Remote

Control LED
Final Project

2016

An Introduction
Prepared by:
Muhammad Nabeel
Ali Sufyan
Ahsan Iqbal
Usama Afzaal

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This project provides information regarding a bulb, which can

be conveniently controlled by a remote. For this purpose, we
have used different sort of components to this project done. All
the components are crucial in this project. We would like to
thank our Maam to provide us with the exceptional opportunity
to make this innovative product.

Submitted To:
Maam Mehwish Khan

Table Of Contents
Introduction
Elaborately Explained Components
Resistor
Capacitor
Transformer
Transistor
IC
LED
Wires
Battery
Diode
Sensor
PCB Sheet
Board
Remote
Pros of remote control LED
Cons of remote control LED
Recommendation

Glossary

LED

light emitting diode

IC

Integrated Circuit

PCB

Printed Circuit Board

TRA

Transformer

AC

Alternating Current

DC

Direct Current

Resistance

Voltage

ISM

Infrared Sensor Module

IR

Infrared

CFL

Compact Fluorescent Light

AF

Audio Frequency

RF

Radio Frequency

1. Introduction
This particular project attempts to make a bulb which be
easily controlled by a remote. We use the LED rather than a bulb
because of the trend in these days. Most of the people avoid
bulbs because of some circumstances such as there is mercury
contained in the bulb. This is ordinarily not a problem, but if the
bulb breaks clean up is a hassle. Mercury is a dangerous heavy
metal, and proper cleanup and disposal of CFL bulbs is critical.
(The best safety measure is never to put the used bulb in the rest
of your trash). On the other hand, LED lights last longer even if
used with the battery, just like we did. A LED light is also
energy efficient & takes less and less energy to be turned on
even for more time.
LED is an electric component tat emits light when
connected to direct current. It works on electroluminescent
principle and can emit light in visible specter as well as in
infrared and ultraviolet. They have characteristically low energy
consumption, small size, longer lifetime and faster switching
than incandescence lamps and because of that, they have a wide
palette of applicability.
To complete this project, we used different sort of
components, which are really crucial to be included in this
project. Each component have its own importance for instance,
without battery everything is useless. All of the components are
explained below in the report.
A remote control is a component of an electronic device
(In our case it obviously will be the LED lights), used to operate
the device wirelessly from a short distance. Remote control is a
convenience feature for the consumer, and can allow operation
of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation
of controls. Commonly, remote controls are Consumer IR
devices, which send digitally coded pulses of IR radiation to
control functions such as power, volume, tuning, temperature set
point, fan speed, or other features.

2. Components
2.1 Resistor
A resistor is an
electrical component that
limits or regulates the
flow of
electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
Resistors can also be used
to provide a
specific voltage for an
active device such as
a transistor.
All other factors being equal, in a DC circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and
directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the wellknown Ohm's Law. In AC circuits, this rule also applies as long
as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.
Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most
common type in electronic devices and systems is the carboncomposition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed
with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the
proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the
resistance.
Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome
or similar wire on an insulating form. This component, called
a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a
carbon-composition resistor of the same physical size. However,
because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as
an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect
performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in
AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to
changes in frequency.

2.2 Capacitor
Capacitors are
two-terminal electrical
elements. Capacitors are
essentially two
conductors, usually
conduction plates but
any two
conductors separated by an insulator - a dielectric - with
connection wires connected to the two conducting plates.
Capacitors occur naturally. On printed circuit boards two
wires running parallel to each other on opposite sides of the
board form a capacitor. That's a capacitor that comes about
inadvertently, and we would normally prefer that it not be there.
But, it's there. It has electrical effects, and it will affect your
circuit. You need to understand what it does.
At other times, you specifically want to use capacitors
because of their frequency dependent behavior. There are lots of
situations where we want to design for some specific frequency
dependent behavior. Maybe you want to filter out some high
frequency noise from a lower frequency signal. Maybe you want
to filter out power supply frequencies in a signal running near a
60 Hz line. You're almost certainly going to use a circuit with a
capacitor.
Sometimes you can use a capacitor to store energy. In a
subway car, an insulator at a track switch may cut off power
from the car for a few feet along the line. You might use a large
capacitor to store energy to drive the subway car through the
insulator in the power feed.

2.3 Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction
produces an electromotive force within a conductor, which is
exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used
to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a
varying field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary
winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use
of Faraday's Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with
high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can be
designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage
level to another within power networks.

2.4 Transistor

A transistor is a device that

regulates current or voltage flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic
signals. Transistors consist of three
layers of a semiconductor material, each
capable of carrying a current.
Three scientists at the Bell
Laboratories invented the transistor in
1947, and it rapidly replaced
the vacuum tube as an electronic signal
regulator. A transistor
regulates current or voltage flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic
signals. A transistor consists of three layers of
a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. A
semiconductor is a material such as germanium and silicon that
conducts electricity in a "semi-enthusiastic" way. It's somewhere
between a real conductor such as copper and an insulator (like
the plastic wrapped around wires).

2.5 IC
An integrated circuit (IC),
sometimes called
a chip or microchip, is
a semiconductor wafer on
which thousands or millions of
tiny resistors, capacitors,
and transistors are fabricated.
An IC can function as
an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear
(analog) or digital, depending on its intended application.
Linear ICs have continuously variable output (theoretically
capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on
the input signal level. As the term implies, the output signal
level is a linear function of the input signal level. Ideally, when

the instantaneous output is graphed against the instantaneous

input, the plot appears as a straight line. Linear ICs are used as
audio-frequency (AF) and radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers.
The operational amplifier (op amp) is a common device in these
applications.
Digital ICs operate at only a few defined levels or states,
rather than over a continuous range of signal amplitudes. These
devices are used in computers, computer networks, modems,
and frequency counters. The fundamental building blocks of
digital ICs are logic gates, which work with binary data, that is,
signals that have only two different states, called low and high.

2.6 Diode
A diode is a
specialized electronic
component with two
electrodes called
the anode and the
cathode. Most diodes
are made
with semiconductor ma
terials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.
Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in
a chamber evacuated or filled with a pure
elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes can be used
as rectifiers, signal
limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal
modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators,
and oscillators.
The fundamental property of a diode is its
tendency to conduct electric current in only one
direction. When the cathode is negatively charged
relative to the anode at a voltage greater than a
certain minimum called forward break over, then

current flows through the diode. If the cathode is

positive with respect to the anode, is at the same
voltage as the anode, or is negative by an amount
less than the forward break over voltage, then the
diode does not conduct current. This is a simplistic
view, but is true for diodes operating as rectifiers,
switches, and limiters. The forward break over
voltage is approximately six tenths of a volt (0.6 V)
for silicon devices, 0.3 V for germanium devices,
and 1 V for selenium devices.

2.6 Sensor
A sensor is a
device that detects
and responds to some
type of input from the
physical environment.
The specific input
could be light, heat,
motion, moisture,
pressure, or any one of
a great number of
other environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is
converted to human-readable display at the sensor
location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

Here are a few examples of the many different

types of sensors:
In a mercury-based glass thermometer, the
input is temperature. The liquid contained expands
and contracts in response, causing the level to be
higher or lower on the marked gauge, which is
human-readable.
An oxygen sensor in a car's emission control
system detects the gasoline/oxygen ratio, usually
through a chemical reaction that generates a
voltage. A computer in the engine reads the
voltage and, if the mixture is not optimal, readjusts
the balance.
Motion sensors in various systems including
home security lights, automatic doors and
bathroom fixtures typically send out some type of
energy, such as microwaves, ultrasonic waves or
light beams and detect when the flow of energy is
interrupted by something entering its path.

2.7 PCB Sheet

A printed circuit
board (PCB) mechanically
supports and electrically
connects electronic
components using conductive tra
cks, pads and other
features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a nonconductive substrate.
Components - capacitors,
resistors or active devices - are generally soldered on the PCB.
Advanced PCBs may contain components embedded in the
substrate.

PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double

sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers).
Conductors on different layers are connected with vias. Multi-layer
PCBs allow for much higher component density.

Note
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