ANALIZA REGIMURILOR TRANZITORU PE BAZA

TRANSFORMATEI LAPLACE
Definiia transformatei Laplace. Funcii original i imagine
L[ f (t )] F ( s ) f (t )e dt

st

F ( s)

f (t )e

st

f (t ) L1[ F ( s )]

(2)

dt

1
2j

(1)

0 j

F ( s )e st ds

(3)

Cteva operaii de baz i proprieti

1. Aditivitatea
Dac L[f(t)]=F(s) i L[g(t)]=G(s) atunci:

[ f (t ) g (t )]e dt
L[f(t)+g(t)]=F(s)+G(s)

L[ f (t ) g (t )]

st

f (t )e st dt

g (t )e st dt F ( s ) G ( s )

2. Multiplicarea cu o constant
Dac L[f(t)]=F(s) atunci:
L[Cf (t )] Cf (t )e dt C
sau:

st

f (t )e st dt

L[Cf(t)]=CL[f(t)]
n general :
n

k 1

k 1

L[ Ck f k (t )] Ck L[ f k (t )]

3. Teorema derivrii
Dac: L[f(t)]=F(s). Atunci, presupunnd c f(t) are derivat:
L[

d
f (t )]
dt

Dem.

d
f (t )]e st dt
0 dt
d
u e st ; dv [ f (t )]dt ; du s e st dt ; v f (t ) in:
dt

u dv u v /
Rezult:
0

L[

vdu

d
f (t )] f (t ) e st / 0 s f (t )e st dt
0
dt

Sau:

L[

d
f (t )] sF ( s ) f (0)
dt

L[f(t)]=F(s).
L[ f (t )] sF ( s ) f (0)

Deci:
L[ f (t )] sL[ f (t ) f (0)] s[ sF ( s ) f (0)] f (0)
L[ f (t )] s 2 F ( s ) sf (0) f (0)

L[ f n (t )] s n F ( s ) s n1 f (0) s n2 f (0) ... f

( n 1)

(0)

4. Teorema integrrii
Cu: L[f(t)]=F(s), T unde a 0
rezult:
T

L[ f (t ) dt ]
a

f ( z ) dz e st dt

Prin integrare prin pri:

T
1
u f ( z )dz; dv e st dt ; du f (t )dt ; v e st
a
s

rezult:
T

L[ f (t )dt ]
a

1 st T
1
e f ( z )dz /
f (t )e st dt
0
a
s
s 0

Sau cu limitele precizate:

T

L[ f (t )dt ]
a

Integrala

1
1 0
F ( s ) f (t )dt
s
s a

f (t ) dt este denumit i acumularea de la t=a la t=0-

i reprezint valoarea mrimii la t=0- :

f (t )dt f (t )dt / t 0

Ex:
0

q(0) i (t )dt idt / t 0

a

(0) vdt vdt / t 0

a

Sau:

vc (0) uc (0)

q (0 ) 1
vdt / t 0
C
C
5. Teorema deplasrii

f(t-a) are transformata Laplace:

L[ f (t a)] e as L[ f (t )] .
Transformate Laplace ale unor funcii uzuale:
1)Transformata Laplace a funciei treapt unitate:

k, t 0
0, t 0

h(t )

F ( s ) L[ h(t )]

k e st dt k e ( s ) t dt k e ( s ) t /( s )

k
s

2) Transformata Laplace a funciei exponeniale:

Pentru; f(t)= e t avem:
F ( s ) L[h(t )]

et e st dt

e ( s ) t
s

e ( s )t dt

Re{s}>Re{ }
3) Transformata Laplace a funciei impuls Dirac:

1
,0 t
(t) lim .
0 ,0 t 0 or t

Deci:

1
s

,for

 1
1 st
e dt lim
e st dt
0
0 0

F ( s ) L[ (t )] (t ) e st dt
0

1
lim e st
0
s

t 0

Funcie Original, f(t)

Funcie imagine, F(s)

k
s

1
s2

e t

1
s

t e t

1
(s ) 2

sin t

cos t

1
e st 1

s
(e 1) lim
1
lim
0 s
0 ( st )

s 2 2

s
s 2

2
s 2
s
2
s 2
1
s sin cos
2
s 2
1
s cos sin
2
s 2
2 s
2
(s 2 ) 2
2

sht
cht
sin(t )
cos(t )

t sin t

t cos t

e t sin t
e t cos t
e t sht
e t cht

s2 2
(s 2 2 ) 2

(s ) 2 2
s
(s ) 2 2

(s ) 2 2
s
(s ) 2 2

Teoremele Transformatei Laplace

1. Teorema combinaiilor liniare

L[ f (t ) g (t )] L[ f (t )] L[ g (t )]

2. Teorema Derivrii
L[

df
] s L[ f (t )] f (0 )
dt

L[

df
] s L[ f (t )]
dt

L[

dn f
] s n L[ f (t )] s n1 f (0) s n2 f (0) ... f ( n1) (0)
dt n

3. Teorema Integrrii
L[ f (t )dt ]

1
F (s)
L[ f (t )]
s
s

4. Teorema ntrzierii
g (t ) f (t )
L[ g (t )] e s L[ f (t )] e s F ( s )

5. Teorema Deplasrii
L[e t f (t )] F ( s )

6. Teorema Produsului de convoluie (Borel)

t

L[ f ( ) g (t ) d ] L[ f (t ) g (t )d ] F ( s ) . G ( s )

7. Teoremele valorilor limit

7.1 Teorema valorii iniiale
lim f (t ) f (0 ) lim s F ( s)
t 0

7.2 Teorema valorii finale

lim f (t ) f () lim s F ( s)
t

s 0

Metode de inversiune. Formulele lui Heaviside

1. Formula Mellin-Fourier

2. Tabele de coresponden
3.
F ( s)

M ( s)
N ( s)

cu m<n unde m=gr M(s) i n=gr N(s)

M(s) i N(s) sunt polinoame cu coeficieni reali sau compleci.

3.1. Pentru poli simpli:
sk
n

F (s)
k 1

(k=1,2,,n) sunt rdcinile ecuaiei: N(s)=0:

n
Ck
M ( sk )
1

s sk k 1 N ( sk ) s sk

Se poate deduce c f(t):

n

f (t )
k 1

M ( sk ) sk t
e
N ( sk )

.
3.2. Pentru pol n origine
sn

f (t )

=0), deci N(s) = s R(s), n acest caz:

M (0) n1 M ( sk )

e sk t

R (0) k 1 sk R ( sk )

3.3 Pentru poli multipli

Dac N(s)=0 are rdcinile s1 , s2 ,, sr cu ordinele de
multiplicitate n1 , n2 ,, nr astfel nct:
n1 + n2 ++ nr =n
Deci se poate scrie:
N ( s ) ( s s1 ) n ( s s2 ) n ...( s sr ) n
In acest caz:
r nk
d ( nk 1) ( s sk ) nk M ( s)
1
1

F ( s)
lim ( nk 1)
l
s sk ds
N (s)
k 1 l 1 ( nk 1)!

( s sk )

De unde:

nk

f (t )
k 1 l 1

d ( nk 1)
1

lim

(l 1)!(nk 1)! ssk ds ( nk 1)

( s sk ) nk M ( s)

N
(
s
)

s t
l 1
t e k

Laplace Transformation Used

for Solving Problems of Transient Regime
In a lot of practical situations the circuits found in transient
regime can be easier solved by using the Laplace transformation. For

this purpose, the system formed of integro-differential equations

obtained using Kirchhoffs theorems can be transformed, by means of
a proper application of Laplace transformation, into a system of
algebraic equations, usually linear, whose solving is simpler than that
in the time domain.
After the calculation of the Laplace images of the known
quantities we return to the time-domain using the recovering formulas
presented in paragraph 9 To be able to pass to the Laplace
transformation let us specify that we must take into account the
appearance of some supplementary sources at coils and capacitors due
to the initial conditions. These will appear then only in the circuit
operational scheme, which is obtained from the real scheme given by
the application of Laplace transformation theorems.
9 Supplementary Sources in Operational Schemes at Non-Zero Initial
Conditions. The operational Impedances of Idle Elements of Circuit
The elements with memory of electrical circuits will have their
equivalent operational schemes supplementary sources because the timeevolution in a transient process at these elements depends also on their state
before the respective transient process.
(i) An idle coil with inductivity L, having a voltage between terminals
u L and being pierced by a current iL (fig 9), presents the following
relation between voltage and current:
uL L

diL
dt

I L (s)

iL
uL

sL

U L (s)

(a)

eL L i L ( 0 )
(b)

Fig 9
Applying the derivation theorem (paragraph 9) to the previous
relation, we find, in the Laplace transformation domain:
U L L s I L ( s ) iL (0) s L I L ( s ) eL
(9.)
or:
U L eL s L I L (s )
(9.*)
where:
(fig 9b)) eL L iL (0 )
(9.**)
The supplementary source which appears, eL , given by (9.**) is due
to the initial current through coil and has its orientation. It is series
connected with the coil (rel.(9.*)).
In the relation (9) if initially the coil is not pierced by an electric
current ( i L (0 ) 0 ), it means that the supplementary source, eL from the
operational scheme vanishes ( eL 0 ) and so, from (9)the relation between
voltage and current is (in Laplace transformations domain):
U L ( s) ( s L) I L ( s)
(9)
Under these circumstances we can define the coil operational
impedance:
ZL

U L (s)
sL
I L (s)

(9)

(ii) Considering two magnetic coupled coils, with their own

inductivities L1 and L2 with a mutual-coupling inductivity M 12 then we
can write in time domain, considering the senses of crossing for the two
loops as figured in fig(9):

the next relations between voltage and current :

di1
di
M 12 2 (a )
dt
dt
di2
di
u2 L2
M 21 1 (b)
dt
dt
u1 L1

(9)

Passing the relation (9(a)) into the Laplace transformation domain

we find:
U 1 ( s ) L1 sI1 ( s ) i1 (0 ) M 12 sI 2 ( s ) i2 (0 ) sL1 I1 ( s )
sM 12 I 2 ( s ) L1 i1 (0 ) M 12 i2 (0 )

or:

U1 ( s ) L1 i1 (0 ) M 12 i2 (0 ) sL1 I1 ( s ) sM 12 I 2 ( s )
U1 ( s ) eL1 eM12 sL1 I1 ( s ) sM 12 I 2 ( s )

(9...)

(9)
(9)

with the supplementary sources:

eL L1 i1 (0 )
(a)
eM M 12 i2 (0 )
(b)
Obviously, the initial flow through the first coil is:

(9)

12

1 (0 ) L (0 ) M (0 ) L1 i1 (0 ) M 12 i2 (0 )

(9)
then in series with the coil will appear a source of electromotive voltage
equal to the initial total flow of the first coil (previously to the beginning of
the transient process).
In the absence of the initial currents from the 2 coils (i 1(0-)=0), the
relation (9) because:
U 1 ( s ) sL1 I1 ( s ) sM 12 I 2 ( s )
(9)
We can define the own operational impedances, respectively the
impedances of mutual coupling as follows:
- the own operational impedance of mutual coupling between the
first and the second coil:
1

Z L1 ( s )

U1 ( s )
I1 ( s )

12

sL1
I 2 ( s ) 0

(9)

the operational impedance of mutual coupling between the first

and the second coil:

Z M12 ( s )

U1 ( s)
I 2 ( s)

sM 12
I1 ( s ) 0

(9)

If we proceed in a similar manner with the second coil, then in

the time-domain we obtain the relation 9b between the voltage u2

and the currents i1 and i2 , which in the Laplace transformation

domain becomes:
U 2 ( s ) L2 sI 2 i2 (0) M 21 sI1 i1 (0) sL2 I 2 ( s) sM 21 I1 ( s)
L2i2 (0 ) M 21i1 (0 )

whence:

U 2 ( s ) L2 i2 (0 ) M 21 i1 (0 ) sL2 I 2 ( s ) sM 21 I1 ( s )

with supplementary sources:

eL L2 i2 (0 )
(a)
eM M 21 i1 (0 ) (b)
These correspond to the initial flow of the second coil:
2

(9)

21

2 (0 ) L2 i2 (0 ) M 21 i1 (0 )

(9)
the operational impedances when 2 (0 ) 0 are obtained from:
U 2 ( s ) sL2 I 2 ( s ) sM 21 I `1 ( s )
(9)
and are:
-the own operational impedance of the second coil:
Z L2 ( s )

U 2 ( s)
I 2 ( s)

sL2
I1( s ) 0

(9)

-the impedance of mutual coupling between the second coil and the
first coil:
Z M 21 ( s )

U 2 ( s)
I1 ( s )

sM 12
I 2 ( s ) 0

(9)

For reciprocal mutual couplings we get: M 12 = M 21 = M and then:

Z M12 ( s ) Z M 21 ( s ) sM 12 sM 21

The operational scheme corresponding to the relations (9) and (9)

is (with reciprocal mutual coupling):
.
Fig. 9The operational scheme of 2 magnetic-coupled coils with
nonzero initial conditions
Observation
1) The operational scheme for 2 magnetic-coupled coils is similar to
the scheme from the complex domain, unless that at the operational
impedances instead of (j) we get s.
2) The operational scheme also contains sources of electromotive
voltage, given by the initial flows which pierce the coils. If the

currents senses or the sense of the coupling modality of the coils

changes, this fact will be correspondingly reflected (as a sign) in the
total flows of the coils.
3) For an idle capacitor (fig 9), the relation between the terminalsvoltage u c and the flowing current iC is:
uC (t )

1
iC dt uC (0 )
C

(9)

.
fig. 9
Applying the theorem of the linear combinations and the
theorem of integration to the relation (9), we find:
U C ( s)

1 I C ( s ) uC ( 0 )
1
u (0 )

I C (s) C
C
s
s
sC
s

U C (s)

uC (0 )
1

I C (s)
s
sC

(9)

or:
(9)

In this case will then appear a supplementary source, due to the

initial voltage of the capacitor (or to the charges accumulated in its
armatures) of the form:
eC (0)

uC ( 0 )
s

If the capacitors initial voltage is zero: uC (0 ) 0 (then

eC (0) 0 ) then we can define the operational impedance of the
capacitor:
Z C (s)

U C ( s)
1

I C ( s ) sC

(9)

The operational scheme in this case is:

.
Fig.
Then the capacitor has in the associated operational scheme a
source (oriented in the opposite sense ) due to the initial charge of the
capacitor and an impedance

Z C (s)

1
sC

Observation
We can symbolize the initial sources from coils, respectively
from capacitors, using the functions (t ) and h(t) (in time-domain)

E L L iL (0 ) (t )
EC uC (0 ) h(t )

which have the correspondent in the domain of the Laplace

transformation as we previously saw.
4) At a resistor supplied by a voltage u R , pierced by a current iR , the
relation between voltage and current is:
u R (t ) R iR (t )
(9)
.
Fig 9.
Then passing to the Laplace Transformation domain we get:
U R (s) R I R (s)

(9)

The operational impedance of the resistor will be:

Z R ( s)

U R (s)
R
I R (s)

(9)

9.Solving of the Problems of Transient Regime Using Laplace

Transformation
As we previously mentioned, the solving algorithm for the
problems of transient regime using Laplace transformation assumes
the performing of the following steps:
I The passing of the scheme from time-domain to Laplace
transformation domain.
II The writing of the operational equations and solving of the resulting
algebraic system.
III Returning to time-domain using the recovering formulas (MellinFourier, Heaviside, tables of correspondences).
The most important step from the point of view of electrical
circuits solving is the second step. Inside this step, after passing of
the scheme in the Laplace transformation domain, we get an
operational scheme. To find the requested operational quantities we
can apply any of the known methods form the electrical circuits
theory in the sinusoidal regime (Kirchhoffs theorems and the method
of loop currents, the method of nodes potential, the superposition
theorem, Vaschys theorem, etc.). In this situation the above
mentioned methods are assumed as known. Let us see how the two
Kirchhoffs theorems appear in the operational domain.

Kirchhoffs First Theorem

In time domain, as we know we have():

k( na )

(t ) ja (t )

(9)

na 1,2,..., n

Applying the theorem of linear combinations, in the operational

domain, we can write:

k( na )

( s) J a ( s)

(9)

na 1,2,..., n

For isolated networks, we obviously get:

k( na )

(s) 0

(9)

na 1,2,..., n

Kirchhoffs Second Theorem

As it is known () Kirchhoffs second theorem in
instantaneous values has the expression:

p
R i L dik L di j 1 i dt u (0 ) e
k k k dt j1 Kj dt C K CK KO K
K(Op )
k

p
jK
Op 1,2,..., o
(9)
To pass the relation (9) in the operational domain, we shall
use the theorem of linear combinations, the derivation theorem, the
integration theorem () obtaining:

K( O p )

[ RK I K ( s ) sLK I K ( s) LK iK (0 ) ( sLKj I j ( s ) LKj i j (0 ))

j 1
j K

u C (0 )
1
I K ( s) K
] EK
sCk
s
KO p

O p 1,2,..., n

Using the notations from 9 we can write

K( O p )

[( RK sLK

L
j 1
j K

Kj

l
1
) I K ( s) sLKj I j ( s)] [ E K ( s) LK iK (0 )
sCk
j 1
KO p
j K

i j (0 )

O p 1,2,..., n

uC K ( 0 )
s

[E

KO p

( s) ELK ( s) ECK ( s ) E LKJ ( s)]

j 1
j K

(9)

with the operational sources values:

E LK ( s ) LK iK (0 )
ECK ( s )

uCK (0 )

s
E LKJ ( s ) LKj i j (0 )

Exemplification
Determine how will vary the voltage between terminals represented in
the figure at the breaker K closing when t=0 (fig. 9)
.
Fig 9.
Solution
Before the k- breaker closing, because the supplying is made from a
source of continuous voltage with parameters U 0 , R0 and the regime
from circuit is stable, it follows that through the bridge-circuit will
flow only continuous currents which will be able to induce in the
d
wrapping with L2 no electromotive voltage( dt =0). Under these

circumstances the initial currents from the circuit will be identical in

the 2 resistors of the bridge (for symmetry reasons):
i1 (0 ) i2 (0 )

U0
R0

R
2

In these conditions the initial flows of the 3 coils are:

- identical for the coils from the bridge:
L (0 ) L i1 (0 ) L i2 (0 ) L

U0
R 2 R0

- for the coil number two:

L2 (0 ) M (0 ) M iL (0 ) M

U0
R 2 R0

The operational scheme deduced in this situation is (after the

closing of K):
.
Fig. 9 The operational scheme
To find the transient quantities corresponding to the scheme

In time-domain from fig.

The operational quantities (currents, voltages) will be
symbolized by capital letters without mentioning that they are
functions of s (this thing being implied).
The equations to determine U 2 result from the writing of
Kirchhoffs theorems for the circuit represented in fig. 9
I I1 I 2

U0
S
sL I 2 R I1 L (0 )
R0 I 2 RI1

whence:
U0
R L (0 ) R0 2 R
I2 S
R R0 sL R0 2 R

The voltage

U2

is in this case:

U 2 ( s) sM I 2 M M (0 ) M R

U 0 R0 i1 (0 )
R R0 sL ( R0 2 R )

whence with Heavisides formula:

M
R R R0
u2 (t ) U 0
e
L R 2 R0 R0 2 R
t

s1

1
L R0 2 R

R R0
R R0
L R0 2 R

Decomposition of Transient Regime Quantities in Transient and

Permanent Components
As we have already seen from the differential equations
solving, the transient regime quantities (voltages, currents) contain
free(or transient) components and imposed (or permanent)
components:
u (t ) utr (t ) u p (t ) u f (t ) ul (t )
i (t ) itr (t ) i p (t ) i f (t ) il (t )

(9)

The continuous or sinusoidal permanent components may be

more easily determined following the elementary methods then using
the operational calculus, by means of some specific methods
corresponding to these permanent regimes, being obviously
influenced by the circuitry excitations (or the circuitry sources).

Therefore, we shall use the operational calculus in these

situations only to determine the transient components.
Yet we must still mention that, in order to perform the calculus
operational scheme we should take into account that the conservative
quantities of the circuit reactive elements (which give the sources
owed to the initial conditions in the circuit operational scheme) in
these situations for transient regime will represent the difference
between the respective initial quantity and the value at the initial
moment of the component of permanent regime:
(i)
at coils imposing the condition:
iL ( 0 ) i L ( 0 )

and taking into account (9) we shall obtain:

i (0 ) itr (0 ) i p (0 ) itr (0 ) i p (0 )

(9)

whence:

itr (0 ) i (0 ) i p (0 )

(9)
The relation (9) reveals that the operational source owed to the coil
initial flow is obtained (to determined only the current transient
component) if we consider that from the initial current of the coil we
eliminate the current permanent component from the initial moment.
Thus, from the operational scheme will directly result the transient
component of the coil of the coil current, for example. Let us also
specify that in this case the circuit initial sources-from the initial
scheme, which give the permanent components of the circuit will
vanish in the operational scheme (will be passivized) because the
transient regime components are determined only by circuit internal
structure and not by its excitations.
(ii) at capacitors, following the same algorithm, it means that in the
operational scheme the circuit sources which give the components of
permanent regime are passivized and in the operational scheme which
allows the determination of the transient regime components will
occur some supplementary operational sources owed to the continuity
of the capacitors voltage:
uC (0 ) uC tr (0 ) uCp (0 ) uC (0 ) uC tr (0 ) uC p (0 ) (9)
From (9) we get:
uC tr (0 ) uC (0 ) uC p (0 )
(9)
The values of the transient voltages at moments immediately
after the appearance of the transient regime will then represent the
difference between the total voltages at the initial moment and the

permanent regime voltages at moments after the appearance of the

transient regime.
Concluding, the algorithm for solving the transient regime
problems using the method of transient quantities separation in the
transient and permanent components assumes the next steps:
1. Using the circuit sources, we determine the circuit quantities of
permanent regime, including those required in the transient regime.
For this we use the methods specific to the respective operating
regime (example: if the circuit sources have a sinusoidal variation
we shall use the calculus in the complex domain);
2. To determine the transient components using the operational
calculus we must consider two observations for the operational
schemes building:
2.1. The circuit excitations (sources)-yield the permanent
regime- are passivized in the operational scheme;
2.2. The initial conditions which give supplementary sources
in the circuit operational scheme represent the difference
between the global components at 0- and the permanent
components at 0+((9)and(9)).
This way will be determined only the transient components from the
operational scheme (without the circuit initial sources).
3. We superpose the components of the permanent regime (from the
first step) with those of the transient regime (from the second step)
and we globally find the quantities of interest.
To easier understand this algorithm we present an example:
By opening the breaker at t=0, we connect the capacitor C in a circuit
supplied by a voltage source with a sinusoidal variation of the form:
u (t ) 2U sin(t ) . The current variation mode is required.

Solution
After the opening of k, a damped transient regime is established,
which under circuit steady operating regime conditions turn into a
permanently sinusoidal one, after a certain time. We search for the current
through the circuit using the above mentioned algorithm.
For this aim we use the relation:
i (t ) itr (t ) i p (t )
(9)

being the component of permanent (sinusoidal) regime, is determined

using the calculus in complex. Thus the circuit equation (is after the opening
of k):
i p (t )

Ri

Ldi 1
idt u (t )
dt
C

(9)

or, in complex:
R I j L I

1
I U
j C

(9)

with:
(9)

U U e j

whence we get:
I

U
1

R j L

(9)

or:
U

i (t ) 2

1
R 2 L

sin(t arctg

1
C ) 2 I sin(t )
R

(9)
with the RMS value of the (sinusoidal) permanent current:
I 2

U
1
R L

(9)

and the phase difference with respect to the supplying voltage:

arctg

1
C
R

(9)

To determine the current transient component we use the operational

calculus with the method presented in 9.
For this aim we cancel the circuit source of permanent regime (putting
it in short-circuit) and we determine the current transient component:
it 2 (0 ) i (0 ) i p (0 )
(9)
Obviously, through coil get the initial current i2 (0 ) i (0 ) and the
capacitor is not initially charged with electrical charge, being short-circuited
by the side with the breaker k in parallel.
But i (0 ) is a current of (sinusoidal) the permanent regime from the
circuit, when only the resistor R and the inductivity L are supplied by the
sinusoidal source. This current may also be determined using the calculus in
the complex domain:
.

iL (t )

U
R L
2

where:
arctg

sin(t 1 )

(9)

L
;
R
U

I1 2

R L
2

(9)

At t=0 we get
i (0 ) iL (0 ) 2 I L sin( 1 ) 2

U
R L

sin arctg

(9...)
In these circumstances, with (9),(9) and (9) we get:
U

itr (0 ) iL (0 ) iP (0 ) 2

R 2 L

sin arctg

sin arctg

R

1
C
R

(9)

R 2 L

because iP (0 ) is obtained

from (9) when t=0.

Then the only source of circuit is it 2 (0 ) , having the sense of the
current through the coil. The operational scheme in this case is the above
one where L is the coil flow in transient regime:
L12 L 21 L itr (0 )

R L

L 2

sin arctg

R

U
1
R L

sin arctg

L 2U I1 sin( 1 ) I sin( )

1
C
R

(9)

The source eL tr is a constant source then the Laplace constant image

of the transient current is obtained writing the equation in the operational
domain.

R sL

whence:

eL
1
I tr
sC
s

(9)

eLtr
I

1
R sL
sC

eLtr

Ls 2 Rs

(9)

1
C

Symbolizing by:
R
(we call is damping constant)
2L
1
0
(resonance throb of the circuit
LC

2 0

RLC)

then the relation (9) may also be written

I I ( s)

But

L ( s ) 2 2
eLtr

L e t sht

(9)

(s )2 2

(9)

then:
itr (t )

eLtr

e t sht

(9)

Then, the total current after the opening of k is (with (9) and (9))
i (t ) itr (t ) i p (t )

eLtr

e t sht

U
0

R 1

1
L

C
sin t arctg
R

(9)

Depending of the real or complex nature of the quantity , we can

distinguish the following operating regimes of the series R-L-C circuit:
(a)-aperiodical regime, that is:
R2
RC 2

L
RC
C
L
C

is called circuit critical resistance.

In this case the regime is damped (if eL 0 )

tr

(b) Critical aperiodical regime when R= RCR

in this case 0 involving:
itr (t ) lim itr (t )
0

then:

eLtr
L

t e t

L
C

i (t )
eLtr

eLtr

L
0

t e t 2 L sin(t )

(9)

(c) Oscillating regime, when:

R RCR

In this case

0 and

then:

0 j 0 j
2

(9)

is the regime pseudo-throb, and:

itr (t )

U 0 t
U 0 t
U
e sh j t
e j sh t 0 e t j sh t
j L
j L
L

(9)
whence, with (9) we get i(t):
i (t )

U 0 t
e j sh t 2 I sin( t )
L

(9)

meaning that, in permanent regime, over the sinusoidal wave is superposed a

sinusoid generally damped in time, with the throb , depending on the
circuit parameters.
Observation: If eL 0 , practically through the circuit a permanent
periodical sinusoidal regime is established, because the component of
transient regime vanishes.
tr

.Reducing of the Problems of Transient Regime to Problems with Zero

Initial conditions
In a lot of practical applications, the determination of the transient
regimes which occur immediately after some known regimes may be more
simplified by the superposition theorem application.
For this aim, we can prove that any quantity of the new transient
regime, after t=0, may be obtained by superposing the value of the quantity
in the case when the switchings which produce the new transient regime
(values assumed as known) should not take place, with the value of the
quantity in a transient regime with zero initial conditions.
This method can be applied both at some breakers closing and
opening.
9 The Transient Regime Following a Breaker Closing
We consider a complex electrical circuit in which at t=0 the breaker k
is closing (fig. 9.a). We choose a time origin t=0 reported to which we

assume as known the values of currents intensities im ( 0) and of voltages at

the circuit elements terminals um ( 0) including the voltage uk (t between the
terminals of the contact k- before the contact closing (fig.9b).
After the closing of the contact k, these quantities have the values
im (t ) 0 , u m (t ) 0 and u k (t ) 0 (corresponding to the respective transient
regime).
..
To determine the quantities of transient regime we apply the
superposition theorem, as we see in figure 9 .
In the regime from fig 9 a the currents and voltages have values
identical to those of the circuit from figure 9 a, irrespective of the position
k (open or closed) because its terminals have identical potentials. Also , the
regime from figure 9c is identical to that from figure 9b, because the
effect of the opposite sources is compensated, the initial conditions are
identical and the electromotive voltages have identical values, because the
quantities with the index are zero.
Then, if we should know the quantities u m (t ) of the permanent regime
of k before closing, then the quantities u m (t ) and im (t ) of the transient
regime performed at closing of the contact k can be determined adding to
(t ) and to im
(t ) the quantities u m
(t ) and i"m (t ) um
corresponding to the auxiliary regime for the scheme from figure 9 b:
u m (t ) u m (t ) um (t )
(9)
im (t ) im (t ) im (t )
(9)
Thus the problem of transient regime is reduced to the calculus of the
regime from figure 9b. the analyses of this transient regime assume then
the pasivising of the circuit sources ( eP (t ) 0 ) and the cancellation of the
initial values of the currents intensities ( im (0 ) 0 ) and of the voltages of
sides terminals ( u m (0 ) 0 ) and in series with the breaker k (which closes at
t=0) we introduce an idle source of electromotive voltage e0 equal to the
voltage u k (t ) at the breaker ends when this one closes(then the value of the
potential difference between the breaker contacts before the commutation
performing).
.9The Transient Regime Following to a Breaker k Opening
A judgment similar to those from the previous paragraph shows that at
a breaker k opening appears a regime in which the quantities have the same

expressions (9) and (9) if the quantities symbolized by correspond to

the regime when the breaker k is closed(before the commutation
performing), and the quantities u m (t ) and im (t ) correspond to the auxiliary
regime performed through the circuit passvisation, the considerations of
some zero initial conditions and the introduction in parallel with the contact
k (which was opened) of an idle source of current, I sk .
The current of this source is equal and of contrary sense to the current
ik (t ) which flows through the contact k before the switching (when k opens).
This algorithm is presented in figure 9a,b,c.
9Network Functions
As we saw, the Laplace transformation usage allows the
characterization of the properties of an electrical circuit through analytical
functions of variable s, namely: operational impedances, real or fake
operational electromotive voltages (owed to the initial conditions).
For a complete characterization of the circuit properties with respect
to its operation, we can define input and transfer operational quantities
(through analogy with the impedances from the symbolical method).
(i)
Operational Imittances of Dipolar Circuits

fig 9...
For a dipolar circuit without internal independent sources and in zero
initial conditions, we can define the next input quantities (figure 9.):
a) the input operational impedance:
Z kk Z kk ( s )

U k ( s)
I k (s)

(9)

b) the input operational admittance

Ykk Ykk ( s )

I k (s)
U k (s)

(9)

The input impedance and admittance are also called input operational
imittances, being kinked through the relation:
Ykk ( s )

(ii)

1
Z kk ( s )

(9)

Transfer Operational Functions of Diport Circuits

We consider a diport circuit (with two ports), linear, without

independent internal sources and under zero initial conditions, and we also
consider a source Ek (s ) connected to the input terminals 1 1 and a

receiver having the operational impedance Z j (s ) connected to the output

terminals 2 2; then we can define the next operational transfer functions
from input to output (figure 9.)
...
1) Transfer operational impedance:
Z jh

U j (s)
I h ( s)

(9)

2) Transfer operational admittance:

Y jh

I j (s)

(9)

U h (s)

3) Amplification or transfer function in voltage:

A jh

U j ( s)
U h (s)

(9)

All these quantities defined within this paragraph are also called
functions of circuit or network functions. The functions of circuit are also
called system functions or transfer functions, which in a wider sense are
defined as a ratio between the Laplace transformation of the output
quantity and the Laplace transformation of the input quantity:
.
Fig. 9.
H (s)

M e ( s)
M i (s)

(9)

Usually, H(s) is presented under the form of the ratio between two
polynomials:
H ( s)

M ( s)
N ( s)

(9)