Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BY
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1891
FRATRI -
MEO
DEDICO
SVMMO DESIDERIO
PREFACE.
the newly found Greek text is the veritable original. This view
moreover found some support in the parallel theory of Aube that
Usener's discovery of the still earlier Scillitan Martyrdom in a
Greek dress gave us another Greek original for a record hitherto
known to us only through somewhat amplified Latin recensions.
In the poverty of our knowledge as to the beginnings of the
African. Church any new information must be eagerly welcomed.
But it must first be tested by critical processes before it can be
added to the-scanty materials of history. The present study is an
attempt at such criticism. The result, unless I am mistaken, is
that both theories alike break down, The beautiful Latin of
S. Perpetua's Martyrdom holds its own against its clumsy rival :
CHRIST'S COLLEGE,
S. Peter's Day, 1891.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGES
INTRODUCTION 1-58
APPENDIX 106-121
Introduction to the Scillitan Martyrdom 106
The Latin and Greek Texts 112
Two later Latin Recensions 118
INDICES 123-131
Index of words in the Latin Text of S. Perpetua . . . 123
Index of words in the Greek Text of S. Perpetua . . . 128
Index of subject matter 130
INTRODUCTION.
the Latin text, and also to the shorter Latin Acts. I have also
ventured upon the question of the authorship of the Visions
themselves and of the framework in which they are preserved.
Besides this, I believe that I have been able to point out some
sources, hitherto unrecognised,from which what may be called the
raw material of the Visions has been largely drawn and I have ;
ledge my indebtedness.
~~
in a question of this kind may conveniently be
The evidence
considered under three main heads. First, a translation, being
support the view that the Latin is the original and the Greek a
subsequent translation. If I dismiss the subject somewhat sum-
marily, it will be in the conviction that almost every topic sub-
sequently treated of in this Introduction will furnish new proofs
to substantiate this view. For the convenience of the argument
I shall from the outset speak of the Latin original, and of the
Greek version.
12
THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
ship with the African martyrs. But the contrast in the Latin is
' 3 ' '
'
between '
fratres and filioli, terms suggested by the filioli of
S. John's Epistle ;
that is to say, between the writer's own gene-
ration ('
and a younger generation now growing
qui interfuistis
')
In c. v. we read:
1
It is worth while to observe that the omission of the Kai before vfuv is a late
variant in S. John's Epistle and it is hard to believe that an original writer would
:
vfj.Sit> in c. i. (see note ad loc.), and in Aireta-ffe Kai \r//j.i{/e<r0e (e. xix.), which
one can scarcely believe possible from an original writer.
2
See below, pp. 22 ff.
THE LATIN AND GKEEK TEXTS. 5
The 1
expression e/c TTJS TroXX-^9 ewroS^/Aia? is a reminiscence of
rore 0X1709 ij/j,epas aTroSiyfjir/cravTos avrou, K.T.\., where Per-
c. iii,
1
Von Gebhardt in the Deutsche Literaturzeitung for Jan. 24, 1891, ingeniously
emends the Greek, by tbe aid of an expression in c. ix. (rrj aicrjSiq. papavdets), as
follows : e/c rrjs TroXews CLTT' aKqdias (or aKijSig.) /j.apaivo/j.evos. were the original
If tbis
form of the Greek, the explanation which I have given may serve to account for its
corruption.
Appian, De rebus Punicis,
2 and
1 ^ KapyTjdoviwv a/cpoiroXis : 128 rpi<3i> 5'
Itaque et nos qui sicut prophetias 'H/ms fie owives irpo<pT]Teias KOI
manu sua et suo sensu reliquit. a-aro, as Kal TW VOL avrfjs KCU rfj
No
one will deny to the Latin in this place a true ring of
genuineness: but I would call special attention to the phrase
c
et suo sensuV The Greek rendering, /cal ro3 vot avTijs, is a
caricature of the somewhat rhetorical phrase of the Latin.
'
'
when arserunt is translated by KpepacrOevTas
'
(c. xi.) ;
and 'fidei-
'
Xpvcra.
c. xviii. Agnouit iniustitia iusti- '~ETreyvco 17
dSt/ci'a TTJV 8iKaioa~uvr]v.
tiam.
c. xs. Pudoris potius memor qxiam AtSou? juaXXov/zj^/ioveuo-ao-a ^ TTOVW
doloris. aiSovfJievr) prfdapcos (ppovTivacra TCOV
d\yT)d6vcov.
o in the Greek.
alternative rendering
1
Cf. Tertull. T)e Fuga, 9, Denique '
memor Apocalypsis suae, in qua timidorum
exitum audierat, de suo sensu admonet et ipse timorem reiciendum : Timor, inquit,
non est in dilectione.'
8 THE PASSION OF S. PEKPETUA.
Et statim in fine spectaculi, leo- Kcu evdiis ev reXet rrjs Beapias irdp-
pardo eiecto, de uno morsu tanto ddXis OVTW efB\-ij6r), KOI ev evl 8^y^.ari
lotum, saluum lotum. plane utique TT6(f}(oveL 6 o^Xos /3oc3i> KOI \4yaiv'
saluus erat, qui hoc modo lauerat. KaXeoy e'Xouo-co, KaXcos eXova-to. Kal fj.^v
tune Pudenti militi inquit Vale, in-
:
vyir/s T]V o TOIOVTO) rpoTra \e\ov pevos.
quit, et memor esto fidei meae. TOTE TOO <TTpa.Tia>TT) Hovdevri efprj'
'Yyiaive, KOI p,vr][j.6vfve Trtorecos Kal
ep.ov.
Here we may note, first of all, that the translator has got into
confusion about 'perfusus/ which he seems to interpret of the
leopard and, secondly, that he comes dangerously near to the
:
vylaive.
(1) c. i.
quasi repensatione rerum A.
Here Holsten edited repensitatione,' without recording the
'
'
'
of the Latin text but probably this is due to the fact that ad
'
:
was written 'a,' and then, as the final 'm' does not necessarily
distinguish the accusative from the ablative (for it seems to have
been sounded very lightly if at all in the vulgar Latin, and was
often wrongly inserted or omitted), there would seem to be a
The first edition, that of Holsten, was made solely from a MS.
which he found in the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino.
It will be convenient to describe this MS. first for, although it is ;
me, when I visited the home of their great founder and collated
this MS. in September 1890.
plete and often inaccurate. In his time the MS. belonged to the
Abbey of Compiegne. It is now in the Bibliotheque Nationale at
Paris (fonds latin, 17626). It is assigned to the 10th century. Our
Passion commences on f. 64 with the words INCIPIT PASSIO SCAB :
1
There can be no doubt that it was edited by Thomas Spark of Christ Church,
who reprinted the De Mortibus in his larger edition of Laetantius in 1684.
2
When the Oxford editor silently departs in his text from the text of Holsten,
it is generally safe to assume that he is following Cod. Sarisburiensis.
12 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
judgment.
I shall first endeavour to shew the relation of Cod. Salisbur-
gensis (C), as far as we are able to judge of its readings, to Cod.
Compendiensis (B) and then enquire into their common relation
:
Christi :
probably an addition made, as so often, for
this is
p. 86, 1.
15, omnes] Ag multi BC ;
c. xix. p. 90, 1.
3, apro] Ag aprum BC
;
following cases :
c. iv. p. 66, 1.
8, aeream] Cg (auream B) ; om. A
p. 66, 1. 17, qui(a) ipse nos aedificauerat] BCg ; om. A
p. 68, 1. 4, canum] BCg ; sanum A
c. ix. p. 74, 1. 20, mouerent] BCg mouerentur ;
A
c. x. p. 78, 1.
4, non calcans] BCg ;
concalcans A
c. xiii. p. 82, 1.
6, graece] BCg ; om. A
p. 82, 1. 11, factionibus] EC ; fatigationibus A ; om. g
c. xvi. p. 86, 1. 4, humanius] BCg ;
manibus A.
certainty that A
and g have the same mistake, while B and C
1
have retained the true reading On the other hand there are .
profecto
'
A,
against 'profectus' BCg : and in c. iv.
p. 66, 1. 7, 'fidenter' A, against
'
fidens
'
BC
and Trio-Tews irXrjp^ oixra g. In this latter chapter
(p. 66, 13) 'adtendens ascenderet' of
1. is certainly right B and C A :
apparent exception to this statement is in c. xix. (p. 90, 1. 6), where B and
An
1
C have a corrupt sentence, not found in A and g, about Pudens feeding the bear.
I have not taken this into the text, as my theory of the genealogy of the MSS. leads
me to regard it as a gloss. But possibly it was corrupted at an early date and
consequently omitted by A and also by the Greek translator.
14 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
reading
dam '
;
this latter being represented
in g by Trepiwv en. A striking instance is found in c. xii. p. 80, 1. 12 :
which however must have been made from a text less hopelessly
corrupt than that now given in B :
liturgical formula.
Thus we are
led to postulate for BCg a common ancestor
the phrase 'in ciuitate Turbitana,' in the title of C, with the words
ev TroXei Oov/cpiTavfov (for (dovpfiirdvajv) ry fjuiicporepa, which in
the Greek Version immediately follows the prefatory section which
C has omitted.
THE SHORT LATIN ACTS. 15
Consequently the time arrived when the story of our martyrs had
to be rewritten to bring it within a more manageable compass.
At what period this was done it is perhaps not possible to de-
termine it was probably after the confusion as to their locality
: but
and date had been already effected (see below, p. 25). But the
manner in which it was done is plain to see. The old story was
lacking in the one feature which characterises so many of the
fictitious narratives of martyrdoms, and to which the appellation
'
'
Acta more especially refers. There was no account of the pro-
longed controversy between the martyrs and the cruel or the
kind-hearted judge. This had to be supplied and the new ma- :
the compiler has made a very bad use of the longer form, which
must have been fresh in his memory, if not actually before him.
He has marred everything that he has touched.
The verbal coincidences are too close to allow of the supposition
that his narrative is independent of the longer form : as may be
1
Even in the old Carthaginian Calendar Septimia comes on the same day with
our martyrs. In the old Syrian Martyrology we read, ' Perpetua, Saturnilus and
ten other Confessors.' In the Menology of Basil and in the Menaeum Trypho
takes precedence of them. In the Eoman Breviary they at last giveway altogether
before S. Thomas Aquinas.
16 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
' '
modified them (1) by inserting comprehensi and iuuenes,' from
'
(2) by ;
'
soror ems,' perhaps from his own
'
with the fuller description of her which he has drawn from c. ii.
Moreover we can explain in this way how the Greek translator
has come by his wrong date, the nones of February.
'
Nonis
'
Martiis still survives in the title of C, and it is found at the
close of the Short Latin. This is the unvarying date of the Com-
memoration in the west, and indeed it is retained in the old
Syriac Martyrology (see below, p. 23). But the Greek date was
the second of February
1
He seems therefore to have taken his .
' '
1
The Commemoration of both Trypho and Perpetua is placed on Feb. 1 in the
Menaeum; probably to keep Feb. 2 clear for the Feast of the Purification. But in
the Basilian Menology (see below, p. 21) both of these saints are commemorated
on Feb. 2.
2
In the Menaeum (see below, p. 21) we find QovppLTavav, which in MSS. which
used the zt-shaped /3 would be almost undistinguishable from QovKpu-avtav. In the
account of the 7th Council of Carthage by Joh. Zonaras (Migne, Pair. Lat. in. 1090)
we read of Q-fiSaros airb Qovpfiwv. In the Latin (ibid. p. 1062) it is * Sedatus a
Tuburbo.'
R. 2
18 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
which our theory connects the Short Latin, had omitted circiter
'
5
Here we may note the correspondence of 'uolens and rjde\.r](rev,
' '
and more especially of exclamans and icpdl;a<s. The latter may
point to a misreading of
'
uexauit as
' '
uocauit.' B is in confusion
the reading of C is not recorded.
' ' '
here, reading uexauero : Pro-
fectus of
'
B
and C reappears as e^rjXdev and egressus est foras V '
In c. vii. we have noticed the loss of the name Getae from ' '
'
would seem as though baptismo secundo had evoked
Here it
'
1
In one of the preceding sentences, 'Pater, inquam, uides uerbi gratia' &c., the
of- B is uidens
'
reading
'
and it can hardly be a mere coincidence that uidens
:
' '
appears in the same sentence in" some of the oldest MSS. of the Short Latin.
THE SHORT LATIN ACTS. 19
to Saturus and which suggested that he was not the only one to
climb and presently he omits the words et ascendi,' and so
:
'
quam nonnisi singuli as- ut nonnisi unus per earn Svva.ffda.1 et /XT) jj.ova.xbv
cendere possent: et in ascendere posset. Dcxtra eva dvaffivai' e KO.T-
lateribus scalae omne uero laeuaque inerant fixi pUV 5k T&V TT]S K\l/J.O.KOS
genus ferramentorum in- cultri et gladii ferrei, ut fj.epdv Tray eTSos rp> efi.-
fixum. Erant ibi gladii, nullus circa se nisi ad TreirrrYfJ.ei'OV e/cet ^i(p(av,
non sursum adtendens draco teterrimus ingenti 6 at* aj3a.ii> UP afJ.e\us /cai (J.TJ
ipsa scala draco Cubans dentem per earn Saturum p&KWv inrepneyeB-rj^, 8s 5r?
autem Saturus prior, qui fortamini in gratia Christi, vvTepov di' 7]/j.as eK&v Trape-
postea se propter nos ultro ascendite et nolite timere, daiKei> eavrov O.VTOV yap
tradiderat, quia ipse nos ut mecum partem habere Kal olKoSofMrj -rmev
'
dXX'
aedificauerat et tune cum possitis. Vidi etiam iuxta ore ffwe\rj<f>6r]fj.fv dirTJv. ws
[iava.-x.bs efs in this place means 'one man at a time,' and not 'one
1
Apparently
monk'; but itmust be admitted that the translator has been unfortunate in his
choice of so ambiguous an expression.
22
20 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
adducti sumus praesens scalam hortum ingentem, Trpbs rb (Licpov TTJS K\i-
non fuerat. Et peruenit copiosissimum et amoe- irapey&ero, effrpa-
in caput scalae, et con- num, etc. Kal elirev Hepirerota,
uertit se et dixit mihi: <re~ a\\a J3\eire
Perpetua, sustineo te :
fjL-fi
ere 6 SpaKiav SaKy. Kal
sed uide ne te mordeat elirov Ou pdi /j,e fiXa-tyy
draco ille. Et dixi ego: ev 6v6fJLari 'Iijffov XptoroC.
Non me nocebit, in no- Kal inroKaTO) TTJS K\i/J.aKos
mine lesu Christi. Et uffel <t>ofioTjfJLevl>s
horti, etc.
the garden, as the writer of the Short Acts has also apparently
'
done 1 as heing at the foot of the ladder (e/cet, iuxta scalam ') and
,
'
effectos.' (3) Videns uero proconsul in saecula saeculorum.
Amen.' So that nothing is omitted, except the miserable alter-
cation between the Martyrs and their judge. It is of course open
to us to suppose that this was itself a later interpolation but the ;
In the Sarum Breviary we have the interesting variant 'circa scalam,' which
1
may any rate shew the interpretation that would naturally be put on the Short
at
Latin in this place.
THE SHORT LATIN ACTS. 21
ov/3pi,Tdvc0v T?;? 'Atypifcrjs, but rightly states that she and Feli-
citas were tossed by a mad cow : so that it must be independent
of the Short Acts.
In the Menology of Basil we find a double entry, which is
interesting in connection with the transference of the festival.
Under March 14 we have after S. Euschemon of Lampsacus and
before S. Alexander of Pydna KOI d6\iqcn^ TWV dylcav /maprvpcov
:
<rav OTTO 7779 et<? ovpavov, e^ovaav et? rd Bvo peptj efjmeTrrjrypeva
TcdvTa rd rwv Kokaa-r^piwv eilBr)' KOL SpaKovra VTTO Trjv aicdkav
Kw\vovTa dvaftalvovras' KOI TOV aryiov ^arvpov dvafBdwra
TOI)?
teal arpa^evra 7rpo<> avrrjv Kal \<yovra' M.rjrep fjuov ITepTrerova,
Trepifjbevfo <r. yv Be Kal 6 ae\<o9 avrrj<? ev erepa <^v\aKy' Kal opa
Kal Trepl avrov, art TrapicrraTO "keKavrj vSaros' Kal dvekwv eirivev
el; avrfjs' Kal ejvoj on eTeXeuT^cre.
/cal TO Trpwi avrr/ fiev yitera
1
The silence of S. Augustine, who frequently refers to our Martyrs, is capable
of the same interpretation see below, p. 24.
:
WERE OUR MARTYRS THUBURBITAN ? 23
the Calendar.
Thus far then we have no indication that the Martyrs were
Thuburbitan. But in a short Roman
Martyrology (Hoist, p. 60)
we read Nonis Martii, In Mauritania ciuitate Tuburbitanorum
:
'
1
Commonly called the Bucherian after its discoverer, Bouchier: printed by
Ruin. p. 617.
2
See Acta Bolland. under Mar. 7, and Analecta Holland, n. 16, where in the
Martyrol. Trevirense we find
'
[Non.] Mar. Africa passio Perpetuae Felieitatis
: . .
Saturi.' For the Basilian Menology see above, p. 21. The Syriac Martyrology
published by Dr Wright from the old Nitrian MS. in the British Museum (Journ. of
Sacr. Lit. vol. vm. N. S. pp. 45 56, 423 432) gives the following entry, which is-
especially interesting as being almost the only mention of a Western Martyrdom
which finds a place here :
KLLasa
Translated by Dr Wright : Adar (March) 7. In Africa, of the number of the
'
among them the date 'sub Seuero principe'; and the whole entry
1
isreproduced in Ado under March 7 .
'
that though the statement is to be found elsewhere, yet ueteres
emendatioresque rei Ecclesiasticae annales aliter ostendunt; quorum
auctoritatem secuti reponimus, Septimio Seuero imp. anno scilicet
Christi cciix, Antonino II et Geta ConsulibusV
Thisjust the confusion which meets us in the Short Latin
is
Acts and in the Greek version of the Long Latin. How are we to
account for it ?
'
ill Kal. Ag. Sanctarum Tuburbitanarum et Septimiae.' And in
Ado's Roman Martyrology (and, with variations, elsewhere) under
the same date
'
1
Compare the confused entries in Marty rol. Fuldense (Anal. Boll. i. 9), and in
the Hieronymian Marty rol. ex cod. Bernensi (Brux. 1881), where some of the same
names are repeated three times in the entry, and we have ' In Mauritania ciuitate
:
given by Ado
(July 30), we find great reason to doubt its genuine-
ness. For, in the first place, they cannot have suffered in the
reign of Gallienus at all. For in the Acta Crispinae (Ruin. p. 450)
the proconsul Anulinus mentions their names to Crispina, as being
her '
and threatens that she shall suffer as they have
consortes,'
1
Anulinus .
1
Tuscus and Anulinus were consuls in 295. Optatus Milevitanus refers to
Anulinus as a persecutor under Diocletian (c. Donat. in. p. 76, ed. Paris, 1676 in :
'
tyrium pace complerent.' Compare Perp. c. xxi., 'ante iam osculati inuieem, ut
'
martyrium per solemnia pacis consummarent.
3
This was the more easily done because the original Latin Passion seems to
have given no locality and no date for the Martyrdom, if we except the incidental
notice, 'natale tune Getae Caesaris.' The name of Geta moreover survives only
in Holsten's MS. It is quite conceivable that it was erased in some copies almost
at once in consequence of the well-known action of Caraealla. Compare Dio 77. 12
(quoted by Clinton): el' rts gypa-fie TO 6vo/j,a, rb TOV IVra fj,6vov, TJ etire /J.OTOV, evdds
cbrt&XeTo' 66 ev ouS' ev rats Ktojity Situs oi Troirjral avry exp&vro. Even if persecution
TI
had ceased, it would still be dangerous to recite the name of Geta in commemorating
the Martyrs.
26 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
of the Martyrs.
to the Passion of S.
epithet was challenged by Valois in his preface
1 The
1
xxviii. 12, Vulg. 'Viditque in somnio scalam stantem super terrain,
et cacumen illius tangens caelum.' It is interesting in this
connection to recall a passage in the Acts of Montanus and
Lucius, which are a base imitation of our Martyrdom, where the
'
'
Et inter me et ilium grande erat diasterna, ita ut uterque ad
inuicem a.ccedere noil possemus.' With this we naturally compare
S. Luc. xvi. 26, Vulg. 'Inter nos et uos chaos magnum firmatum
est: ut hi qui uolunt hinc transire ad uos lion possint, neque inde
hue transmeare.'
Again in the Vision of her conflict with the Egyptian we have
obvious reminiscences of Gen. iii. The Egyptian, whom afterwards
she knows to be the devil, rolls himself in the dust, and presently
endeavours to catch her by the feet; but she tramples upon his
head. Here we have the conflict between the Woman and the
Serpent, and perhaps even a testimony to the antiquity of the
'
insidias praestabat.'
In the Vision of Saturus we have the snow-white hair of the
3
Lord (cf. Apoc. i. 14) and the elders, 'seniores, standing round
Him and stolae candidae and stetirnus ante thronum,'
;
' ' '
Thus
in her first Vision Perpetua sees beneath the Ladder a
Perpetua, I wait for thee but see that that dragon bite thee not.'
:
She replies 'He shall not hurt me, in the name of Jesus Christ.'
:
'
And from underneath the ladder as if in fear of me he gently put
out his head and as though I were treading on the first step, I
;
trod on his head.' When she reaches the top she is greeted with
'
the words
'
Thou
hast well come, my child (Bene uenisti).
:
Hernias sees in his fourth Vision a very great beast, a hundred '
from the beast. Thou hast well escaped (/caXw? e^e^evye^), she
'
' '
the cause of his appearing to be in a place of torment. Piscina
in its ecclesiastical use at once suggests a baptismal font, and
rejected, we hear of
'
some falling into fire and being burned :
and others falling near to water, and not able to roll into the water,
'
although they wish to roll and come into the water (Vis. iii. 2. 9).
It is explained later (iii. 7. 3) that 'these are they that have
heard the word and wish to be baptised into the name of the
Lord,' but their baptism is prevented by their own unstedfast-
1
It is fair to state that this view is directly challenged and contradicted by S.
Augustine (De Anima ad Benatum i. 10). But he could only argue from the proba-
bilities of the case, and moreover he was blinded by the desire to dispose of a
they have been tormented... and then (if they repent) it shall
'
thee, and suffer along with thee." After this comes a hideous
Egyptian with his attendants to fight with her. Then 'there come
to me beautiful young men, as my attendants and supporters. And
I am stripped and turned into a man and my supporters begin to :
rub me down with oil, as they do for the games and I see that :
Egyptian on the other hand rolling in the dust. And there came
forth a man of wondrous size, so as even to reach above the top of
the amphitheatre... having also manifold shoes, made of gold and
silver ('galliculas multiformes ex auro et argento factas'), and
bearing a rod like a trainer (' quasi lanista '), and a green bough,
on which were golden apples.' She wrestles and fights with the
Egyptian, and at last throws him and treads upon his face.
Then she comes and receives the bough, and begins to go with '
I will be with you... The devil can wrestle against you, but wrestle
1
nected with the language of Genesis iii. and the influence of this
:
glorious.' He
also has a rod in his hand, with
which he tests all the stones of the building (dvr/p -m v^Xo? T&>
fruits, adorned one tree with this fruit and another with that... are
they who suffered for the name of the Son of God... they are all
glorious with God... but they who suffered willingly, these are
more exceeding glorious with the Lord for their fruit it is that :
'being borne away by four Angels to the East: and their hand
touched us not.' Now at the close of Hermas's first vision the
Woman who represents the Church is carried away, as her chair had
already been carried away, to the East. She is taken by the arms by
two men who are afterwards described as Angels (Yis. i. 4. 3 r/pav
avrrjv TOOV
dyfcwvwv /cal d7rr)\0av...'jrpo<; rr/v dvaro\r)v). The
emphasis on the method of carriage may perhaps be compared
with the statement of Saturus, 'But we went not on our backs
heads downward ('ibamus autem non supini sursum uersi'), but as
though we were climbing a gentle slope.' But perhaps this was
suggested by the contrast with their position as they lay in the
stocks (cf. c. viii.).
When Saturus and Perpetua reach the Garden above they are
met by four more glorious Angels, and are bidden to go in and '
part of the Maidens to carry the stones through the Gate for the
building of the Tower. Those and those only that were so brought
in by the Maidens became white. Others retained their various
colours, and had to be rejected (Sim. ix. 4). This is elaborated
later on into wearing the vesture of the Maidens (Sim. ix. 13).
'
In no other way can a man be found in the kingdom of God,
except they clothe him with their clothing.' So, returning to the
metaphor, we read (Sim. ix. 17. 4), 'The building of the
first
2
We may perhaps compare Herm. Vis. iii. 10. 1 TO^TUV rb irptotairov otix elSov,
STL
THE SHEPHERD OF HERMAS AND THE VISIONS. 33
only her hair old (0X77 vewrepa teal xd\\et eKTrpeTrea-rdrj], fjiova? Se
ra<?rpfyas Trpecr/SvTepas el^ev}.
In the vision of Saturus it would be easy to refer the white
hair of the Lord to Apoc. i. 14 but this would not account for the
;
The four Elders on His right and 011 His left,' and the many
' '
pared with 'the six men who presided over the Building, and
walked with Him on the right and on the left,' while there were
other glorious ones round about Him (Herm. Sim. ix. 6. 2).
' '
many
After they had kissed the Lord, the Elders bade them, " Go
"
and play (' Ite et ludite '). Adding to this curious command the
subsequent statement, 'we were nourished with an unspeakable
'
odour which satisfied us (' odore inenarrabili alebamur, qui nos
satiabat '), we turn again to the Shepherd.
Hermas by the Shepherd under the care of the Maidens
is left
threw themselves at our feet and said to us, " Make peace between
'
us, for ye have gone forth and left us thus." The angels presently
"
interfere and say, Let these refresh themselves and if ye have :
any quarrels among yourselves, forgive one another" : and they say
"
to Optatus, Correct thy peopleplebem tuam ') for so
(' corrige :
hand is the place of others, those, to wit, who have already pleased
God and have suffered for the Name.' But the words separated '
'
and sad seem to require the Latin form in its fulness. Nor is it
probable that the right hand place of honour would have been
'
outside the door.'
But to the rebuke to the rulers of the Church for quarrelling
there is more than oneparallel in the Shepherd. Thus they are
warned 'lest their quarrellings rob them of their life. How will
with the golden apples, and the going with glory to the Gate of
Life and then the passage of Saturus and herself, borne by four
:
angels to the East ; the four more glorious angels who clothe them
THE SHEPHERD OF HERMAS AND THE VISIONS. 35
and take them in the Man with the white hair and the youthful
;
countenance the kiss, and the command to go and play, and the
;
unspeakable odour which took the place of food the bishop and ;
c. iv. lam in magna dignatione es, Herm. Vis. iv. 1 Quia me dignum
tanta ut postules uisionem et ostend- aestimauit ut ostenderet mihi mira-
atur tibi an... bilia sua.
Bene uenisti. Vis. iv. 2Bene effugisti.
In habitu pastoris. Mand. proem. Habitu pastorali.
c. viii. Tune intellexi translation Vis. iii. 7 Tune illis continget
eum esse de poena. transferri de poenis.
c. x. Et facta sum masculus. Sim. ix. 11 Et uidebar mini iunior
factus esse.
Efferens...ramum uiridem in quo Sim. viii. 2. 1 Alii afferebant uirgas
erant mala aurea. stias uiricles.
c. xi. Coepimus ferri a quattiior Vis. i. 4 Venerunt quatuor iuuenes
angelis in Orientem, quorum mantis et tulerunt cathedram ad Orientem...
nos non tangebat. duo quidam uiri...sustulerunt illam
humeris et abierunt, ubi et cathedra
erat, ad Orientem.
c. xii. Niueos habentem capillos et Vis. iii. 10 Faciem quidem iu-
uultu iuuenili, cuius pedes non ui- .uenilem habebat... capillos aniles.
climus. Ibid, (supra) Horum faciem non
uidi.
Osculati sumus ilium. .et dixerunt
. Sim. ix. 11 Osculari me coepit...
nobis seniores : Ite et ludite. et ipsae coeperunt me ut fratrem
osculari, et ducere circa turrim, et
ludere mecum.
c. Si quas habetis inter uos
xiii. Vis. iii. 9 Pacem habete alius
dissensiones, dimittite uobis inuicem. cum alio...et suscipite uos inuicem...
ne forte hae dissensiones uestrae
fraudent uitam uestram . . . Commonete
ergo uos inuicem.
32
36 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
1
cannot see any sufficient ground for supposing, with Gebhardt and Harnack,
I
Hermae Pastor, prolegg. pp. xlvii. ff., that Tertullian materially changed his view in
regard to the Shepherd. In the passage De Orat. 16 he passes no judgment what-
soever on the book, but merely meets by a common-sense reply an argument drawn
.fromit as to the right posture in prayer. If he speaks of it as Scripture, this is
part, the more glorious ones who meet him at the gate as he
enters; and the recognition of his preceptor Barlaam. These
coincidences are so striking that we feel at once that they must
have some common source and, as the Shepherd of Hermas offers
;
'
without ceasing ? No explanation of any kind has been offered
of this extraordinary statement. In the Apocalypse of S. John
'
the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations/ but, in
the passage of Ezekiel 12) from which this description is
(xlviii.
' 5
testimony of Codd. A B
and the Greek Version (fcare^epero)
and
renders this reading impossible on textual grounds, even if it
were in itself an improvement. Now in Josaphat's Vision we
read rd re <f)v\\a T<V SevSpwv \iyvpov vTrrj-xei, the leaves of
:
'
shall the trees of the wood sing out at the presence of the Lord '
(1 Chron. xvi. 33; cf. Ps. xcvi. 12): 'Break forth into singing,
'
cf. Iv. 12) The desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose it
:
'
:
' '
sine cessatione.' Moreover it may be noted that sine cessatione
2
is the phrase which he also has used of the trees In the latter .
quite possible that in the original source the Ter Sanctus was
1
To be published in the second volume of the present Series, by M. E. James,
M.A., Fellow of King's College.
2
See note ad loc. p. 81.
3
Edited by Prof. Eendel Harris (Cambridge, 1889), to whom I owe this reference.
40 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
lata'; and the Greek has ical 6Sov \a{36vres, which points to a
similar reading, as far as 'uia' is concerned. But this gives no
tolerable sense: and Cod. A
has 'uiolata.' I would read 'uiola-
tum,' and conceive the plain to have been covered with violets.'
'
'
The word uiolatus in a similar sense is found in Palladius, in Feb.
'
and I must content myself with bringing together here some points
of contact between several of these works and the Visions of
Saturus and Josaphat.
Apocalypse of Esdras (Tisch. 1866, p. 30) KOI dirrffyayov /j,e
ol ayye\oi Kara dvaro\d<;' teal iSov TO CJJVTOV rf)<^ 0)779. teal bBov
efcei TOI> 'Ez>&>; /cal 'HXtaz/ /cal Mcovarf), K.T.\, Cf. Perpet. xi.
opw ; ^09
o et9, e(j>r)<rav, K.T.\.
p. 81.
2
This subject has been investigated by Mr M. E. James, to whom I owe the
suggestion that the Apocalypse of Peter is the ultimate source of all such descrip-
tions. I hope that he will publish the results of his investigations in a future
number of this Series.
THE APOCALYPSE OF PETER AND THE VISIONS. 4-1
Cf. Perpet. xi. 'alii quattuor Augeli clariores ceteris, qui, ubi
uiderunt nos, honorem nobis dederunt, et dixerunt ceteris Angelis :
etcviTTov avToi? ra BevSpa. These last are fruitless trees, but are to
be noted as displaying sympathy with certain souls. Cf. p. 64 /cat
iBov e/cet
SevBpov Traf^fjueyedr] wpalov, ev oa eTraveiravero TO Trvevpa
TO ayiov. We may also notice the following phrases :
p. 63 teal
1
See however Zahn Gesch. des N. T, Kanons 11. pp. 105 ft'.
42 THE PASSION OF S. PEBPETUA.
.
?ro\X^9 evcjjrffjiias et9 TO 2)9 TrpoetprjiAevovs TrapaTreftTreiv Xet-
auTa9, /c.T.X. evTavda 8r} eKOoiHras Oav/jLacrTa Ttva ded-
piece, we shall find that the most striking of them occur in the
writing of Perpetua, who, as Saturus tells us, could speak Greek.
Thus it is she who uses machaera, draco, tegnon, catasta, horoma,
:
not, for the most part, admit of the same explanation and accord- :
'
throw a person's stedfastness but in the only place where the ;
petua ;
subito three times ostendi,' of a vision, three times ;
;
' ' '
'
mirae magnitudinis three times ; coepi eleven times in Per-
still more frequently ; and the redactor only about once in two lines.
ing particle.
' '
e.g. et
'
factus est mini career subito praetorium, ut ibi mallem
'
essem quam alicubi and in three similar instances (c. iii., ut.
: . ,
paucis diebus,'
' ' '
in ipso spatio paucorum dierum,' post paucos dies and paucis '
'
last words compare c. v., 'Et ego dolebam causam patris mei';
c. vii., 'et dolui commemorata casus eius'; and c. ix., 'Ego dole-
bam pro infelici senecta eius.'
In c. vii. we have :
'
Erat demde...ubi Dinocrates erat piscina
plena aqua, altiorem marginem habens quam erat statura pueri;
et extendebat se Dinocrates quasi bibiturus. Ego dolebam quod et
egi :
' '
twice : sine cessatione twice (but this occurs also once in
' ' '
Perpetua) :
'
exire in the sense of mori three times. Moreover
he uses 'dixi, dixit, dixerunt' eleven times, never varying the
' ' '
word, whereas Perpetua has also inquit and respondi.' So too
'
he uses uiridarium three times for a garden, while Perpetua uses
'
expect.
When we now return to the Greek form of the Martyrdom,
we find that these peculiarities of style are entirely obliterated;
and thus we are supplied with a fresh and most powerful argument
on behalf of the originality of the Latin document as a whole.
Martyrs themselves.
Is it possible also to identify the redactor ? I believe that it is.
suggest that Tertullian was its author, yet takes pains to collect
from his writings many illustrations both of matter and of vocabu-
lary.
It must always be difficult and hazardous to attempt to assign
a work to a particular author, when there is no tradition con-
necting it with his name. But I can scarcely conceive that any
instance could be found in which identification can be made with
a greater probability than is attainable in the present case.
I shall begin by examining the Scriptural quotations in the
et super ancillas meas effundam Spiri- super seruos meos et super ancillas
tum meum. meas in diebus illis effundam de Spiritu
meo, et prophetabunt.
1
Of. Tert. De Eesurr. 63, '
Effundens in nouissimis diebus de suo Spiritu in
omnem carnem, in seruos suos et ancillas.'
' '
2 uidimus has fallen out after audiuimus
' '
for the Greek version
Possibly et ;
of theMartyrdom has a qKO&ra/xeo Kal ewpaKajaei/ /cal e^ijXa^>^<rayu.ev. With the order
which we should thus get Cod. Sinaiticus corresponds, reading, apparently against
allother Greek MSS., o d,Ki}K6a./j.ev /cat ewpdjcaju.ei'. It is also to be noted that the
Latin of the Martyrdom, though not the Greek, has the true reading 'et uobis.'
AUTHOKSHIP OF THE REST OF THE MARTYRDOM. 49
'
1 Jno. i. 1. Quod fuit ab initio, quod audiuimus, quod uidimus
oculis nostris, quod perspexinms, et manus nostrae contrectauerunt
de uerbo uitae.'
disciplinam :
Petite, where he certainly
inquit, et accipietis ;
'
by any known Version, and the fact that it is made both by our
R. 4
50 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
of thought is
closely parallel to the words of our author about the
Martyrs, who were not only called but chosen to the glory of our
Lord.
Aninteresting parallel in thought rather than in words is to
be found in the Preface. After speaking of the Divine grace
AUTHORSHIP OF THE REST OF THE MARTYRDOM. 51
'
Cum semper Deus operetur qnae repromisit, non credentibus in
testimonium, credentibus in beneficium.' Tertullian (De Aniina
ecclesiae,' who had died
'
put off the open confession of their sins pudoris magis memores
quam salutis.'
of the piece. A
similar fate has awaited the document in the
West for both Cod. Salisburg. and Cod. Compend. have omitted
:
the whole of the Preface, and the Short Latin recension has
two passages out of many. The first is at the outset of his exhor-
'
tation to the Martyrs in prison Imprimis ergo, benedicti, nolite
:
42
52 THE PASSION OF S. PEEPETUA.
enim non uobiscum nunc introisset, nee uos illic hodie fuissetis
(Ad Mart. i.). We may note in passing that our redactor also
' ' '
Again, it is
interesting to observe the number
of expressions
which suggest that the writer is familiarly conversant with the
phraseology of Roman law, and so form a fresh link with the style
of Tertullian. To pass over such commoner words as 'exempla'
'
seldom met with outside the law books, in the striking metaphor
of c. xvi. quasi mandatum sanctissimae Perpetuae, immo fidei-
'
' '
gladium tamen etsi non anima, certe caro eius agnouit 1 .' With
we may compare De
' ' '
this special use of lucrari Res. 42 :
Quis
1
See the notes on this passage, pp. 82 f.
54 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
'
forsitan caro gladium,' &c.; and later on in the same chapter: Orna-
mentum enim et gloria deputabitur maiore quidem titulo, si
anima potius cesserit plagis, quam corpus.'
The same characteristic is observable as the narrative proceeds,
and it is specially to be noticed in the rhetorical contrasts employed
in speaking of Felicitas, in c. xviii. Saluam se peperisse gaudens
:
'
arena,
latus/ is curiously parallel to the opening sentence of the treatise
'
Adv. Praxean : Varie diabolus aemulatus est ueritatem.'
The play upon words in c. xxi., to which we have already
alluded (p. where
8), the author puts a new and unexpected
meaning into the taunting shout of the multitude in the amphi-
'
'
'
1 '
Quomodo Perpetua fortissima Martyr sub die passionis in reuelatione para-
disi solos illic commartyres suos uidit,' &c. Tertullian has been accused of a
mistake in this passage, which he could scarcely have made had he been himself
the editor of the Visions :
namely, that of confounding the Vision of Saturus with
that of Perpetua. But, in truth, he is strictly correct: for Saturus saw others
'
beside Martyrs in Paradise whereas Perpetua speaks only of the candidati milia
:
' '
multa in the Garden at the top of the Ladder : and these obviously were only
fellow-martyrs.'
56 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
' '
agape ').
Vt qui non tarn cenam
cenauerint quam disciplinam.
c. xx. Ad uelamentum femoris redusdt.
De Fuga, 6. Ad uelamentum timiditatis suae utuntur.
quoque nos.
from the life ? Was he not thinking of her whose one prayer at
58 THE PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
her baptism had been at the Spirit's bidding for this very Patience ?
Had he not in view the scene in the amphitheatre where the
Martyrs shake their heads at the judge whom God will judge and :
time, and only recalled to earth to taste of pain and to point the
clumsy sword to her own throat ?
'Age iam si et effigiem habitumque eius comprehendamus.
Vultus illi
tranquillus et placidus, frons pura, nulla maeroris aut
irae rugositate contracta ; remissa aeque in laetum modum super-
OF THE
PASSION OF S. PERPETUA.
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
4 et homo confortetur] The Greek has 1 (note n). There is no need to read
lost this clause : hut probably it origin- 'sint' with Holsten.
had it; and, if so, we should read 11 nouissimiora] See above p. 55;
ally
below eKarepav epya&fteva Jxf>e\eiaj>. and add postremissimas (C. Gracchus,
' '
8 sed uiderint] See above p. 53. Those in Wordsworth's Fragments and Speci-
are blamed who limit the manifestations mens of early Latin p. 354). See also
of the Spirit's working: with 'unam' Bo'nsch Itala und Vulgata pp. 277 ff.
contrast 'ceteras,' p. 62, 1. 3. 12 decretam] The Greek suggests either
10 cum. ..sunt] The use of 'cum' with this or perhaps 'decretae,' instead of the
MAPTYPION 7TEPTTETOYAC.
Sogav Oeov, Kal iva urf TTW? y dfieftaios TIS Kal oXtyoTTHrTos, 7}
Kal rot? TraXatot? /J.6vov rrjv "xdpiv Kal TTJV Svvafjuiv BiSocrOat
T6KVOV, o 7r/)o5 T045 fj,a<r8ot<> 6T4 eOrfka^ev r)V Se 0.^x77 CTOOV eiKOcri, 25
Bvo' rjTts Tfaa-av Trjv TCL^LV TOV uapTvplov evTevdev
005 Kal TW vol avTrjs Kal Ty fteipl crwyiypd^lracra KaTeXtTrev
perseueraret :
Pater, inquam, uides, uerbi gratia, uas hoc iacens,
urceolum sine aliud ? et dixit Video, et ego dixi ei Num-
: :
quid alio nomine uocari potest, quam quod est ? et ait : Non.
Sic et ego aliud me
quod sum, Christiana.
dicere non possum, nisi
'carere' is found in Plautus and in late 10 ab aqua] For the first prayer after
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
Baptism, cf. Tert. rfe Ba^f. 20. Mr M. E. of 'rough treatment,' though perhaps
James gives me the following quotation with a view to extortion; cf. 'constitu-
from the unpublished Acts of Xanthippe '
erunt praemio below.
and Polyxena opOpov ovv ra.~xii avcwTacra
: 14 ibi. tune] I have retained the
Xa^e TO ayiov f3dirTi<r(J.a Kai ai.Vijo'at ev r punctuation of Cod. A.
j3airTtff/j.aTi pv<r6riva.i (re r&v TOV dpaKovros 22 conualui] 'conualuit' has been
iraylSuv. suggested to correspond with the Greek.
13 concussurae mih'tum] The Greek But in this case we should have to suppose
translation takes this in the technical that the 't' was lost independently in
sense of unjust accusation for the sake both lines of the Latin text. Moreover
of extortion: cf. Tert. ad Scap. 4 con- we should introduce a harsh change of
cussione eius intellecta ; and de Fuga 12 the subject, such as the Greek translation
miles concutit (cf. 13 ad init.). But the has endeavoured to modify by the addi-
context seems here to require the sense tion of
R.
66 PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
'praetorium'; see above, p. 5. The re- earlier edd. read 'cognoscere'). For
mains of the Proconsular palace on the other, examples see Eoby 1608.
Byrsa are still to be traced: see Tissot 5 commeatus] A military term, mean-
Geogr. de VAfrique romaine vol. i. pp. ing 'leave to come and go'; here 're-
649 fi. lease': see Holsten's note. The Greek
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE. 67
6 17x45] alreis 12
13
ca>a.pd\r)v is wrong, conveying only the 'sealam erectam': the texts printed by
idea of deferred punishment. Pillet have 'aeream' as well: Holsten
6 cuius beneficio] Of. 'turbarum bene- gives a somewhat abbreviated form
ficio' and 'mei beneficio' just above: from Petrus Galo, and this, as well as
and for Perpetua's fondness for repeat- a yet briefer form which follows it in his
ing a phrase see above, p. 45. This edition, has 'auream.' The account in
reading leaves experta eram the same
' '
the Basilian Menology (see above, p. 22)
sense of '
experiencing hardship
'
as has ffKo\av %oX/c^. On the whole there-
above, p. 64, 1. 12. fore the evidence is in favour of 'ae-
8 sealam aeream] Our authorities ream.' A friend has suggested to me
vary between 'aeream' and 'auream.' 'aeriam': but either of the other epi-
The best of them (A) omits the epithet thets suits the context well enough.
altogether. B has 'auream'; C (with g) 13 earnes eius] Cp. Ep. Fieri, et Lugd.
'aeream.' The Short Latin MSS. pre- (Eus. H. E. v. 1. 24) where TU>I> ffu/j.a.Twv
in saeculo habere.
V. Post paucos dies rumor cucurrifc ut audiremur. super-
uenit autem et de ciuitate pater meus, consumptus taedio et :
ev6ea><; o't,r)<yr)<rdfj,'r)v rw
d8eX^>o3 Kal evoijcrauev ori Beot
Kal rjpi-diArjv eKTore urjSe/Liiav e\7rlSa ev ro3 alwvi rovrq) e%eiv.
V. Mera Se ripepas o\Lyas eyvcopev fteXXeiv r/ud$ a
creaOai' irapejevero Be Kal 6 irarrjp IK rrjs 770^X779
aapaivouevos, Kal dveftij TT/JO? ue TrporpeTropevos pe Karaf3a\elv, 15
aqrepa Kal rrjv rrj$ arjrpo<j crov dBeXcfrijv, '{Be rov vlov crov 09 fiera 20
ere %rjv ov bvvarai,' dirodov rov<; dvuovs Kal ///>} rjpsas Trdvras
^o\oOpevo~rj^' ouBels yap rj^wv fierd 7rappr)crias \a\r]creL, edv rL
CTOL crv/j,/3f]. ravra e\eyev W9 Trarrjp Kara rrjv rwv <yovea>v evvoiav'
l
Karecj)i\.ei aov r9 %et)oa9 Kal eavrov epptTrrev efjuirpocrOev r<av
v fiov Kal eTTiBaKpvajv ovKen ue Bvyarepa d\\d Kvplav 25
ported by the Greek version, whicli like- Spectac. 25, with OeHer's note. Milk
wise makes a new sentence, instead of and honey were given immediately after
giving another ace. case as EC. For Baptism, and sometimes with the first
similar instances where the verb is Communion (Oehler on Tert. de Coron.
omitted, cf. p. 72, 1. 13 et nulnus in facie 3, note h). 'lunctis manibus' is the
&c., and p. 74, 1. 8 et super margine natural action to catch the dripping
fiala aurea plena aqua. morsel. On the whole question of the
8 dixerunt Amen] That the action Elements in the Eucharist see Harnack's
at this point is at least partly Eucha- Brodund Wasser (Texts und Unters. vii.
above, p. 66, 1. 2.
in ilia catasta quod Deus uoluerit : scito enim nos non in nostra
5 esse potestate constitutes, sed in Dei. et recessit a me con-
tristatus.
VI. Alio die cum pranderemus, subito rapti sumus tit
20 sic dolui pro senecta eius misera. tune nos uniuersos pronun-
tiat, et damnat ad bestias : et hilares descendimus ad carcerem.
tune quia consueuerat a me infans mammas accipere, et rnecum
in carcere manere, statim mitto ad patrem Pomponium diaconum,
given to brothers and sons in funeral quod Deus uellet. This confirms the
inscriptions: e.g. C. I. L. Afr. 333 DOMINO reading 'Deus': for other phrases in
MEO FBAXEI, and 2862 FILIO ET DOMINO this Martyrdom are borrowed from ours.
MEO. 12 supplicans] The Greek translator
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE. 71
6K6LVO) [o] edv 0e\r) 6 Kvpio<>' yvwdt yap OTI OVK ev TT}
icdyw e^erd^ecrdat,' Kal efydvrj etcet perd TOV T&KVOV p,ov o TraTrjp'
/cal /caTaryaryutv fte ?rpo9 eavTOV, elTrev' ^rriQvcrov eXerjcraa-a TO
probably read 'et clixit: sacrificans.' the name Hilarianus. The contrast is
13 Minuci Timiniani] On the vexed still more striking with the reading of B:
question of the proconsul's name see 'Miser tune uniuersos nos pronuntiat'p
Mr Harris's Introduction, p. 9. The but this reading (though the omission of
practical concurrence of Codd. A and B any epithet of -y%>as in the Gk is in its
leaves no hope of further light from the favour) makes tune the second word in
' '
neque
uoluit, ille amplius mammas desiderat, Deque mini fer-
uorem fecerunt : ne sollicitudine infantis et dolore mammaram
macerarer.
5 VII. Post dies paucos, dum uniuersi oranms, subito media
oratione profecta est mihi uox, et nominaui Dinocraten et :
ev pea-qj
rfj<$ 7rpoo-eup09 affitca (fxavrjv KOI mvoaaaa
!K#a/A/3o5 eyevijdtjv, BLOTL ovBevrore et /i?) rdre
teal
povv ovv fjieja Std(rrr)aa dvd ftecrov avrov /cat ejAov, (9 /AT)
8vvao'0at ?)//.a9 aA.\?7Xoi9 TrpocreX^eti/. ei/ e/cetyw Se ro3 TOTTW 20
tf8vvaro Sid
irteiv
rrjv v^friKorrjra rrjs /cp?77rt8o9 /cat e%v'jrvia0i)v. 25
/cat e<yvo)V fcdpvetv rov dSe\(f)6v aov' erceTroideiv Be Bvvaa~0ai
fjue
avrdo @07)0r}crai ev Tat9 dvd peaov tjfLepavs, ev at9
yap
3 oin. IJ.T]
15 legebat cum B moraretur 16 8s ci5e\$>6s
12 ubi et complura loca erant tene- Eonsch quotes 'habiui' from Plant.
brosa] Cf. Acta Thomae c. 52 dvdpwn-os Asin, in. 3. 32.
rts irapeKafit fj.e dir^x^ ry eideg., fj.e\as 15 carnalis] Cf. Eph. vi. 5 dominis
6'Xos,-^ S TOVTOV ecrdys iravv pepvTrcafj.evr]' carnalibus Col. iii. In Ep. Vien.
(|| 22).
dir-^jaye de pe el's TWO. rbirov ev y TroXXa et Lugd. (Eus. H. E. v. 1. 18) rijs <ra/>-
muneris, intrat ad me
pater metis consumptus taedio, et coepit
barbam suarn euellere et in terram mittere, et prosternere se
in faciem, et inproperare annis suis, et dicere tanta uerba
20 quae mouerent uniuersam creaturam. ego dolebam pro infelici
senecta eius.
^ X. horomate hoc uenisse
Pridie quam pugnaremus, uideo in
1 Getae Caesaris] See above, p. 25, parture from the custom of allowing
n. 3. prisoners some relaxation in the day-
3 die quo in neruo] This was an un- time.
usual severity but it is mentioned
: 4 retro] = antea' '
; cf . EQnsch I. u. V.
merely as a note of time (cf. p. 70, 1. 7 343. Tertullian frequently so uses it.
%pvo-f)
Kal irpoae\6(av o keLvoKpaTys rjp^aTO e 10
'contempserat' has fallen out after the erat uestitus). Holsten edited 'magni
adverb. The reading of BC, which I faciebat' which is open to the first of
have adopted in despair, seems to be a these objections.
correction, and may have been made at 22 in horomate] For the form cf.
first in the margin, as the Greek /^era Eonsch I. u. V. p. 254.
TroXX^s r??s ffirovSijs points to the adverb hoc uenisse] 'Hoc' is for 'hue,' as in
'magnifice.' It is objectionable (1) as ob- Plautus &G.: see Facciolati s. verb, 'hie.'
scuring the gradual change in the attitude So on tombs, HOC MANSVM VENI, and
of Pudens, who at first treated them badly ALIVS HOC INFEKETVB NEMO. Also in
(cf. note on 1. 3), and ended by believing Cod. Bezae, Mt. xvii. 17 adferte mihi
(p. 86, 1. 6 and p. 92, 1.
6) :
(2) as ex- ilium hoc. The Greek translator mis-
pelling 'qui' (before 'multos'), though understood its meaning, as also did
it is quite in Perpetua's style (cf. 1. 9 Holsten, who put a colon after it.
tores] factores (om. mei et) B om. et facta sum B 13 masculos B faui-
3 galliculas] Cf. 1. 17. The word is Geogr. de VAfr. romaine, vol.i. pp.645ff.
used by the scholiast on Juv. Sat. in. in media arena] We might easily
67 (Mayor ad loc.) in explaining treche- read the ace. case (cf. note on p. 60,
dipna: uestimenta parasitica uel gal- 1. But the confusion between the
12).
liculas currentium ad cenam. cases in expressing rest and motion is
6 amphitheatrum] Descriptions of regarded by Sittl as characteristically
the amphitheatre at Carthage by El- African (Lokal. Verschied. pp. 128 ff.).
Bekri andEl-Edrisi are quoted by Tissot, Compare 'in medio,' p. 92, 1. 19.
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
evddSe el^il perd crov, (rvy/cdfjivav croi' Kal dirrj^Oev. /cal IBoi)
ai/TtX^/u-TTTope? yu-ou
Kttl aVTLKpVS jSX,67T(B TOV AlryVTTT IOV eKGWOV GV TO) KOVLOpTto KV\l6-
8 adtonitum] Of. Tert. de Spectae. 25 ceromate nos haphe excepit (an athletic
pudicitiam ediscet attonitus in mimes? metaphor for a journey first through
de Fiifif. 1 eeclesia in attonito est: de mud and then through dust et luto et
Idol. 24 tuta si cauta, secura si attonita. puluere laborauimus) Arrian Epictet.
:
The sense is
'keenly attentive.' in. 15. 4 TroXXrjy a.<f>i)v Karairieiv (see
13 defrigere] I have kept the reading Schweighauser's note). It has been
of A, as it may well represent a doublet suggested that here 'afa' is for 1SN;
of 'defricare': ef. 'defrictus.' and indeed Hilgenfeld supposes a Punic
14 afa] This is doubtless the same original for the writings of Perpetua and
word as 'haphe': cf. Martial Epigr. vn. Saturus: but no satisfactory evidence
67 Harpasto quoque subligata ludit, Et has been adduced for this view.
flauescit haphe (arf>fj): Senec. Ep. 51 a 21 istum] 'istud' A. For the con-
78 PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
enim haec in latere meo Hoc est quod nobis Dominus pro- :
quattuor angelis, factum est nobis spatium grande, quod tale ruit
quasi uiridarium, arbores habens rosae et omne genus flores.
altitude arborum erat in modum cypressi, quarum folia canebant
saneuiuariam BC 10 a bestiis A ;
a bestia B om. esse B 11 esse
uictoria A ;
uictoriam inminere BC hoc] hos A am. muneris B
12 om. ipsius scribat B seribat] + visio SATVKI A 14 quam] + etB
15 carne] carcere cepimus fieri B
BC 16 tangebant B 17 uersus
BC molle A
glebam B 17, 18 liberato primo mundo] A liberati ;
fusion of the terminations see Ronsch Perpetua elsewhere only uses the simple
I. u. V. p. 276 ('istum' for 'istud,' and verb. The text moreover is confirmed
'ipsud' for 'ipsum'). by Acta lacobi &c. (Ruin. p. 226) cuius
4 non calcans] 'eonealcans' A: but pedes terram non calcabant. It is, how-
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE. 79
genus.'
unnecessary correction : cf. p. 88, 1. 8 23 canebant] See above, p. 38.
animani nostram, and p. 92, 1. 20 in
80 PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
10 et salutate Dominum.
XII. Et uenimus prope locum, cuius loci parietes tales erant,
15 agios sine
: cessatione. et uidimus in eodem loco sedentem quasi
bominem canurn, niueos habentem capillos, et uultu iuuenili ;
pTvpas' eTpe(f>6/j,eOa Se
OVK e%6pTaev r^as' Kal
lucraretur, i.e.
'
should escape the penalty Greek translator who introduces Sie-
of his outrage.' Of. Acts xxvii. 21 Kep- rj\6ev for '
agnouit,' is not certain.
re rty vfipiv radirr)v Kal TTJV ^tjfj.lav,
brfffai The meaning seems to be 'he escaped
lucrique facere hiiuriam hanc et iacturam the beasts, but not the sword his body, :
'
(Vulg.). The parallel therefore with though not his soul, knew the sword ;
Ignat. Rom. 3 6va.lft.iiv ruv dijp'uav falls to and we may perhaps compare Matt. x.
the ground. 28. He may have been beheaded in the
20 etsi non anima certe caro] I have prison; or 'the sword' may be a figure
been umvilling to transpose 'anima' and of speech for the sufferings which caused
'caro' against all the MSS. The re- his death.
62
84 PASSIO S. PEKPETVAE.
Quae sic modo doles, quid facies obiecta bestiis, quas contemp-
sisti cum sacrificare noluisti ? et ilia respondit : Modo ego
patior quod patior; illic autem alius erit in me qui patietur
15 pro me, quia et ego pro illo passura sum. ita enixa est puellam,
quam sibi quaedam soror in filiam educauit.
XVI. Quoniam ergo permisit et permittendo uoluit Spiritus
Sanctus ordinem ipsius muneris conscribi, etsi indigne ad supple-
mentum tantae gloriae describendae, tamen quasi mandatum
20 sanctissimae Perpetuae, immo fideicommissum eius exequimur,
unum adicientes doeumentum de ipsius constantia et animi
sublimitate. cum a tribune castigatius eo tractantur, quia ex
admonitionibus hominum uanissimorum uerebatur, ne subtra-
herentur de carcere incantationibus aliquibus magicis ;
in faciem
1 mensium] mensuum A ;
meti suum B 1, 2 nam praegnans fuerat]
non pregnatus erat B 2 instante spectaculi die in magno] expectans expee-
n
taculum diem. Imago B 3 luctae C (Ruin.) uentre A
A differeretur ;
ractareorum B 12, 13 om. sic A faties cum abiecta fueris B quia con-
tempsisti et B 13 noluisti ? et] uoluisti B dicens ego modo B 14
illic] ille B pro me patietur B 15 puella A 16 om. quaedam B
filia A edocauit AB 17 promisit B 18 etsi] ut si A indigne] B ;
efjiov' ecrrat ev epol tva 7rd0rj, Start eyco Tracr^co virep avrov. 15
'the stocks.' This suggests a possible 18 ordinem ipsius muneris] Of. supra,
'
ei respondit :
Quid utique non permittis nobis refrigerare noxiis
nobilissimis, Caesaris scilicet, et natali eiusdem pugnaturis?
aut non tua gloria est, si pinguiores illo producamur ? horruit et
erubuit tribunus et ita iussit illos humanius haberi, ut fratri-
;
minus turpe quam furti. 'Fideicom- demned persons (noxiis) who are to
missum' is rather an obligation of grace his festival by their death. Hence
'
honour: see above, p. 52. '
Caesaris scilicet ; where if nobilissimi' '
2 nobilissimis] The combined evi- (BC) be read, the point is lost, and
dence of A and g shews that this is the ' '
scilicet is out of place.
'
true reading.
'
Nobilissimus is a con- 11 inridentes] Possibly 'inritantes'
stant epithet for a Caesar, and is applied (A) should be retained in the sense of
to Geta in inscriptions. Here the epithet 'setting at nought,' 'frustrating,' from
of the Caesar is transferred to the con- 'inrito': cf. Eonsch J. u. V. p. 165.
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE. 87
Bidyeiv, 009 teal TOV dSe\(j)ov avrijs Kal \onrovs Ttvas Seovvfjcr0at 5
irXeioves 14 15 L'
Perpetua below, p. 90, 1. 12; but there the true text the supposed reference in
'
its sense is obvious and quite different.
'
Christi Dei to Ignat. Smyrn. 10 X/uoroO
Its meaning here,
'
favorite' or '
darling,' Qeov (cf. Trail. 7), always uncertain,
may be illustrated from Inscriptions, disappears entirely.
88 PASSIO S. PERPETVAE.
worship of the African Saturn cf. Berger The omission of any reference to Per-
and Cagnat, Un Sanctuaire de Saturne petua's husband is strange; but his
a Am-Tounga, Paris, 1889. ingenious suggestion is not altogether
5, 6 sacratarum Cereri] See Mr convincing.
PASSIO S. PERPETVAE. 89
'Xaipovcra eirl rf} TOV rofcerov vjeia iva O^pio^a-^rja-'tj, aVo aJ/ta-
ro9 et9 alaa, CLTro fjuaias TT/OO?
uovofjia^iav, yu-eXXoucra \ovcracrOai
fierd TOV TOKCTOV, ftaTrricrfjbq) BevTepw, rovrecm TO> IBio) CLL^LCLTL.
ore Be fjry<yio~av irpo TOV d/jL<j)i0ed.Tpov, rfvayrcd^ovTo ev^varacrdai 5
'
aXTi' 77 evyeveo-TaTT) eem/ IlepTreTOua irapprjaia
craro e&)9 TeA,oi9* eXeyey 7a/>' Ata TOVTO efcovcricos et9 TOWTO
e\r)\v0a/Aev, iva rj e\ev6epia tfjJbwv fjurj TjTTyOf)' Sid TOVTO TTJV
yap jjieff eavTwv Trepl r^9 ev^r)? TOV papTVpiov (rvve\d\,ovv, Sa-
os fj,ev Tracriv Tot9 0f)pioi<i ^\ r}0r)vat eavTov QeXeiv [eXejev]
<
'iva
evBo^oTepov crTetyavov d'jro\d^rj. ev dp^rj jovv Trjs
-25
bold metaphor derived from the oath of BC though for its omission Catul. 114.
:
pa.-xdi]ffa.v 22, 23
'
cod. om. [ ] transiliens a KOI Kepcma-deiffav ad /cat
Harris 29
passage has been changed in EC. But 6 in ponte] The 'pons' may be a
'
bridge crossing the fossa which some-
'
cf. infra, 11. 7, 13.
saluum lotum. plane utique saluus erat, qui hoc modo lauerat.
tune Pudenti militi inquit Vale, inquit, memor fidei meae
: et ;
1 uenerat B AB
uexationes 2 et] C et in B
; om. A ; recogno-
uisset] -fEt ilium cathecuminum A et exinde accersito B 3 est] + eos B
3, 4 ut in fide starent et inuieem se deligerent B 6 om. Pudentem A 7
dicens Ad summam inquit certe] A dicens. Adsum certe BO
; ; praesumpsi]
promisi C 7, 8 om. et praedixi, nullam usque adhuc bestiam sensi BC
8 et nunc] et nunc ut C nuntiet B
; 9 ecce producer illuc C et cum producar ;
12 Setitepov 15
8 uocati et electi] See above, p. 50. should be noted that the MS.has O-UK taw,
'
10 non minora] The evidence of the which may have come from minora
'
,
o ST) 7T/ooT6j009 Trjv K\ijjuaKa Keiwr}V dvaftds, 05 /cal
7rei(rev rrjv HepTrerovav dva/Salveiv. 77 Se TLepTrerova, iva /cal
oo^av
trarpl TWV alwvwv, a/j,a TW ftovoyevGL avrov vlq> rw /cvpiy rjf
; , ominibus
A 17 facerem B 20 alcorem B 21 dinogratis B 23 exporrecta
A; expta B 26 crastensem A 74,3 man mansimus A 4 dino-
gratem B 7 umbiculum B 9 dinogratis B cepit AB 9,10 defi-
tiebat B 11 exporecta A expta B
;
12 pena A 13 mills B obtio A
14 cepit B 17 tedio AB cepit B 19 fatiem B 20 que B
76,2 apperui B 6 amphiteatrum A amfiteatrum B
; 7 cumlaborabo B
8 aspitio B 10 egiptius A fedus spetiae B 13 ceperunt B 14 egyptium
AB 15 uoluntatem A mire B 16 anpitheatri A j anfiteatri B
20 egiptius A egyptius B
; 78,1 cepimus B fatiem B cedebam AB
3 cepi B cedere B 5 apprehendi A 6 cepit AB 8 gloriam B
9 exjata AB 13 satyrus B 14 inquid B 15 cepimus B 18
inmensam B 20 iestamur B 21 spacium grande A 23 cipressi A
80,8 querebamus AB 12 edificati A ; edificate B 12,13 quatuor B
17 dextera B 20 suleuauerunt A 21 fatiem B 82,6 cepit B grece A
7 rose B 9 discensiones B 13 cepimus B 15 exgtus B 16 martirum A
84,5,6 cornmartires A 6 sotiam AB 12 que B 17 permijtendo A
18,19 ad sublimdu.tante B 21 aditientes B 24 fatiem B 86,2 cassaris A
3 orruit A tribunes B 5 frerit A 6 obtione A credentem A
9 constantiam B 10 iuditium B 11 dicentes adtyro B 13 hodistis AB
faties B 15 antoniti B 16 illuxit A uictorie AB 17 amphitea-
ADDITIOJSTAL NOTES. 97
The direct quotations in this letter give us but little guidance as to the
character of the text of the N.T. used at this time in the Churches of Gaul :
but the language of the writer is everywhere interwoven with Scriptural
reminiscences, and in these he seems to betray a greater familiarity with a
Latin Version than with the original Greek. In the following investigation T
shall take the passages which suggest this phenomenon in their order, giving
references to the sections in Heinichen's edition.
1. 12 p,eyd\a>s eVrojj^/iei/ 8ia TO a8ij\ov TTJS 6p,o\oyias, ov Tag eirtfpepo-
fievas Kokacreis (frofBovp.evoii aXXa TO reXoy d<popvTes Kal TO aTTOTrecreiv TIVO.
ftedioTes. This may contain a retranslation of 'intuentes exitum' (
= dva0ea>-
povvres T^V ex/Saatv) Heb. xiii. 7.
pevtav aXXa TTJV 8vvap.iv, together with 2 Cor. V. 12 Trpbs TOVS eV 7rpo<r<07r(p
Kavxa>p.evovs Kal p.r/ ev Kapdia. Here ev Trpoo-coTra) reappears as ev e'idei through
the medium of the Latin 'qui in facie gloriantur.'
4. 18 TJJS a-apKivrjs dfo-iroivrjs avTTjs. See note on p. 73 above. I
have to thank Mr P. M. Barnard of Christ's College for having in the first
instance called my attention to the fact that this was a retranslation of
'
carnalis,' and also for help in the further investigation of the subject.
E. 7
98 ADDITIONAL NOTES.
TO.VTO. fj.T) exovT<av -irepuro-oTtpov n iroirjo-ai is 'et post haec non habent amplius
quid faciant.' Cod. Bez. has 'nequa habentium amplius quid facere'; Cod.
Palat. (e), 'et postea non habet amplius aliquid
facere.' MrjKen appears to
have replaced through the medium of 'amplius.'
irepio-o-oTepov
6. 22 VTTO TTJS ovpavtov irrjy^s TOV vdaros TTJS <af)S TOV e^iovTos en TTJS
VT)o~vos TOV xpia-Tov 8po(n^6[j.evos Kal ev8vvafji.ovfj.evos. This is based on
Apoc. XXI. 6 eyes r<5 di^mvri 8&>cra> eK TTJS Trrj-yfjs TOV vdaTOs TTJS a>f]S dapeav, and
Jll. vii. 37, 38 eav TIS 8i^fj ep^eV^o) irpos p.e Kal mveTto. 6 -rruTTevcov els ep,f,
Kadats eiTrev rf ypa(pij } iroTaftol CK TTJS KoiXias OVTOV pevo-ovo~iv vdaTos ^avros.
The interpretation of this latter passage has been disputed, partly owing to
the difficulty of connecting the words as they are ordinarily punctuated with
any 'Scripture'" of the 0. T. This difficulty is somewhat lessened if we
connect o iriorevcov els efie with the previous word
and so leave it open Trti/e'rco,
ueniat et bibat
qui credit in
me.
Sicut scriptum
est flumina de
uentre eius
fluent aquae
Vibae.
Thus the use of this passage by our writer has a threefold interest. It
suggests that he was more familiar with a Latin Version than with the
original Greek of S. John's Gospel, so that in retranslating 'de uentre' he
misses eVc TTJS Koi\ias and substitutes eK TTJS vrjbvos it indicates that the :
Version he used was that which we speak of as the Old Latin it gives : and
very early authority for an interpretation which
generally discarded
is now
(see Westcott ad loc.\ Mr F. C. Burkitt of Trinity points out to me that this
interpretation is suggested by the quotation of the passage in the Speculum
(Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat. xn. p. 700) after Jerem. ii. 13 ff., the section being
Quod Dominus
'
entitled foils uitae nuncupetur.'
ADDITIONAL NOTES. 99
8slas TOV Sta/3oXou) the Vulg. has 'aduersus insidias cliaboli': but Tertullian
adv. Marc. v. 18 has 'ad naachinationes diaboli,' and this must point to the
true restoration of Arnbrosiaster in 'aduersus nation es,' especially as he
loo.
the good confession' before his judge. The Yulgate here has 'Christo Jesu
qui testimonium reddidit sub Pontio Pilato bonam confessionem.' Tertullian
' '
(De Praescr. 25) and Ambrosiaster (ad loc.} give testatus est (Tert. v. 1.
'testificatus') but the Vulgate rendering has a flavour of antiquity about it.
:
9. 40 O.VTOI deafia yiv6[j.evoi (v.l. yevofievoi) r<a 007*0). Cf. 1 Cor. iv. 9 OTI
Qearpov eyevrjQripev TW Koo-jua. Here dea/j.a represents the Latin spectaculum.' '
10. 48 /j.T]8e a'io~drj(Tiv evdvpaTos vvpfptKOv. Cf. Mt. xxii. 12 OVK ev8e8v-
(levov evdvfjta ydpov. The word vvp.<piK.os in this place has caused much trouble
7
to the commentators (see Heinichen ad loc. vol.in. pp. 183 fi .). It is however
a retranslation of the Latin, which reads ' uon uestitum ueste nuptiali (ues- '
timentum nuptiale e). Cf. infra 55 s els wfKpiifbv bemvov KeK\rjfj.evr}, with
Apoc. six. 9 els TO beiirvov TOV ydpov TOV dpviov (cenam nuptiarum).
11. 58 6 avop.os dvofj,7)o-aTa> <=TI, Koi 6 dlxaois 8iK<ua>dqT(a eTi. Hei'e we
have a direct qxiotation of Apoc. xxii. 11, introduced by the words Iva ypa<prj r\
sordescat adhuc, et qui iustus est iustificetur adhuc.' But Tichonius ad loc.
(Horn. 19) gives qui iniustus est iniusta faciat adhuc.' And Primasius ad loc.
f
'
"Avopos then seems to be a retranslation of iniustus,' and possibly SiKauodJTa>
(for which however there is some slight Greek evidence) rnay have come from
'
iustificetur.'
12. 5 e\vov airavras, e8eo~[J.evov 8e ovdeva' KCU virep r>v TO. 8eivd
c. 2
8ta.Ti6evTO)v TJVXOVTO. We have here a clear reference to the power of ' binding
and loosing' spoken of in Mt. xvi. 19, xviii. 18; but 8e<a is the word in either
case, and not Secr/zeiJo), which may be explained as a retranslation of the Latin
'ligare.' The second clause may refer to Luc. vi. 28 Trpoo-eu^eo-^e Trepl T<OV
' '
f7TT]pfa6vTa>v vp.as. Here the Latin is orate pro calumniantibus uos (orate
pro qui uobis iniuria faciunt e).
eis
on the whole for believing that the Gallican Churches were familiar with a
72
100 ADDITIONAL NOTES.
3. Note on the reading of the text in c. xvi. (p. 84, II. 18 ff.).
and the other two, but also because it does not yield the required sense.
itself and not to the imprisonment of the
' ;
Gloria refers to the martyrdom
martyrs and their visions. So that 'supplementum tantae gloriae' is an
awkward collocation. What is left unfinished and needs completion is not the
martyrdom but its record.
'
To complete the description of this great glory
'
'
is the task before the writer. I have therefore restored '
describendae by
the aid of B ;
and this is not far from describenti of A. ' J ' '
Indigni (Hoist.)
may perhaps be right : the Greek seems to confirm it. A reads ' indigna,'
B indigne ; and this latter gives a fair sense
' '
when taken either with '
con-
' '
scribi or with exequimur.'
In the next sentence (1. 22) I have retained the reading of A, merely
changing 'tractanti' into 'tractantur' (Hoist, 'tractarentur'). But the coin-
cidence of BCg in the participial form makes me somewhat uncertain whether
we have yet recovered the true reading of this passage.
I reprint for the sake of reference these Acts from Aube (Les Chretiens
dans V empire romain, 2nd ed. pp. 521 f), who edits them from Biblioth. Nat.
fonds latin 5269, 5279, 5297, 5311, 5318, 5349. They are given somewhat
differently by Fillet (Hist, de S. Perpetue) from fonds latin 14650, and from
Bruxelles 207 8 (printed in Anal. Bolland.). The MSS. of them are legion.
tionem tuam. nunquam enim de genere nostro aliquis missus est in carcerem.
Perpetua uero dixit ad eum Pater, ecce, uerbi gratia, uides uas iacens aut
:
petua dixit :
Numquid aliud nomen potest habere quam quod est ? at ille
respondit : Non. Perpetua dixit Nee ego aliud nomen accipere possum
:
quam quod sum Christiana, tune pater eius audito uerbo irruit super earn,
nolens oculos eius eruere et exclamans, confusus, egressus est foras,
;
Vidi in uisu hac nocte scalam ei'ectam [aeream ali{] mirabili altitudine
usque ad caelum, et ita erat angusta ut nonnisi unus per earn ascendere
posset, dextra uero laeuaque inerant fixi cultri et gladii ferrei, ut nullus
circa se nisi ad caelum respicere posset, sub ea uero iacebat latens draco
teterrimus ingenti forma, ut prae metu eius quiuis ascendere formidaret.
uidi etiam ascendentem per earn Satyrum usque ad sursum, et respicientem
ad nos et dicentem : Ne uereamini hunc draconem qui iacet ;
confortamini in
gratia Christi ascendite et nolite timere, ut mecum partem habere possitis.
;
idolis. proconsul dixit Pro te respondes, aut pro omnibus ? Satyrus dixit
: :
proconsul dixit : Virum habes ? Felicitas respondit : Habeo quern nunc con-
102 ADDITIONAL NOTES.
temno. proconsul dixit : Vbi est ? Felicitas dixit : Non est hie. proconsul
dixit :
Quo genere est
Felicitas respondit
? : Plebeius. proconsul dixit :
gentes gratias egerunt Domino, qui, prostrate inimico generis humani, eos
laude martyrii dignos habuerit.
Contristantibus uero iis de Felicitate quod esset praegnans in mensibus
octo, statuerunt unanimiter pro ea precem ad Dominum fundere. et dum
orarent, subito enixa est uiuum. quidam uero de custodibus dixit ad earn :
tormentis? Felicitas respondit: Hie ego orucior; ibi uero pro rneDominus
patietur.
Facto itaque die natali Caesaris, concursus ingens fiebat populi in amphi-
theatrum ad spectaculum eorum. procedente uero proconsule, eos ad
amphitheatrum perduci praecepit. euntibus uero eis sequebatur Felicitas,
quae ex sanguine carnis ad salutem sanguinis [u.l. salutis sanguinem]
ducebatur, et de obstetrice ad gladium, et de lauatione post partum balnei
sanguinis eSusione meruit delauari [u.l. relauari]. adclamante uero turba,
positi sunt in medio amphitheatri nudi, ligatis post tergum manibus; et
dimissis bestiis diuersis, Satyrus et Perpetua a leonibus sunt deuorati.
Saturninus uero ab ursis erutus gladio est percussus. Reuocatus uero et
Felicitas a leopardis gloriosum agonem impleuerunt.
Horum ergo famosissimorum et beatissimortim Martyrum, sanctissimi
fratres, qui passi sunt sub Valeriano et Gallieno imperatoribus apud African!
in ciuitateTuburbitanorum sub Minutio proconsule die nonarum Martiarum,
fidelitermemoriis communicantes actus eorum in ecclesia ad edificationem
legite, precantes Dei misericordiam ut orationibus eoruin et omnium
sanctorum nostri misereatur, atque participes eorum efficere dignetur, in
gloriam et laudem nominis sui, quod est benedictum in saecula saeculorum.
amen.
APPENDIX
given. This being so, it seemed that the Martyrdom could not be
referred to an earlier date than the year 198, in which Caracalla
received the title of Augustus. On the other hand Mabillon's
fragment spoke of one Emperor only, but did not mention his
name. The three recensions agreed in naming Saturninus as the
proconsul; and, as Tertullian tells us (Ad Scap. 3) that he was
the first to draw the sword on the Christians in Africa, it was
difficult to place the Martyrdom later than 200.
The names
of the Consuls only introduced fresh confusion, as
3
same judgment .
given by Baronius, and that from the MS. of the Abbey of Silos in
Spain (Bibliotheque Na,t.,fonds latin n. a. 2179) as given in Aube's
edition. This MS. gives an earlier form of the Colbertine recen-
sion, which comes from/ends latin 5306 ('olim Colbertinus').
In the critical notes A = Brit. Mus. 11,880 (9th cent), B=
Vienna 377 (llth cent.), and C = Evreux no. 37 (13th cent.).
Nolite huius deruentiae esse parti- Miy ^ovXrjdrjre rfjs roiavrr^s pavias
cipes. KOI Trapa(f)po(ruvT]s yevea-Qat rj
In re tarn iusta uiilla est clelibe- 'Ev irpaypaTi ovrcas e-ynpiTta ovSefiia
ratio. Ka$urrarcu jSouA?) r) Siao-Ke^ts.
Quae sunt res in capsa uestra ? 'OTroZai Trpay^aTetat TOIS i5/ierepois
the names of the Consuls, and the argument from the proclama-
tion of the herald after sentence had been pronounced.
With regard to the first of these we now read by the aid of
the Vienna MS., 'Praesente bis et Claudiano consulibus'; so
that here we have a form obviously more correct than that in the
Greek, which has hitherto been the nearest to the truth. The
explanation of the mistake in the various Latin texts is not far to
' '
seek Praesente was taken, at a very early period, as a parti-
ciple ;
and so it threw the whole sentence out of gear. It was
' ' ' '
itself transformed into praesidente/ praestante,' and existente :
THE ACTS OP THE SCILLITAN MARTYRS. Ill
it soon cast out the 'bis'; and, when only one proper name was
'
consule took the place of consulibus,' and so the error was
' '
left,
'
I have accordingly printed this, and not Condiano,' in the text.
With reference to the order given to the herald, the Colbertine
'
recension reads per praeconem duci iussit,' a quite impossible
reading. The Greek gives Sea rov Krjpvicos ra ra>v dyicov fjuiprvpcw
ovofjbara fcrjpv-^drjvat Trpocrera^ev. This no doubt gave the true
sense : but we now see that it is a somewhat clumsy paraphrase
'
of per praeconem did iussit.'
mysterium simplicitatis.
15 Saturninus dixit : Initianti tibi mala de sacris nostris aures
non praebebo ;
seel potius iura per genium domni nostri impera-
toris.
sed magis illi Deo seruio, quern nemo hominum uidit nee uidere
20 his oculis potest. furtum non feci sed siquid emero teloneum ;
reddo :
quia cognosce domnum meum, regem regum et impera-
torem omnium gentium.
/o^ iroiew. 15
C
O Se ay LOS ^Treparos etTrev' 'Eai/ <ya\r)Vi(0cras /JLOI r9
TO
6 dvQviraro^ e(f)t]' '^vap^af^evov (rov Trovvjpd
\e<yeiv Kaid rwv 77 [ierepwv iepewv rds dicod^ pov
ov TrpoaOrjcra)'
C 6fj,6<rar jj,d\\ov Kara 7-779 evSaifiovias rov Bea-Trorov tf[j,(3v 20
avroKpdropos,
'O ayios 27re/oaT09 \eyei' '700 rrjv jBacri\el,av rov vvv al
ov rywwo-Ko}' alvw Be Kal \arpeixo rqj epm 9ew, ov ovSels r&v
testimonium dicere.
5 Saturninus proconsul dixit: Nolite huius dementiae esse
participes.
Cittinus dixit : Nos non habemus alium queni timeamus,
nisi domnum Deum nostrum qui est in caelis.
,
TO dvBpo<j)oviav KaTepydear0ai rj tyevBofjiapTVpLav KO,TCL-
5
erepov ov (j)o/3'rjd(o/j,ev,
el prj tcvptov rov 6eov yfj,<ov TOV
ev rot? ovpavois /caroLKovvra. 10
C
H
8e a7ta Aoz/ara e'<?7' T^y yitey njjurjv TO> Kaicrapi, co?
82
116 THE ACTS OF THE SCILLITAN MARTYRS.
15 amen.
1 Nartadum B ;
Nartallum C Cithinum C Bestiam C 2 Christiano
ritu BC se uiuere] C; seruire B; uiuere A quoniam] et quod BC
2, 3 oblata sibi facultate] B ; post (om. post A) oblatam sibi facultatem AC
4 animaduerti] animas percuti B 5 deo] + omnipotent! insufficienter (-tes
ore C gratias] + et laudes qui nos pro suo ( + sancto B) nomine ad glorio-
sam passionem perducere dignatus est BC 13 15 et ita amen] et statim
decollati sunt pro nomine Christi ( + Amen C) BC
THE ACTS OF THE SCILLITAN MARTYRS, 117
nostra ;
et iuramus per genium domini nostri imperatoris, et pro salute
illius intercedimus, quod et uos facere debwi'stis.
meo seruio quern nulhis hominum uidit, nee uidere potest. Ego enim nee
farads sum aliquando ; sed quodcumque emam tributum do quomam cognosco
eum dominum oneum; sed adoro Dominum meum Regem regum et omnium
gentium Dominum.
Saturninus proconsul dixit : De csetero a tumultu garrulitatum quiescite,
et accedentes sacrificate diis.
sipieniise participes fieri, sed timete potius regem nostrum, obedientes prceceptis
eius.
Cittinus dicit : Nos non habemus alium quern timeamus nisi Dominum
Deum nostrum qui est in cffilis.
ficate diis.
Tune Donata dixit : Honorem quidem Caesari tanquam Csesari, Deo autem
nostro honorem et orationem qferimus.
THE ACTS OF THE SCILLITAN MARTYRS. 119
sed male tractati etc lacessiti semper Deo gratias egimus, si quidem et pro
eis orauimus qiios iniuste patiebamur infestos. Pro qita re et imperatorem
religio et iuramus per genium domhwrum nostrorum, pro salute eorum suppli-
camus, quod et xios facere debeatis.
Sanctus Speratus dixit Si tranquillas prtebueris aures tuas dicam myste-
:
magis illijide spe cfeseruio Deo quem nemo hominum uidit, nee uidere potest.
Facinus quod legibus piiblicis et diuinis comperitur esse damnauile non feci.
Si quid autem in publicum emero [et] de exactoribus publicis eiienit, uectigalia
reddo. Imperatorem omnium gentium Deum et Dominum meum agnosco.
fyierelas nulli intuli, sustinere non debeo.
Saturninus proconsul ad cseteros ora comiertit et socios Sperati sic adorsus
est dieens: Desinite huius esse persuasionis cidtores qiia Speratus irilectiis est,
mala utique prouatur concessio si contra diuinis legibus agitis et publicis qiiibus
uitce humance ordo disponitur. Persuasio iiero diuince eidturce sectanda est
piscatis.
Speratus dixit : Christianus sum et omnes qui mecum sunt et a fide Domini
nostri lesu Christi non discedimus. Fac quod uis.
Proconsul uidens etiam ipsorum mentis stabilitatem et fidei firmitatem dedit
in eos sententiam per exceptorem, dicews sic: Speratum, Narzalem, Cittinum,
Veturium, Felicem, Acyflinuni, Lsetantium, lanuariam, Generosam, Vestiwam,
Donatam, Secundam christianos se esse confitentes et imperatori honorem et
et
1
I have reprinted these two recensions from Auhe Etude &e. pp. 30 ff., italicis-
ing those portions of them which are not found in the original text of the Martyr-
dom. We have thus an interesting study of the way in which Martyrdoms were
modified and expanded for Church use.
THE ACTS OF THE SCILLITAN MAKTYRS. 121
Vestigia uero uenerabilis seqimta est dicens: Hoc semper meditabitur cor
meum et labia mea pronuntidbunt quia Christiana sum.
Sancta uero Secunda similiter ait : Quod sum Christiana, ipsa esse uolo et
a meorum sociorum professione nutto obstante recedo.
Saturninus proconsul Sperato sancto dixit : Perseueras ut uideo esse
christiamis.
Sanctus Speratus dixit : Hanc perseuerantiam non meis uiribus sed diuini
muneris me habere confido. Proinde si uis fixam cordis mei habere sententiam
quia christianus sum, quidquid mihi et suppliciis inferre uoliteris libenter pro
nomine Domini Dei mei lesu Christi suscipiens sustineam.
In hac ergo confessions exerceri Dei martyres consenserunt.
Satiirninus proconsul dixit: Forsitan ad deliberandum spatium uultis
't
accipere
Sanctus Speratus dixit: In rem tarn bonam qua erit secunda deliberatio?
Tune enim deliberauimiis nos cidturam Christi non deserere, quando baptismi
gratia renouati et diabolo abrenunti<mrim.us et Christi uestigia secuti sumus.
Saturninus proconsul dixit :
Quaa stuit, dicite mihi, res doctrinarum in
cawsa et religione uestra ?
Sanctus Speratus dixit : Libri Eiiangeliorum et epistolse Pauli uiri sanctis-
simi apostoli.
Saturninus proconsul dixit Accipite morarn triginta dierum ut retractetis
:
seculorum. Amen.
INDEX OF LATIN WOKDS IN THE PASSION OF
S. PERPETUA.
gladiator 94, 4
gloria 78, 8; 84, 19; 86, 3; 90, 17 lacto 64, 18
Hilarianus 70, 12, 16, 18; 88, 13, 14 locus tenebrosus 72, 11, 12
hoc ( = huc) 74, 22 lucror 82, 19
iinroSpofJ.tai 83, 14
91, 19
r7js 77, 22 ; 79, 8 ws eXoi^ffw 93, 14
KardStKOi 87, 1
y&yypaiva, 73, 17
KO.Ta<j)4peff6a.i 81, 1
'yaupiai' 79,
8
yev46\iov 73, 29 ; 87, 2
^os 63, 20, 24 ; 91, 26 ; 93, 3
85, 21
/cepartfw 91, 15, 22
93, 17
.
73, 21, 24 ; 75, 8
91, 9, 29
79, 27
diaffTr]/jia 73, 19
i-Xo<rTa<rlai 83, 11
71, 20 Xa/cnV/xara 79, 2
eiv 69, 5
eypyyopos 87, 24
24 87, 13
elpT)voiroieu> 81,
65, 21 ; 69, 15
73, 7
69, 10
91, 14 [j.a<ra<r9ai
bs 67, 11
63, 23
INDEX. 129
6fj,(pa\iov 75, 8
oi)X?7 75, 7 vylaive 93, 16
vTrayopevu 65, 10
79, 1 iiTrofwoyta 91, 14
iravaperos TroXtret'a 95, 12 virovpyeiv 77, 12
Trepiepyeia 87, 14
jrepi\a/jipca>6iv 81,
22 ; 83, 7 73, 28 ; 85, 24 ; 87, 4
65, 23 ; 83, 2
67, 1 69, 8
9
INDEX OF SUBJECT-MATTER.
; f.,
Montanistic allusions, 6, 51 f.
Furseus, vision 41
of, Paradise, Visions of, 37 ff.
Polyxena ;
see Xanthippe Martyrdom of Perpetua, 47 ff. ; De
Proconsular palace at Carthage, 5, 66 Patientia quoted, 57 f.
Punic original of martyrdom of Perpetua, Thomas, Acts of, 43, 73
supposed, 77 Thuburbo ;
various forms of, 17 ; locality
of, Perpetua not from, 22
26 ;
ff .
Tertullian ;
his view of the Shepherd of
Hernias, 36 ; probably compiled the Xanthippe, unpublished Acts of, 65
?';'
: i
-.Si5|ifc-5t ti
:
v,i"^- ^-'i.- .'
.-ica-,^
..PL2A3R6
PER.FKTMA, st. LEGEND
Passion of,.., (Robinson)
189916