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Indian Standard
LANDSLIDE CONTROL GUIDELINES
ICS 93.020
.-
Q BIS 1999
BUREAU
OF
MANAKBHAVAN,9
INDIAN
STANDARDS
June 1999
...
~---
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Hill Area
Development Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Landslides are being increasingly viewed as natural hazard. The concern regarding the lanslide problem is
understood in the light of the fact that a maj ority of the landslides are triggered by natural causes including
substantial rain falls, cloud bursts, earthquakes, etc and as such these are difilcult to predict.
However, the landslide problem has increased in magnitude due to man-made activities as well. Large scale
construction works involving darns, hydroelectric projects, mining activities, housing projects, extensive expansion
of road network, as well as deforestation resulting from the exploitation of the forests, have all-taken their toll
of the fragik eco-systems of hill ranges. At the same time, increasing needs for &fence of the countq, development
of hilly areas, providing-uninterrupted
communication systems to the isolated and far-flung areas, have all
created a very high demand potential fof developing and keeping the road communication network in hills
always open. This standard has been formulated with a view to uriderstand the landslide phenomenon, their
evaluation and control methods for effective correction measures.
The composition of the technical committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at
Annex A.
IS 14680:1999
Indian Standard
LANDSLIDE CONTROL GUIDELINES
3.1.4
1 SCOPE
Toe
Flank
2 REFERENCES
3.1.6 Head
IS No.
Title
Foot
Material
1892: 1979
14458
(Part 2): 1997
1498:1970
3.1.9
3.1.10
3 TERMINOLOGY
Zone of Depletion
Zone ofAccumulation
3.1.1 Landslide
4 LANDSLIDE CLASSIFICATION
5 INVESTIGATIONS REQUIRED
3.1.3 Crown
IS 14680:1999
Table 1 Landslide
Classflcation
System
( Clause 4 )
~pe
of
Material
Recommended Control
Measures
Soils
&pe of Movement
Bed Rock
Predominantly
Predominantly
fine
coarse
Falls
Earth fall
Debris fall
Rock fall
Topples
Earth topple
Debris topple
Rock topple
Rotational
Earth slump
Debris slump
Rock slump
Translational
Earth slide
Debris slide
Rock slide
Lateral Spreads
Earth spread
Debris spread
Rock spread
Flows
Earth flow
Debris flow
Rock flOW
Slides
)
(Deep creep)
(Soil creep)
Complex
6.1.1
6.1.1.1
MEASURES/
~rw
Structures
walls
METEODS
i)
6 RECOMMENDED
Restraining
13iotechnical measure$
6.1.1.2
Gabions/sausage
walls
IS 14680:1999
6.1.1.3 Concrete
retaining
6.1.1.4 Restraining
walls
structures
drum
l--l3m+
0.6m
\
WASTE SLOPE
FILLING
~DRUM \
m MS BAR
m LONG
50x6
MS FLAT
BACK CUTTINGJ
I
PLAN
FIG. 1 ANCHORED
DRUMDIAPHRAGM
WALLBUILTOFSLOPEWASTEANDEMPTYBITUMEN
DRUM
IS 14680:1999
Anchored
walls
6.1.2
Excavation
Methods
of slopes
IS 14680:1999
xx,.=
;Xc.
(a)
REMOVAL
TENSION
OF
FORCE
HEAD
(b)
COMPLETE
MOVES ON TO
CRACK7
&
REMOVAL
EXCAVATE
REDUCES
FORCE
BEDROCK
(c) UNIFORM
REMOVAL
(d)
EXCAVATE
Y
SLOPE
AT
EXCAVATE
e-
REDUCES
FORCE
FLATTENING
(f)
-BENCHING
TOE
d!
.,+
- .4/
(e)
PARTIAL
REDUCES
FOf?CE
SLOPE
FIG.2 EXCAVATION
TECHNIQUES
on a stable foundation and Shall be designed to resist
ovwturning, internal shear and sliding at or below the
base.
NOTES
1 Reinforcedearth wall is economicalwhereheight is
more than 5.0 m.
of slope geometry
Reinforced
6.1.3.2
structure on slopes
Geofabric reinforcement
stripes
A reinforced earth retaining wall has three ingredients, such as, the selected granular backfill material,
the reinforcing elements usually strips and the precast
concrete panels of the facing called skin panels.
Reinforced earth wall acts as a gravity structure placed
by soil nailing
IS 14680:1999
rootpilesfor
c) Bally benching
This technique is used for control of surface
erosion on slide areas and in preventing the
deepening of gullies/chutes, caused by the
eroding action of flowing water. Wmden ballies
(posts) of 120 to 150 mm dia and 2.0 to 2.7 m
long are vertically driven in rows into the slope.
The spacing of ballies range from 0.60 to
1.20 m centre to centre. The ballies are
embedded into the slope by about 1.0 to
1.50 m and protrude out by abcmt 1.0 to
1.20 m. The vertical posts are tied with three
tiers of horizontal runners about 80 to 100 mm
dia from uphill side with the help of 6 mm dia
and about 200 to 250 mm long nails or braced
with galvanised wires of about 4.00 mm
diameter. Finally the uphill side of @lies/chutes
isbackfilled with boulders to avoid erosion.
slope stabilization
Stabilityof hill slopes is increased by installing a network of small piles. The piles maybe wooden piles
or sandkement grout with a single 25 to 30 mm diameter
reinforcing bars cast in-situ. A number of these piles
installed in different directions are connected with a
section varying from O.4m X 1.0 mto 0.75 m ~ 2.0 m
reinforced concrete capping beams running along
the contours. The actual diameter of micro-piles may
vary from 100 to 125 mm and the length maybe up to
15morso.
6.1.4 Rock Reinforcement
Rockslides and rockfalls can be stabilized by rock
reinforcement.
6.1.5 Erosion Control Measures
6.1.5.1
6.1.6.1
paQs:
by jute/coir
drains
netting
IS 14680:1999
C) Cross drains
THICKLY
VEGETATED
S LOPE IN
STABLE
HUMID AREAS
~STONE
PITCHING
OR
CEMENT CONCRETE
22 c
22C
~u
Is 14680 :1999
i)
Culverts
ii) Scupper
It is an economical me of culvert or cross
drain where masonry retaining wall is
provided for.the road. The water collected
through side drains or natlah, is discharged
to the valley side through a small cross
drainage structure 0.9 to 1.0 m wide made
of random rubble dry masonry abutments.
The top of the abutments are corbelled with
a few layers of stones and a stone slab is
laid on the top. Retaining walls are provided
on both ends of scupper.
Arch culvert
iii) Causeways
Slab culvert
WIDTH
--D
GUIDEWALL
+
1-
GUIOE WALL
APROtUl
FIG.4 CULVERT
WITHCATCHPIT,
CHUTEGUIDEWALLANDAPRON
8
en
IS 14680:1999
6.1.7
drains
Drainage
ROAD
.+!J //!/
UP STREAM
A}
::::
-------
iA
---UP
7R
\\
SECTION
AT A A
L
ROAO
ROAD sURFACE
rRCC
i
SLAB
00
Icloonfi
Inonfi
Y/
ABUTMEW
1:4:8
SECTIONAL
ELEVATION
FIG. 6 VENTEDORHIGHLEVELCAUMWAY
9
.E
ED
R IWALL
IS 14680:1999
CEMENT
MORTAR
PLUG ~
BED
SLOTTED
PVC PIPET
ROCK
FIG.7 HORIZONTAL
DRAINCONSTRUCHON
ii) It is aIso recommended to shroud the pipe
by a suitable geotextile so that the soil
particles are prevented from entering into
the perforations/slots thereby reducing the
possibility of its clogging.
10
IS 14680:1999
OF GEOTEXTILE
GEOTEXTILE
GR&l_::
(a)
CROSS
lm
1--1
SECTIO-N (COLLECTOR)
(b)
FIG. 8 CROSSSECTIONOFTRENCHDRAINS
ANNEX A
( Foreword)
COMMCITEECOMFOSITION
Chairman
DR GOPALRANJAN
Members
SW SHEIKHNAZIRAHMED
PROFA. K. CHAKRABORTY
SHRIR. C. LAKHERA(Alternate)
CHAIRMAN-CUM-MANAGING
DIRECTOR
SHRIB. B. KUMAR(Alternate)
CWEPENGINEER(DAM DESIGN)
S
Corporation,
New Delhi
SH
Roorkee
SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER(TEHRI DAM
DESIGNCIRCLE)(Alternate)
Cmw ENGINEER(ROADS)
DR
SH
D
SUPERINTENDING
ENGtNRRR(ROADS) (Alternate)
DEPUTYDIRECTORGENERAL(D&S DIRECTORATE,
DGBR)
DEPUTYSECRETARY
(T), IRC (Alternate)
DIRECTOR,HCD (N&W)
New Delhi
New Delhi
DIRECTOR(SARDARSAROVAR)(Alternate)
Department,
DR R. K. DUBEY
(Alternate)
DR D. S. UPADHYAY
Indian Meteorological
New Delhi
SHRLPAWANKUMARGUFTA
(Alternate)
FtELD COORDINATOtt
Wru T. N. GUFTA
of Himalayas,
Mussone
(Alternate)
SHRtJ. SENGUPTA
SHRtM. M. HARBOLA
Debra Dun
SHRIP. K. PATHAK(Alternate)
DR U. C. KALITA
SHRI B. C. BORTHAKUR
(Alternate)
SHRIS. KAUL
SHRIKIREETKUMAR
PROFA. K. MAtTRA
PROFARVINDKRISHAN(Alternate)
DR G. S. MEHROTRA
SHRIN. C. BHAGAT(Alternate)
Smu P. L. NARULA
New Delhi
(Alternate)
SHRIS. DASGUPTA
SMTM. PARTHASARATHY
SHN N. K. BALI (Alternate)
Engineer-in-Chiefs
SHRID. P. PRADHAN
SHRI P. JAGANNATHA
RAO
SHRID. S. TOLIA (Alternate)
DR K. S. RAO
DR BHAWANI
SXNGH
DR P. C. JAIN (Alternate)
SHRIBHOOPSINGH
New Delhi
Board, Gangtok
( Continued on page 13 )
12
SH
1S 14680:1999
(Continuedfrompage
12 )
Representing
Members
SHRIR. D. SINGH
DR SUDHIR KUMAR (Alternate)
PROFC. P. SINHA
SHR]D. K. S~NGH(Alternate)
SHRI A. K. SONI
DR P. SRINWASULU
(Alternate)
SHRI N. GOPALAKRISHNAN
SUPTDGSURVEYOROFWORKS (NZ)
SURVEYOROFWORKS - I (NZ)
Shimla
New Delhi
(Alternate)
SHRt V. SURESH
SHR] D. P. SINGH (Alternate)
SHRI S. C. TIWAR1
SHRI.K. VENKATACHALAM
SHRI S. K. BABBAR (Alternate)
DR N. S. VIRDHI
SHRIVINODKUMAR,
Director (Civ Engg)
Member-Secretary
SIIRiT. B. NARAYANAN
Joint Director (Civ Engg), BIS
tie
Delhi
)pment,
Delhi
npage 13 )
13
. .-
Bureau of Indian
Standards
established
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications maybe reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian
Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as.the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of BIS Handbook and Standards : Monthly Additions
This Indian Standard has been developed fromDoc : No. .CED 56 ( 5581 ).
Amendments
.
Amend No.
Text Affected
Date of Issue
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OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
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