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3) Loop-the-Loop
A roller-coaster car initially at a position on the track a height h above the ground
begins a downward run on a long, steeply sloping track and then goes into a circular
loop-the-loop of radius R whose bottom is a distance d above the ground (see
picture). Ignore friction. (a) What is the cars speed when it reaches the bottom of the
loop? (b) What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car at that instant?
(c) What is the speed when its position is one-quarter of the way around the loop? (d)
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on it at the one-quarter position? (e)
What is the cars acceleration at the one-quarter position?
I: Getting Started:
We know that the system must be in mechanical equilibrium because the sign is not moving.
This means that both the sum of the forces acting on the beam and the sum torque caused
by the forces on the beam are each equal to zero.
The sign is not rotating when it is hanging, so we know that the sum of the torques caused
by the forces about the pivot must be zero (We could choose a different reference point,
however this is a natural choice since the force by the pivot on the beam is unknown. See
procedure for drawing extended free body diagram in Ch. 12.3)
We have broken all forces into components along or perpendicular to the beam, so the only
forces that cause torques are those perpendicular to the beam, The force of the cable and
the sign at the end of the beam (a length l away from the pivot) and the force of Earths
gravity on the beam (at the center of mass, a length l/2 away from the pivot)
In this equation we know everything except for the contact force of the cable on the beam,
which is what we are trying to solve for.
We can find the force of the sign on the beam in the y direction by using interaction pairs to
find the portion of the weight of the sign that causes a torque around the pivot.
If we plug in this number for the mass of the sign and also plug in the weight of the beam,
we can find the tension in the cable such that no overall torque results.
To find the force of the pivot on the beam, set the sum of the forces on the beam = to zero.
Note that the problem asks for horizontal and vertical components. Given our choice of x
and y directions, these are the two components of the force of the pivot on the beam, in the
x direction (along the beam) and the y direction (perpendicular to the beam). If we instead
want the forces along the wall (vertical) and perpendicular to the wall (horizontal), we can
break our forces into components as shown below.
5) Rolling away
A 3.0-kg solid ball rolls without slipping down a ramp inclined to the horizontal at an
angle of 30 degrees. What are (a) the acceleration of the balls center of mass and (b) the
magnitude of the frictional force exerted on the ball?
I: Getting Started:
We draw a sketch of the situation, a ball rolling down a ramp with 30 degree incline.
We draw a free body diagram and an extended free diagram of the ball and choose the
axes and positive rotational direction shown in the diagrams. (r=ramp, o = object (ball),
n = normal force, s = static friction force, x,y = components of force in that direction) We
split the gravitational force of the Earth on the object (ball) into x and y components.
This equation has two unknowns, so we cant solve it directly and now look at the
rotational motion (rolling without slipping).
We can solve for the rotational acceleration, by summing the forces acting on the ball
to produce torque and thus, rotational acceleration as it rolls down the ramp (eq 12.22).
We use rotational inertia, I = 2/5mR2 since we have a ball (Table 11.3)
Substituting this result for the angular acceleration into eq. 12.23 (the eqn for the
acceleration of the center of mass for rolling without slipping) and setting it equal to the
equation for the acceleration of the center of mass using translational forces, we can
solve for the static friction force of the ramp on the object (ball):
Plugging in numbers, we find the static friction force and center of mass acceleration.
To check the value of the friction force we found, we can also look at how the equation
we found for friction behaves as we change the value of different variables. As m
increases, the static friction force increases. As we expect, a heavier ball has more
friction. We also see that if g were to decrease, the friction force would also decrease.
We expect that in a low-gravity environment (like on the moon) that we would
experience less friction so this makes sense. Finally, if we increase the angle of the ramp,
the friction force would increase. We realize though that there is some limit to this as we
have done calculations for static friction only. At some point, the ball would start to slip
and we would instead have kinetic friction.
6) Mission to Mars
To travel between Earth and any other planet requires consideration of such things as
expenditure of fuel energy and travel time. To simplify the calculations, one chooses a
path such that the position in Earth's orbit where the launch occurs and the position in
the other planet's orbit when the spacecraft arrives define a line that passes through the
Sun, as shown for the Earth-Mars transfer in the figure. The path the spacecraft travels
is an ellipse that has the Sun at one focus. Such a path is called a Hohmann transfer
orbit, and the major axis of the ellipse, 2a, is the sum of the radii of the Earth's and the
other planet's orbits around the Sun.
Take ms = 1.99 x 1030 kg, mm = 6.42 x 1023 kg, and me = 5.97 x 1024 kg, ae = 1.50 x 1011 m,
and am = 2.28x1011 m and assume the planets have circular orbits.
(a) What is the energy of the system comprising the Sun and a 1000kg space probe in a
Hohmann transfer orbit?
(b) What is the speed of the probe in this orbit, as a function of r, the probe's radial
distance from the Sun?
(c) What is the probe's speed relative to the Sun as the probe enters the transfer orbit?
I: Getting Started:
We already have a sketch of what a Hohmann transfer would look like. We draw another
diagram depicting the elliptical orbit of that transfer and labeling important parameters.
(b) We know that the energy of the system is the gravitational potential energy
plus the kinetic energy of the spacecraft.
We want v(r) and above we have an expression for the total mechanical
energy of the system so we can set them equal and solve for v.
(c) We want to know the probes speed relative to the sun as the probe enters
the transfer orbit. Looking back at our diagrams, we see that the Hohmann
transfer orbit we are using is defined both by the distance of Earth from the
sun and by the distance of Mars from the sun. We enter the transfer orbit
from low earth orbit and therefore, we must set the radial distance from the
sun, r, in the equation we found in part b to the distance of Earth from the
sun. This will give us the velocity we need to enter the Hohmann orbit.
If we increase M in this equation (orbit around a more massive planet), the probe would
have a larger velocity. This is because it would have more gravitational energy. We see
from this equation that v is the fastest when r is the smallest on this orbit. We see that this is
true in Figure 13.12 where in regions where the probe is closest to the body it is orbiting
around, it must go faster to effectively sweep out more area of an arc (since angular
momentum must be constant everywhere on the orbit). Also, the earth travels around the
sun at 108,000 km/hr = 30,000m/s and we know our probe needs to go slightly faster to get
into the Hohmann transfer orbit so our answer seems reasonable.