperatures. The minimum application temperature is a function of the percentage of nickel in the
alloy, and it may vary from -50 C to -196 C.
5.4.1.2 For the purpose of this standard, nickel ferritic steels are those with nickel content ranging
from 1 % to 9 %, and which meet the material specification indicated by the equipment design
standard.
5.4.2 Weldability
5.4.2.1 They have good weldability; however, the larger the addition of nickel is, the higher the
hardenability of steel is, particularly in steels with high nickel content (Ni 5 %) in which the HAZ
consists of martensite with relative toughness as a function of nickel content and control of carbon
content.
5.4.2.2 Mechanical properties and toughness may be compromised when there is overgrowth of
grains of HAZ due to the high heat input adopted.
5.4.2.3 In homogeneous and, specially, heterogeneous welding, the weld pool of C-Ni steels presents
low fluidity compared to pool of C-Mn steel.
5.4.2.4 Contaminants of foreign origin shall not touch these materials, especially the sulfur from
tempilstick, grease, soap, etc. C-Ni steels are classified as P number 9 and 11A, according to ASME
BPVC Section IX.
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5.4.2.5 Porosity may be avoided by controlling the diffusible hydrogen and by using a very short arc.
5.4.2.6 Due to the higher capacity of magnetization compared to carbon steel, extra care shall be
taken, particularly in 9 % Ni steel. Demagnetization or cancellation of the magnetic field in some cases
may be required before welding.
5.4.3.1 The welding shall be of multiple pass, with straight and slightly convex passes. Passes that
have excessive convexity shall be repaired by grinding to avoid lack of fusion.
5.4.3.2 Nickel steels and especially those with high nickel content, such as 9 % Ni, show a relatively
adherent oxide layer which shall be removed before the start of welding.
5.4.3.3 The heat input shall be below 2 kJ/mm in homogeneous and 1,5 kJ/mm in heterogeneous
welding. With the submerged arc welding process, it shall be lower than 2,8 kJ/mm and 2,5 kJ/mm,
respectively.
5.4.3.4 In the qualifying phase of heterogeneous welds, it is recommended longitudinal bending test
instead of the cross bending. [Recommended Practice]
5.3.3.5 The manual heating by oxy-gas flame (shower-type blowtorch) shall be limited to pipes or
hulls with thickness below 13 mm and a nominal diameter of up to 10".
The SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, and SAW processes are permitted. Other processes may be applied
upon previous approval of PETROBRAS. The FCAW process is not permitted with or without shielding
gas.
5.4.4.1 SMAW
b) the coating shall be basic and have a maximum diffusible hydrogen of H8. This
requirement shall be mandatory from July 2014 on;
c) root welding by SMAW process is not permitted;
d) the oscillation of the electrode shall be such that the pass width does not exceed three
times the coated electrode core diameter.
5.4.4.2 GTAW
a) the shielding gas of the root shall be argon, helium or a mixture of these gases;
b) the root purging shall be maintained until the completion of the second layer.
5.4.4.3 GMAW
Root welding and root enhancing pass by GMAW process are not permitted. It is not permitted to weld
derivations, extensions, pipe connections with hull (nozzles) and socket welds.
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5.4.4.4 SAW
a) the flux shall be neutral or basic, it is not permitted the presence of alloying elements, and
it shall contain a maximum diffusible hydrogen of H8. The requirement for diffusible
hydrogen shall be mandatory from July 2014 on;
b) special care shall be given to the flux regarding the contamination risk by dirt and
moisture.
5.4.5.1 The consumables shall follow the instructions in Table 10.
Table 10 - Electrodes and Rods for Nickel Steel

Type of
material
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
Preferred
1,5 % Ni
2,25 % Ni
A5.5
A5.5
E801X-C1
E801X-C1
3,5 % Ni
A5.5
A5.11
E801X-C2
9 % Ni
A5.11
ENiCrMo-3
Type of
material
AWS
Spec.
1,5 % Ni
2,25 % Ni
A5.28
A5.28
A5.28
A5.14
A5.14
3,5 % Ni
9 % Ni
Alternative
(see Note)
E801X-C2
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrFe-2
ENiCrFe-3
-
Bare electrode and rod (GMAW /

GTAW)
AWS Classification
Alternative
Preferred
(see Note)
ER80S-Ni1
ER80S-Ni2
ER80S-Ni3
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
Submerged arc (SAW)

Type of
material
1,5 % Ni
2,25 % Ni
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
Alternative
Preferred
(see Note)
EBNi2
EBNi2
-
A5.23
A5.23
A5.23
3,5 % Ni
EBNi3
ERNiCr-3
A5.14
9 % Ni
A5.14
ERNiCrMo-3
NOTE
These consumables shall be used when the welded
joint is subjected to temperatures close to the lower
limit allowed for the base material.
5.4.5.2 Heterogeneous welding with consumables ER309 and E309 is only permitted as an
alternative to maintenance, after review and previous approval by PETROBRAS. The review shall
consider at least the following factors: compatibility with the fluid/corrosion, design temperatures, and
risk of thermal fatigue.
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Preheating and interpass temperatures shall be in accordance with Table 11 or 12.
Table 11 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Welding of Steels to

Nickel - Homogeneous Welding
C-Ni
1,5% Ni
2,5% Ni
3,5% Ni
NOTE
Thickness (mm)
Minimum preheating
and interpass (C)
19 and C 0.2%
>19 or C > 0.2 %
12 and C 0.2%
>12 or C > 0.2 %
10 and C 0.2%
>10 or C > 0.2 %
15
100
15
150
15
150
Maximum
interpass (C)
250
250
230
Using the GTAW process, the preheating may be reduced by 40 C.
Table 12 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Welding of Steels to

Nickel - Heterogeneous Welding
C-Ni
3,5 %Ni
5 %Ni
9 %Ni
Thickness (mm)
<50
50
<50
50
<50
50
Minimum preheating
and interpass (C)
15
100
15
100
15
100
Maximum
interpass (C)
150
150
150
5.4.7 Post-heating
It is not required, unless it involves plates thicker than 50 mm. In this case, it is recommended the
post-heating at 150 C, with 1 minute per mm of thickness. [Recommended Practice]
5.4.8.1 Normally, PWHT is only prescribed for large thicknesses and shall be performed as per
design code. Generally, the PWHT for materials with up to 3,5 % Ni is only indicated from 20 mm or
35 mm on, depending on the code.
5.4.8.2 For steels with higher alloy content (5 % Ni and 9 % Ni), the treatment is usually required for
thickness above 35 mm; however, the design code is mandatory. In quenched and tempered
materials, the PWHT temperature shall be 30 C lower than the tempering temperature of the base
material. Due to the addition of nickel, the critical temperature of transformation of these steels is
always below 723 C.
5.4.8.3 The excessive baseline time reduces the toughness of C-Ni alloys.
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5.4.9 Weld Repair

5.4.9.1 No more than two repairs shall be done on the same region of the weld metal and HAZ.
5.4.9.2 All weld repairs shall be performed a with qualified welding procedure, evidencing that the
additional thermal cycle, when required, does not compromise the toughness of the joint.
coarse grain region of previous passes and HAZ.
In maintenance welding, the parameters and welding techniques may show significant difference
compared to the materials in new condition, requiring assessment of the physical state of the material
in aged condition. In this case, the repair procedure shall previously be assessed and approved by
PETROBRAS.
5.4.11.1 The liquid penetrant test shall be performed on root pass in pipe welding.
5.4.11.2 The contact of C-Ni steel with sulfur, copper, tin, zinc, and lead is not permitted. Contact with
industry pencil, soaps and oils in general shall be avoided as they may contain sulfur. In any case, the
material may be put into operation or subjected to PWHT before elimination of contaminants.
5.4.11.3 Water used in hydrostatic testing shall present control of chloride, which shall be lower than
50 ppm.
5.5 Austenitic Stainless Steels
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.1.1 This family has good resistance to corrosion and creep, and also has good toughness at low
temperatures. Chromium is kept above 16 %, and nickel is added in a percentage sufficient to keep
the austenite stable at ambient temperature, being 18Cr-8Ni the basic composition.
5.5.1.2 This Section includes the austenitic stainless steels with microstructure fully austenitic or
austenitic-ferritic, such as:
steels from AISI 3XX series (304, 316, 317, 321, 347, 310) standard or conventional;
low carbon steels from AISI 3XXL series, used in corrosive services with carbon content
lower than 0,04 %;
controlled carbon steels from AISI 3XXH series, used in services at high temperature,
with carbon contents ranging from 0,04 % to 0,1 %;
cast steels for general use and for use at high temperatures.
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5.5.1.3 Austenitic stainless steels from 2XX series are not considered in this Standard.
5.5.2 Weldability
5.5.2.1 In general, they have good weldability; however, they are susceptible to precipitation of
carbides (sensitization) in alloys with higher carbon content.
5.5.2.2 They are susceptible to hot cracking (solidification, liquation, ductility reduction). This
phenomenon occurs especially on alloys with no delta ferrite or with ferrite number - FN lower than 3,
when the material contains impurities such as S and P (among others), or when eutectics with low
melting point are formed. Solidification cracking may be controlled by the presence of delta ferrite and
control of solidification mode (consumable composition and cooling rate of the weld pool).
5.5.2.3 They are generally classified as P number 8, according to the ASME BPVC Section IX.
5.5.3.1 The fabrication of stainless steel piping and equipment shall be made in a segregated and
protected area, preferably in a shed separated from other materials.
5.5.3.2 Hot cutting with graphite electrode or oxycutting is not permitted. Hot cutting shall be
preferably performed by plasma or laser, and the surface shall be ground in order to remove any signs
of oxidation and irregularities.
5.5.3.3 The root opening shall be slightly wider than the one commonly used for carbon steels,
because the root tends to close more often, which may result in lack of fusion. Austenitic stainless
steels have thermal expansion coefficient approximately 50% greater than the carbon steel, and lower
thermal conductivity. These factors generate high residual stress and higher tendency to distortion
(warping) in the welded joint.
5.5.3.4 In welding of austenitic stainless steel, some details of extreme importance shall not be
overlooked in order to reduce the risk of solidification cracking, such as: joint preparation, surface
cleaning, quantity of material deposited per pass, aiming the width/depth ratio equal to one, slight
convexity of passes, and suitable welding speed in order to avoid weld pool in drop form. Figure 2
shows the formation of cracks due to the width/depth ratio (A) (B) (C) and concavity (D).
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Fusing depth
Face width
Face width
Crack
Crack
Fusing depth
Crack
(A)
Butt weld
Crack
(B)
Angle weld
(C)
"T" weld
Crack
(D)
(E)
(F)
Wrong
Very large and
concave pass
Wrong
Very high and concave
finished pass
Right
Pass not very large and
slightly convex or flat
Figure 2 - Examples of Solidification Cracks

5.5.3.5 The risk of crater-type hot cracks may be mitigated by training welders on torch outlet. The
profile shall be slightly convex, as shown in Figure 3.
Weld metal
Weld metal
Base metal
Base metal
Potential to form crater crack
Avoids formation of crater crack
Figure 3 - Examples of Torch Outlet Profile

5.5.3.6 It is recommended that the surface of the parts is protected from adherence from spatter and
other projections resulting from the weld, especially when the GMAW and FCAW processes are used.
5.5.3.7 The part of the auxiliary assembly device touching or welded in the equipment shall have the
same P number of the base metal, according to the classification of ASME BPVC Section IX, or
otherwise be coated with the consumable specified for welding of base metal in deposits of at least
two layers. Contamination with carbon (carburizing followed by precipitation), iron and iron oxide are
detrimental to corrosion resistance.
5.5.3.8 The welding shall be performed with straight passes and low heat input. The input to
processes with high density of current, such as SAW and FCAW, shall not exceed 2,5 kJ/mm. For
GTAW and SMAW processes, it shall not exceed 1,5 kJ/mm, except for the AISI 317(L), in which the
input shall be lower than 1,3 kJ/mm due to the high content of molybdenum.
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5.5.3.9 Slag and flux residues shall be removed after welding, because they compromise the
corrosion resistance in operation (fluoride). Contact with chlorine or fluoride is extremely harmful,
causing stress corrosion or pitting.
5.5.3.10 Slag removal, cleaning and cutting tools shall only be used for these materials and shall
meet the following conditions:
a) slag removal and cleaning tools shall be made of stainless steel or coated with this
material;
b) the cutting disks shall be made of aluminum oxide with nylon core or of fiberglass.
5.5.3.11 Contamination by contact with sulfur, zinc, copper, tin, lead, among others, may irreversibly
compromise the austenitic stainless steels when exposed to high temperature.
5.5.3.12 Upon completion of welding and before the start of operation, soaps and detergents used in
bubble, liquid penetrant and industrial marker residue tests shall be eliminated. Tempilstick shall not
be used, being recommended the contact thermometer for temperature control.
5.5.3.13 Welding by GTAW and GMAW processes shall be performed with oxygen-free shielding gas
at the root of weld in order to protect the weld zone and HAZ. This protection shall be maintained until
the completion of the third weld layer or 6.3 mm, ensuring the absence of oxygen. If socket weld or
sealing is used, the purging is required up to a thickness of 6.3 mm of the base material. Above this
thickness, it shall be evaluated by PETROBRAS. Argon and helium may be used as purge gas. The
effectiveness of root purging may be identified by visual assessment. Figure 4, according to AWS
C5.5, illustrates the contamination caused by oxygen at different concentrations in the purge gas.
NOTE
This item is not applied to joints with full root removal and when 5.5.3.16 is applied.
No. 1 - 10 ppm
No. 2 - 25 ppm
No. 3 - 50 ppm
No. 4 - 100 ppm
No. 5 - 200 ppm
No. 6 - 500 ppm

No. 7 - 1 000 ppm
No. 8 - 5 000 ppm
No. 9 - 12 500 ppm
No. 10 - 25 000ppm
Figure 4 - Examples of Contamination Due to Different Concentrations of Oxygen in

Purge Gas
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5.5.3.14 Purging with nitrogen during welding is only permitted after previous review and evaluation of
PETROBRAS. The ferrite content in base material, gas purity, and risk of hot cracking after welding
shall be evaluated.
5.5.3.15 The authorization for joint welding without internal access shall be made after checking and
evidencing the oxygen content inside the tube. This measurement of residual oxygen shall be
performed using an oxymeter with threshold value of 50 ppm. The device shall be able to detect the
presence of oxygen from 0 to 1 000 ppm or mL/m3.
NOTE
In situations where, due to the distance between the inert gas injection point and the
measurement point, it is not possible to meet the requirement above, PETROBRAS shall be
informed so as to make a decision.
5.5.3.16 The contaminated base metal and face and root regions with coloring 4 or above shall be
treated after welding, therefore, extra care is essential to the purge. In general cases, the passivated
layer may be restored by removing the oxidized layer formed at high temperature, either by controlled
etching, sanding or blasting with glass beads, the latter indicated for large surfaces. Cleaning with acid
requires special care about the contamination of the environment and the health of the applicator. In
applications requiring corrosion resistance, passivation is indicated immediately after sanding or
etching. Pickling and passivation shall comply with ASTM A 380.
The SMAW, GMAW-P, GMAW, FCAW-G, GTAW, SAW, and PAW processes are permitted. The
FCAW-S process is not permitted.
5.5.4.1 SMAW
b) the welding of AISI 321 steel shall be performed with consumable 347 due to the low
transfer of titanium in the process;
c) whenever the material is exposed to temperature above 480 C in the operation, the
consumable shall be acquired according to AWS A5.01, Schedule J, ensuring its bismuth
content does not exceed 0,002 %.
5.5.4.2 GTAW
a) besides argon (99,99 %), the argon + helium mixture or only helium may be used as
shielding gas. the argon + H2 mixture (1 % H2 to 3 % H2 maximum) may only be used
with previous approval of PETROBRAS;
b) root purging with inert gas is required during welding in order to prevent internal oxidation
on the root face and HAZ;
c) when a cored wire specific for GTAW welding (100 % argon) is used, any flux residue
shall be removed, especially where there is contact with the fluid.
5.5.4.3 GMAW
a) the root pass welding may be performed with controlled short circuit, as long as welders
are trained and qualified using base material (test specimens) and austenitic stainless
steel consumables;
b) the process may be used for filling and finishing. The welding of derivations, extensions,
pipe connections with hull (nozzles) and socket welds is not permitted;
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c) The welding may be performed with inert gas, mixtures of those gases, argon + O2
(maximum 2 %) or Argon + CO2 (maximum 5 %). Other mixtures richer in CO2 may be
used, if previously approved by PETROBRAS, and if it is performed the intergranular
corrosion test during the welding procedure qualification, according to ASTM A 262;
d) root purging with inert gas is required during welding in order to prevent internal oxidation
on the root face and HAZ.
5.5.4.4 FCAW
a) the welding of austenitic stainless steel is only permitted by the FCAW process with
shielding gas;
b) whenever the material is exposed to temperature above 480 C in the fabrication (or
PWHT process), the consumable shall be acquired according to AWS A5.01, Schedule J,
ensuring its bismuth content does not exceed 0.002 %;
c) the gas may be an argon + CO2 mixture (E XXXTX -4) or only CO2 (E XXXTX - 1), as
long as it is not observed carburization with pure CO2 during the qualification process.
The carbon percentage shall be assessed through chemical analysis and/or intergranular
corrosion test, as in ASTM A 262.
5.5.4.5 SAW
a) whenever the material is exposed to temperature above 480 C in the operation, the
consumable shall be acquired according to AWS A5.01, Schedule J, ensuring its bismuth
content does not exceed 0,002 %;
b) weld fluxes shall be stored and handled so as to avoid contamination. Contamination in
stainless steels is critical, because it may reduce the corrosion resistance;
c) flux used in welding of austenitic stainless steel shall be neutral or basic, without
deleterious effect to the weld zone;
d) the use of linked fluxes is not permitted, except to compensate for loss of alloying
elements in the metal transfer;
e) moisture on plates or in the flux may cause porosity. wet fluxes shall be re-dried, as
indicated by the manufacturer.
5.5.5.1 The consumables shall follow the instructions in Table 13. The alternative consumables shall
only be used with previous approval of PETROBRAS.
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Table 13 - Consumables of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Material
Type
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
304 / CF8
304L / CF3
304H
CH-20
(~309)
310/ (CK-20)
316
CF8M (~316)
316L
CF3M (~316L)
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
Preferred
E308
E308L
E308H
A5.4
E309
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
E310
E316 (Note 2)
E308Mo
E316L
E308LMo
Alternative
E308L
E347
E308 (Note 3)
E309 Mo
E309MoL
E310Nb
E316L
E316
E316L
316H
A5.4
E316H
317/CG-8M
317L
321
347
CF8C
347H
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
A5.4
HK-40
AWS
Spec.
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
Preferred
ER308
ER308L
ER308H
A5.9
ER309
ER309 Mo
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
ER310
ER316 (Note 2)
ER308Mo
ER316L
ER308LMo
E316 (Note 3)
A5.9
ER316H
E317
E317L
E347
E347
E347
E347H
E385
E385
E347 (Note 3)
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
E310-H (Note 1)
ER317
ER317L
ER321
ER347
ER347
ER347H
ER35Ni25Cr-0.4C
ER316L
ER316 (Note
3)
ER385
ER385
ER347
ER347 (Note 3)
ER310H (Note
1)
Cored wire (FCAW-G)

Material
Type

(GMAW / GTAW)
AWS Classification
304
304L
304H
310
A5.22
A5.22
A5.22
A5.22
Preferred
(see Note 4)
E308TX-X
E308LTX-X
E308HTX-X
E310TX-X
316
A5.22
E316TX-X
316L
A5.22
Submerged arc (SAW)

AWS
Spec.
Alternative
-
Alternative
ER308L
ER347
ER308 (Note 3)
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
A5.9
A5.
9
A5.9
AWS Classification
Preferred
(see Note 5)
ER308
ER308L
ER308H
ER310
ER316H
Alternative
-
E316LTX-X
ER316L
E316HTX-X
316H
A5.22
A5.9
ER316
(NOTE 3)
317
A5.22
E317TX-X
E317LTX-X
A5.9
ER317
ER317L
317L
A5.22
E317LTX-X
A5.9
ER317L
321
A5.22
E347TX-X
A5.9
ER321
347
A5.22
E347TX-X
A5.9
ER347
347H
A5.22
E347HTX-X E347TX-X (Note 3) A5.9
ER347H
NOTE 1 The electrode and the rod shall not be used in equipment operating under pressure.
NOTE 2 For operating temperatures above 400 C and any thickness, consumables whose
chemical composition of the deposited metal is equal to the electrode AWS A5.4, E16-8-2
with 1 to 5 FN may be used.
NOTE 3 Consumable with minimum carbon of 0,04 %C.
NOTE 4 The welding position is indicated by the manufacturer EXXXTX X, if digit 0, it is flat and
horizontal position (EXXXT0-X), if digit 1, it is all positions (EXXXT1-X).
NOTE 5 Only the consumable presents specification/AWS classification, with no similar for the
flux.
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5.5.5.2 In classifications 308, 316, 317 and 321, the minimum ferrite content in the deposits shall be
3 % or 3 FN. For classification 347, it shall be 5 % or 5 FN.
5.5.5.3 The maximum content of ferrite shall be lower than 8,5% or 9 FN in steels exposed to high
temperature ( 370 C) or in those subjected to at least one PWHT cycle (coating /weld overlay)
during fabrication. The measurement of ferrite shall be performed before PWHT, and the calibration of
the ferritoscope tool shall be performed according to AWS A4.2 or through quantitative microstructural
evaluation.
5.5.5.4 The ferrite shall be measured in qualification phase of welding procedure, and when
prompted, evidenced in fabrication weld.
5.5.6.1 Preheating shall not be permitted.
5.5.6.2 The interpass temperature shall be kept as low as possible and not exceed 150 C, except for
the 317L steel, which shall not exceed 120 C.
5.5.7 Post-heating
It shall not be required.
It is generally not required.
5.5.9 Weld Repair
5.5.9.1 More than two repairs in the same location may irreversibly degrade the corrosion resistance,
due to precipitation of carbides or intermetallic phases. In this case, the joint shall be evaluated for the
presence of precipitates, and, if their existence is evidenced, it shall be removed, including HAZ, and
the section shall be replaced.
5.5.9.2 Before the authorization for welding, the surfaces to be welded shall be inspected with liquid
penetrant.
In maintenance welding, the parameters and welding techniques may show significant difference
compared to the materials in new condition, requiring assessment of the physical state of the material
in aged condition. In this case, the repair procedure shall be previously evaluated and approved by
PETROBRAS.
5.5.11.1 The liquid penetrant test shall be performed at 100% in the root pass and finishing.
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5.5.11.2 During maintenance, before the authorization for welding, the bevels shall always be
inspected with liquid penetrant.
50 ppm.
5.6 Superaustenitic Stainless Steels
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.1.1 The superaustenitic steels have fully austenitic microstructure and intermediate composition
between the 300-series steels and nickel alloys. They usually present the following composition: 20 to
25% Cr, 15 to 25% Ni, 4 to 8% Mo, 0,01 to 0,03% C, 0,2 to 0,6% N and Pitting Resistance Equivalent
Number (PRENN) above 45, according to the following formula:
PRENN = %Cr + 3,3 x (%Mo + 0.5x%W) + 16 x (%N)
5.6.1.2 The 317 LN, and 317LMN and 904L steels (20Cr25NiMoCu) are included in this group
because they are precursors of superaustenitic steels, due to the increase in the percentage of Mo
and addition of N, like the 317 LN and LMN.
5.6.2 Weldability
5.5.2.3 Superaustenitic stainless steels are generally classified as P number 8 or 45, according to the
ASME BPVC Section IX.
5.6.2.2 The welding is performed similarly to austenitic stainless steels, being susceptible to hot
cracking, because they solidify in austenite mode. There may be micro-cracks (liquation tracks) in
multiple pass welding.
5.6.2.3 During solidification, there usually is segregation of Mo from 3,5 %, becoming critical when the
content is lower than 6 %. This phenomenon may reduce the localized corrosion resistance. The
consumable shall compensate for the reduction of Mo due to the segregation, and, therefore, it shall
be always richer in this element.
5.6.2.4 It is recommended to use techniques that provide movement of the weld pool.
5.6.2.5 The welder shall be properly trained and accustomed to welding these materials, in order to
avoid lack of fusion due to the lower fluidity of pool when compared to carbon steel.
All requirements indicated for welding of austenitic stainless steels are mandatory and shall be applied
with the changes described in 5.6.3.1 and 5.6.3.2.
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5.6.3.1 The heat input shall not exceed 1,3 kJ/mm for SMAW, PAW, and GTAW. For the GMAW
process, it shall not exceed 1,5 kJ/mm.
5.6.3.2 Industrial marker shall not be used.
The SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, and PAW processes are permitted. The FCAW process is not permitted
with or without shielding gas.
5.6.4.1 SMAW
b) basic consumables tend to generate slightly convex weld beads, which reduce the risk of
hot cracking and have higher toughness;
c) for 317LN and 317LMN steels, the bismuth content in deposit shall not exceed 0,002 %
whenever the material is exposed to temperatures above 480 C in fabrication (in PWHT
process) or in operation.. In this case, the consumable shall be acquired according to
AWS A5.01, Schedule J;
d) solvents used to clean the joint shall be free of sulfur, chlorine and fluorine;
e) all slag waste shall be removed before the material is exposed to operational condition.
5.6.4.2 GTAW
a) the homogeneous welding is usually not performed without subsequent heat treatment of
solubilization;
b) besides argon (99,99%), the argon + helium mixture or only helium may be used as
shielding gas. the argon + H2 mixture (1% H2 to 3% H2 maximum) may only be used with
previous approval of PETROBRAS;
c) the shielding gas used in welding of the alloy 904L shall be 99,99% argon;
d) the shielding gas used in welding of alloys 317LN, 317LMN, 254SMO, 25-6Mo and
654SMO shall be argon 99,99% or argon + N2 (maximum of 3 to 5 %). In the qualification
procedure, it shall be reviewed the nitrogen percentage in welded and heat affected zone.
e) root purging with inert gas is required during welding in order to prevent internal oxidation
f) the purge shall be performed with argon + N2 (maximum of 3 % to 4 %) for materials
317LN, 317LMN, 254SMO, INCONEL-25 6MO and 654SMO;
g) root purging shall be maintained until the completion of the third weld layer or 6,3 mm,
ensuring the absence of oxygen;
h) the welding shall be performed with straight passes;
i) solvents used to clean the joint shall be free of sulfur, chlorine and fluorine.
5.6.4.3 GMAW
a) the use of controlled short circuit GMAW process in root pass and root stiffener is not
permitted;
b) the filler and finishing welding may be performed by GMAW process, except in
derivations, extensions, pipe connections with hull (nozzles) and socket welds;
c) welding with active gas or mixtures containing active gases is not permitted. the welding
shall only be performed with inert gas or inert gas mixtures;
d) the shielding gas used in welding of the alloy 904L shall be 99,99% argon;
e) the shielding gas used in welding of alloys 317LN, 317LMN, 254SMO, 25-6Mo and
654SMO shall be argon 99,99% or argon + N2 (from 3 % to 5 %). In the qualification
procedure, it shall be reviewed the nitrogen percentage in welded and heat affected zone.
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f) root purging with inert gas is required during welding in order to prevent internal oxidation
g) the purge shall be performed with argon + N2 (from 3 % to 5 %) for materials 317LN,
317LMN, 254SMO, INCOLOY 25-6MO, and 654SMO;
h) root purging shall be maintained until the completion of the third weld layer or 6,3 mm,
ensuring the absence of oxygen.
Table 14 -
Coated Electrode, Rod and Solid Wire for Welding of Superaustenitic

Stainless Steels
Coated electrode
(SMAW)
Type of
material
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
Preferred
317LMN
(4-5Mo)
904L
(4,5Mo)(
Note)
254SMO
UNS
S31254
25-6MO
UNS
N08926
654SMO
UNS
S32654

(GMAW / GTAW)
AWS
Spec.
Alternative
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
5.11
ENiCrMo-3
E317LMN
ENiCrMo-10
5.14
ERNiCrMo-3
ER317LMN
ERNiCrMo-10
5.11
5.4
ENiCrMo-3
E385Mod (Mo)
E385
5.14
5.9
ERNiCrMo-3
ER385
5.11
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo-10
5.14
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-4
ERNiCRMo-10
5.11
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo-10
5.14
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-4
ENiCRMo-10
5.11
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo-10
5.14
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-4
ERNiCRMo-10
NOTE 1 The choice of alternative consumable for 904L steel shall be approved by PETROBRAS
due to the corrosive medium and operating temperature. In this case, in homogeneous
welding, the maximum ferrite percentage in the deposit shall be lower than 5 % or 5 FN
(E385Mod and E385).
NOTE 2 For purposes of this Standard, consumable E385Mod is the one where the molybdenum
percentage in the deposit is higher than 5%, and may exceed 5,5%Mo (above the %Max
of AWS).
5.6.5.2 Manganese is important in the performance of consumables, avoiding hot cracks.

Preference shall be given to consumables of high manganese and low silicon content and impurities.
5.6.6.1 Preheating is not required.
5.6.6.2 Interpass temperature shall not exceed 100 C.
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5.6.7 Post-heating
The post-heating is not required.
PWHT is not required.
5.6.9 Heat Treatment of Solubilization
5.6.9.1 When welding with consumables of higher alloy content, especially in molybdenum,
solubilization treatment is usually skipped; however, it shall be observed the mandatory design
specification.
5.6.9.2 Autogenous welding requires heat treatment of solubilization. The solubilization treatment
shall follow the specification standard of the base metal, shall be performed on whole part, and the
localized treatment of the joint may not be carried out.
5.6.10 Weld Repair
5.6.10.1 More than two repairs in the same location may irreversibly degrade the corrosion
resistance, due to segregation of molybdenum, precipitation of carbides and intermetallic phases. In
this case, the joint shall be cut, including the HAZ, and replaced.
5.6.10.2 Before the authorization for welding, the bevels shall always be inspected with liquid
penetrant.
5.6.11.1 In maintenance welding, the parameters and welding techniques may show significant
difference compared to the materials in new condition, requiring assessment of the physical state of
the material in aged condition. In this case, the repair procedure shall previously be assessed and
5.6.12.1 In fabrication, assembly and maintenance, the root passes, root stiffener and finishing shall
be 100 % inspected by liquid penetrant.
50 ppm.
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5.7 Duplex, Superduplex and Hyperduplex Stainless Steels

5.7.1 Introduction
5.7.1.1 Under certain conditions, they replace austenitic stainless steels of 300 series because of the
good relation between the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, such as, for instance,
corrosion under stress, pitting, and gaps, especially due to the addition of nitrogen. Two other
properties are important for the welding: thermal expansion coefficient comparable to carbon steels,
and thermal conductivity higher than austenitic steels.
5.7.1.2 Duplex steel shall not be exposed to operating temperatures exceeding 250 C due to the
precipitation of deleterious phases, which result in the reduction of corrosion resistance, ductility and
toughness.
5.7.1.3 The metal base has microstructure composed of approximately 50 % ferrite and 50 %
austenite; however, the ferrite content in the weld zone may vary from 35 % to 65 %.
5.7.1.4 Throughout their evolution, these stainless steels have been commercially referenced in three
ways: duplex, superduplex, and hyperduplex. All of them have austenitic-ferritic structure. The basic
difference between them is the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) value.
5.7.1.5 It has been currently adopted the classification of the different degrees, based on the chemical
composition and PREN, according to the following formulas:
PRENN = %Cr + 3.3 x(%Mo) + 16x(%N)
PRENW = %Cr + 3.3x(%Mo + 0.5 %W) + 16x(%N)
NOTE
Both expressions have been used and meet respectively steels with and without W.
5.7.1.6 In this Standard, unless where otherwise stated, the term duplex stainless is referring to the
three trade names, according to Table 15.
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Table 15 - Chemical Composition (% in Weight) of the Main Duplex Stainless Steels

Grade
UNS
No.
EN
No.
Cr
Ni
Mo
Duplex - 22 Cr standard
21,0- 1,35- 0,1LDX2101
S32101 1.4162 0,04
22,0
1,7
0,8
21,0- 4,52,52205
S31803 1.4462 0,03
23,0
6,5
3,5
22,0- 4,53,02205
S32205 1.4462 0,03
23,0
6,5
3,5
21,5- 3,0- 0,052304
S32304
0,03
24,5
5,5
0,60
Superduplex - 25Cr
24,0- 5,53,02520
S32520 1.4507 0,03
26,0
8,0
4,0
24,0- 4,52,9F255
S32550 1.4507 0,04
27,0
6,5
3,9
24,0- 6,03,02507
S32750 1.4410 0,03
26,0 8,0
5,0
24,0- 6,03,0Zeron100
S32760 1.4501 0,03
26,0 8,0
4,0
24,0- 6,02,5DP3W
S39274
0,03
26,0 8,0
3,5
Hyperduplex
26,0- 5,50- 4,02707
S32707
0,03
29,0 9,50 5,0
29,0- 6,00- 3,03207
S33207
0,03
33,0 9,00 5,0
NOTE 1 Single % values are the maximum.
NOTE 2 (-) Not defined in the specifications.
Mn
Cu
PREN
0,20,25
0,080,20
0,140,20
0,050,20
4,06,0
0,10,8
28,0
2,00
30,5
2,00
34,1
2,50
0,050,60
0,200,35
0,100,25
0,240,32
0,200,30
0,240,32
0,300,50
0,400,60
1,50
1,50
1,20
23,0
0,52,0
1,52,5
37,1
35,2
0,50
0,51,0
0,20,8
0,51,0
1,502,50
1,50
1,00
48
1,50
1,00
48
1,00
1,00
37,7
40,0
38,6
5.7.2 Weldability
5.7.2.1 The duplex stainless steels usually have good weldability and are classified as P number 10H,
according to ASME BPVC Section IX.
5.7.2.2 Attention shall be given to the heat input and control of interpass temperature, especially in
multiple pass welding, for the risk of precipitation of carbides, nitrides and intermetallic phases due to
the permanence in critical temperature range.
5.7.2.3 In welding process, the goal is to achieve the correct balance between ferrite and austenite in
the weld metal and HAZ, and to avoid the precipitation of deleterious secondary phases on HAZ or
weld metal.
5.7.2.4 The filler metals with higher Ni contents ensure the weld metal properties compatible with the
base metal.
5.7.3.1 The fabrication of stainless steel piping and equipment shall be made in a segregated and
protected area, preferably in a shed separated from other materials. The duplex stainless steels shall
be clearly segregated from austenitic stainless steels during fabrication.
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5.7.3.2 Welding preparation may be performed through use of cold cutting, abrasive cutting disk,
milling, water jet cutting, machining, plasma, or laser. In plasma cutting, depending on the quality
required for cutting, air or Air+H2 mixture may be used in the following combinations: 85/15%, 80/20%,
and 65/35%. Higher H2 contents increase the arc energy, resulting in higher cutting speeds and/or
cutting of larger thicknesses. After the thermal cutting, the ends shall be trimmed in at least 1,0 mm.
Thermal cutting with graphite and oxy-cutting are not permitted.
5.7.3.3 Also due to the high viscosity of stainless steel consumables regarding the C-Mn steels, the
preparation shall provide larger joint angle than for those steels, minimizing the risk of lack of fusion.
5.7.3.4 Preparation and cleaning shall include a range of 50 mm to both sides of the joint. This area
shall be cleaned by grinding and solvent to remove grease, oxides, marker paints, and other
contaminants that may be harmful to welding.
5.7.3.5 Slag removal, cleaning and cutting tools shall be used exclusively for these materials, and
meet the following requirements:
material;
b) the cutting and trimming disks shall be made of aluminum oxide with nylon or fiberglass
core wire;
c) additional precautions shall be taken to avoid contamination during the preparation of the
joints.
5.7.3.6 It is recommended that the surface of the parts is protected from adherence of spatter and
other projections resulting from welding, especially when the GMAW process is used.
5.7.3.7 The filler metals (wires and electrodes) shall be properly stored in clean and dry places, and
always handled with clean gloves. The wires shall be cleaned with solvents before use.
5.7.3.8 The use of tacking or fastening devices shall be contained, in details, in the welding procedure
to be submitted for previous approval of PETROBRAS, including specification of materials to be used
in the manufacture of devices, and the filler metals to weld them.
5.7.3.9 The part of the auxiliary devices of assembly touching or welded to the equipment or piping
shall be made of material with the same P number of base metal, in accordance with the classification
of BPVC ASME Section IX, or coated with consumable specified for welding of the metal with at least
two layers.
5.7.3.10 The heat input shall never be lower than 0,5 kJ/mm. A very low heat input of welding
increases the cooling rate, resulting in low formation of austenite, which may be below 35 %.
5.7.3.11 The heat input shall not exceed 1,5 kJ/mm, except for duplex 2205, which may reach up to
2,0 kJ/mm. Higher heat input values of welding may cause precipitation of deleterious secondary
phases, reducing the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
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5.7.3.12 The ratio between the heat inputs of the first and second pass shall be around 85 %,
according to the example of Figure 5.
1,7 kJ/mm
1,3 kJ/mm
1,4 kJ/mm
1,0 kJ/mm
2,0 kJ/mm
Damaging
Weld 1 - Wrong
Damaging
Weld 2 - Wrong
Balanced
Weld 3 - Right
Figure 5 - Heat Input and Corrosion Resistance

5.7.3.13 Field welding only on one side shall be performed by GTAW process with shielding gas free
of hydrogen, in order to avoid cracking and embrittlement of the weld metal.
5.7.3.14 As nitrogen is an important austenite former and strong contributor in increasing the
resistance to pitting corrosion, the loss of this element through the weld pool and dissemination of
HAZ to the weld metal shall be avoided. [Recommended Practice]
5.7.3.15 The purge shall ensure the expelling of all oxygen in the root area, and no welding shall be
started before the oxygen content is 50 ppm or lower. The gas flow varies depending on the joint, but
it is usually between 10 L/min and 15 L/min.
5.7.3.16 The pipe welding shall be performed in alternating quadrants in order to avoid distortions.
The weld bead shall be straight, not have a length exceeding 150 mm or exceed a quarter of the pipe
circumference.
5.7.3.17 During the root pass, whenever the welding is started, there may be a peak of oxygen.
3
Welding shall be discontinued if the content is higher than 100 mL/m (100 ppm). This control shall be
done with oxygen analyzer, able to detect oxygen between 0 and 1 000 mL/m3. Whenever possible,
the weld root shall be subjected to visual inspection to determine the oxidation level before any nondestructive testing. It is allowed maximum oxidation of degree 3, according to AWS C5.5 (which
reflects a maximum impurity of 50 ppm of oxygen). Passivation shall be immediately performed after
sanding or etching. Pickling and passivation shall comply with ASTM A 380.
5.7.3.18 When qualifying the welding procedures, some aspects shall be considered in addition to the
requirements of ASME BPVC Section IX: radiographic testing, LP test, impact testing, microstructural
examination for detection of precipitates, pitting corrosion susceptibility test, counting of volume
fraction of ferrite in the weld, which shall be in the range of 35 % to 65 %, as described Table 16.
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Table 16 - Additional Testing to ASME BPVC Section IX

Tests
No. of tests
Standard
Acceptance
Visual
100 % welds
ASME BPVC Section IX
Radiography
100 % butt welds
Liquid penetrant
100 % welds

ASME BPVC Section VIII
Div. 1 Ape. 8

ASME BPVC Section VIII
Div. 1 Ape. 8
Bending
Two faces + two roots,

or four side bends
NORSOK M-601
10 mm 10 mm x 10 mm x
7,5 mm x 0,83 x 5,0 mm
above 10 mm, 0,66 mm x
above 27 Joules, and
minimum expansion of
0,38 mm, no single value
below 70% of the required
average
NORSOK M-601
No precipitations - 400X
ASTM E 562
ASTM G 48 A, 24HRS,
20 C for Duplex; 40 C for
Super and Hyperduplex
(as welded)
35 % to 65 %
Charpy V (-46 C) (6 mm
and larger thickness) or
minimum design
temperature
Three test specimens,

every Weld Metal (MS)
Fusion Line (LF)
Microstructural
examination (+ photos)
Ferrite counting
MS, HAZ, Base Metal

(MB)
MS, HAZ, MB
Pitting corrosion
1 test specimen, MS,

HAZ, MB
No pitting, 20X Loss in

weight does not exceed
4,0 g/m2
NOTE 1 GTAW process is mandatory for the root pass.

NOTE 2 Shielding Gases: Argon (Ar) + 2 % N2 or Ar and Helium (He) mixture.
NOTE 3 The consumable shall have from 2 % to 4 % of Ni above the base metal in its composition.

The SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, PAW, and SAW welding processes are permitted. The FCAW process is
not permitted. Root pass in joints with unilateral access shall be made by the GTAW or PAW process,
with the use of purge gas. In cases where the weld root is accessible for gouging with grinding
machine, the GMAW-P and SMAW processes may be used for the root pass. Autogenous welding is
only permitted with previous approval of PETROBRAS. The use of any other welding process shall be
5.7.4.1 SMAW
a) the use of synthetic electrodes is not permitted;
b) consumables for SMAW shall be handled as low hydrogen electrodes, ensuring diffusible
hydrogen concentration lower than 10 mL per 100 g of weld metal deposited, in order to
avoid hydrogen cracking in ferritic phase.
5.7.4.2 GTAW
a) Shielding Gases: Argon (Ar) + 2% N2 (maximum value) or Ar and Helium (He) mixture;
b) ar + N2 mixture shall be used for base materials with addition 0,20 N;
c) for root pass with unilateral access, purging shall be performed until the 3rd layer (
6,35 mm thickness);
d) the purge gas to protect the root shall have the same composition of the shielding gas;
e) the purge of the root shall be maintained until the 3rd weld layer or 6,35 mm, whichever is
thicker.
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5.7.4.3 GMAW
a) root pass welding by GMAW process is not permitted. The other passes may be welded,
except for derivations, extensions, pipe connections with hull (nozzles) and socket welds;
b) the following shielding gases may be used: pure argon, Ar + N2 (1,5 % to 2 %), Ar + CO2
(1 % to 2 %), the latter shall only be used with previous approval of PETROBRAS.
5.7.4.4 SAW
a) the flux shall not add alloying elements, except for compensation for losses in electric arc,
being usually basic fluxes with compensation for chromium;
b) the flux shall consist of low diffusible hydrogen with a maximum of 8 mL of hydrogen per
100 g of deposited weld metal (H8).
The consumables shall follow the instructions in Table 17.
Table 17 - Consumables of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steels

Material
type UNS
No.
(Grade)
AWS
Spec.
S32003
S31803
(2205)
S32205
(2205)
S32304
(2304)
S32520
Coated electrode
(SMAW)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
A5.4
E2209
A5.4
E2209
A5.4
AWS
Spec.

(GMAW / GTAW / SAW)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
A5.9
ER2209
A5.9
ER2209
E2209
A5.9
ER2209
A5.4
E2209
A5.9
ER2209
A5.4
E2553
A5.9
ER2553
A5.4
E2553
A5.9
ER2553
E2594
A5.9
ER2594
E2594
A5.9
ER2594
A5.9
ER2594
A5.9
LDX2101
ER2209
S32550
(F255)
S32750
(2507)
S32760
(Z100)
S39274
(DP3W)
A5.4/A
5.11
A5.4/A
5.11
A5.4/A
5.11
S32101
A5.4
E2594
LDX2101
E2209

5.7.6.1 Preheating is not applicable.
5.7.6.2 Maximum interpass of 150 C, except for materials with PREN 35, for which the temperature
shall not exceed 100 C.
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5.7.7 Post-heating
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
5.7.9 Weld Repair
No more than two repairs at the same region is permitted.
During maintenance, before the authorization for welding, the bevels shall always be inspected with
liquid penetrant.
5.7.11.1 Root passes, root stiffeners and finishing shall be 100 % inspected with liquid penetrant.
5.7.11.2 All butt welded joints shall be radiographed.
50 ppm.
5.8 Martensitic Stainless Steels
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.1.1 This family comprises stainless steels usually containing 12 % to 18 % of chromium, classified
as P Number 6, according to ASME BPVC Section IX.
5.8.1.2 In addition to the typical steels of this family, such as AISI 410, this Section also includes the
UNS J91540 (CA6NM) cast martensitic stainless steel and the UNS S41426 steel (Super 13 Cr).
5.8.2 Weldability
5.8.2.1 The main problem in welding of martensitic stainless steels is the susceptibility to hydrogen
cracking in weld metal and HAZ, due to the formation of high hardness martensite. Therefore, those
stainless steels are not normally used in welded constructions.
5.8.2.2 To avoid hydrogen cracking, steels of this family shall be preheated to slow the cooling rate,
and post-heated to promote the removal of hydrogen. PWHT shall be performed after welding to
increase toughness and reduce hardness.
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5.8.2.3 CA6NM martensitic stainless steels and Super 13 Cr, among others, have lower carbon
content (lower than 0,06% and 0,03%, respectively) to improve weldability. These steels also have
nickel and molybdenum to improve corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
5.8.2.4 Martensitic stainless steels with more than 0,25 % C are considered not weldable.
material;
b) the cutting disks shall be made of aluminum oxide with nylon core or of fiberglass;
c) additional care shall be taken as cleaning and preparation of the joint to be welded, in
order to prevent contaminants.
5.8.3.2 The surface of the parts shall be protected against spatter adhesion and other projections
resulting from welding.
5.8.3.3 The part of the auxiliary device of assembly touching or welded into the equipment shall have
the same P number of the base metal, according to the classification of ASME BPVC Section IX, or
otherwise be coated with at least two layers of the consumable specified for the welding of base metal.
water jet cutting. In case of thermal cutting, the HAZ shall be removed by machining or grinding.
5.8.3.5 In the case of heterogeneous welding with filler metal in nickel alloys, the cleaning
requirements indicated in the welding of nickel alloys item are applied.
5.3.3.5 The manual heating by oxy-gas flame (shower-type blowtorch) shall be limited to pipes or
hulls with thickness below 13 mm and a nominal diameter of up to 10".
The SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW and SAW processes are permitted. The FCAW-S process is not
permitted.
5.8.4.1 SMAW
a) the welding shall be performed with low hydrogen basic electrodes, generating a weld
deposit with hydrogen content not exceeding 8 mL per 100 g of deposited weld metal;
b) slag shall be completely removed before the material is exposed to operating conditions;
c) synthetic electrode is not permitted.
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5.8.4.2 GTAW
a) the gas to be used shall be argon 99,99 %;
b) in pipe welding, purging with argon or helium shall be done in the root pass and root
stiffener pass;
c) root purging shall be maintained until the completion of the third weld layer or 6,3 mm,
ensuring the absence of oxygen.
5.8.4.3 GMAW
a) root welding by GMAW process is not permitted, except for filling and finishing;
b) the welding may be performed with inert gas, mixtures of those gases, argon + O2
(maximum 2 %) or argon + CO2 (maximum 5 %) to avoid oxidizing or excessive
carburization of base metal and weld metal.
5.8.4.4 FCAW
a) the welding shall be done with shielding gas;
b) the gas may be argon + CO2 mixture (E XXXTX -4) or just CO2 (E XXXTX - 1), being the
latter limited to medium and high carbon steels;
c) the shielding gases to be used shall be those specified by the manufacturer of the wire.
5.8.4.5 SAW
a) the use of linked fluxes is not permitted, except to compensate for loss of alloying
b) weld fluxes shall be stored and handled so as to avoid contamination. care shall be taken
to avoid contamination of the flux during welding. Contamination in stainless steels is
critical because it may reduce corrosion resistance;
c) moisture on plates or in the flux may cause porosity or cold cracking. wet fluxes shall be
re-dried, as indicated by the manufacturer.
5.8.5.1 The consumables shall follow the instructions in Table 18. The alternative consumables shall
only be used with previous approval of PETROBRAS.
5.8.5.2 In the case of heterogeneous welding, when not prohibited by the equipment design or
fabrication and assembly standard, consumables shall be specified as written below, considering the
SMAW and GTAW welding processes:
a) cyclic operating temperature: AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-2 (maximum temperature = 760 C) or
AWS A5.14 ERNiCr-3 (maximum temperature = 760 C). The temperatures indicated
above are the limits of use for nickel alloys, but the operating temperature of the
martensitic stainless steels shall be lower than 600 C. In case of use of the consumable
AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-3, the operating temperature shall not exceed 480 C;
b) noncyclic operating temperature and lower than 315 C: AWS A5.4, E309 and AWS A5.9,
ER309.
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Table 18 - Electrodes and Rods for Martensitic Stainless Steels
Material
type
410, CA-15
CA
6NM
UNS J91540
Super 13 Cr
UNS S41426
Material
type
410, CA-15
AWS
Spec.
Coated electrode
(SMAW)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
A5.4
E410
E410 Ni Mo
A5.4
E410 Ni Mo
A5.4
AWS
Spec.
A5.22
E2594
Cored wire
(FCAW-G)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
E410TX-X
E410NiMoTX-X

(GMAW / GTAW)
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
A5.9
ER410
ER410NiMo
A5.9
ER410 Ni Mo
A5.9
ER2594
ER2209 (Note 2)
AWS
Spec.
A5.9
Submerged arc
(SAW)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
ER410
ER410NiMo
CA
6NM
A5.22
E410NiMoTX-X
A5.9
ER410 Ni Mo
UNS J91540
Super 13 Cr
A5.22
E2594TX-X
A5.9
ER2594
UNS S41426
NOTE 1 Only the consumable presents specification/AWS classification, with no similar consumable for
the flux.
NOTE 2 The consumable ER2209 may be used only in the root pass, the others shall necessarily be
performed with consumable ER2594.
5.8.6.1 The parts shall be preheated according to the following indications:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
designations 410, CA-15 and CA-15M, homogeneous welding: 200 C;

designations 410, CA-15 and CA-15M, heterogeneous welding: 150 C.
designations (UNS J91540) CA 6NM, homogeneous welding: 120 C;
designations (UNS J91540) CA 6NM, heterogeneous welding: 120 C;
designations (UNS S41426) Super 13 Cr, heterogeneous welding: 50 C.
5.8.6.2 The interpass temperature shall not exceed the following:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
designations 410, CA-15 and CA-15M, homogeneous welding: 300 C;

designations 410, CA-15 and CA-15M, heterogeneous welding: 200 C;
designations (UNS J91540) CA 6NM, homogeneous welding: 340 C;
designations (UNS J91540) CA 6NM, heterogeneous welding: 175 C;
designations (UNS S41426) Super 13 Cr, heterogeneous welding: 150 C.
5.8.7 Post-heating
5.8.7.1 The post-heating shall meet the following indications:
a) designations 410, CA-15 and CA-15M, homogeneous welding: 300 C, for a period of
1 min/mm of weld dimension, but for 1 hour or longer;
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c)
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designation 410, CA-15 and CA-15M, heterogeneous welding: not required;

designations (UNS J91540) CA 6NM, homogeneous welding: 200 C / 1 min. per mm;
designations (UNS J91540) CA 6NM, heterogeneous welding: not required;
designations (UNS S41426) Super 13 Cr, heterogeneous welding: not required.

5.8.8.1 It shall comply with the design code.
5.8.8.2 For the alloy (UNS S41426) Super 13 Cr in heterogeneous welding (duplex): 630 C / 5 min
followed by cooling in water up to 50 C.
5.8.9 Weld Repair
5.8.9.1 For martensitic steels with controlled carbon (low carbon), no more than two repairs at the
same region is permitted.
5.8.9.2 Before the authorization for welding, the bevels shall always be inspected with liquid penetrant.
coarse grain region of previous passes and HAZ.
5.8.9.4 In maintenance welding, the parameters and welding techniques may show significant
the material in aged condition. In this case, the repair procedure shall previously be assessed and
In all cases, the liquid penetrant test shall be performed after the end of welding.
5.9 Ferritic Stainless Steels
5.9.1 Introduction
This family comprises stainless steels classified as P Number 7, with high-chromium steels as P
number 10 (I,J,K), according to ASME BPVC Section IX. Generally, the microstructure of these alloys
at ambient temperature is fully comprised of ferrite. However, the HAZ of some alloys result in a
microstructure comprised of ferrite and martensite.
5.9.2 Weldability
5.9.2.1 These steels shall be welded with low heat input to prevent excessive growth of the grains,
which tends to decrease toughness.
5.9.2.2 Formation of sigma in welding of ferritic steels is not expected; however, there may be some
formation during welding of thick plates when subjected to high heat input in multiple pass welding,
especially in high-chromium steels.
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5.9.2.3 Since they are less susceptible to cold cracking than martensitic steels, welding may be
performed without preheating. For thick plates, however, it may be useful for some alloys to reduce
the residual stresses, decrease the cooling speed and cold cracking risk.
5.9.2.4 Hot cracks are extremely rare, especially when the alloys do not have Ti and Nb in their
composition.
5.9.2.5 Steels from this family are usually not highlighted for its toughness in new condition, and may
present very low toughness when aged in operation at temperatures 400 C. Welded joints without
control of interstitial elements (C + N) and with high chromium content (above 18 %) always present
low toughness.
material;
b) the cutting disks shall be made of aluminum oxide with nylon core or of fiberglass;
order to prevent contaminants.
5.9.3.3 The part of the auxiliary device of assembly touching or welded into the equipment shall have
the same P number of the base metal, according to the classification of ASME BPVC Section IX, or
otherwise be coated, with at least two layers of the consumable specified for the welding of base
metal.
water jet cutting. In case of thermal cutting, the HAZ shall be removed by machining or grinding.
5.9.3.5 In the case of heterogeneous welding with filler metal in nickel alloys, the cleaning
requirements indicated in the welding of nickel alloys item are applied.
The SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW and SAW processes are permitted. The FCAW-S process is not
permitted.
5.9.4.1 SMAW
a) the welding shall be performed with low hydrogen basic electrodes, generating a weld
deposit with hydrogen content not exceeding 8 mL per 100 g of deposited weld metal;
b) slag shall be completely removed before the material is exposed to operating conditions;
c) synthetic electrode is not permitted.
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5.9.4.2 GTAW
a) the gas to be used shall be argon 99,99 %, except for steels with high chromium
percentage and control of interstitial elements (%C + %N), in which the argon
composition shall be 99,998 %;
b) the root purge shall be maintained until the 3rd weld layer or 6,35 mm, whichever is
thicker.
5.9.4.3 GMAW
a) root welding by GMAW process is not permitted, except for filling and finishing;
b) welding may be performed with inert gas, as indicated for the GTAW process.
5.9.4.4 FCAW
a) the welding shall be done with shielding gas;
b) the shielding gases to be used shall be those specified by the manufacturer.
5.9.4.5 SAW
a) the use of linked fluxes is not permitted, except to compensate for loss of alloying
b) weld fluxes shall be stored and handled so as to avoid contamination. Care shall be taken
to avoid contamination of the flux during welding. Contamination in stainless steels is
critical because it may reduce corrosion resistance;
c) moisture on plates or in the flux may cause porosity or cold cracking. wet fluxes shall be
re-dried, as indicated by the manufacturer.
The consumables shall follow the instructions in Table 19. The alternative consumables shall only be
used with previous approval of PETROBRAS.
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Table 19 - Electrodes and Rods for Ferritic Stainless Steels

Coated electrode
(SMAW)
Material
type
AWS
Spec.
Preferred
(see Note 2)
Alternative
A5.4
E410 (Note 1)
E409Nb
E410NiMo
A5.11
A5.4
405, 410S
409
A5.11
A5.4
430
AWS Classification
A5.11
439
A5.11
444 and
25 %Cr
(446, 447,
448)
A5.11

(GMAW / GTAW)
AWS
Spec.
Preferred
(see Note 2)
Alternative
A5.9
ER410 (Note 1)
ER409Nb
ER410NiMo
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrFe-2
A5.14
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
E409Nb
A5.9
ER409Nb
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrFe-2
E430
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrFe-2
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrFe-2
A5.14
E430Nb
A5.9
A5.14
A5.14
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrFe-2
A5.14
Cored wire
(FCAW-G)
Type of
material
AWS
Spec.
AWS Classification
Alternative
A5.22
E410TX-X
E409TX-X
E409NbTX-X
A5.34
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
ENiCr3Tx-y
A5.22
E409TX-X
A5.34
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
ENiCr3Tx-y
A5.22
E430TX-X
409
430
A5.34
439
A5.34
444 and
25 %Cr (446,
447, 448)
A5.34
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCr-3
ER430
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
ER439
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
Submerged arc
(SAW) (Note 3)
Preferred
(see Note 2)
405, 410S
AWS Classification
E409NbTX-X
E430NbTX-X
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
ENiCr3Tx-y
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
ENiCr3Tx-y
AWS
Spec.
Preferred
(see Note 2)
Alternative
A5.9
ER410
ER409Nb
ER410NiMo
A5.14
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
A5.9
ER409Nb
A5.14
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
A5.9
ER430
A5.14
A5.14
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
ENiCr3Tx-y
AWS Classification
A5.14
ER430Nb
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
NOTE 1 Use consumable with carbon content up to 0,05%.

NOTE 2 Austenitic stainless steel consumable with nominal composition 25Cr13Ni (309 and family)
may only be used when the operation temperature is below 315 C.
NOTE 3 Only the consumable presents specification/AWS classification, with no similar for the flux.
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5.9.6.1 The parts shall be preheated according to the following indications:
a) designations 405, 410S and 430, homogeneous welding and thickness < 3 mm: no
preheating;
b) designations 405, 410S and 430, homogeneous welding and thickness 3 mm: 100 C;
c) designations 405, 410S and 430, heterogeneous welding up to 10 mm: no preheating;
d) designations 405, 410S and 430, heterogeneous welding and thickness > 10 mm:
100 C;
e) designation 409, heterogeneous welding up to 12.5 mm: no preheating;
f) designation 409, homogeneous welding and thickness > 12.5 mm: 100 C;
g) designation 409, heterogeneous welding: no preheating;
h) designation 439, homogeneous welding: no preheating;
i) designation 439, heterogeneous welding: no preheating;
j) designations 444 and 25 Cr heterogeneous welding: no preheating.
NOTE
The preheating may be used in heterogeneous welding as a way to avoid PWHT, according
to the design code.
5.9.6.2 The parts shall have the interpass temperatures according to the following indications:
a) it shall not exceed 250 C for steels 405, 410S and 430;
b) it shall not exceed 150 C for steels 409, 439 , 444 and 25 %Cr (446, 447, 448).
5.9.7 Post-Heating
Generally, it is not required, except for thick plates with major restrictions.
5.9.8.1 In homogeneous welding, PWHT is usually required in design codes; however, it may also be
required in heterogeneous welding, depending on thickness.
5.9.8.2 When prolonged, the PWHT may cause formation of Sigma and Chi phases.
5.9.9 Weld Repair
5.9.9.1 For steels with controlled carbon (low carbon), no more than two repairs at the same region is permitted.
5.9.9.2 Before the authorization for welding, the bevels shall always be inspected with liquid penetrant.
5.9.9.3 In welding maintenance, the parameters and welding techniques may show significant
the material in aged condition. In this case, the repair procedure shall be previously assessed and
In case of heterogeneous welding with austenitic filler metal, in which the preheating is not required,
the liquid penetrant test shall be performed in the root pass.
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5.10 Nickel and Nickel Alloys

5.10.1 Introduction
5.10.1.1 Nickel alloys are used in applications in which it is necessary to combine medium or high
mechanical strength and excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Nickel alloys may be
applied in a wide range of temperatures, from cryogenic to 800 C, reaching 1200 C in some cases.
5.10.1.2 Nickel alloys are usually classified in two ways:
according to basic chemical composition: commercially pure nickel, Ni-Cu alloys, Ni-Mo
alloys, Ni-Cr alloys, Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, Ni-Cr-Fe alloys, and Ni-Fe-Cr alloys;
according to the hardening mechanism: solid solution or precipitation.
5.10.1.3 In this Standard, only alloys hardened by solid solutions are discussed, and the family is
represented by the following alloys:
commercially pure nickel;
nickel alloys of designations Nickel 200 (N02200), Nickel 201 (N02201), Monel1)1 400
(N04400), Inconel2) 600 (N06600), Inconel2 625 (N06625), Incoloy3)3 800 (N08800),
Incoloy 800H (N08810), Incoloy 800HT (N08811), Incoloy 825 (N08825), Hastelloy4)4
B (N10001), Hastelloy C4 (N06455), Hastelloy C22 (N06022), Hastelloy C276
(N10276);
NOTE 1 The designations in parenthesis above correspond to the Unified Numbering System for
Metals and Alloys - SAE/ASTM.
NOTE 2 Monel, Incoloy, Hastelloy, etc. are initial patents (trade names), and it is common for
these materials to be referenced only as Alloy 400, 625, 800HT, C4, C22, C276, etc.
alloys cast by centrifugation 32Ni20CrNb ("800HT Mod") and 35Ni25CrNb (HP and HP
Mod with addition of Ti, Nb, W and/or Zr) that meet the material specification indicated by
the standard equipment design.
5.10.2 Weldability
5.10.2.1 Nickel alloys generally have weldability similar to the austenitic stainless steels with fully
austenitic microstructure and to superaustenitic steels, being susceptible to solidification cracking,
liquation and the phenomenon of reduction of ductility, in addition to the lack of fusion by low fluidity of
weld pool. When welded with high heat input, the precipitation of carbides and intermetallic may
happen in some alloys.
5.10.2.2 In the case of ASME BPVC Section IX, these alloys are designated by P numbers 41 to 49.
Monel is the trade name of the nickel alloy supplied by Precision Castparts Corp. This information is given to
facilitate the users in this Standard use and it doesnt mean a recommendation of the product mentioned on the
part of PETROBRAS. It is possible to use an equivalent product, since it gives an equal result.
2
Inconel is the trade name of the nickel alloy supplied by Precision Castparts Corp. This information is given to
3
Incoloy is the trade name of the nickel alloy supplied by Precision Castparts Corp. This information is given to
4
Hastelloy is the trade name of the nickel alloy supplied by Haynes International. This information is given to
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5.10.3.1 The cut shall be made by plasma, laser, water jet cutting or appropriate cutting disk, not
being permitted to cut with graphite electrode and oxy-cutting. In case of thermal cutting, the HAZ shall
be removed by machining or grinding.
5.10.3.2 The welding shall be performed with low heat input. The input to processes with high density
of current shall not exceed 1,8 kJ/mm. For GTAW and SMAW processes, it shall be lower than
1,5 kJ/mm.
5.10.3.3 Basic problems of welding nickel alloys may be avoided by cleaning the bevels and rods with
non-chlorinated solvents, protecting them against wind and moisture, using specific tooling support for
nickel alloys, and having functional hygiene with the use of gloves and apron at work.
5.10.3.4 Lack of penetration or fusion is controlled by the slight increase in bevel angle, reduction in
nose height, and increase in root opening. The previous training of welders, cleaning, and removal of
adhering oxide layer are essential.
5.10.3.5 The welding of nickel allows shall be performed with straight passes. To reduce the risk of
solidification cracking, some details of extreme importance shall not be overlooked, such as: joint
preparation, superficial cleaning, quantity of material deposited per pass in the width/depth ratio equal
to one, slight convexity of passes, and suitable welding speed in order to avoid weld pool in drop form.
5.10.3.6 The risk of crater-type cracks may be mitigated by training welders in the torch outlet. The
profile shall be slightly convex.
5.10.3.7 It is recommended to grind the end of the previous bead (nail) before starting the next pass,
in order to remove potential discontinuities. [Recommended Practice]
5.10.3.8 Imperfections such as dents, bites, arc openings and spatters shall be carefully removed.
Slag removal, cleaning and cutting tools shall be compatible with nickel alloys and used only for these
materials, not having iron compounds and sulfur (for example, iron sulfide).
5.10.3.9 The part of the auxiliary device of assembly touching or welded into the equipment shall
have the same P number of the base metal, according to the classification of ASME BPVC Section IX,
or otherwise be coated with the consumable specified for the welding of base metal in deposits of at
least two layers. Contamination with carbon (carburizing followed by precipitation), iron and iron oxide
are detrimental to corrosion resistance. The use of wedges, and copper and steel hammers or lead
pads is not permitted. Contact with industrial scaffold causes exposure to zinc.
5.10.3.10 In cases of contamination, the surface shall be cleaned by grinding or pickled by controlled
etching, and then passivated. Etching and passivation shall comply with ASTM A 380.
5.10.3.11 Contamination by contact with sulfur, zinc, copper, tin and lead irreversibly compromise the
nickel alloys when exposed to high temperature. The use of tempilstick and industrial markers with
these contaminants is not permitted. Cutting oil shall be free of sulfur.
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5.10.3.12 After the welding completion and before the start of operation, soaps and detergents used
in bubble and liquid penetrant tests shall be removed, since they may contain elements with low
melting point, especially sulfur.
5.10.3.13 Slag and flux residues shall be removed after welding, because they compromise the
corrosion resistance in operation (fluoride). Contact with chlorine or fluoride is extremely harmful,
causing stress or pitting corrosion.
5.10.3.14 The welding by GTAW and GMAW processes shall be performed with oxygen-free purging
gas at the weld root in order to protect the weld zone and HAZ. This protection shall be maintained
until the completion of the third weld layer, ensuring the absence of oxygen. Argon and helium may be
used as purge gas. Nitrogen shall only be permitted after previous evaluation and approval of
PETROBRAS. The measurement of residual oxygen shall be performed using an oxymeter with
threshold value of 50 ppm.
The SMAW, GTAW, SAW, GMAW, and FCAW welding processes are permitted, the last two with
restrictions. The FCAW-S process is not permitted.
5.10.4.1 SMAW
b) root welding and second layer by SMAW process is not permitted;
c) when the welding of nickel allows is performed using the SMAW processes, it is important
that the slag is completely removed before the joint gets into operation.
5.10.4.2 GTAW
a) consumables shall be constantly cleaned with acetone before the opening the arc;
b) besides argon (99,99%), the argon + helium mixture or only helium may be used as
shielding gas. The argon + H2 mixture (1 % H2 to 3 % H2 maximum) may only be used
with previous approval of PETROBRAS;
c) It is recommended to use tungsten electrodes with addition of Cerium or Lanthanum.
5.10.4.3 GMAW
a) root and root stiffener pass welding by GMAW process are not permitted;
b) the use of this process in equipment, ducts or pipelines subject to pressure shall have
previous approval of PETROBRAS;
c) welding with pure CO2 shielding gas is not permitted;
d) the shielding gas in GMAW process shall consist of pure argon, argon + O2
(2 % maximum), argon + CO2 (2 % maximum), argon + H2 (1 % maximum);
e) The limitations of using this process are due to increased susceptibility to lack of fusion,
low wettability and fluidity of nickel alloys.
5.10.4.4 FCAW
a) the use of this process in equipment, ducts or pipelines subject to pressure is not
permitted;
b) root and root stiffener pass welding by FCAW process are not permitted;
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c) coat welding by FCAW process with shielding gas is only permitted with prior approval of
PETROBRAS;
d) welding with pure CO2 shielding gas is not permitted;
e) the shielding gas in FCAW process shall be Argon + 25 % CO2 or Argon + 20 % CO2.
5.10.4.5 SAW
a) the flux shall be neutral or basic, and linked fluxes are not permitted;
b) when the welding of nickel alloys is performed using the SAW processes, it is important
that the slag and flux residues are completely removed before exposure of the joint in
operation.
Table 20 - Electrodes, Rods and Solid Wires for Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Material Type
AWS
Spec.
Coated electrode
(SMAW)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
(see Note 1)
AWS
Spec.
Bare electrode, Rod, and

Submerged Arc
(GMAW / GTAW / SAW)
AWS Classification
Preferred
Alternative
(see Note 1)
Alloy 200/
201
A5.11
ENi-1
A5.14
ERNi-1
Alloy 400
A5.11
ENiCu-7
ENi-1
A5.14
ERNiCu-7
ERNi-1
Alloy 600
A5.11
ENiCrFe-1
ENiCrFe-2
A5.14
Alloy 625
A5.11
ENiCrMo-3
(Note 2)
A5.14
Alloy
800/800H/
800HT
A5.11
ENiCrCoMo-1
Incoloy 825
A5.11
ENiCrMo-3
(Note 2)
Hastelloy B
A5.11
Hastelloy C4
ERNiCr-6
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCrMo-3
(Note 2)
A5.14
ERNiCrCoMo-1
A5.14
ERNiFeCr-1
ERNiCrMo-3
(Note 2)
ENiMo-1
A5.14
ERNiMo-1
A5.11
ENiCrMo-7
A5.14
ERNiCrMo-7
Hastelloy C22
A5.11
ENiCrMo-10
A5.14
ERNiCrMo-10
Hastelloy
C276
A5.11
ENiCrMo-4
A5.14
ERNiCrMo-4
32Ni20CrNb
ER32Ni20CrNb
ERNiCrCoMo-1
HP(35Ni25Cr)
ER3525Ni-0 4C
(Nb)
NOTE 1 It shall be previously approved by PETROBRAS.

NOTE 2 Limited to 540 C.
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5.10.5.2 The consumables for coat welding by the FCAW and FCAW-G cored wire processes shall
comply with AWS A5.34. AWS classification TNiXXXXT1 or TNiXXXXT0-4-4.
5.10.6.1 Preheating is not required.
5.10.6.2 The interpass temperature shall be below 150 C.
5.10.6.3 In case of maintenance welding in aged materials using the cold welding technique, the
interpass temperature shall be below 90 C.
5.10.7 Post-heating
It shall not be required.
It is usually not performed; however, it may be required depending on the fluid and according to
design specification.
5.10.9 Weld Repair
5.10.9.1 The defect shall be removed by manual or mechanized grinding, milling or machining.
5.10.9.2 After removing the defect, the region shall be examined with liquid penetrant. The welding
shall be performed with low heat input using the GTAW process.
5.10.9.3 In fabrication welding. only one repair is permitted.
5.10.9.4 In maintenance welding, a maximum of two repairs at the same region is permitted, due to
the formation of intermetallic phases that reduce the ductility and corrosion resistance, and to the
appearance of cracks after cooling the joint.
5.10.9.5 To perform the maintenance repair, the repair procedure shall be previously evaluated and
approved by PETROBRAS, due to the possible deterioration of material in service.
5.10.10.1 In fabrication, assembly and maintenance, the root passes, second layer and finishing shall
be 100 % inspected with liquid penetrant.
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50 ppm.
5.11 Copper and Copper Alloys
5.11.1 Introduction
5.11.1.1 Copper and its alloys are generally used due to their high mechanical strength (especially
fatigue) and corrosion resistance, in addition to the excellent thermal and/or electric conductivity.
5.11.1.2 Several alloys are produced by adding the main following elements: aluminum, nickel, tin,
and zinc. Phosphorus and silicon are used as deoxidizers. For purposes of this Standard, besides the
commercially pure copper (99,3% Cu), the Copper-Nickel (Cu-Ni with 30%Ni) and Copper-Aluminum
(Bronze-Aluminum up to 8%AL) alloys are considered, with the following specifications:
C-10200 deoxidized commercially pure copper (Cu);

C-70600 alloy 90Cu-10Ni (Cu-Ni-Fe);
C-71500 alloy 70Cu-30Ni (Cu-Ni-Fe);
C-61400 bronze-aluminum alloy (Al-Cu-Fe).
5.11.1.3 The materials in this standard have solid solution hardening, homogeneous microstructure
with single phase CFC-, including the C-61400 bronze-aluminum, in which the percentage of
aluminum does not exceed 8%.
5.11.2 Weldability
5.11.2.1 In general, they have rapid cooling rate, favoring the lack of fusion due to the high coefficient
of thermal conductivity of copper.
5.11.2.2 A well pool of commercially pure copper has great fluidity.
5.11.2.3 Copper alloys, when enriched in solute atoms, become susceptible to hot cracking, which
may be softened by reduction of root opening, sharp deposition, and by preheating in some alloys.
5.11.2.4 The mechanical properties may be compromised by the quick formation of copper oxide.
This oxide is hygroscopic and highly reactive when exposed to oxygen at high temperature. The
mechanical strength is compromised by the formation of pores (oxides) and impurities (antimony,
arsenic, bismuth, and lead).
5.11.3.1 Hygroscopic oxide removal, slag removal, cleaning and cutting tools shall be used
exclusively for these materials, and meet the following requirements:
a) slag removal and cleaning tools shall be made of copper alloy, stainless steel or be
coated with this material, and only be used for welding of copper and its alloys;
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b) the cutting disks shall have nylon core or fiberglass;

order to prevent the existence of contaminants.
5.11.3.3 In a range of 200 mm centered on the joint, by its internal and external sides, the joint shall
be cleaned with solvent, and there shall not be any contamination with substances containing sulfur,
lead, zinc, and their compounds. Tempilstick and industrial marker shall not be used due to the risk of
contamination. The welded joints shall not be contaminated by residues of any kind resulting from the
welding and assembly work.
5.11.3.4 Slag shall be completely removed during and after welding. The surface irregularities of the
weld shall be removed by grinding, for each deposited layer.
5.11.3.5 The welding by GTAW and GMAW processes shall be performed with purging gas to protect
the weld zone and HAZ. The measurement by oxymeter shall indicate oxygen content of 50 ppm or
lower before the start of welding.
The GTAW, PAW, GMAW, and SMAW welding processes are permitted, the latter with restriction.
5.11.4.1 SMAW
a) AWS A5.6 consumables shall not be used in equipment operating under pressure. They
can be used in low responsibility joints;
b) higher densities of currents are normally used when compared to welding of carbon steel,
and usually limited to a flat position;
c) weaving pass is not permitted due to a higher incidence of pores;
d) consumables shall be similar to those shown in Table 21 for GTAW and GMAW
processes.
5.11.4.2 GTAW
a) consumables are used in thicknesses above 3 mm. Below 3 mm, the welding is usually
performed without filler material (autogenous);
b) In welding of deoxidized copper in butt joints, it may necessary to use backing due to the
high fluidity of copper.
c) the indicated shielding gases are: helium, argon or helium + argon mixture. The use of
the argon results in low penetration, which may be partially compensated by increasing
the preheating temperature.
5.11.4.3 GMAW
a) the process is more sensitive to pore formation than GTAW;
b) argon and inert gas mixtures are used;
c) in welding of deoxidized copper in butt joints, it may necessary to use backing due to the
high fluidity of copper.
d) the butt welding is basically performed in a flat position with spray transfer mode. Out of
position, the welding may be performed in lower fluidity alloys (Cu-Ni and bronzealuminum) and using small diameter wires.
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Table 21 - Rods for Copper and Copper Alloys

Material of alloy
AWS Specification
AWS Classification
C-10200 (deoxidized copper)
A5.7
ERCu
C-70600 (90Cu10Ni)
A5.7
ERCuNi
C-71500 (70Cu30Ni)
A5.7
ERCuNi
C-61400 (bronze-aluminum)
A5.7
ERCuAL-A2

5.11.6.1 Pure deoxidized copper with thickness below 3 mm does not require preheating.
5.11.6.2 Pure deoxidized copper with thickness 3 mm to 6 mm shall be preheated at 100 C.
5.11.6.3 Pure deoxidized copper with thickness 6,4 mm to 9 mm shall be preheated at 220 C.
5.11.6.4 Pure copper with a thickness 10 mm shall be preheated from 260 C to 480 C.
5.11.6.5 Bronze-aluminum with a thickness of 6 mm or below does not require preheating.
5.11.6.6 Bronze-aluminum with thickness above 6 mm and AL below 10% - preheating and interpass
shall not exceed 150 C.
5.11.6.7 Copper-nickel is not necessary to preheat, and interpass shall not exceed 65 C.
5.11.7 Post-heating
Not required.
Not required.
5.12 Welding of Metal Sheets and Coated Tubes
5.12.1 Introduction
For purposes of this Standard, a coated plate is a bimetallic set made of anticorrosive coating on
substrate of structural function, being substrate generally made of carbon steel or low-alloy. The
materials most commonly used as a coating are stainless steels (austenitic, martensitic, ferritic or
duplex), nickel alloys (Monel, alloy 625, Hastelloy, among others) or copper alloys.
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5.12.2 T
Types of Me
etal Coating
gs
5.12.2.1
1 Cladded Plate
P
bond obtaine
Bimetallic set with metallurgical
m
ed by co-lam
mination, co-e
extrusion or w
welding by explosion.
5.12.2.2
2 Plate with
h Coating De
eposited by Welding (W
Weld Overlay
y)
Bimetallic set with metallurgical
m
ed by arc we
elding.
bond obtaine
5.12.2.3
3 Plate with
h Lining
Bimetallic set without metallurgical bonding , being the adhesion ob
btained mechhanically, with sealing
welds at the ends, cover
c
weld orr sewing by e
electric resistance.
5.12.3 W
Weldability
The weldability of th
hese materia
als shall be evaluated by
b applicable
e constitutionnal diagrams
s, such as
Schaefffler, De Lon
ng, and WR
RC diagram
ms, among others, including for bbuttering. All welding
requirem
ments for eacch material shall
s
be conssidered indiviidually.
5.12.4 G
General We
elding Techn
nique
5.12.4.1
1 When there is access
s both by th
he substrate
e side and by
b the coatiing side: the
e junction
between
n coated pla
ates shall alw
ways be initia
ated by the homogeneou
h
us junction oof substrate, with prior
removal of the coatting in the re
egion adjace
ent the joint,, preventing that the weelding of the substrate
(base p
plate) is carrried out with
h contact an
nd dilution with
w
the coatting materiall. Figure 6 shows
s
an
example
e of a bevel for this situ
uation. The rremoval of the coating shall
s
be perfformed by grinding or
machiniing. The full removal of the
t coating sshall be chec
cked with a supersaturatted solution of copper
sulphate
e. Cutting wiith carbon ellectrode is n
not permitted
d. The recom
mposition of tthe coating layer shall
be made
e in at least two
t
layers.
Subsstrate
Co
oating
FIG
GURE 6 - JOINT
J
PRE
EPARATIO
ON OF CO
OATED PLATE WITH
H ACCESS
S ON
BOTH
H SIDES
5.12.4.2
2 When therre is access only
o
by the ssubstrate side, as in the case
c
of pipess and vessells of small
diamete
er: the full bevel
b
shall be
b filled usin
ng filler meta
al that meets
s the corrossion resistan
nce of the
coating,, the mecha
anical streng
gth of the ssubstrate an
nd does not present veery differentt physical
characte
eristics when
n exposed to
o operating te
emperature (reduction
(
of life due to thhermal fatigu
ue failure).
The we
elding joints of cladded ferritic micro
ostructure or coated "we
eld overlay" employing austenitic
09 and fam
stainless steel consumables (e
e.g. alloy 30
mily) shall be
e limited too maximum operating
tempera
ature of 315 C. Above 315
3 C shall be used only consumable nickel basse. Figure 7 shows an
example
e of a bevel for this situation. The p
preparation of
o the bevel shall be perf
rformed by grinding
g
or
machiniing. Cutting with
w carbon electrode
e
is n
not permitted
d.
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Subsstrate
Co
oating
FIGUR
RE 7 - PR
REPARATION OF JO
OINT FRO
OM COATE
ED PLATE
E WITH ACCESS
A
ON
NLY ON TH
HE SUBST
TRATE SID
DE
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5.12.4.3 In the case of coating deposited by arc welding (weld overlay), the sanitation of the substrate
shall be verified by non-destructive testing, being the defects repaired upon previous approval of
PETROBRAS. The preparation and cleaning of the substrate shall be to white metal. Preheating,
interpass and PWHT temperatures shall comply with 5.12.6 and 5.12.8.
5.12.4.4 Slag removal, cleaning and cutting tools shall meet the following requirements:
material;
b) the cutting disks shall be made of aluminum oxide with nylon core, for coating plates of
stainless steel;
c) cutting disks shall have nylon or fiberglass core for coating plates made of Monel and
nickel alloys.
5.12.4.5 The surface of the coating shall be protected against spatter adhesion and other projections
resulting from welding, grinding and cutting operations.
5.12.4.6 The part of the auxiliary device assembly touching or welded into the coating shall be made
of material with the same P number, according to the ASME BPVC Section IX, or be coated with
consumable specified for coating welding, in deposits of at least two layers.
5.12.4.7 Welding with any process shall be performed with low dilution. The submerged arc welding
shall be performed with parameters and fluxes favoring the reduction of dilution.
5.12.4.8 The ferrite content of the weld metal of austenitic stainless steel coating shall be within 3 FN
and 9 FN after welding, except for stainless steel 347, in which the ferrite content shall be within 5 FN
and 9 FN. In case of PWHT, the ferrite content shall be determined before it.
5.12.4.9 During maintenance, when there is evidence of failure of coating in equipment that operated
with H2S or hydrogen, it shall be checked the need for a dehydrogenation treatment before any
intervention by welding.
5.12.5.1 The welding processes applicable to the substrate and coating shall follow the specific
guidelines of this Standard for the corresponding material.
5.12.5 The Electroslag (ESW) and SAW processes with tape shall be used for coating large areas in
fabrication, with the ESW having advantage due to lower dilution. [Recommended Practice]
5.12.5.3 The use of GMAW-P process is recommended for its low dilution in large areas when the
equipment is already assembled. The welding by GMAW process with spray transfer is not permitted
in the first layer due to the high dilution. [Recommended Practice]
5.12.5.4 It is recommended the use of GTAW and PAW processes on small and medium equipment.
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5.12.5.5 The bismuth content in anticorrosive deposits using austenitic stainless steels by SMAW,
FCAW-G, SAW and ESW processes shall not exceed 0,002 % whenever the material is exposed to
temperatures above 480 C in fabrication (in PWHT process) or in operation. In this case, the
consumable shall be acquired according to AWS A5.01, Schedule J.
5.12.5.6 For the welding of Hastelloy C276 using the SAW process, additional tests shall be
performed to ensure that the silicon content is within specification.
5.12.5.7 Welding with pure CO2 is not permitted for stainless steels, nickel alloys and copper alloys.
5.12.6.1 The consumable for welding of base-plate shall meet the information contained in this
Standard for the corresponding material.
5.12.6.2 The consumable for welding of the coating shall meet the required specification of the
equipment design. In the absence of requirements, the consumables listed in Tables 22 or 23 may be
adopted, according to API RP 582, depending on the need for PWHT.
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Table 22 - Filler Metals for Coating Deposited by Welding - Weld Overlay - in Carbon
Steel or Low Alloy Base-Plate on Equipment with No Need for PWHT
SMAW/GTAW/GMAW/SAW/ESW Process
Type of the
intended coating
material
AWS
Specification
405/410S
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
430
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
410
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
304
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 309/309L
304L
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER309L
E/ER 308L
316/317
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER309LMo/309Mo
E/ER 316L/317L
316L
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER 309LMo
E/ER 316L/317L
317L
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER 309LMo
E/ER 317L/385
321/347
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER309L/309Nb
E/ER 347
904L
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
E/ER 309LMo//NiCrMo3
E/ER 385/NiCrMo-3
Duplex
A5.4 /A5.9
E/ER 309LMo
E/ER 2595
Alloy 200 (Ni)
A5.11/A5.14/
E/ER Ni-1
E/ER Ni-1
Alloy 400 (Ni-Cu)
A5.11/A5.14/
E/ER Ni-1/ NiCu-7
E/ER NiCu-7
Alloy 600/800
(NiCrFe)
A5.11/A5.14
E NiCrFe-2, ER NiCr-3
Hastelloy C-276
A5.11/A5.14
E/ER NiCrMo-4
E/ER NiCrMo-4
Alloy 625
(NiCrMo)
A5.11/A5.14
E/ER NiCrMo-3
E/ER NiCrMo-3
Cu-Ni (Note 1)
A5.11/A5.14
E/ER Ni-1
E/ER Ni-1/ NiCu-7
Bronze aluminum
(Note 1)
A5.6/A5.7
E/ERCuAl-A2
E/ERCuAl-A2
AWS Classification
Buttering layer
Finishing layer
(see Note 2)
(see Note 2)
E NiCrFe-2/3, ER NiCr-3
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 430
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 410/ 410NiMo
NOTE 1 For bronze aluminum, the preheating temperature ranges from 150 C to 250 C. For the
coating of Cu-Ni alloy, the preheating temperature of the first layer using consumable E/ER
Ni-1 shall not exceed 175 C. For the remaining layers with consumable AWS E/ER NiCu-7,
the interpass temperature shall not exceed 65 C.
NOTE 2 Regardless of the number of layers (buttering or finishing), the final chemical composition of
the coating shall meet the indicated composition for the finishing layer, except when the
welding is heterogeneously performed.
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Filler Metals for Coating Deposited by Welding - Weld Overlay - in Carbon

Steel or Low Alloy Base-Plate on Equipment Requiring PWHT
SMAW/GTAW/GMAW/SAW/ESW Process
Type of the
intended coating
material
AWS
Specification
405/410S
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
430
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
410
A5.11/A5.14/A5.4
/A5.9
304
A5.4/A5.9
E/ER 309/309L
E/ER 308/308L
304L
A5.4/A5.9
E/ER 309L
E/ER 308L
316/317
Not applicable
Not applicable
316L
A5.4/A5.9
E/ER 309LMo
E/ER 316L/317L
317L
A5.4/A5.9
E/ER 309LMo
E/ER 317L
321/347
A5.4/A5.9
E/ER 309L/309Nb
E/ER 347
904L
Not applicable
Not applicable
Alloy 200 (Ni)
A5.11/A5.14/
E/ER Ni
E/ER Ni-1
Alloy 400 (Ni-Cu)
A5.11/A5.14/
E/ER Ni-1/ NiCu-7
E/ERNiCu-7
Alloy 600/800
(NiCrFe)
A5.11/A5.14
Hastelloy C-276
A5.11/A5.14
E/ER NiCrMo-4
E/ER NiCrMo-4
Alloy 625
(NiCrMo)
A5.11/A5.14
E/ER NiCrMo-3
E/ER NiCrMo-3
Cu-Ni
Not applicable
Not applicable
Bronze aluminum
Not applicable
Not Applicable.
AWS Classification
Buttering layer
Finishing layer
(see Note 2)
(see Note 2)
E/ER 309L
E/ER 309L
E/ER 309L
E/ER 309L
E/ER 430
E/ER 309L
E/ER 309L
E/ER 410 / 410NiMo (Note 1)
E/ER 410 / 410NiMo
NOTE 1 It needs minimum preheating of 150 C, regardless the substrate thickness, whenever E/ER
410 or 410NiMo is applied; however, it shall only be used in special situations.
NOTE 2 Regardless of the number of layers (buttering or finishing), the final chemical composition of
the coating shall meet the indicated composition for the finishing layer, except when the
welding is heterogeneously performed.

5.12.7.1 The minimum preheating and interpass temperature for welding the base-plate in
homogeneous or heterogeneous welding shall meet the information contained in this Standard for the
corresponding material.
5.12.7.2 The minimum preheating and interpass temperature for welding the coating, except as
described in Notes 1 and 2 of Tables 22, and Note 1 of Table 23, shall meet the following guidelines:
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a) carbon steel and carbon-manganese base-plate with thickness below 30 mm, only for the
first coating layer: 100 C;
b) carbon steel or carbon-manganese base-plate with thickness below 30 mm, for any layer:
no preheating;
c) base-plate made of other materials: indication required by this Standard for
heterogeneous welding of the corresponding material of the base-plate.
5.12.7.3 The maximum interpass temperature for welding the coating shall not exceed the following:
a) carbon steel and carbon-manganese base-plate:
first layer: 175 C;
other layers: 150 C, except when this temperature is excessive and is not permitted
for the coating material;
b) base-plate made of other materials:
first layer: indication required by this Standard for heterogeneous welding of the
corresponding material of the base-plate;
other layers: 150 C, except when this temperature is excessive and is not allowed for
the coating material.
5.12.8 Post-heating
The post-heating for welding of coating plate is not required.
When PHWT of the substrate is required, the welding procedure shall consider the possible
deterioration of the coating regarding the corrosion resistance, or the weakening of the interface
through PWHT stimulation in test specimens coated and evaluated according to tests from
ASTM A 262.
5.12.10.1 Before welding of the base plate or substrate, it shall be checked if there is no residue of
the coating material on the surface of the plate next to the bevel. After welding, the joint shall be
prepared for visual inspection and non-destructive testing.
5.12.10.2 Before welding the coating in equipment, welded joints shall first be 100 % inspected by
liquid penetrant testing and released by radiographic or ultrasonic testing, according to percentage laid
down in the design code.
5.12.10.3 Before deposition of coating on hydrogen-soaked equipment in operation, the need for
dehydrogenation treatment shall be assessed.
5.12.10.4 During maintenance, the region adjacent to repairs in the substrate, before the deposition of
the coating, shall be inspected with ultrasound to check for cracks, in accordance with API 510 in the
pressure vessel manufactured in P number 3, 4 or 5 of ASME BPVC Section V. This inspection shall
be performed at least 24 hours after completion of the repair in the equipment.
5.12.10.5 Upon completion of the coating, when there is PWHT, liquid penetrant testing shall be
redone in the regions of welded joints. The other tests shall comply with requirements of the design
code.
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5.13 Dissimilar Welding

5.13.1 Introduction
5.13.1.1 Dissimilar joints are those in which the parts joined by welding with different chemical
composition.
5.13.1.2 The joint shall be welded with consumable of the same crystal structure and generally of
lower alloy content, or heterogeneously with non-setting material.
5.13.2 Base Metal
Base metals specified in this Standard and that meet the design specifications of equipment/piping.
The requirements of this standard shall be complied with, applicable to each of the base metals
comprising the dissimilar joint, observing the physical-chemical properties of the material.
Table 24 - Consumables, Preheating and Post-Heating Temperatures for Welding of

Dissimilar Joints
Type of Material
Carbon and
carbonmanganese
steels
Carbonmolybdenum
steels
Carbonmolybdenum
steels
2.5 Ni / 3.5 Ni
Steel
Carbon steel
and carbonmanganese
Carbonchrome2.5 Ni /
molybdenum- molybdenum 3.5 Ni
steel
-steel
Steel
5 Ni / 9 Ni
Steel
Austenitic
stainless
steel
5 Ni / 9 Ni Steel
Austenitic
stainless steel
HK-40/HP
F1
405, 410S and

430 stainless
steels
410 Stainless
Steel
200/201 Nickel
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Consumables, Preheating and Post-Heating Temperatures for Welding of

Dissimilar Joints (Continued)
Type of Material
Carbon steel
and carbonmanganese
Carbonmolybdenumsteel
chromemolybdenu
m-steel
2.5 Ni /
3.5 Ni
Steel
5 Ni / 9
Ni Steel
Austenitic
stainless
steel
Monel
Incoloy
800/800HT
D1
D1
Copper
Copper-nickel
Bronze aluminum
Duplex stainless
steel
Type of Material
HK40/HP
405, 410S and

430 stainless
steels
410
Stainless
Steel
200/201
Nickel
Monel
Incoloy
800/800HT
D1
F1
D1
5 Ni/ 9 Ni Steel
Austenitic
stainless steel
HK-40/HP
D2
D2
D2
D2
200/201 Nickel
Monel
D2
D2
Incoloy
800/800HT
D2
D2
Copper
Copper-nickel
Bronze aluminum
Duplex
steel
Carbon
and
carbonmanganese
steels
Carbonmolybdenum
steels
Carbonmolybdenum
steels
2.5 Steel Ni/ Ni
3.5
405, 410S and

430
stainless
steels
410
Stainless
Steel
stainless
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Where:
A Consumable according to indication for carbon-molybdenum steel. Preheating, interpass
temperature and post-heating according to indication for chrome-molybdenum steel;
B Consumable according to indication for chrome-molybdenum steel with lower chrome
content. Preheating, interpass temperature and post-heating for chrome-molybdenum
steel with higher chrome content;
C Consumable according to indication for carbon steel (example: basic electrode AWS
E7018 or E7018-1). Preheating, interpass temperature and post-heating according to
indication for alloy steel;
D As indication for nickel alloys, consumable with specification AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-2 and
AWS A5.14 ERNiCr-3;
D1 As indication for heterogeneous welding of chrome-molybdenum steel. Consumable with
specification AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-2 and AWS A5.14, ERNiCr-3;
D2 As indication for heterogeneous welding of ferritic and martensitic stainless steel.
Consumable with specification AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-2, ENiCrFe-3, and AWS A5.14,
ERNiCr-3;
E As indication for heterogeneous welding of ferritic and martensitic stainless steel;
F As indication for heterogeneous welding of chrome-molybdenum steel;
F1 As indication for heterogeneous welding of chrome-molybdenum steel using nickel alloy
compatible with the operating temperature;
G As indication for heterogeneous welding of nickel steel;
H As indication for any of the two base metals;
I As indication for the stainless steel with higher carbon content;
J As indication for 410 stainless steel, and heterogeneous welding may be generally
accepted;
L As indication for 200/201 Nickel;
M As indication for 200 or 201 Nickel, also accepting consumables with specifications: AWS
A5.11, ENiCrFe-2, ENiCrFe-3, and AWS A5.14, ERNiCr-3;
N As indication for Monel ;

O Consumable according to indication for heterogeneous welding of chrome-molybdenum
steel. Preheating, interpass temperature and post-heating according to indication for
welding of stainless steel;
P As indication for welding of 5 Ni / 9 Ni nickel steel;
Q Use consumable for welding of pure nickel AWS E/ER Ni-1, with previous buttering of
copper and preheating of 220 C or above (220 C-530 C, depending on thickness).
Option: E/ERCuAl-A2 or ERCuNi;
R Use consumable for welding of pure nickel AWS E/ER-1 Ni or bronze aluminum E/ERCuAlA2, preheating from 150 C to 260 C;
S Use consumable for welding of pure nickel AWS E/ER-1 Ni or bronze aluminum E/ERCuAlA2, preheating shall not exceed 65 C;
T Use consumable for welding of pure nickel AWS E/ERNi-1, and preheating shall not
exceed 65 C; Option: E/ERCuAl-A2 or ERCuNi;
U Use consumable E or ER 309/309L/309MoL, and preheating shall not exceed 100 C. In
the case of base material 316(L) and 317(L) ,use consumable E or ER 309MoL.
Preheating and interpass temperature shall meet the indications in Table 24.
5.13.6 Post-heating
Post-heating shall meet the indications in Table 24.
It shall be performed as indicated in the design standard.
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5.13.8.1 The requirements of this Standard shall be followed, applicable to each base metal
comprising the dissimilar joint, observing the physical-chemical properties of the material.
5.13.8.2 Upon completion of welding, the joint shall be 100% inspected with liquid penetrant.
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Annex A - Instructions for Sampling Inspection on Receipt of Consumables

A.1 Objective
Provide a script for implementation of sampling, determining the sample size and acceptance and
rejection limits, in a simplified way, in the inspection of electrodes based on threshold of quality for
consumers protection. The following characteristics shall be considered:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
normal inspection;
simple sampling plan;
general inspection level II;
carbon steel: QL=6,5 %; consumer's risk = 10 %;
other consumables: QL= 4 %; consumer's risk = 5 %;
A.2 Sampling
A.2.1 Sampling shall be performed in accordance with the ABNT NBR 5425, NBR 5426 and
NBR 5427.
A.2.2 The unit for lot and sample size is considered as a number of electrodes.
A.2.3 The sample sizes and acceptance and rejection criteria shall be obtained in Table A.1,
considering Normal Inspection, Simple Sampling and General Inspection Level II.
Table A.1 - Simple Sampling Plan - Normal Inspection of Consumers Risk 5 % and
10 %
Lot size
up to 500
501 to 1 200
1 201 to 3 200
3 201 to 10 000
10 001 to 35 000
35 001 to 150 000
Lot size
up to 500
501 to 1 200
1 201 to 3 200
3 201 to 10 000
10 001 to 35 000
35 001 to 150 000
QL = 2,5
T.A. Ac
Re
125
0
1
125
0
1
125
0
1
200
1
2
315
3
4
500
7
8
Consumer's risk = 5 %
QL = 4,0
QL = 6,5
T.A. Ac
Re T.A. Ac
Re
80
0
1
50
0
1
80
0
1
80
1
2
125
1
2
125
3
4
200
3
4
200
7
8
315
7
8
315
12
13
500
12
13 500
21
22
T.A.
50
80
125
200
315
315
QL = 10
Ac
1
3
7
12
21
21
Re
2
4
8
13
22
22
QL = 2,5
T.A. Ac
Re
80
0
1
80
0
1
125
1
2
200
2
3
315
5
6
500
8
9
Consumer's risk = 10 %
QL = 4,0
QL = 6,5
T.A. Ac
Re T.A. Ac
Re
50
0
1
50
1
2
80
1
2
80
2
3
125
2
3
125
5
6
200
5
6
200
8
9
315
8
9
315
14
15
500
14
15
315
14
15
T.A.
50
80
125
200
200
200
QL = 10
Ac
2
5
8
14
14
14
Re
3
6
9
15
15
15
A.2.4 Only consider for sampling electrodes from the same run.
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A.2.5 Perform sampling by opening at least one package at each ten received, and collect the sample
equally shared from the opened packages, randomly.
A.3 Guide For Determination of Sample Size and Acceptance and Rejection Limits
A.3.1 Determine the number of electrodes received in the lot (just estimate it by range, according to
Table A.1).
A.3.2 According to the consumers risk and the maximum allowable percentage of defective items in
the lot (QL), obtain the sample size (T.A.), the acceptance number (Ac) and rejection number (Re).
A3.3 Example:
a) carbon steel electrodes AWS E7018 with 3,25 mm of diameter;
b) lot size: 500 kg - corresponding to approximately 10 000 electrodes;
c) sampling characteristics:
simple sampling plan;
normal inspection;
inspection level II;
consumer's risk = 10% (for carbon steel);
QL = 6.5 (for carbon steel).
A.3.4 Since the consumer's risk is 10 % and QL = 6,5, entering in Table A.1, it is concluded that:
a) sample size = 200;
b) acceptance number (Ac) = 8;
c) rejection number (Re) = 9.
NOTE
See this example of application in Figure A.1.
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Annex B - Hardness Measurement Test [Recommended Practice]

B.1 Objective
B.1.1 This Annex establishes the requirements for performance of hardness measurement test in
qualification of welding procedure and production tests in laboratory, and hardness measurement of
welds in field, for fabrication and maintenance of equipment and piping.
B.1.2 This Annex does not define the evaluation of deviations regarding the hardness acceptance
criteria defined by design, fabrication, construction and assembly standards.
B.1.3 When the design, fabrication or assembly standard requires a hardness testing, the welding
procedure qualification shall be complemented by this test at the weld zone, heat affected zone and
on the base metal. Its results shall be consistent with the reference standard.
B.1.4 The requirements of this Annex shall be met, supplementing the contract reference standard or
technical specification.
B.1.5 Conventional hardness measurement of plates, forgings, castings, pipes, studs and piping
accessories shall be performed as per specific ASTM standards and other internationally recognized
standards. When it is not possible to apply the specified method due to, for example, thicknesses of
material or layer, or small size of part, an alternative hardness method compatible with the situation
shall be applied and the conversion shall be performed, according to ASTM E 140.
B.2 General Conditions

B.2.1 Calibration of Bench and Portable Measurement System
B.2.1.1 The measurement system, except for hardness standard block, shall be periodically calibrated
according to Suppliers Quality System. For portable measurement system, this frequency shall not
exceed 24 months.
B.2.1.2 The hardness standard block shall have calibration certificate and, once kept in good
preservation conditions, it does not require frequent calibration.
NOTE 1 Calibration certificates are issued by accredited laboratories according to ABNT NBR ISO
IEC 17025:2005. When there is no accredited laboratory for magnitudes to be calibrated,
laboratories with standards traced by the Rede Brasileira de Calibrao (RBC) or
laboratories with its measurement system nationally or internationally recognized may be
used.
NOTE 2 Any repair or maintenance in the measurement system implies the necessity of a new
calibration, regardless of the frequency established.
B.2.2 Personnel Qualification
B.2.2.1 The hardness measurement test in laboratory shall be performed by a laboratory technician
duly trained, registered in union council.
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B.2.2.2 Hardness measurement test in field shall be performed by:

Welding Inspectors, qualified and certified according to Sistema Nacional de Qualificao
e Certificao de Inspetores de Soldagem (SNQC IS), as per ABNT NBR 14842;
Welding Engineer;
Welding, Metallurgy or Mechanical Engineers, Technologists or Technicians, registered
in union councils;
Construction and Assembly, Maintenance and Inspection Engineers or Technicians, from
PETROBRAS.
B.2.2.3 For services performed abroad, professionals shall be qualified and certified according to the
main applicable standard, by international entities that meet the requirements of ISO IEC 17024, being
required the previous approval of PETROBRAS in this case.
B.2.3 Hardness Measurement in Laboratory
When the design, fabrication, or assembly standard, or contract documentation requires a hardness
test, the qualification of welding procedure and production test in laboratory shall be supplemented by
this test, performed in weld zone, heat affected zone and in base metal, and its results shall be
compatible with the reference standard.
B.2.3.1 Measurement Procedure
B.2.3.1.1 Hardness measurement procedure shall be submitted to PETROBRAS for approval.
B.2.3.1.2 Hardness measurement procedure shall contain at least the following items:
a) name of issuer (department of PETROBRAS or executing firm);
b) numerical identification and procedure revision;
c) objective;
d) personnel qualification requirements;
e) method and frequency of durometer calibration;
f) hardness method to be used;
g) identification of test specimen;
h) specification of base and weld metal;
i) identification of corresponding welding procedure;
j) drawing of welded joint with measurement points;
k) identification of durometer, including serial number;
l) calibration certificate of durometer and used standard block;
m) preparation technique and condition of surface to be tested;
n) reference standards and/or values for performance and interpretation of results;
o) identification and signature of responsible technician;
p) report form for presentation of results.
B.2.3.2 Test Reports
The test report on hardness measurement in laboratory shall contain at least the following items:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
test executing entity (PETROBRAS or laboratory from executing firm);

numerical identification and procedure revision;
identification of corresponding welding procedure;
specification of base metals and welding consumables;
identification of test specimen;
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f) drawing of test specimen and hardness profile points;

g) condition of tested surface and preparation technique;
h) temperature of the part:
i) hardness method, including load used;
j) hardness profile measurement system (manual or using attachment system);
k) instrument (manufacturer, model, and serial number);
l) frequency of calibration of instruments;
m) calibration certificate of durometer and used standard block;
o) report indicating acceptance, rejection or recommendation of supplementary test;
p) date;
q) identification and signature of responsible technician;
r) record of results.
B.2.3.3 Test Specimen for Welding Procedure Qualification
B.2.3.3.1 For hardness measurement in cross section, the test specimen for macrography shall
comply with ASTM E 340 and Figures B.1 and B.2. The finishing in cross section requires a minimum
preparation until 220 grit sandpaper, followed by etching of joint, so that the HAZ region is revealed.
B.2.3.3.2 For hardness measurement on surface, the test specimen shall be machined in upper and
lower faces for macrography, as per ASTM E 340 and Figures B.3 and B.4, with maximum removal of
0,5 mm of surface from welded joint. Finishing of surfaces requires a minimum preparation until 220
grit sandpaper, followed by etching of joint, so as to reveal the HAZ region.
B.2.3.3.3 The laboratory test specimen may be used to validate the hardness measurement
procedure in field, with the duly preparation of the face representing the surface of equipment to be
tested, in this case.
B.2.3.3.4 Objective evidences of hardness measurement in welding procedure qualification shall be
kept so as to enable their evidence to PETROBRAS.
B.2.3.4 Hardness Measurement in Welding Procedure Qualification
B.2.3.4.1 In welding procedure qualification, the hardness measurement method shall be Vickers,
and comply with ASTM E 384 or equivalent internationally recognized standard.
B.2.3.4.2 A bench durometer with 5 kgf or 10 kgf load shall be used, observing what is established in
design standard.
B.2.3.4.3 The hardness profile shall be obtained by measuring the cross section, as per Figures B.1
or B.2. As an option for V bevel, the hardness profile may be obtained on surface, as per Figures B.3
and B.4.
NOTE
Figure B.1 is the only option for obtaining hardness profile in Double V bevel.
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B.2.3.4.4 For hardness measurement in welding procedure qualification in plate with coating
deposited by welding (Weld Overlay), hardness measurement points shall comply with Figure B.5.
Surface as
welded
2
Weld line
HAZ
0,5
0,5
2
NOTE
Dimensions in millimeters.
Figure B.5 - Hardness Measurement Points in Profile of Plate with Coating Deposited
by Welding (Weld Overlay)
B.2.4 Hardness Measurement in Field
When the design, fabrication or assembly standard requires a hardness testing, the welding procedure
qualification shall be complemented by this test at the weld zone, heat affected zone and on the base
metal. Its results shall be consistent with the reference standard.
B.2.4.1 Measurement Procedure
B.2.4.1.1 Hardness measurement procedure shall be submitted to PETROBRAS for approval.
B.2.4.1.2 Hardness measurement procedure shall contain at least the following items:
a) name of issuer (department of PETROBRAS or executing firm);
c) objective;
d) personnel qualification requirements;
e) method and frequency of durometer calibration;
f) hardness method to be used;
g) drawing with location of measurement points in welded joint;
h) identification of durometer, including serial number;
i) calibration certificate of durometer and used standard blocks;
j) preparation technique and condition of surface to be tested;
k) maximum temperature of the part:
l) reference standards and/or values for performance and interpretation of results;
m) identification and signature of responsible technician;
n) report form for presentation of results.
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B.2.4.2 Test Reports

The test report on hardness measurement test shall contain at least the following items:
a) test executing entity (PETROBRAS or executing firm);
c) identification of corresponding welding procedure;
d) specification of base and weld metals;
e) identification of welded joint in equipment;
f) drawing of test specimen and hardness profile points;
g) condition of tested surface and preparation technique;
h) temperature of the part:
i) hardness method, including load used;
j) hardness profile measurement system (manual or using attachment system);
k) instrument (manufacturer, model, and serial number);
l) frequency of calibration of instruments;
m) calibration certificate of durometer and used standard block;
o) report indicating acceptance, rejection or recommendation of supplementary test;
p) date;
q) identification and signature of responsible technician;
r) record of results.
B.2.4.3 Suitability of Field Portable Instruments
B.2.4.3.1 In hardness measurement in field, a portable instrument with ultrasonic contact impedance
(UCI) shall be used, according to ASTM A 1038, with load of 5 kgf.
B.2.4.3.2 Portable instruments based on Leeb (rebound) method, and Poldi or Telebrineller type
instruments may not be used for hardness measurement in welded joint.
B.2.4.3.3 At PETROBRAS criterion, the suitability of portable instrument shall be shown in laboratory
through comparisons between hardness measurements obtained by the portable instrument and those
from bench instrument, duly calibrated in expected measurement range, as per ASTM E 384, with
load of 5 kgf. Such demonstration shall be performed on surface of a welded joint, using the hardness
measurement points according to Figure 6, before a PETROBRAS representative. Therefore, the use
of standard block is not permitted.
NOTE
Any test specimen prepared for welding procedure qualification may be used, according to
A.2.3.3.
B.2.4.3.4 Finishing of surfaces requires a minimum preparation until 220 grit sandpaper, followed by
etching of joint, so as the HAZ region is revealed.
B.2.4.3.5 Hardness measurements performed on surface with portable instrument shall be compared
with those obtained with bench instrument in adjacent positions, 0,5 mm away, as per Figure B.6. For
equipment items in general, it is deemed as suitable an instrument presenting a range of individual
measurements from - 4 % to + 10 %. For equipment items subject to wet H2S service, the acceptable
range of individual measurements is from - 2 % to + 5 %.
B.2.4.3.6 The comparison results shall be previously submitted to PETROBRAS for approval.
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0,5
Weld metal
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Base metal
HA
HA
Z
Base metal
Z
NOTE
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Figure B.6 - Hardness Measurement Points in Welded Joint Surface (Weld Metal, HAZ,
and Base Metal) for Validation of Portable Durometer
B.2.4.4 Surface Preparation
B.2.4.4.1 Hardness measurement shall be performed, whenever possible, on the surface in contact
with the process fluid. If the access is impractical, such as in vessels or pipes with small diameter, the
measurement may be performed by the opposite side.
B.2.4.4.2 The leveling of work surface shall be performed by removing the face or weld root stiffener,
sanding the surface on an area of 50 mm wide by 20 mm long for each side of welded joint, as per
Figure B.7.
NOTE
A transition between the removed area and the stiffener shall be performed, with maximum
inclination angle of 30 .
50
20
20
Area to be leveled up to 220 sandpaper
NOTE
Figure B.7 - Surface Preparation for Hardness Measurement in Weld
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B.2.4.4.3 The sanding depth shall not exceed 0,5 mm.

B.2.4.3.4 Finishing of surfaces requires a minimum preparation until 220 grit sandpaper, followed by
etching of joint, as per ASTM E 340, so as the HAZ region is revealed.
B.2.4.5 Hardness Measurement Test Performance
B.2.4.5.1 When measuring hardness on welded joints in field, it shall be ensured that the portable
instrument used is adjusted in hardness standard blocks with hardness values close to the minimum
and maximum values expected before starting the operations.
B.2.4.5.2 The portable instrument adjustment shall be performed in the beginning of calibrations and
every 4 hours of continuous operation, using the attachment device of portable instrument on a flat
and leveled base.
B.2.4.5.3 A device for attachment and displacement of the portable instrument (example: magnetic
base) shall be used, except when the geometry of welded joint does not allow it.B.2.4.5.4 Hardness
profile shall be obtained from measurement at every 0,5 mm of base metal, HAZs and weld metal, as
per Figure B.8. One additional measurement shall be performed in the center of welded joint.
B.2.4.5.5 The test extension shall comply with the design, fabrication or assembly standard.
Additional point in the weld center
0,5
Weld metal
Z
HA
NOTE
0,5
Base metal
HA
Z
Base metal
Figure B.8 - Hardness Measurement Points on Welded Joint Surface

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INDEX OF REVISIONS
REV. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H
There is no index of revisions.
REV. J
Affected Parts
Description of Alteration
1.2
Revised
Revised
Revised and Renumbered
5.2.2.1
Revised
5.2.4.3
Revised
5.4.2.2
Revised
5.5.2.1
Revised
5.8.2.2
Revised
REV. K
Affected Parts
All
Revised
REV. L
Affected Parts
All
Revised
IR 1/1
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f) for 9Cr-1mo-V-Nb steel (Gr 91), the following minimum impact requirements shall be met:
average of 34 J (25 ft-lbs) with no value below 22 J (16 ft-lbs) at 20C (70F) after
PWHT for at least 2 hours for all processes, except for GMAW process. The GMAW
process is not permitted. The FCAW process shall not be used in pipes and
equipment subject to pressure, according to API TR 938-B. However, it may be used
in non-pressurized equipment if approved in advance by PETROBRAS, when the
average impact values are at least 22 J (16 ft-lbs) with no value below 15 J (11 ft-lbs);
NOTE
Other requirements of the design specifications and applicable standards to fabrication of

the equipment shall also be specified and complied with in the request of welding
consumables such as, for instance, simulated PWHT for Charpy testing.
g) in case of heterogeneous welding, when not prohibited by the design or fabrication and
assembly standard of equipment, consumables shall be specified as established,
considering the SMAW and GTAW welding processes and operating conditions as shown
in Table 6.
Table 6 - Consumables for Heterogeneous Welding of Molybdenum and ChromiumMolybdenum Steels

Operating conditions
Environment Temperature
Maximum temperature of application (C)

315
GTAW
SMAW
> 315 (preferred)

GTAW
SMAW
> 315
GTAW
SMAW
No significant
Cyclic
or
ENiCrFe-3
ENiCrFe-3
presence of
ERNiCr-3
ERNiCr-3 ENiCrFe-2 ERNiCr-3
not
ENiCrFe-2
(Note)
sulfur
No significant
E309-XX
ER309
presence of Non-cyclic
E309MoER309Mo
sulfur
XX
NOTE Maximum temperature of ENiCrFe-3 is 480 C.

The preheating and interpass temperatures shall be in accordance with Table 7.
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5.12.2 Types of Metal Coatings

5.12.2.1 Cladded Plate
Bimetallic set with metallurgical bond obtained by co-lamination, co-extrusion or welding by explosion.
5.12.2.2 Plate with Coating Deposited by Welding (Weld Overlay)
Bimetallic set with metallurgical bond obtained by arc welding.
5.12.2.3 Plate with Lining
Bimetallic set without metallurgical bonding, being the adhesion obtained mechanically, with sealing
welds at the ends, cover weld or sewing by electric resistance.
5.12.3 Weldability
The weldability of these materials shall be evaluated by applicable constitutional diagrams, such as
Schaeffler, De Long, and WRC diagrams, among others, including for buttering. All welding
requirements for each material shall be considered individually.
5.12.4.1 When there is access both by the substrate side and by the coating side: the junction
between coated plates shall always be initiated by the homogeneous junction of substrate, with prior
removal of the coating in the region adjacent the joint, preventing that the welding of the substrate
(base plate) is carried out with contact and dilution with the coating material. Figure 6 shows an
example of a bevel for this situation. The removal of the coating shall be performed by grinding or
machining. The full removal of the coating shall be checked with a supersaturated solution of copper
sulphate. Cutting with carbon electrode is not permitted. The recomposition of the coating layer shall
be made in at least two layers.
Substrate
Coating
Figure 6 - Joint Preparation of Coated Plate with Access on Both Sides

5.12.4.2 When there is access only by the substrate side, as in the case of pipes and vessels of small
diameter: the full bevel shall be filled using filler metal that meets the corrosion resistance of the
coating and the mechanical strength of the substrate. Figure 7 shows an example of a bevel for this
situation. The preparation of the bevel shall be performed by grinding or machining. Cutting with
carbon electrode is not permitted.
Substrate
Coating
Figure 7 - Preparation of Joint from Coated Plate with Access Only on the Substrate
Side
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This is the 1st Ame

NOTE 1 The news pages with the

Technical Requirement: A provision established as the most adequate and

Copies of the registered non-conformities to this Standard that may contribute

107 pages, Index of Revisions and WG

5.1.3 General Welding Technique ........................................................................................ 33

5.5.4.1 SMAW .................................................................................................................. 55

5.7.3 General Welding Technique ........................................................................................ 64

5.9.2 Weldability .................................................................................................................... 73

5.11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 83

5.13.6 Post-heating ............................................................................................................... 94

Figure 1 - Detail for Determination of Thickness ................................................................................... 35

Examples of Contamination Due to Different Concentrations of Oxygen in Purge Gas... 54

Figure 5 - Heat Input and Corrosion Resistance ................................................................................... 66

3 Terms and Definitions

4.5 Welding Processes and Equipment

In procedures with consumables qualified according to PETROBRAS N-1859 Annex A, the

4.11 Inspection and Quality Control

The replacement of material to correct thickness reduction, if necessary, when permitted by

4.15 Marking of Welded Joints

4.16 Safety in Welding

Table 1 - Diffusible Hydrogen Limit in FCAW Electrodes

Designation of maximum diffusible hydrogen

70 ksi (483 MPa)

> 70 ksi (483 MPa) and 85 ksi

5.1.4 Applicable Welding Processes

Table 2 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperatures Specified for Welding of

Calculated thickness of welded joint, and [mm] (see Note 2 from

5.1.5.2 The following information shall be followed in the application of Table 2:

NOTE 2 The thickness of welded joint shall be calculated according to Figure 1.

e = 0,5 (T1 + T2)

e = 0,5 (T1 + 2T2)

There may be a weld on both sides or on a single side.

Figure 1 - Detail for Determination of Thickness

Chrome-Molybdenum materials mentioned in 5.3 are not covered in 5.2.

Preheating for thickness ranges (mm)

5.2.8 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)

Table 4 - Designation of P numbers, According to ASME BPVC Section IX

5.3.3 General Welding Technique

c) root pass welding is not permitted;

Table 5 - Consumables for Molybdenum and Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

Coated electrode (SMAW)

Cored wire (FCAW)

Bare electrode and rod

Submerged arc (SAW)

f) for 9Cr-1mo-V-Nb steel

Preheating and Interpass Temperatture

Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Chromium-Molybdenum and

For GTAW welding, the temperatures indicated in Table 7 may be reduced by up to

Table 8 - Post-heating for Chromium-Molybdenum and Molybdenum Steels

It is recommended to perform the post-heating before any displacement. [Recommended

Table 9 - Hardness in Welded and Heat Affected Zone after PWHT

5.3.10 Weld Repair

Table 10 - Electrodes and Rods for Nickel Steel

Bare electrode and rod (GMAW /

Submerged arc (SAW)

5.4.6 Preheating and Interpass Temperature

Table 11 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Welding of Steels to

Using the GTAW process, the preheating may be reduced by 40 C.

Table 12 - Minimum Preheating and Interpass Temperature for Welding of Steels to

5.4.9 Weld Repair

Figure 2 - Examples of Solidification Cracks