Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
.....
A WILEYINTERSCIENCE
PUBLICATION
20 19 18 17 16
15 14
Preface
A volume bearing the title Design of Piping Systems, devoted solely to the study
of expansion stresses and reactions in piping systems, was privately published by
The M. W. Kellogg Company early in 1941. It made available for the first time
an adequately organized, comprehensive analytical method for evaluating the
stresses, reactions, and deflections in an irregular piping system in space, unlimited
as to the character, location, or number of concentrated loadings or restraints.
It was the culmination of an intensive, widespread effort to meet the recognized
need for refined analysis capable of general application to the increasing number
of critical piping services required by technological progress, and to the increasingly
severe problems which they posed. The timely availability of this reliable and
versatile approach, now widely known as the Kellogg General Analytical Method,
made it possible to provide satisfactory design for the avalanche of critical and
pioneering piping requirements associated with World War II plant design, and
proved to be a major step in accelerating acquaintance with accurate thermal
expansion analysis and appreciation of its potentialities for more extensive application.
Since the war, technological progress and the trend to larger scale, more complex
units has continued unabated, while the attendant increased pressures, temperatures, and structural complexities have resulted in larger pipe sizes, heavier wall
thicknesses, and a marked increase in alloy construction. Concurrently, the
wartime-fostered universal acceptance of adequate piping flexibility analysis for
critical service has paved the way for more searching examination of the over-all
economics of erected piping by relating potential fabrication, materials, and
operating savings to increased engineering costs. Earlier concepts, which regarded
piping as trivial and expendable, are fast disappearing in view of the rising costs
of field corrections and loss of plant operation - and also with the recognition
that piping represents an increasing percentage of initial plant expenditure.
The importance of sound piping design is now well recognized not only by
designers and users, but also by authorities concerned with public safety. The
Code for Pressure Piping Committee (ASA B3l.1) has increased its membership
and activity over the past several years and a Conference Committee has been
organized, composed of the chief enforcement authorities of each State or Province
that has adopted a portion or all of the Code. Significant improvements in the
rules have already resulted in the revised minimum (and now mandatory) requirements for piping flexibility. With this trend, the ASA Code is now rapidly assuming
the status of a mandatory Safety Code, whereas previously it had served designers
and users primarily as a recommended design practice guide.
The critical shortage of engineering personnel during World War II prevented
the completion of sections on other aspects of piping design that had been planned
for inclusion in the original edition of Design of Piping Systems. As the shortage
persisted, considerable time elapsed before resumption of work could be considered.
Meanwhile, many requests for extension and suggestions for improvement were
,.
PREFACE
vi
received from readers of the text already published. Review of these and other
developments in light of extended experience led to the conclusion that a new
edition was warranted: As the work got under way, it was soon evident that
broadening of the subject matter would have to be limited to treatment of the
structural phase of piping design; coverage of the entire field, including fluid flow,
system design and layout, valve design, piping fabrication and erection, etc., would
require much more than the desired single volume.
It is the objective of this Second Edition to supplement Code rules and other
readily available information with specific mechanical design approaches for entire
piping systems as well as their individual components and to provide background
information which will engender understanding, competent application of analytical
results, and the exercise of good judgment in handling the many special situations
which must be faced on critical piping. In line with this objective, the opening
chapter presents a condensed treatise on the physics of materials. It is followed
by a comprehensive study of the capacity of piping to carry various prescribed
loadings. The utilization of materials is then considered, not only in relation to
fundamental knowledge but also on the basis of conventionally accepted practices.
The present edition also includes a greatly augmented treatment of local flexibility
and stress intensification, and a chapter on simplified methods of flexibility analysis
contains several newly developed approaches which should prove helpful for general
assessment of average piping, or in the planning stage of the design of critical piping.
The Kellogg General Analytical Method, now extended to include all forms of
loading, has been improved in presentation by the use of numerous sample calculations to illustrate application procedures, and by placing the derivations of the
formulas in an appendix. Included in this edition are chapters on expansion joints
and on pipe supports that offer, it is believed, the first broad treatment of these
items with regard to critical piping. The rising significance of vibration, both
structural and fluid, is recognized in the final chapter, which was also prepared
especially for this edition. For ready accessibility of information, the charts and
tables most frequently needed for reference have been grouped at the end of the
text, and a detailed subject index has been provided.
.1
THE
M. W.
KELLOGG
COMPANY
Aeknowledgments
......
This volume is based 011 the broad experience, background, and mechanical
engineering accomplishment of The M. W. Kellogg Company in the field of piping
design. It reflects the numerous achievements and contributions of the Company
to effective piping design for high temperature and pressure service. As with the
First Edition, the preparation of this book has been sponsored by the Fabricated
Products Division of which Waldo McC. McKee is Sales Manager. This work
could be brought to realization only through the cooperation of the entire engineering staff of the Company and, in particular, of the Piping Division.
Certain individual contributions deserve specific acknowledgment. H. Wallstrom
provided the major original contributions to the Kellogg General Analytical Method
and its extensions (Chapter 5 and Appendix A). He was ably assisted in this work
by Mrs. Catherine R. Gardiner.
Professor E. Orowan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, retained
consultant of The M. W. Kellogg Company, is responsible for the contents of
Chapter 1.
J. J. Murphy and N. A. Weil collaborated in composing Chapters 2 and 3 and
assisted in the preparation of Chapters 1 and 7. Chapter 4 is the result of a cooperative effort between H. Wallstrom and N. A. Weil; L. C. Andrews is credited with the
writing of Chapter 6.
Credit for the most significant contributions to Chapters 7 and 8 is due to
E. F. Sheaffer. M. Yachter, assisted by S. Meerbaurn, prepared Chapter 9 and
Appendix B.
In addition to credits for Chapters, the following special contributions are
acknowledged. J. J. Rush and M. Hartstein developed The Guided Cantilever
Method of Chapter 4. L. Morrison contributed to the general phases of piping
design. Valuable suggestions were supplied by M. G. Schar on Chapter 8 and by
S. Chesler on Chapter 9. Credit is due to J. T. McKeon for his notable comments
and assistance in reviewing and proof-reading this volume. L. Mylander is to be
commended for co-ordinating portions of this work.
The task of assembling and editing the Second Edition was carried out by
E. F. Sheaffer. N. A. Weil performed the review and inserted corrections for the
second printing of this Edition. The entire project has been under the direction of
D. B. Rossheim, who has guided the design principles and philosophies embodied
in this work.
As is the case with most advances in the engineering art, the First Edition and
this significantly extended Second Edition of Design of Piping Systems have greatly
benefited from the research and contributions of other investigators. Their many
valuable contributions are covered in the lists of references at the ends of the various
chapters and in the "Historical Review of Bibliography" of Appendix A.
R. B.
SMITH
Vice-President, Engineering
The M. W. J(eUogg Company
vii
..........
-._-------------
-_ .
'_p ..
In
jl[ cm01'y
of
DAVlD B. ROSSHEIM
In all of his career, Mr. Rossheim's ability,
dedication and friendliness were all inspiration
to his associates and won for him everyone's
.T
Contents
.....
Ncmenclature
2.4
xiii
Chapter 1
Strength and Failure of Materials
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
l.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Creep
A. The Andrade Analysis of the Creep Curve,
8; B. Transient Creep, 9; C. Viscous Creep,
10; D. Creep under Triaxial Stress, 11; E. Tbe
Mechanism of Creep, 11; F. Evaluation and
Engineering Use of Creep Tests, 12; G. Creep
Fracture, 13.
Types of Fracture;
Molecular Cohesion; the
Griffith Theory
Ductile Fractures
The Brittle Fracture of Steel (HNotch Brittleness")
Fatigue
A. General Features, 20; B. The Mechanism
of Fatigue, 22; C. Influence of a Superposed
Steady Stress, 23; D. Influence of a Compound State of Stress, 25; E. Influence of
Notches and of Surface Flaws, 25; F. Fatigue
Tests on Specimens VB. Fatigue Tests on Structural
Parts,
26;
G. Periodically
Varying
Thermal Stresses, 26; H. Thermal Fatigue, 27;
J. Damage by Overstress, 27; K. Corrosion
Fatigue, 28.
Chapter 2
Design Assumptions, Stress Evaluation,
lind Design Limits
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
15
16
20
30
32
52
52
60
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Miter Benda
Bends and Miters: Summary
Branch Connections: Static Pressure Loading
Branch Connections: Repeated Loading
60
61
62
66
3.7
ix
67
69
3.9
3.10
3.11
Corrugated Pipe
Bolted Flanged Connections: General Background
Bolted Flanged Connections: Practical Considerations
70
74
3.12
3.13
3.14
79
81
83
Methods
77
90
4.1
4.2
4.3
Thermal Expansion
Preliminary Segregation of Lines with Adequate
Flexibility: Code Rules
91
4.4
4.5
4.6
94
97
4.7
34
47
48
50
3.1
3.2
30
43
Chapter 3
Local Components
3.8
13
Stress Evaluation
a. Internal Pressure up to 3000 psi Maximum,
43; b. Internal Pressure over 3000 psi, 44;
c. External Pressures, 46; d. Expansion, 47;
c. Other Loading, 47.
Combination of Stress: Stress Intensification a.nd
Flexibility Factors
Evaluation of Deflections and Reactions
Design Significance of Inspection and Testa
90
92
102
107
CONTENTS
x
Chapter 5
Flexibility Analysis hy the General
Analytical Method
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
S.H
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
Chapter 8
Restraining,
and Bracing
the Piping System
231
8.1
8.2
231
233
8.3
236
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Fixtures
Pipe Attachments
Structures and Structural Connections
Erection and Maintenance of the Supporting, Restraining, and Bracing System
Supporting,
115
115
116
117
117
119
120
123
125
125
127
127
128
129
131
145
146
153
157
157
166
170
185
Vibration:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
Flexibility
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Chapter 6
Analysis by Model Test
9.5
198
198
198
200
9.6
and Equip201
202
9.7
9.8
Approaches
Chapter 7
for Reducing Expansion
Expansion Joints
Effects:
210
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Introduction
Sources of Excessive Expansion Effects
Approaches for Reducing Expansion Effects
Packed Type Expansion Joints
Bellows Type Expansion Joints
a. Discussion, 214; b. Bellows Details, 214;
c. Support and Protection of Bellows, 216;
d. Fabrication of Bellows Joints, 217; c. Establishing PUrchasing Requirements for Bellows
Joints, 219; f. Materials and Deterioration,
220; fl. Fatigue Basis for Predicting Bellows
Life, 220; h. Testing and Quality Control of
Bellows Joints, 222.
210
210
210
212
214
7.6
7.7
223
De226
9.9
System: Their
Chapter 9
Prevention
and Control
Introduction
Fundamental Considerations in Piping Vibration
a. Definitions,258; b. Types of Vibration, 258;
c. Sources of Periodic Excitation, 259; d. Vibration Prevention and Control, 259.
Structural Natural Frequency Calculations
a. The Spring-Mass Model, 260; b. Frequency
and Mass Effectiveness Factors for Different
End Constraints, 261; c. Variable Stiffness and
Variable Mass, 263; d. Combined BendingTorsion, 264; e. Approximate Natural Frequencies of Pipe Bends with Two Members
(Vibration Perpendicular to Plane of Bend),
265; f. Plates and Radial Mode in Pipe, 266.
Structural Resonance and Magnification Factors
Damping of Structural Vibrations
a. Hydraulic Snubbers, 270; b. Elastic Foundations for Rotating Machinery, 271.
Acoustic Natural Frequency Calculations
a. The Organ Pipe and Resonators,
273;
b. Special Cases of Multiple Resonator Formulas, 274; c. Piping Systems with Branches and
Enlargements, 276.
Acoustic Resonance and Magnification Factors
243
248
251
254
257
257
258
260
267
270
273
277
CONTENTS
\).10
Appendix
History
.\.1
A.2
Bibliography
Analysis
A.3
Derivation
Flexibility
346
347
295
297
0-11
0-12
295
and Stress
Method
and Derivation
of Piping
Flexibility Analysis
on Piping
291
Appendix
of Acoustic
Formulas
328
B.3
B.4
331
333
Appendix
329
354
0-16
0-17
0-18
Use
Appendix
336
336
341
342
343
349
0-15
328
B.l
B.2
348
351
352
353
299
Vibration
345
0-13
0-14
Derivation
xi
356
357
5A-l Introduction
5A-2 Derivation of the Shape Coefficient Matrix
5A-3 A Matrix Method of Piping Analysis
5A-4 An Example
5A-5 Selected Bibliography
Index
350
359
361
362
369
372
378
379
Nomenclature:
Definitions of Principal Symbols
Meaning
Symbol
a
Symbol
A. . . . . . . . ..
A.F. . . . . . . ..
B. . . . . . . . ..
C. . . . . . . . ..
D. . . . . . . . ..
E. . . . . . . . ..
Meaning
xiv
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
Meaning
ii
S
Sb
S'b
S ..........
S"
S,
SA
SB
SE
Su
T ..........
u
V
W
y
..
..
Symbol
Meaning
"'
.,
._
CHAPTER
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
o
FlO. 1.1
Subsequently,
Plasticity
A. Plastic
Deformation
under
Uniaxial
Stress .AJ; mentioned above, pure plasticity is defined as a non-elastic type of deformation without
time influence. In uniaxial deformation, the plastic
strain e is determined by the value of the stress at
which the deformation takes place
(J'
(1.1)
Elastic deformations also obey a law of this form;
however, they are reversible, while in plastic deformation the relationship (eq. 1.1) is valid only for
increasing stress. When the stress is reduced, the
plastic strain remains approximately unaltered.
By its definition, pure plasticity means the absence of creep. No material satisfying this requirement is known; however, the behavior of ductile
metals and other crystalline materials at not too
high temperatures (compared with their melting
point) can be described approximately as plastic.
The stress required for plastic deformation (often
denoted by Y) is the yield stress. 1 Its dependence
(eq. 1.1) upon the preceding plastic strain is represented graphically by the "stress-strain curve" (more
accurately, it would be called the yield stress-strain
curve). The stress-strain curves of metals cannot be
represented by a simple mathematical expression.
For strains that are neither too small nor too large,
they can often be approximated by a parabola
(J'
= constant X
FIG. 1.2
fn
o
FIG. 1.3
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
OF MATERIALS
.------
FlO. 1.4
Increase
0'3 =
(1.2)
1.J
;::;:
V (0'1 - 0'2)
2v2
+ (0'2 -
0'3)
+ (0"3-
0'1)
(1.3)
Y= v'2V
_J
(<1"1-<1"2) +(0'2-(1"3)
+(0'3-0'1)
(1.4)
vi,
DESIGN OF PIPING
~(O'l
+ 0'3)
va2 Y
= erl -
s .". 1.15Y
(1.5)
That is to say, the maximum principal stress difference at yielding is about 15% higher according to
the Mises condition than that given by the Tresca
condition.
Experiments indicate that the behavior of metals
with no sharp yield point, as a rule, is intermediate
between the Tresca and the Mises yield conditions,
usually somewhat closer to the latter. For mathematical investigations of stress and strain distribution in plastically deformed bodies, the Mises condition is often simpler to handle.
For materials with an upper and a lower yield point
there is no reliable criterion for the onset of yielding
at the upper yield point, since this quantity is
extremely sensitive to slight non-uniformities of
stress distribution and to the size of the specimen [5].
As mentioned, however, the upper yield point is of
little importance to the designer, since the allowable
stress must be based on the lower yield point, which
is the stress required for the first Li.iders' bands to
widen. From this it follows at once that the yield
condition in this case cannot be the Mises condition.
Since the Liiders' bands are sheared layers embedded
between still rigid blocks of the material, only the
shear stress acting in their plane can cause them to
become thicker, and the intermediate principal
stress which is parallel to the Luders' layer and
SYSTEMS
= 0>'[0'1 -
=
OE3 =
Of2
0>.[0'2 -
t(0'2
!(0'3
0;\.[er3 - !(erl
+ er3)]
+ lTd]
+
0'2)]
(1.6)
= ;\[erl
= >'[er2
= >.[er3
!(er2 + 0'3)]
?z (0'3 + ert)]
t(er! + 0'2)]
(1.7)
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
OF MATERIALS
rela(1.8)
~v'
v'2
(EI-E2)2+
(E2-E3)2+ (E3-El)2
o
+1
(1.9)
Equation 1.8 has not yet received sufficient experimental verification; it can be a satisfactory approximation only if the anisotropy due to preceding
plastic deformation can be neglected.
FIG. 1.5 Considere's geometrical construction of the maximum load point and of the ultimate tensile stress.
(1 -
(1.10)
lo)/lo
(1.11)
:= U
dA
A do
=0
-dA/A
-dA/A
dl/l
(1.14)
+ E)
(l.Wa)
from which
From the last two equations
dl/l = dEl (1
+ E)
= u/(l
+ E)
(1.15)
(1.12)
or
du/u
(1.13)
DESIGN OF PIPING
FIG. 1.6
FmnxlA
SYSTEMS
(1.17)
V = 4rrr2t
SullTm = AIAo
Sulum = loll
+ E)
p ==
Consequently,
1
1 + E"
= log. (1 + E)
(1.19)
dE
dE* =--
= q
(1.20)
Tubes,
(1.24)
Hence,
1+
(1.18)
(1.23)
r=~
Urn
(1.22)
hence
loll = 1/(1
(1.21)
Su =
2rrrlu
2rp
V
27rTt
2llT
(1.25)
and
(1.26)
For a square plate of edge length l and thickness t,
extended uniformly in all directions in its plane by
tensile forces F acting upon its edges,
F
= u
(1.27)
and
hence,
(1.28)
(or
F) = CtnlT
(1.30)
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
OF MATERIALS
Yield SIre r1
.....
=0
dt
+ tn der = 0
logorilhmic
Slrain
or
n(dt/t)
= -der/er
(1.31)
(Thin-walled
'
hollow Ipher.
lon.ion)
2
Plalo under twc equol mUlually perpendicular
~
tonsionl
FIG. 1.7 Graphical construction of maximum load or maximum pressure in various cases of tensile loading.
= (3/2)er
E-
= (1/2)er
calculated without the knowledge of the entire stressstrain curve, or at least a substantial part of it.
In other words, the maximum pressure withstood
by the thick-walled tube cannot be derived from
any single "working stress."
C. Ultimate Stress and Working Stress. The
ultimate tensile stress has served in the past generally, and still serves in many cases, as a basis for
deriving design (working) stresses; for this purpose,
it is divided by a so-called safety factor. Has this
conventional procedure a realistic basis? From the
preceding considerations, the answer can be easily
recognized.
There are two types of failure by plastic deformation.
In the first, the structure becomes
unserviceable by suffering an inadmissible amount of
distortion; in the second, it is destroyed by plastic
disruption.
In many practical cases, the second
possibility either cannot occur (e.g., if the loading is
flexural or compressive), or is of minor importance
because the consequences of failure by excessive
distortion are not significantly aggravated by subsequent disruption. In the design of pipes and pressure vessels, on the other hand, a moderate plastic
deformation may be no more than a nuisance;
the danger that must be excluded is disruption
(bursting).
If the practically important type of failure is due
to distortion, the design must be based on the stress
at which plastic deformation reaches the maximum
permissible value, i.e., on the "yield strength" or
"proof stress."
As is seen from the Considere
construction of the maximum load and of the
ultimate strength (Figs. 1.5 and 1.6), there is no
general relationship between the ultimate strength
and the proof stress (or, in the case of the annealed
DESIGN
-1
FIG.
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
1.8
Creep
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
d'Y
dt
(1.33)
7)-
~~l:==
.. +b +L::
Tim.
FIG. 1.10
Purely Plodic
Stroin
VCK01J1.
C,.~p
TronJioflt
Creep
Time
FIG. 1.9
(1.32)
OF MATERIALS
'Yo+ C~
At lower temperatures,
expression [13]
')'=
(t =
time).
(1.34)
'Yo+ Clog t
(1.35)
DESIGN OF PIPING
10
Vi...,,,,
Creep
Rar.
Strcn
dyldt
ATn
dyldt
A(e
Norton
GT
1)
[14]
Soderberg
[151
SYSTEMS
dyldt
= Ce-AlkT
(1.39)
= dy/dt
!/100t
= Ce-A1kT
(1.3ga)
Shear
SIr...
(1.36)
(1.37)
Yidd SIron
or
dy Idt = A sinh (aT)
Nadai [16]
(1.38)
flow Rore
FIG. 1.12
STRENGTH.
AND FAILURE
+ log C = o.l..434A/kT
(1.3gb)
11
OF MATERIALS
tcrr
= V2 V (E1
- E2)2
+ (1:2 -
f3)2
(E3 - 1:1)2
(1.41)
and f3 being the principal strain rates j volume
constancy demands that
E, E2,
E1
+ E2 + E3 =
(1.42)
= f(tcH)
(l.43)
analogous to the three-dimensional stress-strain relationship suggested for purely plastic materials (cf.
eq. 1.8). The relative magnitudes of the principal
creep rates are assumed to be given by the LevyMises equations
EI
E2 = 0[0'2 - !(0'3
E3
= C[0'3 -
!(O'I
+ UI)J
+ 0'2)]
(1.44)
12
the rapid plastic deformation produces strain hardening which raises the yield stress to the level at
which it equals the applied stress -and thus can resist
the load. If the temperature is high enough, however, thermal recovery or even recrystallization
gradually reduce the strain hardening. In order to
carry the applied load, therefore, the material must
strain-harden further until the amount of strain
hardening lost by recovery is replaced. This means
that, in every unit of time, additional plastic strain
arises, the amount of which is just sufficient to make
up for the strain hardening removed by recovery.
The second important type of viscous creep is due
to sliding between the grains of a polycrystalline
metal when a stress acts at a sufficiently high temperature. At low temperatures, the grain boundary
is a strong part of the structure: it resists the slip in
the grains. At a high temperature, however, the
boundary becomes soft and viscous and is an element
of weakness. The tungsten filaments of incandescent
lamps, which work at the highest temperature used
in engineering, can be preserved from gradual deformation by their own weight only by being made of
single crystals, without grain boundaries present.
F. Evaluation and Engineering Usc of Creep
Tests. Transient (cold) creep is of great practical
importance, e.o;., in prestressed reinforced concrete
design. However, since its evaluation does not involve complex problems to the engineer, and since
the problems in which it plays a role are somewhat
specialized, it will not be treated here.
In many high-temperature applications of metals,
the viscous creep strain during the lifetime of the
equipment is so much greater than the initial transient creep strain that the latter is frequently neglected (sometimes with no sufficient justification).
In such cases, the usual practical rule is to assume
that the long-time creep rate on which the design
should be based is equal to the "minimum creep
rate" observed in a constant-load tension creep test,
i.e., to the creep rate in the straight part of curve A
in Fig. 1.9. Although in the hands of the experienced
creep practitioner this prescription usually work:'>
fairly well, strictly speaking it is fundamentally
wrong. When the minimum creep rate occurs, transient creep mayor may not have disappeared. If it
has not, the minimum creep rate is not that of the
viscous component alone, but the sum of the viscous
and the residual transient creep rates. In extreme
cases, solely the acceleration of transient creep, due
to the decrease of the cross-sectional area, may give
rise to curves of type A, Fig. 1.9, at low temperatures
where no trace of viscous creep can be present. The
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
"stress rupture"
teat.
OF MATERIALS
13
Molecular
Cohesion;
Fracture is the disintegration of a body into fragments under mechanical stresses. If a certain type
of fracture occurs in a given material when a stress
component reaches a critical value, this is called the
strength or fracture stress. Many types of fracture,
however, do not take place at a characteristic value
of a stress component.
Until about 20 years ago it was not realized that
there are many fundamentally different types of
fracture obeying quite different laws. They can be
classified into two main groups: brittle fractures and
ductile fractures. The former occur with little or no
plastic (or other non-elastic) deformation; the
mechanism of the latter essentially involves plastic
deformation. The mechanism of brittle fracture was
elucidated long before that of ductile fractures,
mainly by the work of A. A. Griffith in 1920 l22}.
Griffith's effort was directed to the explanation of the
extraordinary discrepancy between the very high
values of strength inferred from the magnitude of
the intermolecular and interatomic forces, and the
observed values of the tensile strength, which are
usually hundreds or thousands of times lower.
The way in which the tensile cohesion of a material
is determined by the attractive and repulsive forces
between its molecules is illustrated in Fig. 1.13.
Suppose that a crystal contains atomic planes with
the spacing b perpendicular to the direction of tension. As the tension is raised, the spacing b increases.
The net interatomic force acting between two parts
of the crystal across the gap between two atomic
DESIGN OF PIPING
14
Atlradive
force
....
or----T~~--~~----tnlermolec..lar
Spacing
Repulsive Ferce
FIG. 1.13
forces upon
= 0.25E to 0.5E
SYSTEMS
dW
dS
(1.46)
(1.45)
0'
FIG. 1.14
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
crack, is obtained as
W
= 7rU2c2jE
.....
27r(f2cdc
E'
On the other hand, the increase of the length of the
crack is 2dc, and the increase of its wall surface area
is 4dc per unit thickness of the plate; consequently,
if a is the work required for creating a new surface of
unit area, the increase of the total surface energy is
dS
= 4adc
(1.47)
&E
~--;;
(1.48)
OF MATERIALS
15
16
DESIGN OF PIPING
Con.',oinod
'iY
SYSTEMS
Plo.'i, Ton.iI.
St,ain E
Fracture
of Steel
("Notch.
Compressivo
Ferce
IT
fridionot constrain'
upon 'pecimen
-~ --I-Ten
-
--I
cI~ncyto
spreed
STRENGTH
j
'1
II
I
I
!
I
iI
I
I
AND FAILURE
T omporotur.
FIG. 1.17
OF MATERIALS
17
remporoture of
complelo embriHlemenl
remporoturo
Tron$ilion
tornporctuto
FIG. 1.18
Davidenkov-Wittman
Theory of the transition
between brittle and ductile fracture, as modified by the author.
I'
~.
18
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
(1.49)
instead of the Griffith equation (1.48). In eq. 1.49
the factor V2!-rr has been omitted to indicate that
the equation does not pretend to be accurate enough
for this factor to matter.
Brittle cleavage fracture in steel, therefore, requires the fulfilment of two conditions:
1. The temperature must be below the transition
range;
2. The applied stress must satisfy the crack propagation equation (1.49).
[,
I
I
I
J
r
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
0.1 in.
OF MATERIALS
19
DESIGN OF PIPING
20
Table 1.1
Static
.""
Cyclic
Mechanical
Creep fracture
Ordinary cyclic
fatigue
Chemical
Delayed fracture
of glass; stress
corrosion
Corrosion fatigue
Fatigue
A. General
Features.
The term "fatigue" is
used if a specimen breaks under a load which it has
previously withstood for a length of time, or during
a load cycle which it has previously withstood a
number of times.
There is a remarkably
sharp
distinction between those cases of fatigue in which
only the total duration of loading matters while it is
of secondary importance whether the load is steady
or interrupted, and those where only the number of
load cycles matters and the duration of the cycles is
of a subordinate
importance.
The first type of
fatigue is called static, the second cyclic.
Purely elastic deformation cannot cause fatigue;
all it does is to strain atomic bonds, and these
cannot wear out. Fatigue can be the consequence
either of non-elastic deformations
(i.e., of lattice
injuries or intergranular
displacements it produces),
or of chemical or physicochemical
processes accelerated by the applied load. Thus, fatigue phe-
SYSTEMS
.....
-l
Time
21
log S
(Slress
umplilude)
ee""rol
FlO. l.?O
where the increased elastic energy or plastic deformation locally raises the free energy; at these spots the
material is electrolytically more soluble in the corrosive solution (more anodic) than its surroundings.
Another possible reason for the local attack is that
the plastic deformation at the pits or cracks may
prevent the formation of protective (passive) layers.
Those features of corrosion fatigue which are of
quantitative interest to the designer will be mentioned briefly after the treatment of ordinary
mechanical cyclic fatigue. The chemical mechanisms
of corrosion fatigue, like those of stress corrosion, are
too specific to allow any general treatment.
In
what follows therefore, the main emphasis will be
laid on common mechanical fatigue, which is the
most important fatigue phenomenon from the point
of view of the engineer
The existence of mechanical fatigue of materials
under cyclic stressing was established by Rankine
in 1843, and the basic laws of the phenomenon were
investigated experimentally by L. Wohler between
1852 and 1869. To describe it in clear terms, a
simple terminology should first be introduced.
Generally, a cyclic stress is the superposition of a
steady stress s and an alternating stress of amplitude
8 and range 28 (Fig. 1.19). The stress amplitude
that causes fracture after N cycles will be called the
fatigue strength for N cycles; if it tends towards a
finite value for infinitely increasing N, this will be
called the limiting fatigue strength or, briefly, the
fatigue limit. In the literature, the fatigue strength
is usually called fatigue endurance; however,
there is no reason why the correct technical term
"strength" for a fracture stress should not be used in
this case also. The fatigue strength depends, in
general, on the steady stress superposed upon the
purely alternating stress.
If the logarithm of S (the stress amplitude) is
plotted as a function of the logarithm of N (the
number of cycles to fracture), curves of the type
shown in Fig. 1.20 are obtained. Plain carbon steels
22
DESIGN OF PIPING
FlO. 1.21
Effect of high-amplitude
chloride sheet.
fatigue on silver
SYSTEMS
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
embedded strain-hardening plastic region always converges towards a finite value as the number of cycles
increases toward infinity. This J..Up.it
value of the
total plastic strain decreases with the decrease of
the stress amplitude applied to the specimen.
Below a certain stress amplitude the total plastic
strain can never reach the critical value necessary
for producing that combination of strain hardening
(i.e., of the local stress amplitude) and structural
damage at which fracture occurs. On the other
hand, if the local plastic region fractures, a small
crack arises and gives rise to a region of stress
concentrations in which plastic deformations may
now begin. A repetition of the above process may
lead to the extension of the crack and finally to the
fracture of the specimen.
An interesting point emerging from the theory is
that a fatigue fracture can arise without any reduction of the cohesion (strength) by structural
damage. Strain hardening alone may raise the
stress in plastic regions gradually to the fracture
level even if the initial strength of the material is
not reduced in the course of the alternating plastic
straining. In most real cases, however, increase of
the local stress by strain hardening and reduction
of the strength by structural injuries probably go
hand in hand.
Observations indicate that, in reality, the last
traces of alternating slip never disappear; there is
apparently a minimum value of the plastic strain
amplitude below which no strain hardening is
produced. This can be recognized most directly
from the fact that the width of the hysteresis loop
decreases but does not vanish during cyclic stressing.
It may be mentioned that the general theory of
fatigue leads to a semiquantitative derivation of the
typical shape of the log S-log N curve, and it also
OF MATERIALS
23
100
CUN. 1; 0.1 X
S.
M
!:!
.;
-u,..
u
(;
50
in
'"
......
.S
b
e
-=<
'"
---_ -----.._
UJ
0
0
Y3
......
150
--_
200
FIG. 1.22 Dependence of fatigue strength on steady stress in plain carbon steels.
24
'&_
....
~100
- - -- ---:-~:------.:...-
o+o
FlO. 1.23
\
\
~------~------~-------~--~u
50
100
s. M-eon Slr~u of
150
ertle, 103 pt;
200
those for the smooth rod (owing to "plastic constraint" exerted by the adjacent larger sections);
its fatigue strength, however, is reduced by the
stress concentration present. Figure 1.24 shows fatigue strength curves for 1 in. and 1k in. Whitworth
threaded rods of the carbon steel which, in the form
of smooth cylindrical specimens, gives curve 1 in
Fig. 1.22 (this curve is repeated in Fig, 1.24) [46).
The designer is mainly interested in stresses
within the elastic limit; for this reason, the present
considerations will be confined to the first part of
the curves in Fig. 1.22. This can be represented
schematically as a straight line connecting the point
P of the fatigue strength in purely alternating
stressing with a point Q on the abscissa axis (cf.
Fig. 1.25); as before, the dash-dotted 45 line
represents the elastic limit beyond which curve
deviates from the line PQ. In the stress range of
interest to the designer, the effect o( the steady
stress is therefore given by the equation
S
= So (1 -
s:)
(1.51)
Ploln bcrs
'l ..
t:!
bcrs,
~d 1
Whitworth
OVO(090
Ihf~oded
votut'~
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
State of Stress.
OF MATERIALS
25
26
i.
STRENGTH
AND FAILURE
-6.
30
Speed of Cyding
214,000 roy.nals/hr.
Time to fradure
'"'::
..
u
>-
u 20
'0
!!
v;
.~
~ 10
<
.,.;
rupture
interaction
curves
After Leznn and Westberg.
for
21
OF MATERIALS
Fat;gu. fraduro
Log N (N
FlO. 1.27
= Numbor
Siron Curve
of situs cydM)
DESIGN OF PIPING
28
SYSTEMS
STRENGTH
29
45. A. Pomp and M. Hempel, "Dauerprtifung von Stahldrehten unter wachselnder Zugbeansprunohung," !ffiU. KaiserWilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch; Dusseldorf, Vol. 19, pp. 237246 (1937).
46. A. Pomp and M. Hempel, "Dauerfestigkeitsschaubilder
von Gekerbten und Kaltverformten Stahlen Bowie von
1"- und 111l- Schrauben bei Verschiedenen Zugmittelapannungen,"
Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Insl.
Eisenforsch:
Dusseldorf, Vol. 18, pp. 205-215 (1936).
47. H. J. Gough and H. V. Pollard, "The Strength of Metals
under Combined Alternating Stresses," Prot. Inst. Mech.
Engrs. (London), Vol. 131, pp. 3-54 (1935).
48. R. L. Templin, "Designing for Fatigue" in William M.
Murray, ed., Fatigue and Fracture of Metals; A Symposium, pp. 131-138, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1950.
49. L. F. Coffin, Jr., "A Study of the Effect8 of Cyclic Thermal
Stresses on a Ductile Metal," Trans. ASME, Vol. 76,
No.6, pp. 931-950 (1954).
50. B. J. Lazan and E. Westberg, "Effect of Tensile and Compressive Fatigue Stress on Creep, RUpture and Ductility
Properties of Temperature-Resistant
Materials,"
Proc:
ASTM, Vol. 52, pp. 837-855 (1953).
51. J. E. Dorn, A. Goldberg, and T. E. Teitz, "The Effect of
Thermal-mechanical History on the Strain Hardening of
Metals," AIME Tech. Pub. No. 2445, 1948.
52. N. H. Polakowski, "Softening of Certain Cold-worked
Metals Under the Action of Fatigue Loads," ASTM
Preprint No. 74, 1954.
53. H. J. French, "Fatigue and Hardening of Steels," Trans.
Am. Soc. Steel Treating, Vol. 21, pp. 89!}-946 (1933).
CHAPTER
2.1
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
31
Gas & Air, Oil, District Heating, Refrigeration, Oil Transmission, Gas Transmission and Distribution
Systems (ASA
B3 1.1.8-1955), and Chemical Piping. Its basic or general
supporting sections deal with requirements
for internal
pressure, flexibility, materials, fabrication,
and testing.
At the present writing (1955), this Code is in the process of
evolution from a Design Practice to a Safety Code. The
Gas Transmission and Distribution Section has been adopted
by several States and is under consideration by others; the
entire Code is used as a basis of enforcement in several U. S.
cities and in the Provinces of Canada. In recognition of thi~
trend, a Conference Committee similar to that of the ASME
Boiler Code and composed of the Chief Inspection Authority
of each State and each Canadian Province which has adopted
the (Piping) Code, has been appointed.
At the same time a
procedure was established to provide interpretations in the
form of Cases, which again parallels the ASME Boiler Code
procedure.
This transition is largely due to recognition by public
authorities that pipe line failures associated with a sudden
release of stored energy are potentially as dangerous as pressure vessel failures.
Experience with piping systems also
demanded a change in the former attitude that thermal expansion strains could not be responsible for a major failure.
Although this type of failure is due to fatigue rather than to a
single application of strain loading it can be a definite hazard
in most services.
ASA B9: Safety Code for Mechanical
Refrigeration.
This Code contains, in Section 9, brief rules for pressure and
general design of piping for this specific service.
Piping for Ships. Such piping requires special consideration because of added strains from the motions of the ship.
Naval vessels arc subject to added shock due to sudden
maneuvering,
gunfire, explosions, etc.
Requirements
for
merchant and naval vessels are contained in the following
Standards:
U. S. Navy, Bureau of Ships: Genernl Machinery Specifications; General Specifications for Building Naval Vessels.
American Bureau of Shipping: Rules for Building and Classing Vessels.
United States Coast Guard: Marine Engineering Regulations and Material Specifications.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping Rules
Flange and Fitting Standards.
The B16 group of ASA
Standards apply to pipe-fitting details. Although their significance is primarily dimensional, they involve design factors
which should be appreciated.
These are summarized in the
following sections:
Steel Flanges. The proportions of separate flanges and those
integrated with fittings were established many years ago, based
on simplified cantilever analysis. In 1953 the steel flanges
were reinvcstigatcd according to present ASME Boiler Code
formulas.
New ratings were established for two general
classes of gaskets and facing details. These appear in ASA
Standard, B16.5-1953, and also in the ASME Codes. The
basis of the new ratings is recorded in Appendix D of the
B16.5 Standard.
The calculated stress in the flanges shows
appreciable variation with size, series, and facings. A stress
of 8750 psi at the primary pressure rating was selected for the
purpose of establishing Class A ratings. Class B ratings arc
approximately 83% of Class A ratings. In the creep range at
or above the primary rating temperature,
ASME Power
Boiler Code stresses are adhered to. For temperatures up to
.........
_-_------
...
..-
_ .._._._--------_ __ ._------..
32
2.2
Design Considerations:
Loadings
termed
"extraneous"
movement
by piping
\..
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
stock or several alternate products which may require different processing pressure and temperatures. Many plants involve-highly inflammable,
toxic, or otherwise unusual fluids, or specialized
machinery and equipment which must be carefully
isolated from air or contaminants.
Start-up and
shutdown may require protracted periods of warming up, cooling off, or operations such as purging,
washing down, pickling or passivating, solvent cleaning, air-steam decoking, etc., each of which may
introduce entirely different combinations of temperature and pressure over given portions of piping systems. Temperature differences, or other loading
more severe than normal service conditions, may
result where circumstances dictate that parts of a
system be heated successively. A proper appreciation of these various possibilities requires an adequate knowledge of the process design, operation,
instrumentation,
and control of the connected
equipment or entire plant. It is not unusual for
start-up and shutdown procedure to be governed
by mechanical design limitations rather than to suit
process only.
For exhaust steam vacuum service, opinion differs
as to whether the design temperature for thermal
expansion effects should be based on the normal
operating temperature under vacuum conditions
plus an occasional rise to 212 F, which temperature
would be approached with loss of vacuum, or on
212 F, as though it were the normal operating temperature. The first approach is consistent with the
handling of other operating upsets, it being recognized that at reduced capacity or after lengthy
periods of operation or with abnormally high cooling
water temperatures, higher absolute pressures and
corresponding temperatures may occur. It is therefore concluded that design considering the 212 F
case as an abnormal short duration (not an operating) temperature is reasonably logical.
The Piping Code (ASA B31.1-1955) is deficient
in adequate rules for protection against overpressure.
The requirements of the ASME Boiler Code, Section VIII, for safety valves, etc., are a useful guide
but require modification to suit common piping
practice. Pipe wall thickness is generally established
for a design pressure equal to the maximum (nonshock) service pressure, without provision for a
margin between service and design pressure, and
safety valves are generally set to relieve at about
10% above the design pressure. This is in contrast
with pressure vessel practice, where at least one valve
must be set to open at or below the design pressure.
Differenoes.also exist in the maximum overpressure
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
33
34
Chapter 1, together
prove valuable in
broad fundamental
fracture of metallic
2.3
Stresses,
and
--_j
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
properties and safety factors as associated with specific design, fabrication, and inspection requirements.
Experience with the pressure vessel Codes as presently constituted has shown that pressure and other
maintained loading can be sustained by average
equipment within this allowable stress limit for an
indefinite period. Also, it is not uncommon to allow
moderate short durations of overload or overtemperature due to abnormal or emergency circumstances. In a more precise approach, however, such
overloads should properly be assessed on an integrated basis with respect to duration and frequency.
In the following pages, the various considerations
influencing the serviceability or safety of piping systems are summarized and augmented by current
opinion as to advisable limits of stress, or other design criteria.
For Pressure
Loading: In the 1952 ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, the basis for the
allowable stresses for ferrous materials in both Section I, Power Boilers, and Section VIII, Unfired
Pressure Vessels is given in Appendix P of Section VIII. This appendix is important as a general
reference not only for its explanation of the basis of
allowable stresses given in the Code but also for its
guidance in setting stress values for similar materials.
For nonferrous materials Appendix Q (Section VIII,
Unfired Pressure Vessels) similarly establishes the
basis of allowable stresses.
The allowable stresses for Section 1, Power Piping,
of the ASA B31.1-1955 Code for Pressure Piping
are identical with those of the ASME Power Boiler
Code; those of Section 3, Oil Piping, within refinery
limits, are in agreement in the creep range with
Section VIn of the ASME Code. At lower temperatures, the safety factor on tensile strength is lower
than that of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, allowable stresses being limited to one-third of the minimum tensile strength or 60% of the minimum yield
strength. The other sections of the Code for Pressure
Piping are intended for either ambient or relatively
moderate temperature service, with allowable stresses
in varying percentages of the yield strength 8" or
tensile strength 8u as indicated below.
Section 2. Gas and air piping: 0.6 to 0.72 811
Section 3. Oil transmission lines outside refinery
limits: 0.85 8"
Section 4. District heating systems: 0.25
Section 5. Refrigeration piping systems: 0.25 8u
Section 8. Gas transmission and distribution piping systems: 0.72 8" max.
s;
l_
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
35
UI
E*I
Band n
tension
assumed material constants,
logarithmic
I~lG. 2.1
36
Strain.
Ei
= S.ISu
(2.4)
= 1.155(0.577)n
=Q
X (S.F.tcnsion)
(2.5)
than 4.0 on bursting will apply to cylindrical pressure vessels (of carbon or low-alloy steel), as proved
by numerous static destruction tests. Similar comments apply to Codes using a different fraction of
the ultimate tensile stress as a design basis. Thus,
for the ASA B31.1 Code, Section 3, which limits design stresses to t of the ultimate tensile stress, a
safety factor of around 3.0 will be available against
bursting of thin-walled cylinders. With other materials or with departures from the simple cylindrical tube, however, it would appear that the shape
effect may bear investigation for more accurate
assessment of bursting conditions.
In the creep range a similar safety factor does not
exist. That is, if creep continues while the pressure
is maintained, fracture will inevitably take place
after a sufficiently long time. Hence, the design
stress is selected to avoid failure within the service
life period.
For the case where 100% of the extrapolated 105
hour creep fracture stress is allowed by the Code,
and if this value governs the design stress (i.e, it is
lower than the stress causing 1% creep extension
in 105 hours), it would appear that the "life factor"
(actual vs, desired life) may be no more than 1.0.
In other words, if the desired design life is also
105 hours (about 11.4 years), fracture should follow
when the design life is exhausted. Admittedly, there
are only a few ferrous metals whose extrapolated
stress value for creep fracture is less than the stress
producing 1% creep in 105 hours. However, even
for these metals, no case of fracture following intended life is known in the annals of the industry,
although many pressure vessels have operated in the
creep range for periods considerably exceeding
11.4 years.
One reason for this lies in the fact that the allowable long-time design stress values (for both creep
and creep rupture) are obtained by extrapolation
1.2
~
.!!
v 1.0
a
a ~
u
i~
.8
~~
"0 g
~ ."tl E
-<
II
.6
.~
a
.2
Volvo of n
o~----~----~--4-~----~----~--.S
.~
.2
o
.1
~ .3
':
FlO.
2.2
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS,
from short-time tests. Although not strictly admissible, this extrapolation generally leads to acceptable
results for the creep values as shown in Fig. 2.3. On
the other hand, in the very short-time creep rupture
tests comparatively high stresses are used. As mentioned in Chapter 1, this tends to promote intracrystalline deformation, with an ensuing high
ductility. At the longest commercial testing periods
(generally 104 hours) the stresses are much lower;
intracrystalline deformation is largely absent, and
the ductility is considerably lower, although the
stresses are still higher than those producing 1%
elongation in the same time. The respective position of these stress values does not change even
when the loading period is increased to 105 hours.
However, the conventional log-log extrapolated value
based upon test results up to 104 hours in duration
may in some cases yield a fictitious rupture strength
at 105 hours which is below the 1% creep stress
value, as shown in Fig. 2.3. The unrealistic aspect
of this extrapolation partially explains why pressure
vessels do not fracture after 11-12 years even if
extrapolated test data would predict this in cases
where the creep fracture value governs design.
Structural Effects.
The Piping Code rules
ASA B3 1.1-1955 require that primary stresses due to
weight of pipe, fittings and valves, contained fluid
and insulation, and other sustained external loadings
be maintained within the hot allowable stress Sh.
Occasional effects such as wind and earthquake
should have little influence on the fatigue life of the
piping system or creep at high temperature. Therefore, they can be treated more liberally, similar to
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
practices, where 33i% higher stress is allowed for
the separate effects of wind or earthquake superimposed on the basic loading,
In average piping systems, structural loading is
not investigated in an overall fashion; instead it is
controlled by standardized practices and details. In
extreme cases of large or stiff piping it is advisable to
evaluate the complete loading. Attention should be
directed to those loadings which can occur simultaneously, so as to obtain an integrated equivalent
cyclic strain as discussed in Section 2.6 and under
"Temporary Loadings" in this section.
Structural instability or collapse of piping under
longitudinal loading, such as is encountered in
columns, is possible only under unusual circumstances. Collapse by circumferential buckling is
more likely to occur, although the thickness-to-radius
ratios ordinarily used in piping applications are
usually high enough to prevent this. As a design
0 Creep
"",
x Cre.p Rolc
~C1
--
E.lropololed
p-fraClure CUf\'e
~ _ r>
"~_
37
Crtop-rracture
Curve
............
103
Tim., ha"n (log. cetel
10'
FIG. 2.3 Comparison of extrapolated and actual creep ..Iracture curves for a typical material at constant temperature.
38
'",
~
L2
~L
FIG.
2.4
:1
Representation
of bar for calculation
strain concentration factor.
of plastic
that the piping system seeks an equilibrium condition by self-springing. Credit for prespring is, however, still permitted when estimating maximum hot
and cold reactions on terminal equipment. By
prespringing, the plastic flow which the line may
have to undergo on the first, or first few cycles, in
order to effectively self-spring itself, can be avoided
entirely or appreciably reduced. This is sometimes
considered advantageous in minimizing the risk of
an early failure due to "follow-up elasticity" effects
should there be a highly localized weak link in the
system. However, from a fatigue standpoint, no
benefits are attributed to cold springing once selfspring has been effected. The advantage of prespring in this respect is more important for piping
which is to operate at temperatures in the creep
range. The proposition has also been advanced that
the hot plastic flow associated with self-springing
will detract from the final available ductility under
high temperature "creep" conditions; in reality, the
mechanism of self-springing is probably more nearly
akin to fabrication hot forming operations. In this
light, the only clearcut conclusion that can be drawn
is that prespringing can have only advantageous and
no deleterious effects, especially as concerns initial
terminal reactions. Therefore, it is a desirable
practice when economically justified and effectively
carried out.
The 1955 Piping Code rules call attention to the
possibility of an undesirable amount of creep in areas
of reduced strength, such as short runs of reduced
size in highly stressed zones under certain conditions.
The possibility of the unit strain in local highly
stressed areas being magnified under conditions of
plastic flow by reason of the follow-up elasticity of
the more lowly stressed areas is not generally appreciated. In order to gain a better understanding, it
is of interest to study a simple analogue consisting
of a bar having a section of reduced area, as shown in
Fig. 2.4, restrained at the ends and subjected to
cyclic heating and cooling. The bar will be assumed
to be made of an ideally elastic-plastic material
(non-strainhardening).
Let this bar now be SUbjected to cyclic heating
and cooling of constant amplitude, to a level which
causes plastic flow in member 1 on each cycle. It
can be shown then that during any thermal halfcycle
(from heating to cooling or vice versa), other than
the first heating operation, the total (elastic plus
plastic) unit strain in member 1 is given by
(2.6)
I
I,
DESIGN
where
Ee
ASSUMPTIONS,
SlIe, SlJII
Ee, Ell
(2.7)
Ell
39
7
'"
6
.l:
= unit
= __ Ll..:,__
1
(2.8)
+ A1L2
AzLx
e, = + A1L2
A2Ll
[1 - ~J
(2.9)
Ec
;;
+ Sill..
s,
L
LI> L2
AI> A2
EVALUATION,
= SIIC
STRESS
FIG. 2.5
"
__ ~~
__ ~~
__ ~
__ ~~
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ralio 01 Colculaled Elall!e Sirain Range 10
Availabl. Elal,ie Siroin per Hall Cyel.
40
where S;
Sh
+ O.25Sh
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
41
Earthquake loading is not normally assumed in design unless it is specifically required for the locality
concerned. Some consideration has been given to
requiring that all structures be checked for some
minimum lateral thrust of this type, lower than in
recognized earthquake zones, but this is not the
practice at present.
Gun Fire.
Piping on warships is sometimes
checked for the dynamic effect due to the firing of
guns.
Water Hammer or Flow Surge EjJect.~. The Piping
Code contains water hammer allowances for cast
iron pipe, in the form of a required increase in design
pressure. On steel pipes no standard allowance is
made for flow surge or hammer, and allowances are
usually made only on high-head water flow lines,
such as penstocks. The shock pressure due to sudden stopping of a liquid is a function of its velocity,
stoppage time, and the elasticity of the pipe. Pressure surge effects are present wherever reciprocating
pumps or compressors are used. The accompanying
mechanical vibrations may in certain cases be sufficient to result in fatigue failure, if not promptly
corrected. This subject is treated in more detail in
Chapter 9.
Brittle Fracture in Ferritie Steel. The potential dangers of the brittle fracture of steel structures
were made clear during World War II and after by
the numerous failures of merchant ships, and by
occasional partial or complete failures of bridges,
pressure spheres, gas-transmission piping, and storage tanks. The phenomenon and conditions under
which fracture may occur were discussed in Chapter 1. From the practical design standpoint it has
been realized for a long time that, as ambient temperatures are reduced, the hazard of brittle fracture
in ferritic steels is increased. As a result, the Pressure Vessel Codes have required for many years that
for services below -20 F (excluding applications
for service at prevailing ambient temperature, such
as outdoor pressure storage tanks), ferritic materials
have an impact value of at least 15 ft-lb, at the lowest intended service temperature as determined by
keyhole or U-notch Charpy specimens.
The numerous fractures of ships and other structures have resulted in extensive investigations for
the causes underlying brittle behavior. While no
complete practical remedy for avoidance of brittle
fracture has resulted, several factors have been recognized to have important influence. Although individual impact or equivalent testing of each plate,
bar, or tube at the lowest service temperature still
provides .the best assurance as to its transition tern-
.....................
_._--_-
42
joints.
For low-temperature underground lines
expansion provision is usually not necessary.
Temporary Loadings. An allowance of 33i%
above the basic allowable hot stresses established
for oil piping in the Piping Code has been suggested
for temporary loadings due to wind or earthquake.
Stresses due to occasional brief overloads in operation can be similarly treated i such might be occasioned by minor upsets in operating conditions or by
starting-up or shutdown conditions. For power
piping applications the ASME and ASA Codes
specifically recognize occasional operating variations
in pressure and temperature, allowing the following
increase in the calculated stress due to internal
pressure:
1. 15% during 10% of the operating period.
2. 20% during 1% of the operating period.
This permissible overstress is intended to cover the
surges expected to occur due to the heat lag of large
boilers when the output is suddenly decreased. It is
not recommended as a general design practice for
normal operation variations in pressure or temperature as it is better to design for the maximum pressure and temperature conditions expected to occur
in regular operation. However, brief temperature
or pressure upsets may be treated on this basis,
provided they are such as to require quick remedial adjustments in operation to restore normal
conditions.
Severe upset or emergency loadings sometimes call
for immediate drastic corrective measures and may
require shutting down the unit. Wherever practicable the same limit as proposed for temporary
loadings should be observed, but the nature and
probability of the emergency often requires special
consideration. In the case of piping where design is
controlled by creep and stress-rupture properties.
analysis of the ability of the system to sustain an
occasional short duration emergency can be based on
the short-time properties of the material or, if more
frequent, on the permissible creep stresses for the
shorter time period involved, by evaluation of the
cumulative creep for service and unusual conditions.
No standard guide can be given. More study and
tests are desirable to assess the cumulative effect of
short-duration high overloads and long-duration
normal loads. It is known that, for a given total
period of overloading, the number of times the
loading is applied has a significant effect, being more
damaging as the frequency of application increases
for a constant total duration of the overload.
Where basic allowable stresses arc set higher or are
established by cold-worked properties (e.g. gas
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
(K/Sn)n
Ne (~Jn
=
Nl+(~~y
N + (~:rND
2
(2.10)
where K and n are constants for the material.
Nl is the number of cycles producing an overload stress SI.
N2 is the number of cycles producing an overload stress S2, etc.
N D is the number of expected operating cycles
on the normal design basis.
S D is the corresponding calculated stress.
SA is the Code allowable stress range for
7000 cycles.
Since the Code stress range is intended to provide for
a minimum of 7000 cycles at a stress SA, if N. does
not exceed 7000, the design may be considered
equivalent to a Code design. Tests on carbon-steel
pipes [5) indicated that n can be taken equal to 5.
Without similar test data, the use of n = 5 for other
materials is open to some question.
2.4
Stress Evaluation
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
4:)
p
ri
t
K
= (pr;/t)
+ f{p
(2.11)
= internal pressure.
= inside radius.
=
=
wall thickness.
constant having values between 0 and 1.
44
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
....'
Shape
Cylinder
SE - 0.6p
Cone"
p
pr,
Use
T;
(__!2_) in place of
rj
SEt
+ 0.6t
P
El [r;
+ 0.6tl
COSa
prj
Sphere
2SE - 0.2p
prj
SE - pK
[R R- - 0.5r'J
r;
r;
2SEt
+ 0.2t
2Et [r,
SEt
R -
e R-
0.5r,)
r.
Ti+
Kt
SEt
(1- 2~)
To
+ Kt
+ 0.2tj
Et
[(R R- -";0.5r,)
1?_
Et
[(1 - ~)n,
J!...
ri
+ KtJ
+ KtJ
= inside
radius (use meridional radius in general formula, i.e., radius from axis of revolution and normal to
surface, see Fig. 2.6).
E = weld joint efficiency.
R = torus center line bend radius.
Rl = actual radius of curvature in meridional plane at the point in question (positive if concave to pressure)
(Fig. 2.6).
a = ! cone included (apex) angle.
0.6
C + ~r;/R)
stress.
internal pressure.
S = circumferential
FIG. 2.6
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS,
45
CircumfarClntial
Siro ..
AxialH:-+-+-~
Sir,,"
Ton,ilo
I
Zora
I
Compr,,"i
FIG. 2.7
log. (rolr;)
Sf::
2S,
So", - Srz
-p[log. (rolr)}
= ---=-=--....::::.:._..:,_:.:...._.:_:
loge (ro/ri)
og,
(I)
r, ri
(2.12)
(2.13)
(independent of r)
(2.14)
DESIGN
46
where Se.,
Sr7'.
S.
To
r:
r
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
=
=
outside radius.
inside, radius.
radius at point in question.
47
Mt/2Z.
Mb = resultant bending moment, lb-in.
Ml = resultant torsional moment, lb-in,
Z = section modulus of pipe, in.3
{3 == stress intensification factor.
This equation is based on the Maximum Shear
Theory and for convenient comparison with Code
......
-...-..---.-~... -------------
48
DESIGN OF PIPING
Sp
S,
SYSTEMS
S3
O.5[SL
Sp)21
Sp)2)
(2.16)
and the combined "equivalent" stress for the respective yield condition becomes
Maximum Shear Theory (Tresca)
The greater of SI as given above or
(2.17)
+ Sr} + Sp2 -
SLSp
(2.18 )
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
the reactions have been determined. Line movements at any point are also readily determined by
Model Test for any condition of liniding, as discussed
in Chapter 6.
It must be appreciated that calculated deflections
establish only a range of movement; the absolute
position of any point at a given time is, in addition,
dependent upon the combined. effects of initial fabrication stress, relaxation and creep, changes in dead
load, adjustment of hangers, and local temperature
differences at the cross section. Except for temporary
overload of terminal equipment, etc., a line may be
adjusted to any desired initial position so that the
movement range occurs over the desired location.
Equipment may be protected against erection overload by thermal unloading (controlled local stress
relief) as discussed in Chapter 3.
Since maintained loads, such as piping weight and
insulation, are essentially constant, deflection calculations are ordinarily confined to expansion effects.
In general, the effect of maintained loads (such as
piping weight and insulation) and transient loads
(such as contents, snow, and wind loads) are effectively limited by properly placed and designed supports, guides, or ties. The significant movements
will then be associated only with thermal expansion,
and deflection calculations can be confined to this
effect.
The calculations in Chapters 4 and 5 and the model
tests in Chapter 6 give, as their first result, the
reactions of the supports on the piping system.
These forces and moments are determined on the
basis of a strain equivalent to the total expansion
and using the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's
ratio at atmospheric temperature.
They do not
include the influence of initial stresses due to fabrication. The resulting reaction range will be immediately realized in its full magnitude only for piping
systems subjected to 100% cold spring. Beyond this
consideration, it is important to know the maximum
reactions to be expected in the hot and cold conditions for the purpose of examining their effect on
terminal equipment. The Piping Code provides the
following rules on this subject:
(2.19)
R;
= Clc; or
u,
(1 _ SE EhEe) u;
Sh
(2.20)
(2.21)
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
...9
s,
-S
where C
SE
E,
Eh
R;
Ii;
s.,
X -E
IS
less than 1
'h
Sh
S
R
r,
50
2.7
and
DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS,
STRESS
EVALUATION,
AND DESIGN
LIMITS
51
CHAPTER
......
Local Components
leads to greater flexibility than could be accounted
for by bar theories. A year later, the first theoretical
treatment of the subject was published by von
Karman [2], who investigated the stress distribution
in curved tubes subjected to in-plane bending.'
At about the same time Lorenz [3] and Marbec [4]
independently furnished a solution of this problem,
using Castigliano's theorem in their work instead of
the principle of minimum potential energy as used by
Karman. Hovgaard continued Karman's work and
arrived at an identical solution through a different
approach [5] while Karl [6] refined the solution by
considering more terms in the series expansion for the
basic variables. In 1943 Vigness (7] extended the
theory to include the case of out-of-plane bending of
curved pipes. These theoretical investigations readily establish the following points:
1. The elementary bending theory for bars, which
assumes a linear variation of longitudinal stresses,
cannot account for the actual stress distribution in
curved tubes under external bending loads. In
reality, the longitudinal bending stresses in the
extreme fibers are greatly relieved by the ovalization
(flattening) of the cross section, which, under different loading conditions, takes the forms shown in
Fig. 3.1. At the same time the maximum stresses
are shifted nearer the neutral axis, as shown in Fig.
HIS chapter will consider important components of a piping system other than straight
pipe, including flanges, bends, miters, corrugated pipe, branch connections, and terminal connections, all of which are designated herein as "local
components" since individually they usually occupy
a limited length of the total pipe run. The localized
stress pattern which they introduce often significantly increases the flexibility of the entire piping
system at the expense of stress intensification or
strain concentration at their location. It is the
intent of this chapter to offer a digest of current
knowledge about each local component, and discuss
practical application to the design of piping. Accurate evaluation of stress and deflection for localized
effects is often complex, or even impossible with
present knowledge; as a result simplifying assumptions and shortcut solutions are resorted to, some
of which will be discussed herein.
3.1 Pipe Bends:
and Cyclic)
Structural
Loading
(Static
3.2.
52
LOCAL COMPONENTS
deflection to that predicted by conventional beam
theory is termed the "flexibility factor" for that
member.
.~
3. The maximum longitudinal
stresses in pipe
bends will differ from those generated in straight
tubing of equal dimensions.
High circumferential
bending stresses are set up as well. For pure (inplane) bending, theory indicates that the peak
stresses will be the circumferential
stresses near the
neutral axis (a = 0) of the pipe. The ratio of the
maximum stress in the curved pipe bend to that
which would exist in straight pipe subjected to the
same moment is termed "stress intensification
factor. "
These findings were subsequently
reexamined by
Beskin [8], who found that the previously established
results were applicable only when the bend charact eristic2 was comparatively
large; as the characteristic diminished, the results became increasingly divergent.
Instead of a maximum flexibility factor
for in-plane bending of 10, and a maximum stress
intensification
of about 3.5, as implied by earlier
analyses for the mathematical limit of h = 0, Beskin
found that both flexibility and stress intensification
factors become infinite at this extreme
value.
Further investigation
showed that Karman's solution would have yielded results identical with those
of Beskin, had the Fourier expansion been carried
to more terms than one.
Treating the problem of in-plane bending of curved
tubes by means of the theory of thin shells, Clark
and Reissner [9, 10] found that the Lorenz, Karman,
Karl, and Beskin solutions
merely represented
higher order approximations
(in the order mentioned), and confirmed Karl's findings [6] that alter-
(0) Elementary
Bending
Theory
(0)
In-plane
8ending
(fcoge"h
forced
logolhor)
k=l+
9
12h2+1
--=---
A-A
(b) to-plene
a."ding
(tongent'
Forced
opOt1}
(b) Thoory of
Curved
Pip'"
53
(c}Our-cl-plene
Sonding
9+0.255/h
= 1+ 12h2+ 1.3400+0.00750/h2
(3.2)3
9+0.3003/h2+0.0010587/h1
-l+-~--~--~--~~--~----~
2
4
-
(3.3)3
I
..J
A
__
_._-------_
DESIGN OF PIPING
the magnitude of j can be obtained by interpolation
from the following table:
.....
h
j
0 0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.75
1.0
1 0.7625 0.5684 0.3074 0.1764 0.07488 0.03526 0.02026
0.84/h3~
(3.6)
bending
"Ii =
1.80/h%
(3.7)5
Circumferential
'Y'
II
bending
'Yo =
Circumferential
1.80 (1 _ ,,2)-~
h~s
(1) -
0.82hH
(2)----S"'l<.in"
(Large.radiu.
(3)---Symond.
and Pardue',
(.()--VonKarmclns
(5) ----Approximate,
bends)
(Smo!i-rodiu. bend,)
nih Approximation
1.40
-h-
(Vinal-
OoIS.ono)
h=~
r'
FIG. 3.3
1.08/h ~
(3.8)
1.50/hH
(3.9)
(3.10)
Pi =
/30
al
(3.5),1
In-plane {LOngitUdinal
Out-?f-plane {LOngitUdinal
In this same range the variation of angle al (pertaining to the largest longitudinal stress, as shown in
Fig. 3.2) with the characteristic h can be given as
SYSTEMS
55
LOCAL COMPONENTS
the opinion of many investigators the stress intensification factor of greatest practical significance is the
one pertaining to maximum longitadinal stress existing at the middle surface of the pipe wall thickness. G
Closer scrutiny of the theoretical developments
6Fatigue tests do not support this. In fatigue, cracks open
up perpendicular to the actual maximum stress which is the
circumferential stress at the inner pipe wall. This is to be
expected, since under reversed strain loading beyond the
elastic range, as applied in a fatigue test, initial plastic flow is
of little help in alleviating the range of strain at each point.
O.S.
SoMion h~1l (Clark - Roinn.,)
(1)--Alymptotie
(2) -
(3)--.-Symond.
and Parduo',
(SmaU-radiu, bond,)
1.2
.6
.4
.2
.02
.8
1.0
h-!!
- 2
rro
FIG.3.4
I.S0
Solution h'/l (Clark - Roinner)
(l)-A,ymptotic
3)
(2) -
factor.
Be.kin', (largO-1adiu.
bend,)
10
8
(3)----Symond.
(.)_.
and Pardue',
--Appraxima'o,
~~8
(for ,mallradiu.
(;
'U
(Shortradius
bends]
...
tl
"
0
'"
1)
!!
on
.8
.6
.4
.3
.03
FIO.3.5
.04
.06 .08 .1
.2
.6
.8 1.0
56
DESIGN
OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
and Pardu.'s
(3)--Approximale,
FIG. 3.6
(Small-radiu.
bend.)
~.~~ (WeiI)
(1)--ApproximQlo,
10
betnd,)
(2)- -Seskin',
(3)--- -Symonds
1.50
h2/J
(Markl)
;;
1.0
.8
,6
,3~--~~--L-~~~------~--~--~~~~~~------~--~~
.02
.0-4 .06 .08 .1
:%
.4.6.8
1.0
2
FIG, 3.7
LOCAL COMPONENTS
has been shown [7, 13] that under in-plane bending
(reducing the radius of curvature) the circumferential stresses do not vanish at the middle layer (see
assumption 5).
The last assumption plainly limits the accuracy of
the foregoing theories to thin-walled, large-radius
tube bends; the generally accepted view is that these
analyses are proper only if both conditions, namely
that Rlr.", and rmlt be greater than 10, are simultaneously satisfied. Since Beskin's derivation indicates
that at h > 1.0 the flexibility and stress intensification factors become generally negligible, it is of
interest to note that this development is not conditioned upon the above-stated limitation on wall
thickness.
To extend the validity of previous analyses,
Symonds and Pardue [14] undertook to investigate
the effect of RITm ratios considerably less than 10,
(2'::; Rlrm ~ 3). It may be pointed out that under
these conditions the wall thickness ratio assumes a
much greater importance; the fact that the "shortradius" development is based on thin-shell theory
plainly limits the range of accuracy to about
It = 0.2 for Rlrm = 2, or h = 0.3 for Rlrm = 3.
The Symonds-Pardue theory represents a first-order
approximation to the influence of RIT"" , and shows
that for short-radius bends (long- and short-radius
welding elbows), the flexibility factor suffers little
change, but stress intensification factors are generally
higher than for large-radius pipe bends, as seen in
Figs. 3.3 to 3.7. As might be expected, the results
of this work merge with Beskin's solution, as RITm
increases to 10.
Lastly, all of the theories described apply rigorously
only to endless toroidal sections. If the curved tube
is not endless, the theory is accurate only if the end
conditions allow the development of idealized strains
(I) --Clark
; 50
57
- Rehmer
(1)
(2)----Asymplolic
Solulion 0.82h1/l
(Clark and Roi.. "er)
..
cn400
.!;_
300
.02
.04
.06
.08
.1
FlO. 3.8
ctl
...
.2
h=
.6
.8 1.0
2.0
4.0
.!!
<;'
58
the fact that the theory of curved tubes did not take
into account secondary influences predicted by the
theory of curved bars. Tests conducted under outof-plane bending [7], in turn, showed that the rigidity
of pipes was greater (i.e., the flexibility less) than
indicated by analysis.
This was attributed
to the
restraining effect of straight tangents applied to the
ends of the quarter pipe bend. Stresses meanwhile
were smaller than was anticipated from theoretical
research.
A thorough investigation on the effect of end conditions was carried out by Pardue and Vigness [23].
Dealing first with flexibility factors, they found that
even the most detailed theory [14] was capable of
predicting flexibility factors for out-of-plane bending
only if the pipe bend merged with a straight tangent
of sufficient length.
Substituting
a flange for the
tangent at either end resulted in a drastic drop of
flexibility; when both ends were flanged, flexibility
dropped
even further.
Right-angle
bends were
subject to these reductions in a greater degree than
l.l-bends, confirming the logical expectation that the
smaller the sub tended angle of a pipe bend the
greater will be its sensitivity to disturbances caused
by end restraints.
Almost identical statements
apply to the stress
intensification
factors.
The theory is in agreement
with actual behavior only insofar as the bend is
furnished with sufficiently long straight tangents,
the experimental
values being generally a shade on
the high side.
With an increased degree of end
fixity, this correlation
breaks down.
Applying
flanges to both ends of the bend initiates a much
greater reduction of the stress intensification factor
than using one flange and one straight tangent; and
again, right-angle bends were subject to these modifying effects to a greater degree than U-bends.
Additional
confirmation
of theoretical
results
was provided by a series of tests carried out by
Gross and Ford !24, 25, 26]. These tests proved
that, in line with theoretical predictions, the circumferential stress in the vicinity of a = 0 was the
largest absolute stress; in the tests carried to failure,
the cracks always ran along the side of the bend at
about the location of the neutral axis. Contrary to
assumption 5 of the theory, however, the circumferential stress at the middle layer did not vanish.
Application of strain gages to the external and internal faces proved that the maximum stresses were
always situated on the inner surface of the bend,
which may explain the observation
[25, 27] that
cracks in pipe bends are initiated on the inner face
and penetrate outwards.
To account for this defi-
(3.11)
1.2/h%
'Y; = 1.07/ho.78
(3.12)
(3.13)
LOCAL COMPONENTS
intensification factor denotes the ratio of actual peak
stresses to those developed in a straight member of
identical dimensions (for pure bending, the reference
stress is M /Z). 7 In fatigue, the effective stress
intensification factor relates the stresses causing
failure over a given number of cycles in a straight
pipe tangent (or polished bar) to those initiating
fracture in the test piece subjected to an equal
amount of stress cycles.
As regards the significance of plastic strains,
static-stress measurements are strongly dependent
upon the presence of plastic flow with its attendant
redistribution of loading and stress-mitigating effect.
In the fatigue test the local strain range per cycle is
the significant value determining performance;
therefore, a redistribution of stresses due to plastic
strains has only a minor significance. While it is
common practice to use and establish design practices in terms of stresses based on elastic theory,
it should be appreciated when dealing with fatigue
that in reality these stresses are being used as a
suitable index of the strains involved.
Fatigue tests on piping components were initiated
by Rossheim and Markl {29],followed by a detailed
research program carried out by Markl [12, 30].
Since it was felt that the stress peaks developed in
local components as compared with straight runs of
pipe constituted the desired fundamental information, stress intensification factors were based on a
comparison with S-N diagrams obtained for straight
commercial finish pipe, containing butt welds, a
clamped edge or similar stress raisers. A stress
intensification factor of unity was assigned to the
latter for practical reasons.
The first finding of interest was that, while the
S-N curves for both straight pipes and welding
elbows of carbon steel seemed to reach no endurance
limit within the number of cycles employed (2 X lOG
cycles max), both curves were approximately straight
and parallel to each other on a log-log plot. This
indicated that the stress intensification factor could
be given as a constant, regardless of the number of
stress cycles involved.
In comparing test results with theory it was
found that Beskin's 01' the Symonds-Pardue theory
predicted quite accurately the flexibility of the bend
or elbow, as well as the type and location of failure.
The agreement between tests and theory for stress
intensification factors was less satisfactory; however,
a reasonably good correlation was obtained if the
test results were drawn into comparison with only
one-half of the maximum theoretical stress intensi7Where Z = Ur; is the section modulus of the cross section.
59
'Yo
'Y = O.90jh%
2:: 1.0
(3.14)
60
DESIGN OF PIPING
~R+'..
__ +(_R_+_'~-\'C"o
FIG. 3.9
1.65/h
(3.5)
3.3
SYSTEMS
Miter Bends
Pressure
11
=
=
TmP
2t
2R
2(R
(3.15)8
+ Tm
sin a T mP
-sill ex) t
(3.16)8
8Notice that these formulas are identical with the equations for straight pipes, except for the first fraction appearing
in eq. 3.16.
R'" equivalent
= 1- col
FIG.3.10
<P
LOCAL
C01\1PONENTS
ts
II
tR
cot cjJ ts f
= --
T'"
--2
T",
- tan 4>
T",
It
+ 2cot
cjJ
T",
< 1 (3.17)
..
T",
- tan 4>
>
(3.18)
61
= 1.521h;6 2:
1.0
(3.19)
DESIGN
62
OF PIPING
3.5
He<nfer
FIG. 3.11
Types of reinforcement
fore, be ignored in normal applications. An investigation of this effect, in line with the principles laid
down in the text, is warranted only for very critical
service.
The stress intensification and flexibility factors of
short bends (subtended angle less than 90) are
known to be less than those indicated above. Despite this fact, it is recommended that no reduction
for either factor be used on short bends, since the
experimental evidence on this subject is not conclusive.
Miter bends, as a rule, have lower flexibility and
higher maximum stresses than those pertaining to
curved pipes of similar dimensions. By this token,
the appropriate design value for the flexibility factor
of miter bends can be obtained from eq. 3.19. The
stress-raising factor will be given by eq. 3.14, with
the bend characteristic given by the smaller value
obtained from eqs, 3.17 or 3.18. These design criteria for miter bends originate from tests conducted
on 4 in. miters only. For large-diameter miter bends,
fit-up and fabrication difficulties are likely to lead to
more severe conditions than would be indicated by
the design rules stated above.
SYSTEMS
Branch
Loading
Connections:
Static
Pressure
LOCAL COMPONENTS
Pad reinforcements, however, afford little restraint
against plastic flow and are, therefore, ineffective in
raising the yielding pressure of--the intersection to
the desired value [42, 43].
Several alternatives have been advanced to eliminate the shortcomings of unreinforced or pad-reinforced intersections. The reinforcing saddle [44],
shown in Fig. 3.11b, adds reinforcement around the
highly stressed areas of the crotch and shoulder.
The complete encirclement pad is pictured in Fig.
3.llc. This proposal [451extends the reinforcement
63
beyond the region where most failures of the padreinforced branch connections originated. An extension of this concept [46] supplements the encircling band with shoulder pads, as shown in Fig. 3.l1d.
While no test results are presented, the authors of
these proposals have stated that the performance of
full-sized branch connections reinforced in accordance with these alternate details was entirely adequate under pressure loading. On the other hand,
the horseshoe-and-gusset reinforcement (Fig. 3.lIe),
due to its extreme rigidity, led to stress concentra-
Table 3.1 Summation of Internal Pressure Test Results on Piping Branch Connections
Angle
of
Intersection,
Size of
ReI.
No.
Authors
Header
in.
--35
Everett
Type
of
Reinforcement"
Branch
in.
CC6l"CCS
90
None
38.5
69.6
4
6
8
12
90
90
90
90
None
None
Pad
Pad
76.9
101.1
91.4
98.9
93.0
24
90
Horseshoe
and gusset
38.5
--
at Propertional limit
at
Bursting
sin
Remarks
IX
at Proporat
tional limit Bursting
&
40
41
McCutchan
Crane
Co.
8
12
8
12
Scabloom
24
--
--
-- --90
-
H.9
10
48
6.2
7.5
6
N. Gross
None
4.2
90
90
None
None
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
90
80
80
80
90
Pad
Collar
Gusset & pad
Unbalanced
triform
Balanced
triform
--8
-8
48
61.5
~70.0
}SI.O
~70.0
test values
{ValUes averaged for
two tests
}82.5
Blair
90
--- --90
-
11.9
6
10
11.9
6
10
4
11.9
6
10
.j
.j
90
90
60
60
60
45
45
45
60
30
Welding
--e
NOM
None
None
Nona
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
79.0
85.0
110.0
96.0
90.0
90.0
>100.0
121.0
>100.0
-96.0
74.5
70.0
79.0
83.0
60.0
56.0
50.0
43.0
51.0
63.0
31.0
70.0
79.0
86.0
60.0
66.0
66.0
50.0
44.0
61.0
65.0
40.0
.......
Averaged
Blair
11.9
11.9
11.9
--49
Averaged
values
Averaged
value
85.6
70.9
85.6
83.5
76.7
71.4
71.4
54.5
55.7
70.9
92.8
61.5
90.0
18.6
57.1
}1.0
Averaged
value
}0.866
Averaged
value
}0.707
Averaged
value
0.880
0.502
Y -connectlonj
DESIGN
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
tions of such magnitude that the intersection sustained only 38.5% of the bursting pressure of the
intact header.
Collar reinforcements of the type shown in Fig.
3.11f were pioneered by the Swiss firm of Sulzer
Brothers, Ltd. [47], as early as 1928. Experiments
[48] indicated that this method had characteristics
similar to the pad-type reinforcement. As a further
improvement, Blair [48Jsuggested that the stiffening
collar be supplemented by a third horseshoe encircling the bottom of the header. He gave the name
"triform" to the resulting arrangement, shown in
Fig. 3.11(7. As Table 3.1 shows, triforms performed
very satisfactorily, considering both yield and bursting pressures.
While tests confirm the effectiveness of triforms,
this type of reinforcement requires intricate fitting
and welding which does not lend itself to radiographic
examination. In high-temperature service the ribbed
construction leads to thermal gradients. Furthermore, the sharp re-entrant corners suggest high
stress concentrations which may not be revealed in
static-pressure tests but would become critical under
repeated loading, American experience with the triform is quite limited, hence in the United States it
is regarded as a novel approach until its performance
is more adequately assessed.
Welding tees, Fig. 3.11h, are preferred structurally
to fabricated welded intersections, especially where
the size of the branch is equal to or approximates the
size of the run. Recently, cast tees proven to be
sound by radiographic and magnetic particle examination and by hydrostatic test, are finding increased
acceptance. Only a few articles [49] are published
concerning the design and strength properties of
drawn tees SUbjected to internal pressure. The reason for this lies in the requirements of ASA Standard
BIG.9, which prescribes that welding tees must be
able to withstand the full bursting pressure of
straight pipe in sizes for which they are intended.
On the other hand, the Standard makes no demands
regarding the pressure to be supported by drawn
tees at their yield strength.
Despite the presence of high stresses at the internal
surface of the crotch [49], welding tees, in general,
involve lesser fabrication difficulties and stress concentrations than those associated with welded intersections. Their performance with regard to bursting,
based on the Standard and the meager test data that
are available, is also satisfactory.'!
Welding tees
llThe cylindrical tee tested by Gross (49], which failed at
96% of the pipe bursting pressure, would not comply with
American Standard requirements.
LOCAL
COMPONENTS
HI.
t'..
RI
R'
Biaxial
Tension
Area of Reinforcement
Area of Cut-Out
Uniaxial A
Tension
verage
Rim
Doublerl Total
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
----
1.0
1.0
1.0
La
2.0
1.32
1.08
1.01
I
i
3.0
L52
2.50
1.42
1.35
1.38
1.63
1.76
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.4
0.8
1.2
2.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.52
1.43
1.37
1.22
1.03
1.00
I,
i
2.30
2.04
2.17
1.90
1.75
1.85
1.91
1.74
1.77
1.56
1.39
1.42
2.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
L2
L4
1.2
1.1
1.15
1.36
1.01
1.02
1.04
1.00
1.78
1.61
1.73
1.72
1.85
1.57
1.31
1.38
1.38
1.43
I
I
65
Rim (Pipo collo.'
FIG. 3.12
+ tn/R
tn/R
Il
1 + tn/R
Vl + 2(tn/R)2 -
for
R/tn S !
(3.20)
for
R/tn ;:::!
66
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
Branch Connections:
Repented Loading
Having considered the performance of branch COIlnections under internal pressure, attention will now
be focused on their behavior under repeated external
loads, such as imposed by thermal expansion of the
pipe line. Although this subject received some consideration in Blair's paper, the most detailed information is found in Markl's work [12, 64].
These tests produced the following results: Failures of. full-size unreinforced intersections occurred
at locations similar to those of curved pipes. The
HEfTective height of reinforcement
finished opening.
LOCAL COMPONENTS
stress intensification factor could be correlated
reasonably well with that for a single miter bend
(see eq. 3.14) if the characteristid'variable was taken
to be
(3.21)15
h = tiT",
Reinforced fabricated intersections cannot be
categorized with equal facility, since the amount of
metal incorporated in the reinforcement and the
manner of its distribution will affect the stress intensification and flexibility factors. In an attempt
to formulate a rule which would correlate reasonably
well with limited tests on 4 in. size pipe and be applicable to most reinforced branch connections,
Markl [12J proposed that the average thickness of
the header and branch at the crotch, te, be assumed
as the governing factor. Assuming that reinforced
intersections otherwise behave like unreinforced
ones, the characteristic variable would then become
h =
(~)2.5..!:_
t
(3.22)16
T",
while the stress intensification factor is again obtained from eq, 3.14Y
These results refer to tests where the assemblies
were loaded through the branch; loading straight
through the header proved to be less severe in all
cases. Furthermore, it was shown that the direction
of bending (in- or out-of-plane) did not seriously
influence these results, so that one factor can be used
in practical design. While Markl's work represents a
marked advance in practical design approach, it
must be conceded that the experimental data are
rather limited. More work would certainly be desirable to check its applicability to large-diameter
piping and to reducing-size branch connections.
Data regarding the performance of full-size ASA
standard welding tees under repeated external loading can again be found in Markl's papers. Assuming
that the metal thickness available in the crotch zone
and the crotch radius are the controlling variables,
the characteristic variable was expressed in the form:
h
(~)2.5'.
(1 + Tc)
t
r",
(3.23)18
67
t, = effective thickness
where
Tc =
= average of crotch
and side wall thicknesses.
crotch radius.
Experimental results for three different 4 in. commercial welding tees were in reasonable agreement
with stress intensification factors obtained from eq.
3.14, if eq. 3.23 was adopted for determining the
characteristic variable.
The flexibility [actors associated with unreinforced
and reinforced fabricated intersections or welding
tees have not received sufficient attention. Rough
tests seem to indicate that the added flexibility of
full-size branch connections is small i that is to say,
the branch will act as if it were fixed at the header,
whereas the header will retain the flexibility of an
intact pipe. These results, however, are open to
question since full-sized intersections should approach single miter bends in flexibility. In addition,
flexibility of the branch would be expected to increase
for reducing-size intersections (see, e.g., eq, 3.27 in
Section 3.14). Lacking specific theoretical or experimental results, and in order to remain on the safe
side, it is suggested that a value of 1.0 be assumed
for the flexibility of all types of branch connections.
3.7
Connections:
Code Requirements
Comparison
Branch
with
Tm
t[{ =
tn =
Rll
RB
=
=
w =
68
The .maller
.Reinfotcemeol
2.SI,
lone
1~IG. 3.13
PH
of
+ '.
intact header.
S = allowable stress at operating temperature.
t1 = thickness of header required by Code for
given size, service pressure, and operating
temperature.
tz = thickness of branch required by Code for
given size, service pressure, and operating
temperature.
p = allowable pressure permitted by Code for
the completed manifold.
tp = thickness of reinforcement pad (if used).
According to the Code, the required thicknesses
can be expressed as
tl
pRJl
OAp ;
= S
t2
pRB
RB
+ OAp = -RJ{ t1,
PllRll
t 11=
+ O.4PH
2(t/l
+ 5tB(tB
t2)
+ w2
til
0.8RJ{(Rn
OAtll(Rn
- tB)
tn) ~ RBtn
+ tn + O.2w
-0.1
(3.24)
LOCAL COMPONENTS
equal to the area removed from the header multiplied by a factor of (2 - sin a) where IX is the branch
angle. The rules (for branch/header ratios of 1/4
and larger) make no distinction between full-sized
and reducing branches, a practice which appears
somewhat contrary to experience.
3.8
69
I"
I!"
2"
2l'i"
3"
66
64
62
60
58
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
63
61
58
57
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
4"
6"
8"
1011
57
55
55
56
56
56
56
56
55
55
55
55
56
56
56
Intersections*
12" 14"
16"
18" 20"
53
54
54
54
53
53
53
24"
~
I"
I!"
2"
2J2."
3/(
4"
6/1
8"
10"
12"
1411
16"
18"
20"
24"
100
100
100
80
77
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
71
69
65
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
89
67
65
62
59
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
59
57
56
54
54
55
54
55
55
55
60
58
56
56
57
57
57
57
57
54
55
54
55
55
55
54
54
54
55
55
53
53
"Based on the Code for Pressure Piping, ASA B3l.1 for: standard weight pipe with 0.1 corrosion allowance; leg of fillet weld
for branches 4" or smaller, and ~" for larger branch sizes.
52
til
70
The use of gusset or rib stiffeners is not recommended, due to the high stress concentrations likely
to exist at their ends or adjacent to the attachment
welds. They are even more objectionable
on hot
piping, since the ribs act as cooling fins and local
thermal stresses are imposed; if such stiffeners are
used on hot piping the thermal effects should be
minimized by the application of heavy insulation.
The effect of structural loadings other than pressure and cyclic loadings must be given due consideration. Markl's work in establishing suggested stress
intensification factors for piping flexibility analyses
is a good start, but more work is necessary on other
sizes and reducing branches.
Where an individual
flexibility analysis is not warranted, yet expansion
stresses are expected to be at or near Code levels at
the branch location (with the moment loading being
carried through the branch), it is recommended that
branch connections be reinforced to develop the full
strength of the header, even if the operating pressure
may not require it.
The selection of design and fabrication details as
well as the methods and extent of inspection must
be in line with the expected severity of service. Weld
details which minimize distortion and promote best
root-welding conditions are to be favored.
As an
example, setting a branch on a pipe and welding it
before the hole in the header is cut will reduce distortion when the branch pipe is large compared to the
header; set-on construction also permits the use of a
backing ring.
Regarding inspection methods, a magnetic particle
examination should be favored for magnetic materials; for non-magnetic
materials, a penetrant
oil
examination is quite practical and is recommended
for important services. Radiographic examinations
of branch attachments are being increasingly used as
a quality control check; although they are useful in
controlling the general quality level of an individual
operator's work, such radiographs cannot be interpreted to assure the absence of cracks unless many
angled shots are taken.
An indiscriminate appraisal
of radiographic examination may create an unwarranted degree of assurance regarding absence of
harmful defects.
3.9
Corrugated
Pipe
LOCAL COMPONENTS
71
..
o
p(E+iA)
p{E+tA)
TEE
90
ELBOW
p(F+i:B)
50;;--B-WYE OR 45
LATERAL
ELBOW
NOMENCLATURE
A, B
P
s ....
Sa -
\. '2 -
UETAL
INSID[
AREA, (SQ.IN.l
D1AIoI[T[R
Of fITTINGS,I1H.1
I~OICATEO
PRESSURE
...RE"',
(SQ. IN'
INDICATED I.EHGTHS,
DESIGN PRt:SSURE.
ALLOW"'SLE
STRESS
hN.'
AT DESIGN TEIIPER ...TUR',
AT DESIGN TEIIPERATUAE.
INCICATED
THIC~HESS.
AVERAGE
INDICATED
IIHAL
METAL, THIC~NESS
lPSICl
(PSI}
(IN.l
or
flAT
SUR'ACE,
(INJ
ANGLES.
72
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
LOCAL COMPONENTS
and particularly the depth and pitch of the corrugations. Test results show that an increase in the
depth of the corrugation will improve its flexibility,
but increase the stress intensification factor.
The greatly simplified case of a curved beam
shown on Fig. 3.15, which is obtained after segmenting a corrugated pipe into strips of unit width, can
be analyzed readily. This analogue will indicate
higher flexibility and lower stresses than those existing in the actual structure. Nonetheless, it is useful
in roughly predicting the influence of dimensional
changes, and for comparison with established service.
The results obtained from this analogue, assuming
that II = 0.3 and the corrugation pitch is 4r, are:
100
1000
70
700
20
:100
10
100
+ .09]
2.0
Flexibility factor
= 1r[(3r/t)
[(6r/t)
+ 1]
73
7.0 ~ 70
.l!
~.O :ii 40
.~
1.0
0.7
Piplng Codo A.. iblily Fodor
+ 1]
= O.5[(6r/t)
0.4
I
M
.z, (
)~
FIG. 3.15
Analogue representation
corrugated pipes.
for analysis of
2.0 L-_--L __
-'- __
....L__
,!__--L__
_J
8
12
16
20
24
2 r/t Retio 01 Com>gotion Dopth '" Pipe won Thld<.n... (Pitch a Twice o.pthJ
o
FIG. 3.16
in
DESIGN OF PIPING
74
Bolted Flanged
Background
Connections:
General
SYSTEMS
LOCAL COMPONENTS
Simplified methods have been developed [80, 81] to
aid the designer in quickly arriving at well-proportioned economical flanges. Oth~ practical suggestions are contained in Modem Flange Design [79].
For certain relatively mild low-pressure services,
such as water works, thin and relatively wide flanges
with soft gaskets located inside the bolts have been
successfully used. Such flanges usually cannot be
justified by the Code design approach. The explanation of their satisfactory use must be sought in
recognition of higher stresses, use of soft gaskets, and
the possibility of the flanges contacting each other
at the OD, establishing thereby a limiting countermoment before excessive strains are developed. For
considerations involved in such special service,
reference can be made to the paper by Waters and
Williams'[82] and the discussion thereof.
The design assumption that the initial bolt load
remains constant for any magnitude of the internal
pressure has also been explored. It has been shown
[74, 76, 83, and others] that a hydrostatic end force
may either increase or decrease the initial bolt load,
depending upon the relative position of the gasket
reaction and the elastic properties of the assembly.
With customary flanges, exemplified by ASA Standard B16.5, the bolt load decreases slightly with application of internal pressure, since the net moment on
the flange ring increases, which in turn causes increased flange rotation and a decrease in the distance
between flanges at the bolt circle. The bolt stress
is at all times a function of the summation of the
strains of the entire assembly, and their individual
moduli of elasticity. Since the modulus decreases
with temperature rise, the bolt load will likewise
decrease as the temperature of the assembly is uniformly raised. If the temperature of the components
is not uniform, the differential strains will alter the
bolt stress in proportion. Except in unusual cases
these effects are not of practical significance, since
the flange design permits pretightening to a level
sufficient to compensate for bolt-load reduction,
local yielding, or creep over the period of time
established by the material properties and temperature.
An understanding of flange leakage may be obtained by idealizing the assembly as two elastically
coupled bodies, the bolts on one hand, and the flanges,
including the gasket, on the other. The complete
joint is then represented schematically as two springs
with different initial lengths and stiffnesses. When
the joint is tightened, this initial length difference is
eliminated by submitting the bolt spring to tension
and the stiffer flange spring to compression. A
75
76
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
,;...
..
LOCAL COMPONENTS
atmospheric temperature by Markl and George [87).
Using a constant-displacement type fatigue-testing
machine, on 4 in. standard weight and 0.080 in. wall
pipe with 300 lb ASA standard RF flanges, fatigue
failure occurred almost invariably in the pipe proper
adjacent to the flange attachment, where there is a
marked change in contour, and not in the flange or
bolts. A few tests were made with 600 psi internal
pressure; in these tests leakage well in advance of
failure was noted only on threaded joints. Gasket
leakage was not experienced when bolts were pretightened to 40,000 psi, although it was encountered
when they were tightened to only 20,000 psi. The
S-N diagrams of all types of flanges investigated
were represented by straight lines on a log-log plot,
which were parallel among themselves and with the
lines obtained for straight tangents or butt-welded
pipes. This made it possible to assign single stress
intensification factors to each of the various types
of flanges investigated; these results are listed in
Table 3.4. The superiority of the welding neck
flange is in line with service experience with regard
to suitability for critical service.
The relatively poor performance of the lap joint
flanges was rather surprising since such flanges have
a fairly good service record; the lap thickness used
was the same as the pipe wall and the poor results
were attributed to inadequate strength of the lap
to carry the high bending moments imposed, the
lap apparently rocking back and forth on the gasket.
In general, stress intensification factors increase with
increasing abruptness of cross-sectional changes in
the flange at the pipe connection. The welding neck
flange with its smooth transition exhibits no perceptible stress-raising tendency, whereas threaded
flanges, due to stress concentrations present in the
threads, carry an intensification factor of about 2.30.
The effect of a seal weld covering all exposed threads,
as used in some services, was not investigated. It
should also be kept in mind that in elevated-temperature service the load distribution on flange
details involving double welds would be less favorable, and that additional thermal stresses would
result from temperature differences between the
pipe and flange.
For services where creep or severe cyclic effects
are present, greater attention must be paid to the
reduction or elimination of stress raisers. Fillet
radii should be generous, and sharp corners should
be avoided. Stud bolts with continuous threads or
with unthreaded portions machined to the root diameter should be used in preference to headed bolts,
which involve sharp fillets under the heads and the
Table 3.4
71
Stress Intensification
Various Flanges
Factors for
1.00
1.15
1.25
1.30
1.60
2.30
thread runout. For satisfactory performance, bending in studs should also be held to a minimum.
3.n
Bolted .Flanged
Considera tions
Connections:
Practical
78
LOCAL COMPONENTS
types, generally tends to exaggerate difficulties
arising from temperature differences.
The problem of dissimilar flanged joints is briefly
discussed in Section 3.12.
3.12
79
=!E
AT Aa
(3.25)
..............
~... -...--'----------------
80
DESIGN OF PIPING
Au!.lenilrc
AUitcnilic.
Steel
Weld
FIG.3.17
SYSTEMS
Intorface
FIG. 3.18
AIJ'lenitic
SIeo1
Au.lonitit SI I
LOCAL COMPONENTS
by ordinary casting or welding methods. Austenitic
sections, for example, are significantly free of microfissuring. In addition, progressiverand rapid solidification around the entire circumference of the bond
zone occurs simultaneously, resulting in greater uniformity, minimum residual stresses, and less acute
material transition and heat-affected zones.
The Kelcaloy process is also being used to produce
joints with a simple butt bond substantially transverse to the pipe axis. Their principal advantage
over welded joints again lies in the metallurgical
superiority and relative soundness inherent in the
process of manufacture.
Additional advantages
are: only one heat-affected zone compared to two in
a conventional weld, and adaptability of the process
to produce and closely control special chemical
analyses. As an example of the latter advantage,
carbon migration at the interface (which has been
experienced at ferritic-austenitic junctions and
which hastened some failures) can be combated by
introducing a carbide stabilizer, such as columbium,
into the chrome-molybdenum steel, leading to an
analysis which is not generally available.
While this discussion has emphasized that metallurgical aspects greatly influence dissimilar weld
performance, detailed discussion of this subject is
not within the scope of this book. Principal factors,
however, can be listed as follows:
1. Carbon migration resulting in a carbon-depleted zone in the ferritic steel near the austenitic
weld interface.
2. Formation of sigma phase in the austenitic
material near the interface.
3. Abrupt change in structure and physical properties of weld metal and heat-affected zone resulting
in a "metallurgical notch."
4. Tendency of austenitic weld deposits toward
microfissuring.
5. Oxidation or other corrosive notching at the
ferritic material junction accelerated by local strain.
The discussion in reference [92] will be found interesting and instructive. There is still a great deal to
be learned about austenitic and dissimilar-joint
welding and the service performance of austenitic
welds. The same can be said in general about the
high-temperature performance of the heat-affected
zones of all types of welds under plastic deformation
and creep conditions. Where weld difficulties have
been encountered in service, the preponderance of
cracking has been associated with heat-affected
zones.
In important practical applications of dissimilar
joints for high-temperature service, no matter what
81
82
M:: Applied
....-----....
.."
p
inl.rnol
proUUr.
p.i
(I)
FlO. 3.19
Conical transition.
welding caps are commonly used, as presently covered by ASA Standard BlG.9. Individual applications for larger sizes or special shapes, including flat
heads, may be checked using the rules of the ASME
Unfired Pressure Vessel Code.
Markl [12] has fatigue-tested smoothly contoured
commercial reducers and finds a stress intensification
factor of unity justified. For the design of special
conical reducers reference can be made to the interpretive report of the work of the Design Division
of the Pressure Vessel Research Committee [94] on
pressure vessel heads. For the particular case of a
sharp cone-to-cylinder junction the local stresses
at the intersection can be closely approximated by
using the familiar beam on an elastic foundation
analysis and treating the cone as though it were a
cylinder having a radius equal to the meridional
radius of the cone at the junction. The resulting
stresses due to an internal pressure p and external
loads F and 111 are given by the following formulas
(with Poisson's ratio 1', taken as 0.3):
Outside intersection (Point (1) in Fig. 3.19)
Sa
Cone {
= -C1
ScI
SI =
Cyl.
=F1.816n2C3
= -
Se
C2
+ (pR/2t)
(pR/t) =F 0.546n2C3
== 1.816C3
Sl
SIZ
C~.
+ (pR/2t2n
cos a)
{
ScI
scz
= C2 + (pR2/tZ) 0.546n C3
2
~'l[C5(
vncosa+
~2)
- c, (2vn
C2=~4
cos a + 1 +
1~2)]
[C5(vncosa+~2)
LOCAL COMPONENTS
03
n 04
[Os(Vn
COS
+ 1) + C (n
1)]
< ...
04
Os
=n
12
+ 2 (Vn
cos
a+ 1+
MJ
+ 211"R
-F + 'K'R2
-
Vn
tan
1
COS
, for m-
tersection (1)
= 2.57 ~v'R;[PR2t2 .
2
F + --2
M ]
+ -211"Rz 1rR2
.
tan o.f'or in-
tersection (2)
06
0.85pR (1
t
= -0.85 pRz
t2
1_)
n cos a
(2)
(1)
(2)
It has been assumed in the above that the intersections are far enough apart (about 2
rnt:'
\}~
min) so
Sel
S/
Cyl.
SII
{
S,
=F3.63C7 cos" a
(pR/2t)
+ (pR/t)
= =F3.63C7 + (pR/2t)
= - (1 + cos2 1.089)01 + (pR/t)
C(
where C7
=
M ]
+ 27('R + 'lfR2
For consistent treatment with other stress intensifications in the ASA Code for Pressure Piping, rolledpipe data should be chosen as a basis of comparison.
Therefore, the calculated maximum stress as given
by the above formulas should be divided by two when
comparing with the usual expansion stress limits.
3.14 Piping and Equipment
IntcrcfTccts
83
Type of End
Reaction
Forces,lb
Moments, in.-Ib
Radial reaction, including weight of pump riser,
etc.
,
Tangential reactions, any direction .
Longitudinal bending moment .
Circumferential bending moment
Twisting moment
Turbine
4-Point Support
Actual
Value
Maximum
Allowable
2-Point Supports
Actual
Value
Maximum
Allowable
2,700
900
10,000
22,000
18,000
3.25DJ
1.50D3
250D
100D
4,000
1,500
300D
85D
60DJ
2700D
40,000
1700D
'.:,..
LOCAL COMPONENTS
Wolosewick [951additionally varied allowable reactions to suit the type support (2 to 4 point), and
service temperature. The limitS advanced in these
two papers are tabulated in Table 3.5.
The Rossheim-Markl study also brought out the
fact that expansion stresses in the piping studied
ranged from 1000 to 6000 psi. This and subsequent
experience led to the following practice used with
success by The M. W. Kellogg Company for the
past five years. The combined stress due to bending
and torsion is calculated for an assumed pipe having
a size and wall thickness equal to that of the nozzle
and connecting pipe, respectively. This stress is
limited to 6000 psi.
In establishing limits for pipe loads, consideration
must also be given to the capacity of equipment
supports: that is, anchor bolts, bed plate, steel structure, and foundation each in turn must be able to
accommodate the pipe loads.
The effect of localized concentrated forces and
moments on shells is of widespread importance in the
design of piping. The resulting bending and direct
stresses and their effect on fatigue life are important
factors in establishing satisfactory structural design
not only for tees, branch connections on pipes, and
nozzles on pressure vessels, but also for supporting
saddles, lugs, trunions, legs, hangers, and similar
attachments.
Due to a lack of symmetry and
variation in cross section, the theoretical analysis
of these local effects is not only laborious but, up to
the present time, has been accomplished only for
special limited cases.
An intensive investigation of the problem of local
loadings on cylindrical shells was begun in 1952
by a special subcommittee of the Pressure Vessel
Research Committee Design Division. The first
results of this program were presented in P. P.
Bijlaard's papers [51, 9GJ dealing with the effect of
radial loads and local moments, and evaluating the
case of a localized uniformly distributed radial load
acting over a finite area of a cylindrical surface.
A comparison of analytical results [51J with values
extrapolated from experimental results available in
the literature [97, 98] shows reasonable agreement.
An additional theoretical treatment covering the
application of local circumferential and longitudinal
bending moments has recently been published [52).
These investigations, as well as experience on the
behavior of surfaces of revolution under localized
effects, provide a general understanding of the moment distribution and stress patterns attendant to
such loading. Individual analyses, however, are
exceedingly lengthy and involved, so that the aim is
L,
85
1.17VR
t1.5
[Pi
+ 1.5F 1
2
(3.26)
86
_/ -tn)
( 1.17v R""l:5
t
--2-u;
i.
2.46M
E
[_!i_J~~
rm2t
(3.27)
where
144MLjEI
(3.28)
LOCAL COMPONENTS
predominately or entirely at the ambient temperature. The Piping Code rules for reactions allow for
the effect of prespring, which gains practical significance in this respect only when it is 50% or greater.
Emphasis on the provision of maximum prespring,
approaching 100%, is usually limited to large critical
equipment where maximum assurance against possible distortion at high service temperatures is
essential.
Where a. piping system is designed to meet limiting reactions, or for other reasons is to operate at
stresses of a low order, (as is the case with large
turbines, compressors, etc.), the magnitude of the
initial cold reactions as erected may be many times
that of the reactions corresponding to expansion, if
special procedures are not followed. For such systems prespring is a necessity, and should be accomplished in an effective manner. Temporary supports
should involve no restriction which will not exist in
service, making it usually desirable that the final
joint be at a low elevation, and located where the
permanent supports alone will suffice. Formerly,
prespring was accomplished by the accurate fabrication of a final section to offset the free (and presumably unrestrained) line by the desired amount
of prespring on each axis. Subsequent forcing of the
ends together was then presumed to provide the required amount of prespring. This approach ordinarily ignored the rotations. Recently, therefore,
The M. W. Kellogg Company has followed the practice of establishing, by precalculation (see Chapter 5),
the desirable locations of forces and moments to be
applied to introduce the moments required for the
desired magnitude of prestress, and simultaneously
bring the ends for the final joint into alignment.
This carefully measured loading is maintained while
the final joint is welded or bolted up, and post heattreated. To avoid possible additional plastic deformation in this final weld, an adjacent location in
the pipe can be stress relieved before this operation
is accomplished on the weld. Prespring can be
further controlled by the use of strain gages to check
the degree of accuracy to which the desired result
is being achieved.
In the conventional assembly of piping to pumps,
turbines, etc., damage by distortion or misalignment
due to fabrication effects can be avoided by thermally unloading the completed piping near the
terminal equipment. This is accomplished by controlled local heating similar to stress relief, or, in
less critical instances, by merely locally heating a
circumferential area with one or more torches to
reduce the fabrication effects at that location to
87
88
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
LOCAL COMPONENTS
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
't,.
89
CHAPTER
.......
4.1
Approximate approaches
of simplifying assumptions
to drastic significance. All
classified in four groups, as
1. Approximate methods
90
SIMPLIFIED
METHOD
FOR FLEXIBILITY
A3.
I!..y
....
Anthor
Point
FlO. 4.1
91
ANALYSIS
4.2
I!...
A = Le
where e
(4.1)
expansionf
(dimensionless if both
are in the same units)
and L
92
A = VA/+
t:.v2
More complex cases involving more than one temperature range for parts of the -systern, or terminal
displacement due to equipment expansion, will be
treated in the illustrative problems in this and in
the following chapter. Only cases where the temperature is constant over a measurable length of
piping are shown; however, thermal gradients along
piping runs can usually be readily approximated as
to their contribution to the expansion of the leg in
which they occur.
The second basic operation in calculating stresses
due to thermal expansion is the determination of the
forces and moments which must be applied to the
ends of the system (which are imagined to have
temporary initial freedom for expansion) in order
to return them to their actual fixed positions. This
operation of structural analysis is distinguished by
its involvement with irregular configurations and
the necessity for conversion of deflection (expansion)
into reactions and stress. It occupies the principal
role in the General Analytical Method of the next
chapter and is equally involved in this chapter, although it is obscured in certain of the approximate
approaches.
4.3
Preliminary
Segregation of Lines
Adequate Flexibility; Code Rules
with
SIMPLIFIED
METHOD
FOR FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
93
(4.2)
where D
Y
33.3DY
U2(R _ 1)2 SA
(4.3)
4.1
,15'[
~
~
= 1.68
94
DESIGN
Sample Calculation
OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
U/D = 5.85
4.2
Y/U = 0.065
Material:
ASTM A-106,
Gr. A
Design temperature:
T =
900F
Sample Calculation
Chart C-4
Resultant
Sample Calculation
ASTM
those
of Sample
Calcu-
A-106,
Gr. A
Design temperature:
T =
650F
Unit expansion from 70 F:
0.052 in./ft
Type of service: Oil piping
Code allowable stress range:
SA = 23,000 psi
Nominal pipe size: D = 10 in.
Developed length: L = 115 ft
Anchor distance: U = 58.5 ft
x-direction:
y-direction:
z-direction:
V2.082
+ ::i.OS2 + .0782
4.4
and terminal
General Analytical
Method, SquareCorner Solution
16,750
11,650
8,900
= 3.8 in.
4.3
with
ASA B3Ll
Code
Criterion
16,800
10,250
10,250
Material:
ASTM A-106,
Gr. A
Design temperature:
T =
900 F
Unit expansion from 70 F:
0.078 in./ft
Type of service: Oil piping
Code allowable stress range:
SA = 21,625 psi
Nominal pipe size: D = 10 in.
Results identical
lation 4.2.
Chart C-4
Rt = 1.61
= 1.67
Expansion
L/U = 1.97
Material:
displacements:
0.052 X 40
0.052 X 40
0.052 X 15
= 2.08 in.
2 .- 1 = 3.08 in.
= 0.78 in.
Solutions
SIMPLIFIED
...~
METHOD
FOR FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
95
_---L,
l~Kl.
c
C
(0) Two-meml><lr Syll.m Subj.<led
10 Thermal bpon"on
,
\
-- i-.\
1.1.
r,
~I
K,l
K1
-_
Go. d.
~----_f:
8
"S'
r,
L
(d) Symmetrical E.ponsion loop Subjected
10 Thermal ExpoMion
FIG. 4.3
Representative
solutions.
Al
0.6
A2
0.245
A3
0.102
A4 = 0.212
The moment
pipe = 7.23 in."
fe/L2
Ief I.
of
7.23 X .040/100
.00289
----~-----
96
DESIGN OF PIPING
Therefore:
]I'.rA
_]i':rC
= -
P 111
- File
= +245,000
600,000 X .00289
102,000 X .0289
Msc
SYSTEMS
= -212,000
X .0289
X .00289
= -
1730 lb
F:d
= +710 lb
a.
Under the conditions given above, SA = 18,000psi
and L2S.1/I07 b. = .435. If Chart 0-7 is entered
with this ordinate, one can read over to the line for
G in. pipes and down to an abscissa value of K = 0.8.
The required length of leg BC is therefore 17.6 ft.
-18,800 ft-Ib
The third case is shown in Fig. 4.3(c). It is concerned with a two-member right-angle system which
is subjected to a displacement normal to the plane
of the members. Given the nominal diameter of the
pipe, the length L of the longer leg, the allowable
stress range S_.., and the displacement A, the required
length KL of the length BC is found by the use of
Chart C-9. From Chart C-10, the moments and
the forces acting on the end points arc found. This
procedure is illustrated in Sample Calculation 4.7.
Sample Calculation
4-.7. End C of the twomember system shown in Fig. 4.3(c) is displaced
upwards by 1 in. The members consist of 14 in.
OD X i in. thick ASTM A-106, Grade B pipes.
The length of leg AB is 15 ft, and the design temperature is 950 F. Find
a. The required length of BC and
h. The moments and forces at A and C.
a.
SA = 26,125 psi for oil piping.
Enter Chart C-9 with
L2So4/1076,
40.49 in."
.588
b.
h.
5780 ft-lb
= -6120 ft-lb
10 (1 A/L3)
= -1750 lb
=
785lb
111 .1 =
a.
-Fzc
FIJA = -Fvc
2940 ft-Ib
is I
I b./ L3
Ib./L2
372.8 X 1/225
i in.
1.657
= 0.24
.1}= 115
A.l = 2.30
.12
.12
= 1.03
A3
= 70.0
.13
= .345
.14 =
24.5
.14
1.12
As =
43
2.1
,
~,
SIMPLIFIED
METHOD
FOR FLEXIBILITY
Therefore:
ANALYSIS
97
Read
FilA
-File
= 12,700 lb
AI.,A
Ai
- 3480 ft-lb
.12 = .90
116,000 ft-Ib
F:r:A = -FzB
M.,c
=
=
-40,600 ft-lb
111.0
+71,300 ft-Ib
1I1zA.
111:.4 = -M:B
4.5
---7
10 Dll
= .0531
1457X3
64000
,
X!
in. thick
= .0683
1457 X 3
1600 = 2.73
Enter Chart C-12 with
= .55
1(1
0.5 and K2
0.32
-68,300 X .55
+273,000 X .86
Approximate
-37,6001b
= 235,OOOft-lb
Solutions
The methods covered in this section are approximations, all of which are limited to square-corner
configurations. Although several solutions which
fall in this category have been advanced, the two
presented are selected because they appear to
achieve fair reliability with the greatest simplicity.
These are the Guided Cantilever and the MitchellBridge Methods, both of which are applicable to
three-dimensional
piping systems. The fundamental
assumptions and guides for application will be given,
followed by illustrative examples. For a more detailed description of these methods, the reader is
referred to the literature [4, 5, 6]. For important
piping these methods should not be relied upon as
the final check; their use by personnel other than
those with adequate background and experience is
apt to lead to serious errors. They can be used to
advantage, however, for the following purposes:
a. For approximate assessment of the flexibility
of average piping, and to check lines not meeting
the criteria of Section 4.3.
b. On critical piping, for layout assistance in
arriving at a suitable system for detailed analysis.
c. On noncritical piping, to establish the location
of restraints without unduly impairing the flexibility
of the system.
The Guided Cantilever Method.
This method
is intuitively familiar to many piping designers. Its
fundamental concepts are partially used in the sidesway analysis of frames. The assumptions underlying this method can be listed as follows:
1. The system has only two terminal points; it is
composed of straight legs of pipe of uniform size
and thickness with square-corner intersections.
2. All legs are parallel to the coordinate axes.
3. The thermal expansion in a given direction is
absorbed only by legs oriented perpendicular to this
direction.
4. The amount of thermal expansion a given leg
can absorb is inversely proportional to its stiffness.
Since the legs are of identical cross section, their
stiffnesses will vary according to the inverse value
of the cube of their lengths.
5. In accommodating thermal expansion, the legs
DESIGN OF PIPING
98
1 _--
where
------~<5ya
no rotction
li~~mpiionl
.1>
01
:1
.III ....=_"'"0' ......s,
----=--..,
o!f
L.
<5
ya
_...:
liya=Expanslon of leg b,
Fro. 4.4 Deflections assumed to occur in n single-plane system under the guided cantilever approximation.
L3
Oz.
where
"J:-L3
= "J:-L3
"J:-L:r?
s,
permissible
tcngenl> at ~met
1I'
SYSTEMS
(4.4)
Similar equations can be written for the lateral deflections in the y- and z-directions.
The schematic
distribution
of thermal expansions to the various
members of a space-bend is shown in Fig. 4.5.
The deflection capacity of a cantilever of the type
stipulated by assumption 5 (and shown in Fig. 4.4)
can be given as:
(4.5)
"A refinement taking end rotation into account is explained
later.
,
/
(0) x-cliroc1ion
.1;::// (b)
0-"1
FIG. 4.5
y-clireclion
Deflections assumed to occur in a. multi pInne system under the guided cantilever approximation,
SIMPLIFIED
METHOD
.....
FOR FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
99
v
1715~-t
1,1
... ~
.~
1-25:-f
UOlt't
SIZE
"'All
TH><:
~:u.
6.-
L'
I~
/(J'
0-1
~~5'
1-2
/0'
/~I
29.9
;/- fJ
5-4
</
EO'
;lSI
~~
1-'.I\Tt'Q'tAl,.
NO
LEG
PIPE DATA
la(jt)
L.
6. -
I~: I~
'
.0.1
.131.5
.0(;
~51(;
125M{) .}.og
156[5
~.
LTS;"
(Fllo'1
cKA"T
e-I!>
10'
:;:
.335'
1-"'7~
ZZI
J.....
c,lse
""0,,",
p;
c- ''''''
C.I'I""'T
.&7
/.&.1
.r:
.So
1.717
St.-
I~
.545
1190
.7&
7. '37
.t.-I
3.1;8
2..1
3.57 /5550
9001'
T01P.
q;''i;,/H~
-?_d/?) :llbj5
ll.. M>'.078~ 3./;>
.1y 4<J';.0713~.J./Z
:! (1'&-1..0') 12(;1700
1. (L'-l,~
/9()OO
.:1.
HL'-L:J
MOMENT
RANG!!
HAleII1UM
5tHOI~6
~Hb
COMPO>I."r
AT
TUMI.~L 5 (fT La
lIo1olvt ....
T" .......
"'15..,
AT
T.e:A"'.~Ai.S
POINT
0
4
AII:III!: OC~II:l!b.
A~
..J880()
FORM
R
CALC NO
G.
A.Le.
HI!.CKI:D
~Z
29GO
:s
.-
,;=Pi
\'
a
~
~
'
,.1
1--25,-J
l.t
PIPE DATA
10'
I!"OKSllE
"'AU
TH><:
z
~Tl'l:l'lAL.
.5'5
Z9.9
LEG
NQ
MJc1iIOH
sesvrce
SA('S,
f,~
!THE
i
1
1-
6.a.L'
~- ....
15'
J~75
.081
.{.7
It) ,
/000
.0.14
Z'3
'l::
IS'
'I
.1'0'
.k
25'
3.'37S
1?5'orx S.OI
1.5'(;Z
5.Lis.
!:~,
~&~
1"""",
'1
.47
(FRo,",
(~~)
:>: L
..
2.!!1
.7C
.008
1.47)
.335
.027
2.21
7..$7
/1_4
!J.el!
2./
1.00
,13
:2.18
J.....
aSE
C..,oIUlT
I'''DP1
/.5
f~
c.-fa.
/.4.1
/.0/1'"
1.70
!I.~
s..-
S-,f~
93'0
,7(;
i:
.50
/;JZ2P
~"
..
PtP,,;./$
21GZti
.4Jx.d7,8
- ,$,12
L'
z:
t,~:3-./
~;~t~ .olS
ttl-I
I-Z
T01P.
~:u,
"""""" a
110"3"'R Iii:
....NI) MOM.'"
,All:"
6,.. -{......
IIUo(."
IhI'CUOG-
'6,.#I5J1,.~S")
1!;)e!~llI:rt-.
NO
,.v,:..,.ttHt
*'II'C .s.SA....,.
r It..o\,.a.., A'
.... 0.,.
~L(f,I'A'
S Se
1"tl:AP'C'''''Ai-$
IJM:'~:S
MOM("'T
HAle/MUM
RAHGf tI
6tllOUl6
COI1""~(~r
TUMI~AL5
,o.T
Crt U
At.
HlC::IC&O
..~" ..
POINT
~
2335"0
33000
R
FORM
CALC NO 4.KJ
100
zrr
1,151~
......
)(
z.
~
~
~7
~L/
PIPE. DATA
10'
THK
z
TeMP.
01
6.-
L'
IS'
.!H5
.03
11
/0'
IS'
1/JOt)
.aos
..,;;~
z-s
:x;
.J-4
1/
9001'
4'5
..... .. 0787f.
sewree
~-~.
6. -
Lt.
Z!J.9
~Tf"~L
-:-
.JG5' /2
HO","Sllf
~l~
NQ
L.ee;
'1375
sd [;25~
25' /5G2.5
I.Ol)
.15
.o:
-
.47
LTS;"
~
e.er
S ..
(Faa",
/.473
.JJ5
2.2/
.7(;'
3.0/
7.'1 B.t
2./8
3.GB
''''_T
I'fto'"'
.7C;
.0U
.081
..b_
CAse
C';:~J
2./
fS
c.-f ....
So-
I~
15
/.43
/Jl88
x:
Q.!>
/.7tJ
';.57 /~zztJ
R.,oHotct
8tHOIHG
POINT
AT
23350
33000
FOWM ~
CALC NO~/I
?FdO
1~7'~
""'
Oil
?'I.'PI$
2/G25
.d" Hi -.07tJ -/'17'
lly -It) '.0711 ""3./2
.dz .Ill' .078""-$.12
SA('"
tTHE
MW. KELl()G3
6 .. ,53,
I(L-t.: 121J.lS
ANb
.... &~'C'~b.
""""Df
"'~""t"
Om
6~ (~"T
0"
MOMeNT
"II~T""-: "-'L.c:4IlA- HArIHUt1
"""LtSS
Sr COMPONENT
~.u
p.f()
Hfces.5ART'
I\T TC~I"AL$
PPROXIMATION
(4.6)
=
"'5%)
TCOtt3 A,R~
where SE
SA
IJ."~
~ (L-L.,.') N50()O
~ (L'-l~~ Z2375
TfC"'I~ALS
ANALYSIS
=
b
where M b
8EZ
12
..
Table 4.2
jI.1ethod
0"" 0ll'
"To:.
(,r If
"L
.
e:C:KC
(4.7)
Layout according
to:
Sample Calc. 4.9
Sample Calc. 4.10
Sample Calc. 4.11
Guided Cantilever
General
Analytical
Maximum Stress
Maximum Stress
Value
15,550
13,220
13,220
Location
4
5
5
Value
16,750
11,650
S,900
Location
4
0
5
SIMPLIFIED
METHOD
FOR FLEXIBILITY
FIG. 4.6
Illustration
of the error involved in Mitchell's
assumption regarding the thrust axis.
ANALYSIS
101
Centroid 01 Entire
Configuration
Midpoint of Ihe
Dev.loped Longth
FIG. 4.7
102
General Analytical
Maximum Stress
Maximum Stress
Layout according
to:
Value
12,350
8,3\)0
6,580
Location
2
4
4
Value
Location
16,750
11,650
8,900
4
0
5
a',
ANALYSIS
103
104
c;
nates z, y, of a' in re.ation to the origin, and transferring the moments directly from the origin to
point a', using the same procedure as at point A.
Step 9. Choose the point of maximum stress.
On Sheet B where only the bending stress in the
plane is involved, this presents no difficulty, but in
Sheets C and F, it may be necessary to evaluate
the stress at several points in order to find the maximum. Once the position of the point is selected,
the stresses are combined as indicated.
In all of these steps (6 through 9) in the computation stage it cannot be emphasized too strongly
that careful attention must be given to the algebraic
signs involved. Checking at the completion of each
step by a person other than the calculator himself
is strongly recommended.
Step 10. Complete the analysis by entering 011
Sheet A the results for the cold and the hot condition in accordance with the formulas given in Section 2.6 of Chapter 2. The signs given are those of
acting forces and moments at the terminal points
and are determined from the calculation as follows:
Fixed End 0'
Free End ~1
Cold Condition
Opposite sign
Same sign
Hot Condition
Same sign
Opposite sign
SIMPLIFIED
MEMBERS
D.
/60.7
c?9.90
I
Z
R
h'
k
~
Z
>-Q.
"
215
-eocot
tJ.
<{
Q.
t:;~
a::
>- ~
I/)
25.00'
.900 F
.3
~~ !i5
1~,50U.
-1';J.775
STP 10
AND FORCES
(Le)
E'l500 p"j
Sc;.I6.000 psi
ACTING ON RESTRAINTS
HOT CONDITION
Sh'
Sf ,,~:...~~~~rlD
M.
~TR~~$
Mv
:J
M.
F.
F'v
F:t
II)
W
It
1390
900.
+ 1.3!)O.
+ 2170.
STIFF"IS~
FACT"~
"","TOR
L!NCSTli OF Me"&.,,,
AeSCI-.:JA
Oft ClN.,..R
7~~T~e:e:"
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,
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:
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s
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50.00
0
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- 25.00
- 50 00
15.00
-7.50
0
16.75
--
c.
we K
CA
OATE
.J.
,
FDRM
psi
CALC NO.412
Z06.33
II
psi
SA~i~~:~""'~
90a
- 2170.
2-0
1 ~~}lf:~
14.T POINT
...
k
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L
do
L}lz
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+30,':JDO.
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FUXIISI~ITY
+19550.
580.
580.
THE MW KELLDGG
IF)
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POINT
"
STEP 2
Cl
<.IOx/',.
FACTORCO
"l-
~Z36.2BO
-6. Z38.2/3lJ
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z:.
c:i
Ii'I
0Cl<.5q
~r
Mx
c;::,
70 F
0
A.
E~16""H
f.I.IlyhH
Fx (
0
0'
(iIo'.A
-.,..26000'
-ao ()O{ 00(,50
-.26000'
IIJ
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0
AIOG
105
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II)
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D BRANCH
III
f /
Ec; ~ 10-<>
29.0
h1/t44- Z.l9~3.4oo CIO(.q.r,sUMID
~ MATERIAl. A-I06GR.A
900 r
~ TEMP.
rl(
ANALYSIS
~UI.
IT)
I
1
E~!O-"
til
~
..J
FOR FLEXIBILITY
0'-1
I-A
10.75
.365
t,
METHOD
SUM THE.
5MApa
c;ol!",CIINT5Al
A4,A~,~~
5Z.0B
I:
--
+10000
"'25.00
tSO.OO
-I!YO.OO
0
+312,00
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a'A
-12.50.00
-12.50.00
-50.00
0
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b'A
b'A
0
-15G25.00
+750.00
0
-'04.876.00
a'A~
d. ...b
+2250.00 +1125.00
0
+SZOB.25
t 858il.2S
cl:..A,.tA :X'2
d'A~
+ .33.3.33
+41.1O(Q!;;SO '.:0<.$0(100
0
'10<\4~3
IbA~+ALXz Abb
b'A
_
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+A..4
STRf:'"
CALCUL....TION
"' +104.44'61 +AI.l>
X _+Aa _ 50.00
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1A - +100.00
-A.x,. !Ix'" tI 275.00
-A'J1.t ~-':I'.oz~
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+.50
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..
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.+ 39.41
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%
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8
1
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+I~
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.. +'10.80
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80
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14-4 000
II'
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000
n.ll
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_ +554.88
.. +,OBl,G.' Si:..F,QM ..
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+F,.Xz
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__ /84.9'"
= +IGlo.38 -F,c.~%
+Hy-III,t ._:1'5-4.68
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~I+j'"',i
__ 904.13
CO NVERSIOI( TO CoDE RUUS:
= +l.IG;S.Zh
.-21~7c.<:;
Fit;
F!j
MJ
=-+.5Z.90
POIHT
0
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A
,3
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2
X
<:>
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-/5.00
+25.00 -25.00
0
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-10.00
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0
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("'''CH"Vf''' I~ CI"CA""- (;,4 =-21973
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0
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B"~o
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0
0
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+32479
+32479
-30898
+19547
+23,234 -21S73 +10,50(;, +19547
kQI.
kQL.
A
A6
Ab
Aab
+10.00
+15.00
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+.50.00
Au
-A.x!
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""
1M',
THE M
-~
w. KELLOG~
CO
PIPINa FLEXIBILITY
AND STResS ANALYS'S
SINGLE PL. ... NE SYSTEM. EXPANSION IN PLANE
c"..
e, .....4.12
106
MEMBE.RS
D.
t,
I
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0-1
10.7S
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h
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STEP 10
-~J9.360
ACTING ON RESTRAINTS
MOMENTS(n 'La)
AND FORCES (Le)
COlD 5PRIliG
FACTORCO
COLO CONDITION
HOT CONDITION
O'
A
It) POINT
0'
A
.j. 31.800
-20675
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675
Mv
+
+ 13000 - L05"O
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-/2500
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III
- /977S
\IJ
900 -I580
900
+ 580
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f
2,170 - 2170
+ l390
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30
40
40
F%.
'f
PlPING_tL,~~',t!ILlI
Y AND STRESS ANALYSIS
H
.
.
ORIGINAL
DATA AND RESULTS
"n;:
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1,:>
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---
MIC~Y
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()
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0
0
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of 112.00
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THE M,W,KELL04~Co.
......
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e
IF~RM
A
CALC NO. 4.13
3-.4
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SIMPLIFIED
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PI'ING
FL[I(IIILITY.
MOMENTs
AND STRESS
STR(sSES
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ANALYSIS
"D
5'D"
TH[
996
II'
so"
vSb
2085
. - Z.
f,.
rr
101' 0
My
-Fl"
.r ..::.J
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y .z
101'.
Mz
[I-tel
CALCUI.ATD
REACTIONS
BASED ON h
"211S5.2.fi
f "'1.70
1089
.Fr
foZ
:~ ,I
R'
fy
loll
FOR FLEXIBILITY
-,904.13
tJ
F.
fz
'"5J.
OR
.R4. zs; ~
R'
+ 25.00
- .5"0.00
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CONVERSION
TO CODE RULE S
METHOD
AtUt.Y&IS
~,,":~C.<-....i
CAte.. MJ.6.
~~~~oc(D
fOR .. Ko.
CAte."Q
4.13
DESIGN OF PIPING
.l08
MEMBERS
O.
ALL
10.75
es.so
~
E~'IO'"
0'
<:
STeP"
21.5
t!!9.0
3...s9.:!4=
Z Ec:. 10-'"
2 Eh til 4 4~
SYSTEMS
TEMP.
e
900 _c
.00G5o
BRANCH
0'-,<1
~~~'~=~~~~-~------}-----~
-+.I:'Gooo
~)<
3 !-----l"------1(
I--__!;z.",;s~.~o~o_'_..jl
til
I-
til
~
COLOSPRIIJ~
MOMENTS (S:T La)
FACTORC'O
COLD CONDITION
POINT
0'
A
MK
-5875
{- .3.50
Mll
-Z77.!:> If- .,590
M:
- Z 900
- (POZS
F"
I+- Z30
- 2.30
Fy
- 450
f- 460
ACTING
HOT
O'
S ..." (;500
p~i
5c "/cOOOO
psi
Sf '~ ..'i..~~;:'T[O
~T"'"
.1t,GSo psi
"y POINl' 0'
SA.~~~~~t~~ ..~...'"
f-IZ77S
{o8~'Z!>
- /075
-/77.5
IB,Zoo
+ 8. 7.50
-
RESTRAINTS
CONDITION
ON
(;60
f'
Gea
- /.:J.,5o
ff 1.510
~~F~~---+~~3~'O~-~~~.3~o=-~~------4--------f~~9~O~-+-~~.9~O~--~------4----.ZI,~e5
---4
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ATE
"0,.,
7
psi
I FORM A
CALC NO. ..I(/4
STEP G
fORMULAS
fOlII "[WBERS
YAXIS
JlAIlI$
",,,a,.
TO
'AfitAUlL
l-AXIS
~I'
I~'
7.50
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kOL
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A.
b .
b.'
b.A
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g,Ab
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1
r:.=
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KELLOGO
C;;OMPAf'CY
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TO CODE RULES
y
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F.
Fy
Fz
kSi:
H
Sf .II.S66
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R'
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R' - CALCULA1'EO
REACTIONS
BASED ON Eh
I
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4.15
112
DESIGN OF PIPING
analysis and permits the relatively simple application of the General Analytical Method to problems
involving two points of fixation as' covered in Section 4.6 of this chapter. It is continued in the further
approximations, i.e. guided cantilever and assumed
thrust axis approaches, of Sections 4.4 and 4.5. For
Schedule 40 or heavier pipe curved to a radius of
five diameters or over, flexibility factors are neglected
with little error; however, the developed length and
disposition relative to the neutral axis differs from
that of tangent straight elements with a resulting
effect on the system stiffness.
There is fairly extensive successful experience
with the design of piping systems to the stress
range of t(Sc + Sh) (which was in effect until the
1955 revision of the Code) on the basis of squarecorner analysis neglecting both flexibility and stress
intensification factors. These companion assumptions tend to offset each other insofar as stress
evaluation is concerned, provided details involving
high stress intensification are avoided. The reactions obtained, on the other hand, are always on the
high side. Successful past experience might be taken
to indicate that piping has operated safely at somewhat higher peak stresses than nominally calculated.
This experience, however, has been predominantly
with steel pipe of schedule 40 or heavier thickness
which did not involve exceptionally high (3 factors.
With a greater trend toward use of thin walled
pipe, coupled with the recently increased allowable
stress range, there is increased need to take stress
intensification into consideration.
The Piping Code rules, as revised in 1955, require
that, when using approximate methods, the effect
of stress intensifications be taken into account.
This requirement would be satisfied if a correction
factor applied to the stress calculated by the squarecorner approach would always assure that the adjusted stress is not less than would result from
application of the General Analytical Method. An
obviously safe means would be to apply the full
stress intensification factor to the stress at the
square corners. However, comparative calculations
show that this seriously overestimates the effect because of the neglected flexibility, and results in uneconomical and unnecessary provision of excess pipe
length.
Much effort has been devoted toward
developing a simple guide for a safe, yet not unduly
conservative correction. Despite this effort no simple
rule has evolved, since the configuration of the line
and the location, as well as amount of curved pipe,
add up to a complex influence. In the majority of
cases no correction for stress is needed because of
SYSTEMS
Lb
= 1.57kR
= R(1.57k -
2)
SIMPLIFIED
...
'
ANALYSIS
113
114
CHAPTER
Nthe previous chapter, simplified and approximate methods were presented for the calculation
of stresses and reactions in piping systems subjected to thermal expansion. The brevity and ease
of application of these methods was achieved by
the omission or approximation of certain influences
on over-all elastic behavior. Such solutions have
their place in preliminary and rough analyses, but
for final checking of piping systems whose dimensions or service performance are critical, a method
is needed which combines accuracy, versatility, and
comprehensiveness.
These requirements are met
by The Kellogg General Analytical Method.
S.I
115
116
DESIGN
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
Calculating
Aids
In all but the simplest cases, computations according to the General Analytical Method invite the use
of some kind of calculating aid. In some cases
slide rule results are not entirely dependable; hence,
for routine work, the ten place digital calculating
machine has become more or less standard equipment
and can be depended upon to maintain sufficient
accuracy. Actually, as will be apparent in the examples to follow, it is rarely necessary to use such
a machine to its full capacity throughout the computation. Experience has shown that carrying two
decimal places in the shape coefficients, five decimal
places for multipliers in the equations, and two
decimal places for the resulting forces and moments
will usually assure a satisfactory check of the equations. Naturally, the accuracy of the results will
only equal that inherent in the data entering the
calculation; hence, in the final tabulations the results
are rounded off.
Automatic programmed computing machines drastically reduce computation time and thereby make
it practical and economical to analyze piping systems
of any degree of complexity. The various computers
available differ primarily in operating speed, and
in storage capacity or "memory," with the larger
installations minimizing the need for intermediate
manual operations. Even machines of relatively
limited capacity may be used effectively for complex
analyses by resorting to inversion procedures described in Section 5.19.
At the present time most automatic computers
represent expensive installations the economic
utilization of which requires broad application to
many accounting and engineering calculations rather
than exclusive use for piping problems. Experience
with piping calculations at The M. W. Kellogg Company Electronic Computer Laboratory indicates
that with proper scheduling of the work the over-all
economies as well as delivery time are significantly
better than those of the most efficient manual piping
computations. It is worthy of note, too, that these
savings are accomplished, in all but the simplest
piping configurations, in spite of the greater time
and care needed for preparing and checking information fed to or processed by the machine. The outlook
is for increasing application of computers in piping
flexibility analysis. It would be a mistake, however,
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
117
One of the important steps of the General Analytical Method is the solution of the system of simultaneous equations which appear in every problem.
Although such systems of equations can be solved
by several different methods, the one discussed in
this section has been found to be highly efficient.
Since experience has shown that the solution of
equations is one of the most difficult steps for a
beginner to master, it will be described here in
considerable detail.
The equations are always first degree or linear.
The variables are unknown moments and forces, or,
in special cases, unknown rotations and deflections.
Each equation is related either to a certain rotation,
in which case it is called a moment or rotation equation, or to a certain displacement, when it is called a
force or displacement. equation. In the case of a
single-plane line with two end points and with
expansion in the plane only, three unknowns, one
moment and two forces, must be determined by the
solution of three equations. If another branch in the
same plane is added, three more unknowns must be
computed and so on, the number of unknowns or of
simultaneous equations being 3 (n - 1) where n is
the number of end points. For a line in space with
two fixed ends six unknowns, three moments, and
three forces must be evaluated.
For branched
systems in space, the number of equations is
6(n - 1). Stops or guides providing partial fixation
require one additional equation for each component
of fixation
us
DESIGN
OF PIPING
+ D F z = - EI D.,;
B F,; + C FI) + G F% = -EI61)
D F., + G F u + H F = - EI D.%
%
+A
+B
+D
+B
+D
+C
+G
+0
+H
+EID..,
SYSTEMS
-30F", -
100FII
90F!!
30F.
100
90F. =
500
120F.
-1200
are written:
Equation No.
1
2
3
F,;
+10
+20
-30
Constant
Fu
F.
- 30
20
+100
- 90
- 90
+120
100
500
+1200
Equation No.
and Operation
F~
1. Equation 1..........................
+A
-1
...............
F.
FII
+B
+D
+EI6%
B
A
EI6~
A
3. Equation ~..........................
+B
+c
+G
B
--A
A
B
--B
i1
--D
+c--
Equation S ..........................
+D
+G
D
--A
A
- -R
A
Constant
+EJt:,,1I
B
A
B2
+G--
- A
BD
- A
--D
+G _ HD
:1
(6~ - ~ 6,,)
+EI
+EI6,
+H
(EI6~)
(EI6z)
/)2
+H--
+ EI ( D., -
q 6,,)
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
119
Table 5.2 Complete Solution of Three Equations Using Simple Numerical Coefficients
Line
No.*
1
Equation
IF", =
F",
10
1.00
100.00
20
20
6
7
o
o
F"
20
2.00
40.00
30
90
30
3.00
150.00
Constant
Operation Going
Down
100
10.00
60
200
30
0.50
300
5.00
25.00
120.00
60
90.00
300
11
30
15.00
150
12
13
o
o
F. ==
Check
14
15
16
Multiply
F'" coefficients of
lines 1,4,
9 by
-100.00
-1000
-2000
+3000
15.00
1.00
750
50.00
Multiply line 1 by
+3.00, the F. coefficient in line 2
Multiply line 6 by
+0.50, the F. coefficient in line 7
Add lines 9,10, and 11
Divide line 12 by -15
50.00
Multiply
Multiply
F 11 coeffi-
F. coeffi-
cients of
lines 1,4,
9 by
-20.00
-400
-2000
+1800
cients of
lines 1, 4,
9 by
-50.00
+1500
+4500
-6000
1200
Multiply line 1 by
- 2.00, the F" coeffi[ cient in line 2
Add lines 4 and 5
Divide line 6 by -60
5.00
30
10
10.00
Operation Going
Up
500
90
20.001
ii....,.,
60
1.00
100
40
F.
Constant
- 100
- 500
+1200
120
FIG. 5.1
The a-plane,
Single-plane systems are usually drawn and calculated in the a-plane (Fig. 5.1). The sketch is
made and the given data recorded on Form A in
accordance with Steps 1 through 5 described for the
Simplified General Method. If there is expansion
in the plane only, the following steps are taken.
Step 6. On Form B-1 enter the following as
indicated:
Member number.
Shape (horizontal, vertical, or inclined).
Length of member L, ft.
Distances a and b, ft, i.e. the x- and y-coordinates
respectively, of the midpoint of the straight member.
Value of 2/12.
Step 7. Have Steps 1 to 6 checked.
Step 8. Compute the shape coefficients for each
member in accordance with these formulas:
Shape
Coefficient
Horizontal
Member
Vertical
Member
kQ
kQ
Sa
aXs
bXs
b X
a X
b X
aXs
bX
b X
a X
b X
Sb
Sab
Sau
Sbb
sa(or
Sa
Sb
aX
Sb)
+ s2/12
Inclined
ness
= kQ
Sa
= aX
Sb
b X
Sab
Saa
= (a X
+
Sa) +
Sbb
Sb)
(b X
(b X
S
sa(or
a X
Sb)
Sa
8b
+ 82/12
sa)
s(2/12)
cos a sin a
8(2/12) cos2 a
+ 8(2/12)
sin2
L-
FIG. 5.2
b
~~
__x
'---1.
FLEXIBILITY
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FOf? I
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DESIGN OF PIPING
MEMBE.RS
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H.
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FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
5.7
Circular
Members
Sab=
(sXab)+ (s'cXb)
+ (s' bXa)+s' ao
sa= (sXa)+s'a
saa= (SXa2)+(s'aX2a)+s'aa
Sb= (sXb)+S'b
Sbb= (sXb2)+(S'bX2b)+s'ob
where
s' a=kQR2ca
s'b=kQR2Cb
S' cb
kQR3caa
bb= kQR3cbb
S'aa =
Sf
and
= lcQ R3 Cab
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
<I>
ft.
a =
angle measured counterclockwise from positive horizontal axis to the initial tangent
(more easily visualized as the angle between
It negative vertical axis and the normal at
the initial point of tangency).
The calculations of the shape coefficients for circular members are facilitated by the use of Form D.
This form has space for two different members and
also provides for the calculation of the additional
coefficients needed for expansion out of the plane
or for multiplane lines.2 The arrangement of the
form provides for a convenient sequence of computation. The procedure is as follows:
The given constants, k, Q, R, a, "P, a, and bare
listed in the respective spaces and 2a, a2, 2b, b2, and
ab are calculated. The trigonometric constants <P,
in radians, Ca, Cb, Cab, Caa' Cbb are entered. For the
most commonly occurring shapes ("P = 90 and
a = 0 90
180 or 270 numerical values of the
trigonometric constants are given on the form sheet.
A more complete tabulation of these constants will
be found in Table C-15 in Appendix C, which
includes additional values for both "P and a. The
functions IcQR, kQR2, kQR3 are then calculated,
.
The coefficients
s, e""c, S 0, S ab, S aa are compu tde ,
each succeeding coefficient being the cross product
of column 1 by the adjacent trigonometric constant.
The multiplications s X a, s X b, etc., s' a X b,
S'a X 2a, etc., are performed and the summations
made vertically to obtain Sa, Sb, etc.
To illustrate the solution of a system with curved
members, the line calculated previously with square
corners as Sample Calculation 5.1 is presented as
Sample Calculation 5.3. It is assumed that the
bends are made with long-radius welding elbows,
since they are the most commonly used fittings.
0
,
0
,
0
,
),
=
=
Cab =
Caa =
Cbb =
Ca
Cb
123
FIG. 5.3
124
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V///, - Iqq :3 CO)JVERSIOH 'ltl ceoe RVLI!j-~
- I"-rell?, V///, - 401 1<74
!;>oR.
2.El,.1' -<. z~8
~ ,,(fC/T.) S', '" /7350
3 +h .. 11138t
le 0..:.1
CH{;'CK
o
RC/II '.(T/.l c (t<;tt.l
M,
F.
Fy
all/, - 14;
I
0
V///, -5
-J8177211~ tl(,IZ6(JO fI'l? "'"
I :5 W~ -I IBM
"'"'C"""" IS(iRf~T<R)=
l
r~
1",; '/"//, -8 "62 I( RhlR =(1-'4' C)"
2 ''1163 .55ql-~",*f~="2.38.3q_r
R..c~"C REACTIClH.s BASED OIHh
F
'11:?1 V///,
3J:. 83. 6BQ - 'S 032
.,.is(.'Il.38.5 '~2 1,8370
'I
<;
If,
POINT
fi
fi
.3
0'
/
2.
.5
><
.,-25.000
.,. /. 25
-15.110
of 12.50
0
r-/.2.$
+ 23.7.!'
0
of /.25
y
0
r-8.?
- /. 26
-50dO
- 10 00
0
<17"50
+ /. 25
- 1.25
-12-94.3
M,
- 129'13
.F.y
.,. 'Z3811
a
~ SOI.3
(.27
r (,,,
-;:25065
--1-38';'
0
+ ~ii
+20(.1,3
32
<:'3
-Fv"
a
1718
-1717.<1
- 3<1-3.55
0
- 17/8
- 1718
M'
.,. /,,~3
- 2Z" '2~q.
-r .596Z
- Z:2 23'~
...
1Z'83
-1122C.
-n.3i7 rll<}94
+t!z'17
1i0..1:1Ii -S&"b
IJS"V//h
::i.
! 7~/ 13V/-
////, - 1.00000 V///,
5 bb
V///. ~~
f'
.,~
?J~
~U'iO
~~:.....,....._tF~.
~::io7."
:A.
B-
rID
53
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
b =
125
METHOD
5.9
So
s~
q
cq
1.1
1.10
cu
v
cv
+ c2q
cu.
ev.
kQL
aXs
b X s
kQL
aXs
bXs
0
0
s
So
0
0
S
Sb
c x
b X Sa
b X Sa
b X So
e X u.
e X Vo
e x u,
c Xv.
eX
eX
SL2
+ e2v
a X
8~b
+cu
b X Sb + eX cu
+ Vo.
a X
1.100
S
U
V
TV
Sa
tlo
1.3QL
aXu
cXu
So.
a==a
kQL
aXs
b X S
cXu
1.3QL
7) Xv
eXv
Vo
Sob
a = 90
a=O
+ 12 + c
+b
X v.
Ct'
a X S.
+c X
b X S~
+ 12 + e X
a X
+b
cv
aL2
8L'
+ 12
1.10
2.6Qr",2L
2.6Qrm2L
O.5Qrm2L
2.6Qrm2L
0.5Qrm2L
2.6Qrm'L
cu
8L2
X v.
+ 12
SL2
+ 12 COS a
sin a
+e X
u.
v.
a X So
/!iL'
+ 12
cos
b X Sb
+ 12 sin
a X
+b
tlo
+c X
ev
+c X
cu
aL2
SL2
X v.
+ 12
2.6Qr",2L
Qrm2L(2.6 C082 a
0.5 sin2 a)
2
Qrm L{2.6 sin' a
0.5 C082 a)
Qr".'L(2.1 sin a cos a)
+
+
cq
DESIGN
126
OF PIPING
+ (b
X s)
Sb
S'6
Uc
QR(k - 1.3)Cab
cXq
QR(kc66
+ 1.3caa)
u'o + (u X a) - (q X
cu
(c Xu)
cq
oso: + 1.3c
+ (v X
v',
Vo
C;J
+ c2q
cUo
c X
Uo
CVo
Vo
+cp
8bb + c2u
Uoa + Voo
Saa
(S'a
+ (eq
b)
bb)
b) -
(c Xv)
S'ab
8ab
kQR<I>
S'a+(aXs)
X b)
X c)
a)
(q X
+ (S'b X
a)
(s X ab)
S'aa
-2abXq
2.6Qr",lR<I>
Qrrn2R(2.6cbb
Qrrn2R(2.6caa
-.2.lQrm.2Rcab
V
lV
where
+ O.5caa)
+ O.5 bb)
C
s' a = kQR2C"
S'b = kQR~Cb
8' ab = kQRJcab
S'aa = kQR3co"
S'6b = kQR3Cbb
u' 0 = 1.3QRZca
v'
U' 00
+ v' =
00
SYSTEMS
1.3QR2Cb
1.3QRJq,
MEMBERS
7.Z88
Mz
Fx!7\
.Z41
';U.14
"I'.oz
z
R
h
a.OZ
.705
_.0
2.2'1
1.00
24.~
1'1.0
.5,
5
II)
111
a:
Mv
t..1.
F" "
F Y.
Flt
i(
'I----l
51'3.333
1.0
OLD ~PIIIIIG
:a.::TORC.
U') POINT
IM"
.3
L/
~(./
... 7 970
'/' 1150
- t. ("so
- 5450
...1/ 080
- I 750
- I 72.0
- 4>40
5,,"
Sf~A~~rD
!lTRlfS$
"
~ I 750
... I 7Z0
AT
POINT
S,a.. ~~~~,,;,~eRf.."'~G
,,~O
iH MW KELLOGG COl
p"i
psi
51\"
Ir~HM
ORIGINAL
"'11:
.-
p.&;
. A_
CAL NO.
5:4
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
l\lETlIOD
42
of this chapter. In most configurations this modification reduces calculating time without introducing
any appreciable error.
.....
5.10
4()
58
,..
+ Voo +
Sj
Sbb
+cu +
2
V;
Saa
+ c2v +
Sab
s.n
127
32
so
28
26
U;
+c q + W
2
I
FIG.
5.4
-'t:s ~
90
/\
'y
x
x-Plano
Z3~5678111O
RADIUS R (FT.)
v
y-Plane
FIG. 5.b
z-Plane
.......
_-
._ _ .._--------
128
DESIGN
OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
:b-
..;
'
.-Plane
C.= - C1
(a)
,L.
/
(c).'
(b)
C.=O
7
Y
/
"
'2
9
,,-Plano
C,=O
FlO. 5.6
(d)
.-Plano
"r
A
y'
/
y-Plane
Cy=+C2
(e)
Two Fixed
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
+Bu
L..
MI/
M,
+A
+ AI/II
+A",.
+AI/'
+A ..
+BJr
+B'II
+B ..
"'II
+AI/'
+B~z
+Bww
+B~,
General Equations
F"
+Bu
+BII",
+B ..
+Cxz
+Cz~
+Cn
FII
+B%II
+BI/I/
+B'I/
+C"II
+C~II
+CII,
Mo
M'o
Me
= M'I/cosa
M'"
M", cos a - .M'I/sina
+ M'.sina
Mb
M',
]If'o = M'lIcosa
lift = M'"cosa
- .M'", sin a
+ MII/sina
Constrained
to Deformation
F,
+B""
+BII,
+B ..
+Cu
+CII,
+C ..
129
Table 5.6
METHOD
Table 5.5
M s:
+Au
+A"'II
+A""
+Bn
+B"II
ANALYTICAL
at Either
End
Constant
+EI* (O.A. +EI*(O~A. +EI*(O.A. +EI,tS"A. +EI[tS~A. +EI[tS.A
-
0",0')
01/0')
0.0')
15",0' 15110' 0,0' -
Ad
A~A.
A,A.
130
OCA
MEMBERS
10.75
0
t.
.365
I
/&0.7
29.<;\1
Z
R
1.2~
4:
.20
8.00
2.1i0
21.50
Z9.00
23993400
1.00
I-
4:
/3
Eh.IO-"
ECo'IO-w
Ehtlj44
(/')Q
~ MATERIAL
~
TEMP.
III
e
D BRANCH
Ay
a:
..
b'
[bL
,
900 F
-eacoo
- IS,OO (.O 0(;50).
-.09750
a:
-4,75
1".
-I'
230
s:v
550
.30
F:r.
)(
II")
:t'
7/
"
~y
8
g
.,.
THE MW KELLOGG
')C-
"
ACTING ON RE.5TRAINTS
HOT CONDITION
o
A
+ 12 87S
850
SOOO
7/75
-r
400
9&'0
&,0
r-
25.00'
c~.-15.00'
PLANE
8800
2.30
SSO
,JO
col
s .+
'lOr
.,.
1.11
JO
Ehll>x;jH
(/')
W
M.
~~A
.00G,0
Az
Fx_L ~
15.00'
A.
UJ
Q
t:.$.,f'O;
.~
5", 6.5"00
5c'/~ 000
Sf ~A~~~TO
:a-TRf$$
- /..300
'/5'4S0
A.T POINT
""s'OO
+ 400
SAl
9GO
CALC.
He
OAT /
ff
s.
psi
~i~;'t~LAE:
....
Cli
2I6ZS
(;0
STRESS ANALYSIS
AND RESULTS
p!S;
psi
IF HlM
psi
/80
MEMBER N~r,t
COORDINATES
p< ,.
11.'
90
a
- 15751 b
I ZS 4b
+ 171'1
I 156
SHAPE:L]
Vm$
':A 1- 27 SO
Zb
2 SOl ~at>
I 00 TRIC;ONOI.IETRIC.
;.v/.-l/:
CONSTANTS
OF SHAPE
COEFFICIENTS
CALCULATION
1 25
{>
5
10 00
I .5708
115171 +.s-a - 12J(,j(ll "S'b)-I/'i'IU +6 ...&b t 'lJ .os +s..a' 2. 97G 13 +S-I:II -t Z4.51
c..
.5:'.b
12 0
543 7.5
+5'&I-JJ~O
15
0
... b +- 12150 +~ba
Cb
12
~I oooc
a!lW~
i0 ."'"b"lb - 31
+~'llb
C.b
8~'l"//// 'l"~'./~ 'lI['l"/ffi V/, v/, Z
/5 )
5000
...s..."
c...
IS
78S4
12- 28W/,.,0 V// f'l.; V/",'t.b
Cbb
18U
1228
:5
",
IS 71 S"
1 "b
+ IIOj qe 5
I- 3 \SU(/6 SbD f+ 15
- J_ 14- SAb
'l"/u.
q I~ .. v.-a - IZl Sf
+u-oi1.'
I 2$ ~(I>b~
72 IZ GENERAL
FORMUL ...::'
7 30m
q 13
t ...
b - /I 41 .. Vb<
v'.
ij;
I 25 ~ ...UCbb 7~w.
IH! c .. ' [<os Q( -GOS (e><+t>]
(':I.~)G ...b
q.D
~q"4
-q
..
z:ab
Cb'
(SIN'"
51....
I)
0
0
I 2.5
0
0
q'
+uo
...Llo,"'za
ZaJ
55 I!J C"bC .zsEo""' z:(""t.)co~ ZO()
I S6 I.)C .. -I .JOOl
1,~Cb
+v~
c .. L' .S.-.~5~1" l(",.t)-SIOJ z~
:!O()()
+
Z
#1
+VOZb J56
+U"oo.. ..,:x,
':01>'.5f . ts@,,,<-Co<.IJ-SIN
z"'J
I 'IS I.~ i
2 D4U
u.
I q 38 \l..oo+v_ ./179.l iOSl
- Ut1157 v.
D<
COORDINATES
ME.M6ERN~J'4.L 90
a.
b
ab
II 25
t
156 ;].'
f
90
I 25
I 156 b'
IS6
5HAPED
8 ""
<: ISO ~b
l50 2ab
/ 00 TRIC;ONOMETRI
l4
OF' SHAPE
COEFFICIENTS
CALCULATION
zS COt-J:5T,A..NT5
/(1()(I
5'"
- 19U .Sb - 19 (.of +S .. a.D + 124- ?I "'5~A .. Z4- 51 tSliba + 2451
S7tJ8
5 71
-tS;".b
- 15i6,J
+50' ...
/254
Co.
0(100
+ 12
31 Z5
I
~~'b
(//, r/, V./,
Cb
tb
+ 12 SO +!lotJ~ -12 16.1 ////'
IZ 50
0000
31 lSI
-j
~5
...b
8' /.'. / //, t:0 .0 ////./, i/':: f'l.;
O(JO
:s 63 <:: .. b
+
...s&....
c....
7454
12 IZB './///, ;0: 0I:
lIS
Cbb
"bb +
12.'(l8
7854
IS'
:!.
07 s,)ta
'.//,0
1 14 "b
14 Sob
15 7 ~4
+
5154 Sbb
5 1,.4
0
00
Z1"
q 13 "\,.I-a - 1/ 4/
+u.ltat .. 14- 24'''0
25 kcbb+L)( ....
JlHz..
",.510& +1.!.1
".~10e
+
.57'00
v ...
q 13
251'C, .. H~cbb . 7 JIH12
."'.b - II 41 +v_bl + 14-24- c
.,,0000 .1,0000
'"'.0000 '.0000
4"1.0000
-q_Z..1b
C
'.0000 +1.00.;10
-'.(lOOCt
-q.b
-q ...a
25 (KUlC.b
q.
0
0
0
0
0
c
-.5000
+.6000 -.5000
+.,,000
U'oZd _
+u'o
L"C
000
t ZaJ
s
IS'
c ..7.54 +,71, .. e ,7"0" +,7
...
_Ii
C
7"54- +.76"'"
... 'I'a~ +. T4&-4
f,>Cb
+"'0 + Z OJ +"'~"Zb
MXJO
t
I
I I
I.~C
",.,00 +I.~OOO -1.)000 ' . 000
.u:.,. .."0c,
'S
0420
J
I.!\CD
-1,&000
. aooo .. t. 0
-h"OOO
22 -'II ,.J~ .t..04Z0 +z.o .. ro ",c,~.r
E.C4otO
I-I <1138 v. I~ 91J8 llooVoo
GALe'.
."",
0-1
PO"M
eM-c."
.
PIPING FLEXI81~TY
AND STRESS A~lLYSI&
....
.' .
. SHAPE COEFFI
IENTS FOR CtRCULA
MEM
RS Ojl,TL
CALC 1'195.5
0(
80
k
Q
R
kQR
kQRt
kOR"
kOR'
kOR
kOR'
QR
R
QR
,,~
ta
~
QR
QR'
'3
'QR 1+-
...
R
kQR +
k_Q_R'
kQR'
kQR~ ,
kQR' +
I<QR
/:
QR
QR
QR
QRz,
OR'
QF1'"
.z
~HE MW KELLOGG
Col
....
H~
~:..u-
U"
~,,.,,'
0'
."....
~
'zs
~ ~
)( .. ~)]
3,"Z;lI
0:
-m
.
'/,
....
..
'p.. -
..
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
270
Q(
MEMBER N~5~
TRIC,ONOMETRI<:
CONSTANTS
I ~5
6 .+
1000
t
I S7IJ8
c..
a
/2
(1000
q,
(100
12 .5"0
C:ab
15 ("
(1(10
15 c;.3
Cu
I- 7654
ebb
15 t,3
785<1-
00
R
kQR
kQR
kQR
kOR'
kOR
kQRJ
BY THE GENERAL
J VO'
SHAPE
00
COORDINATES
71
+s..a
+"~4
191 {.4
12
... 4E, ..
b ~
so
~'b
QR
QR
QR
IQR I<QR 1+
QR" ..
25 kCbb"'~
041
125 kCu+l.."bb
25 ('I.~)c
..b
3041'1
5C,
1,3C.
11;"6
1.~C'b
9$
I."i
17
(100
JOOO
0420
ec
TRIQO
NOMeTR
CO~~TANTS
t
R
kQR
kQR'
kQR~
kQR~
Cb
kQR".
<'44
Cbb
kQR
x.l
86 ...~,.Ab
....5:..b
12150
..
+ 1
5,.
14
(I 41
-1m
-'/// V...-:/
"b
5- ...
""bb+'~
KC",.H~~
y.+
(k')Co.b
q.
...+50...
"....
s.
-q ..l:J
":aIlU
#/ ZI8 75
,,~'b""lb
12 28V///...-:/
'lj //,
..
...
12..'8
tSllbZ
..
..
5.i6
.u. ..a~
+v_b'Z
-q"'a
-'q .. Ub
u'(,wza
.. \I'D
+Y~ .zb
~.,
...
&
,,'0
~o
Z70
+1_~l'OP
"".~70
"".S70tt
+ 1,0000 -r.ccoc -t.oooo
-t.I)OOO +I.OOOC .. t-OOOO ..~.~ooo
..5000
-,5000 .... !:iQQo .!Oooo
".745S4 +.785 __ +,
e-. 7"5 ...
.... 7,e.5 ... 1 ... 7'O~ ...
...78f>. +.18-~
,."'s..
",0
c
....I.~OO"
1.3C
c:...ALC'.
I
-I.
JOO"l:l
-I.~OOO
.... se
-r.aece
+to,ro +r:.~'zo
FORf"'1 D-I
'Clo<'O
... 1.3000
-1.600.0 +t.8000
.. r.OoIt:O + :.0.:0
....
,.J~
C.-.TL
5bb
+t.oooo
C ..
RS
'1'6'bb
.J.SoJoa
C
C
I.~C
..... j I I lloo"f'Voo
I I
COIPIPING FLEXIBI~TY AND STRESS AtiNtSI
. SHAPE COEFFI IENTS FOR CIRCULA
M
CAI-C 1'1955'
z
'/-1
4-5
2-3
1-2
(, A
7-A
D
100
I :.5
0
0:: 0 W/,;,; ~ 0 I%%:
i'<Stj&.
s"b
+".1>
800
1000
750
C
15 00
L</12
1875
$
1500
S4
ISO00
5b
Ill. 50
'1
0
cq
0
u
1950
Uo
19500
cu
- 2.92 50
V
IS 00
Vo
IIZISO
cv
- 225 00
54b+c'Q-IIZ500
c Uo
Z 925 00
CV
I 68750
5~ .. ClV
4- 87.5 00
5bb"C'U
.5 5/250
u .....v..
.3 07500
76
/...-:/
25
+trb-a
+u"'_
-'/,1,
~j
+s':".b
1/'//' 0
{-'////.,
1"WZ~j(,
b<
6(,
t-5'blD
+$.ab
H.' I>
Sb
Q
R
t"c
U.
SHAPE
15 '3
t~1Vo.o
0-7
MEMBER
+u'o
KELLOGG
THE MW
.. .
PLANE
+~.tlb
..
GlR
J ....
....Gab
QR
I.lIe.
r.lIet,
COEFFICIENTS
- 95 3 +s.a'
bO ~ . ...JI~..a ...
+~b ..a
Jl, S41,
+'$'b
s..
ct +
QR
QRZ ~
QR"
QRa ..
131
80 s
IS 154 Sbb
FORMULAS
+1.1. -.a..'
I~ Z4 GENERAL
'I 13 +u.a
y
q 13
H' ..b - #~o
+v"Ol:
21
'I c....[cos c< -cos ("''''fI')J
.q.b
..
q-a.
QJ'lab
q.
0
Cb'[SIN'"
51'"
C", .. il.IJ]
0
0
0
+Uo
+Ll'oza
Z 0.3
5<119 CO-b' .ZS@.O" Z(,. .. )-CO:< z]
Zb ~qj 'l3 c .. &' .SQ\.ZS[s'" z("..t)s'" 2o<J
+v~
2 113
"'U;(JO+v~
.3 ~ "'bb' .$1+" .e 511>1'"z("+~)'SlN Z"'J
u.
r q 38 v.
- 14471lz loLoov~c. +211~ 06
MEMBER
N2
COORDINATES
b<
....
b
ab
a'
SHAPE
zab
Zd
"b
OF" SHAPE
COEFFICIENTS
CALCUt.ATION
11._.
Cab
METHOD
3.1
+s:..a.
s.. 15 71
;//.
- Gol~1
\]
I/~
ANALYTICAL
1500
-137.5
63
- I Z5
0
0
1".38
8 75
1571
/31 t5 - 22851 49 Zt, 714
0
0
0
0
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9/3
1101..3
It.? 57 0
0
87.5
q 13
49 z!" 9 38
0
0
73894
10.598
0
0
0
0
/ 9G8 75 J~Z{; /6
333 It,
.5l54
Z IJY,G'1f4
17'15 oq
-.5
Nl>
800
100
125
7500
0
1.302
1250
9375 0
0
0
/250
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/(., :5
0
0
0
0
0
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0
8(,589
800
100
125
11.5
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0
US
13/3
25~O 8 75 5000
0
0
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1571
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0
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22.30 38 M8 50 2190'/06 lJZ 398.3..3 48',50/ 71
"M~WtLltbtl~crl~~~S
ANALYSIS
ro-"-'-
- ....
:AI.! .Ne
-z
.5.5
My
~x
+"' I- 1.5 00 ~
+u.
~
z +V If /}O 77 +q
1: +A., 114-5 i77 IA."
I"
lx
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0
0
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~
If 13C, 177 ~
+u
0
0
+u.
., 19 150 +uo
liZ 50 1+6yy
1-
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1- 3
1- 3
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x .u...,+V", 1+3
y ." ...... <:'v
Z
+Sbb~C'"
.e
075 00
- Z
-CIL.
80 III
130.5III
0
0
--
1/41 167~
434 1/7 1+6u
IO_I
If
,~.
IZZ5 100
O_
-C:Ya
I"
Lp~
-Yo
I) +8.)(
+5b
..u.o
1+6v
-c:u. I"
+cv
+v
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+cq
1-
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0
1/12 1501+6u.
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//2 50
1-
-54
.-c:u.
.. cv
0
0
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11/2 Iso
...
-cq
F\z
.,.
+Sb
+uo
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~ 15~100 +q
+~
0
0
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Fx
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.en
17G 1'9
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+ Ie;
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+ I
(,87
+ /
c.87 50
of
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ITHE MW KELLOGG
.sc
EQ
I
- J09 49 ..
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0
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5 -2J8lU8
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- '-1000
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f'LE.JEIBf\.lfv
STRtSS
6 - EQUATIONS
132
ANAUSlS
c..."'.
'M
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o
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18 - I 862ts5.
152 146 ~4 LU81m
1.000 00
59 !II
FOh'M
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fd.:.~i,'t.~'H-W~5.5
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FLEXIBILITY
TO POINT
CCNVERSION
COC!! RUL.ES
~=
/.3~4M
se
E.
:;- 1545(1
~.C
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R'" "e"
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M.
Mv
IS GREATf
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M
w- (1-!.~C)
Rio _
~=
........
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-I'v~
M.
Fl' - CALCULA"ED
REACTIONS 8~~!;D ~
tlOT MODULUS, Eh
~
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M',
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2 IZ~
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oft
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NO 5.5
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ao
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2.
f-IZ/Z
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PlA~E
Mb
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0
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METHOD
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. -
~
M'b
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PIPE
15.00
0
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0
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1:
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l.
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$1 .....tJI.
z:
M'
+M'.,
M'.
403.'7
9'0.50
BY THE GENERAL
IS.OO
..
M.
0'
F.
PSI
OR
F.
Fy
S !:L, S't:
&
R'"
ANALYSIS
XC.O.5e<
)(SINOC
1:
..M\c
+M',
1Z
M"y
:'::~I""(II..
M.
KJ;OSo('
M'b
Mt
f-IZ
/)
5b-f,BMb
S'b-fJjM
25t"'fMl
+S'b' +45,"
5'~
CALC.
><E
.I'K,C.
...6-
-s
FORM F- J
:Al
NO !}S
134
't
Ir---------------~o'
o,:}--_...J
A
FlO.
-------.
5.7
FIG. 5.8
are omitted, and since !II., O",A, 0",0', Oy.1, OliO', 0:0',
XA, Y,l all are equal to zero the equations may be
written thus:
F",
Sb
Sbb
-Sab
F II
Constant
-El*(JzA
+E1*t,:r;A
+E1*llvA
-Sab
+Saa
F",
Fy
+Sb
+Sb
+Sbb
-Sa
-Sab
-Sa
-Sab
+Saa
Mz(=O)
+s
2
3
- ynsab)
Constants
FY(YBSaa - XnSab)
= E1*(xBll:r; + YB!J,.y)
As F",YB
= FyXn since M, = 0,
F =
'"
F
=
1/
+ xIIYnll:r;)
- 2XBYnSab
YIlsaa
to those ordinarily calculated; hence a detailed example is not included. However, the results of a
calculation made both with and without the effect
of nozzle rotation are shown in Section 3.14.
5.14
Skewed Members
FLEXIBILITY
100.50
1-.iJ
/4'3ZI'..SO
7~0
.75
.6'0
Z-3
$-IS$2$.0
27$14.8
/1)51.8
3-5
1-3
0;041
440D
h
k
.14
11.8
/3
.3.3
~
!Ii
"-~
_OO74~
-c
"'I
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a~
~
(,0074(;)
7018.$3'(.001 S7)e -.OJ
~4.9'
-2B.25
'(00 1.94)-1.00
MK ~y
z:.
IF)
!ill
,<I
!51~
6y
ii
~~
....I<;l
'li
l!.x
UJ
o,
TIkl
~I'"
~I~ !\l
i:jtn; ~
..
D BRANCH
Z
f!!_( r\ "
0'
'" ~
-8
.0074G
135
Mz
EnIO-e.
22.70
22.70
Z Ec"'IO-~
Z!J.i)O
29.00
2 fh t/144 ~4'9<}f~
UJ
Q
.1.00
12.<.2
~ MATERIAL ISCI? t'ZNO. I%C~.'ZI1tJ.
~
TEMP.
1000 F
roao F
METHOD
Y
1'>33410
ANALYTICAL
5"..
5'2.5'0
t,
Z
R
BY THE GENERAL
MEMBER
;;1-4-
1-3
MEMBERS
0
~
-c
ANALYSIS
<1$
.iI
13.17-1'1
t..~
-44.00'
57.n'
E.tt.>IIrH
~.tov'H
-18.i1trl213&O
Ej,t.r.'Ir44
MOMENTS (FT -t.s)
COLD CONDITION
COLO 5PRIIi~
F,ACTORC.O
U)
I-
POINT
Mx
ACTINiS ON RESTRAINTS
HOT CONDITION
A
0'
M:
F"
Fv
F,..
a:
7$00
5c187S0
Sf "~A~~~g~rlD
~'I'Ae:Ss
My
\I)
p"j
psi
Sh"
5.7
1200
-1200
Shape
Coefficients
-1};8 $5'0
Expressing
SZ5
Jr..T POINT
SA
..~
psi
I
"~f~~~t~l~,
2530<:1 psi
I<~
-,
OA.TE
!FDRM
CAL
NO.5 .:,
Position of
Nozzle
a
aXL
bXL
Sa
Sb
q
u
- L sin 0: cos a
c X q
LX cos20:
Uo
(a X u) -
eu
cXu
Lx sin?
u,
(b X v) -
CV
r.q
Sab
+ c2q
Saa
Sbb
uo.,
(a X Sb)
e X ~to
c X Va
(a X Sa)
(b X Sb)
(a X ua)
eUa
evo
+ c~v
+eu
+
2
Voo
(b X q)
0:
(a X q)
+ (c
L
aXL
bXL
L
aXL
bX L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sb
L
Sa
cXL
eX L
a X
X cq)
0
a X
Sb
0
C
+ (c Xcv)
+ (c X cu)
+
(b X
+ (c Xcv)
Sa
0
a X
Sa
0.017 ~
T",
(bX
Sb)
+ (C
Saa
Sbb
Sb
Sb
(a X sa)
b X Sb
Va)
(!i)~i
t
X cu)
136
DESIGN OF PIPING
Table 5.8
+A'". cosa
+A' zu sin a
+A'II< cos 2a
+A'rr
+A'
ee
-A'II'
+ ( /1
sin2 a
Formulas
sin 2a
A .. ) -2-
VII -
SYSTEMS
about
+B'%II cosa
-B' .. sin a
+B'~t cosa
+B'%vsina
+B',,% cos a
+B'JIJI cos2a
+B'1I1 cos? a
-B'",sina
+B'usin2a
-B'.usinza
_ (B'
sin 2a
+A' .. cos"
+B'u
+A'lIv sin2a
+A'lIlsin
x-Axis
II'
+ B')
sin 2a
'JI
-B'lIosin2a
+ (B' vu
2a
_ BI
sin 2a
2
If
+C'zu cos
c;
= F"
F'v
+C' .. sin a
+ F. sin
+:1')/.
sin a
Formulas
for Plane
+.1'rlcos2a
+(11' .. -
11.'n) Sin 2a
2
Rotating
+B'"
+B'ol/
cos a
+B'II% cos
+B')/: sin a
+A':z cos2 a
+A'zrsin2 a
+B' cos? a
-B'r. sin? a
-A' .. sin 2a
+ (B l.
'
_ B'
cos a
sin a
-B'",sin2
+ (B'
sin 2a
2
-A'%vsina
%JI
_ H'
It
cos a - F sin a
l
.)'"
::;ill
2a
+B'v. cos a
-B'ursin
+B',,, cos a
-B'''II
sin a
+B' .. cos!
+B'
%Z
_ (B'
) sin 2a
""
+C' .. cos" a
+C'
+C'u sin2a
+C'II< sin a
"II
cos a
a
a
sin2 a
:r
+ B')
r:
~~n 2a
2
+C' .. cos 2a
(C' _ C' ) ~ill 2a
+."
x s:
2
+C'~. sin 2a
------------------------= F"
= FII
y-Axis
+B'
sin2
r:
vo
about
+B'ucos2a
+ (B' + B')
+,1'
F' ~
F'JI
V'
+A' sin 2a
+A'vv
~in 2a
B')
'V
+C' .. cos" a
+C'VII sin2 a
+C'u sin 2a
Table 5.9
+A' .. sin? a
+ (B' +
+)/Y
+/1'"vcosa
-c; sin 2a
+..4'""cos2a
) sin 2a
+C')/: cos 2a
(C' _ C' ) sin 2a
F II cos a
..
+C'r: cos
+C'rv Sill a
+C', sin a
+C'1I1icos2a
F';:;
B'
+B' .. cos" a
+B'vv sin" a
+B':v cos" a
cosa
+B'lIzsina
+ (B' VII _
+C'vz cosa
-C'rvsin a
+C' .. cos" a
+C'usin2a
-C'"sin2a
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
137
M.
Mil
}.I"
+.4.':rrcos1a
+A':II cos 2a
+A'I/II sin2
-A'''II sin
2a
+ A u - A.
1111
sin 2a
-2-
+A':. cos a
+B'ucos2a
+B'''II cos!
-A'II' sin a
+B'lIl1sin2a
-B'lIz
_ (B'
"1/
+.'1'1111cos? a
+A'n sin"
+A'''II sin
+/1'11' cos
+A',,:sina
+A' ..
B')
+B'II% cos2a
-B'zlI sin2a
(B' _ B'
+:u
2a
M", = :lI.
F' = F cos a + F IIsin a
F'II = F v cos a - F ~ sin a
F'. = F.
F.
FII
F"
II"
sin 2a
2
) sin 2a
1/11 2
+ (B'
+B'", cos ce
-B'II: sin
sin? a
Z%
B'I/II) sin
2a
+B'1I11cos" a
+B'%% sin2 a
sin 2a
+ (B' "11+ B' 1/%)-2-
+B'lIl cos
+B':r: sina
+B'u cos a
-B"II sin a
+B"II cos a
+B'." sin a
+B' ..
+C'u
+C'
+C'
cos~a
+C'IIII sin"
-C''''II sin
2a
"II
+ (C':<;<
cos 2a
-
C'VI/) Sin
+C'1I11cos? a
+C' sin2 a
+C'"v sin 2a
%%
O!
2a
%l
cos a::
-C'I/.sina
+C'II' cos a
sin a
+C'
%f
+C',.
138
0'
I 2
12/A
K2
(II)
"
y
y-Plon"
Cy=O
c,=O
(b)
6
5
0'
.-Plano
z- Plone
(c)
C,=-K,
x'
.. sJ_z
x'-Plono
C;=O
..
(e)
3
1;.=-.,
y'-Plono
FIG. 5.9
12
.'-Plane
C.'= - "2
sin
(f)
c.;=o
'------------.,
AL
~r:
.u:o
.S".
(9)
al
FLEXIBILITY
MEMBERS
2-0
13.'25
/1<19. ~
16(J.d
TEMP.
zss
'"
(000
.00726
AND FORCI:S(L8)
~TRf55
_ G325
M:
- IJ.600
-r
~r-
+-
~ 2.020
ce
Z2S'
MEMBER
1 07
45
SHAPE
1 DC rRtC:;ONOfAETRIC
CONSTANTS
6 00
s
6 4(
7851
385
707
38 52 Cb
Z93
Cbb
311l
250
C4 ..
3 12
6'3
cDb
23112
I4'J
~OR
"4
~OR'
kQRl
~ ... 1+
5-+
(; 00
k:CbbH-~G.a.i
36 00
3(, (JO
(Kt.>JC. ...b
I.)c:: ...
I .) CD
t.3
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1'1889/
;-iBmi
\L.t
V"
q-
91910
3809
2850
CALCULATION
S qf 1'.$".1 ,. 7182 .. S-b
.. _!.'4.
17 U
0
""b
.. at>
,. ifJI)f2
OF SHAPE
LJ".l1l'9
+5,.~b
"
-q.o
+u,'o
j$l
28 Sob
'// ... u"a._t
"11 ~.a
3310
+V-t:;Il
'Q _ tab
4UO"'l..l
+v~
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ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
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T~------------~p
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FlO. 5.10 Four-branch system.
i......
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145
Table 5.1I
l\IETHOD
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Bp Cp
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Dr
Gp
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Hn
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146
r---------t
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R~-------IQ
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FIG. 5.11a
Three-brunch
system.
Restraints
SYSTEMS
upon by the restraint of branch R-Q. If the members of the branch R-Q are now reduced to zero
length so that point Q coincides with point R, all
the coefficients with the subscript Q will become
zero. The moment, forces, and expansions with
that SUbscript may be given the subscript R. The
six equations which could be written for this singleplane system would still be valid although, since
the point R is now an anchor, it would be simpler to
solve the system as two separate lines, O'-R and
R-P. Consider, however, that the line is allowed
to pivot at point R, so that the moment at point R
caused by the restraint is zero. Asshown in Fig. 5.11b,
the system now becomes a single line with fixed
terminals of points 0' and P and with no translatory
displacement permitted at point R.
The first six equations of Table 5.13 are written
in accordance with Table 5.11, based on summed
shape coefficients A, B, ..R for which the subscripts
P and R indicate summations from those points respectively to the fixed end 0'. The seventh equation expresses the fact that there is no moment
restraint at point R. The unknown rotation at
point R, SoR, is eliminated by multiplying eq. 4
by -YR and +XR and by adding these equations
to eqs. 5 and 6 respectively as shown in Table 5.14.
Finally, to satisfy the relation expressed by eq. 7,
the coefficients in the MzR column are multiplied
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It should be noted that if M.n = -ynFr.R
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XnFIJR is written out as illustrated in Table 5.14,
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lI1xR
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+ yRF.R
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F,,1.
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Fy.
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....
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-ynAn
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-ynBII
+Gn
-ynDIl
El*(+f:!.,,11 - YIIO,1/)
E1* (+YnO.n)
5'
+BR
-YRAl(
+Cn
-YIIBR
+ Gil
-yRDIl
+Bn
-yuAIl
+CII
-YIIBII
+Gn
-ynDa
El*(+A"n)
X Eq, 4
+Dn
+xnAH
+ Gil
+xnBn
+H11
+xnDlI
+/)11
+xnAn
+Gn
+xnBn
+Hn
+xuDn
E1*{ +Aun
E1*(-xnO.R)
+Dn
+xlu1n
+Gn
+XlIBlI
+lhl
+xnDn
+Dn
+xnAn
+GlI
+x/lBIl
+}{n
+xnDn
E1* (+f:!.vH)
-ljll
X Eq, 4
L=
(j
+xu
L =
6'
FuR
Constant
+ xnO,n)
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
153
Table 5.15
Equation
M.p
F~p
Fup
F~u
+Ap
+Bp
+Dp
[ +BR
-yRAu
+Bp
+Cp
+Gp
[ +CR
-yuBR
+Dp
+Gp
+Hp
[+GR
-yuDn
5'
6'
[+c.
[+BR
]
-ynAR
[rDIl ]
+XUAR
[+Cn
]
-yuBR
[+GR
]
-yRDu
[+GU
]
+XUBR
HU
r+
_+X/lDR.J
-2ynBn
+Yu2An
Constant
Fllu
]
]
]
[+Du
+xuAn
[ +Gu
+xRBu
+EI*Llxp
[ +liu
+xRDR
+ EI*Llyp
+ EI*Llxu
+ EI*t:.Yn
] [+G.
-yRDR
+XUBR
-XIlYIlAn
+xnBR
+2XRDR
] [+Hn
l [+OR
-YRDn
-XnYRAn
+xR AR
Nt Kro
ATE:
.. ~
Mk
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s.s
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ii'
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+800
- 1760
+3170
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-4090
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PIPING_r:L;~I.~IUIY AND STRESS ANALYSIS
DATA AND RESULTS
27
930
+S(;t:>
tv1y
. f\,!~.
/OG 2(.8
12f
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.Ne 5.9
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
er-r;
METHOD
second point. This part of the pipe line is now considered as an independent line for which the terminal deformations are those calculated for the
previous point.
Since
Ii*x = 0", -
zOlI
Ii*1/ =
xU.
Ii*, = O. -
yOx
01/
+ yO.
+ zOz.
+ xO
Il
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THE MWKELLOGG
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155
col'MOMENTS
PIPING. FLE;~I.I;l.lLlTY AND STRESS ANALYSIS
AND STRESSES
CAL.
..
~,
t'ORM F-I
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P.IPING FLEXIB.IUTY AND STRESS ANALYSIS
MOMENTS AND STRESSES
.F
k_
- t:.t:.
- 9/'(".91'
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COOl!! RULES
II
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4
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PLANE
M'b
f~12
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....
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SYSTEMS
c;.osO'
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Re-ACTION5 SA5EO ON
HoT MODULUS. E~
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POINT
TO
CONVERSION
OF PIPING
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. Clol
Nf .'<::0
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
157
y
AI-- __
~t
ro~---I-lC
al-----..J
FIG. 5.12
FIG.
system:
o'
Single-plane symmetrical
three points of fixation,
5.13
Multiplane symmetrical
three points of fixation,
system:
o'
One way of reducing the labor involved in flexibility calculations is to take advantage of symmetry.
The procedure varies somewhat with the system;
nevertheless, the following examples will illustrate
the general approach. It should be noted that symmetry must be complete, that is, the pipe size, temperature, and material must be the same for corresponding branches. Also, the coordinate origin must
be located on the center line of symmetry.
Consider first a single plane system such as that
shown in Fig. 5.12. Because of symmetry, no bending or rotation occurs in the common branch 0'-0.
Thus the moments and forces for the A branch can
be obtained by considering line OA only, assuming
member 0'-0 infinitely stiff.
Next consider a multiplane system as shown in
Fig. 5.13. Due to symmetry, the only deformations
of the common branch 0'-0 occur in the z-plane.
Thus, Mil, M., and r; are zero for line 0'-0. If
the shape coefficients for this branch are computed
in the z-plane, only s, Sa, Sb, Sab, Sao, and Sbb apply
and their values are doubled in order to account for
the loading from the two branches. In other words,
the common branch may be considered split in two,
FIG. 5.14
Multiplane symmetrical
four points of fixation.
system:
158
DESIGN
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
c:JO
:z.
~<.i
a::-l
0<
u..u
W
I
I-
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
159
Table 5.16
MrA
Au
M.A
MvA
A.v
Allu
An
Ails
An
F"A
Bn
B,,:::
Bn;
Cn
.... FvA
e.,
e.;
B."
CZII
FoA
EI"O",
e;
-1
Bvs
B ..
0
0
0
c.;
c.;
COl
EI*Ou
0
-1
0
0
0
0
EI*O.
0
0
-1
0
0
0
sr,
EI"o.
0
0
0
-1
EIo,
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
Constant
0
0
0
EI*!:.z
EI*!:>.II
EI*!:>.,
Table 5.17
.Md
-1
EI*O,
an
a.u
au
b.r
i.;
b.,
KI
aru
az
a"lI
all'
buv
bu.
K2
all'
bu:::
buu
au
bur
bu
v:
Cn
Cru
b..
e,..
Ka
b..
btu
b..
Cru
Cvv
ev
Kh
en
ev
Cn
Kf.
Fd
FVA
b""
-1
-1
-1
-1
FoA.
-1
i..
bu.
EIo.
Constant
EI*O"
Md
EI*S.
si-s,
EIO"
MilA
K4
where Ox, Oil' 8., 0:::, 0," 0=are the unknown rotations
and deflections at the origin. Similar sets of equations can be written for branches OB and 00'.
Inverting the above equations the set given in
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The equations for the branches OB and 00' are
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accordingly.
Table 5.18
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Levu
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LK3,-:
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0
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ANALYSIS
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ANALYSIS
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DESIGN OF PIPING
Cold Springing
The Piping Code's requirement that cold springing shall be governed by sound judgment leaves the
method of cold springing to the erection superintendent unless a definite procedure is set up by the
designer which will assure that the correct rotations
and deflections are obtained at the closing joint.
The deflections are conveniently taken care of by
pulling the pipes together the amount specified. The
rotations at the closing joint, however, are more
difficult to match because they are a function of
couples to be applied rather than single forces. For
a single plane line the closing joint can be selected
at a point where the moment is zero; even so, it
should be remembered that each free end of the line
must be sprung exactly the correct amount in order
to make the free end rotations the same. Such a
point may also be inconveniently located, however,
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- 148339. 22.
-148339.f?7
////////
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'E +11'I9I/o.9,?
ANALYSIS
FOR ReiNVERS10N
AI,.C.
Hr:''''tt'
..n
FJRM
0-4-
CALC NO 5./Z
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
2
.3
4
Fx
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!THE MW KELLOGG
C,_jPIPING
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fLOISIUIY
169
6 STH(SS
6- EQUATIONS
"NALTSIS
IF~
c .
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CALC. N~;SIZ.
170
I~
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My
Mx
loz II'
I~
+"
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r I..Au
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58 41
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a-z
+- tz l57
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y +~
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+ 1'1 167
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163
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r 53 187 ~
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y..
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195/ 01.
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87 1692
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19 1808 !7Z
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it
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,_
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CA.LC NO ~ 1.3
.........
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FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
171
i~
~~~-+-+~~+-+-~~-+~~~+-~~-+-+~~~+-~~-+~~~+-~~-+-+~~+-+-~.~~~
01
,..
Q~~<::><::><:><::><::><:><::><::><::><:><::><::><::>Cl<::><::>ClCl<:)<:>Cl<::>Cl<:>ClClO<:><:>Cl<::>
<::><:)<:)<:lClCl<::><:>Cl<::>~~~
oil
UUIIJ
t~!<
uuo
~<::><:><:><:><::>CO<::><:>QClCl<::><::>Cl<::><:>
~~~~~~-t-+-t--r~1-+-+-~~~~-t-+-+-r-r-r~+-+-t-~~-t-t-+-r-r-r1-+-+-t-t-~
+ ...
t-...'"'If"."4.3tn<O<n~
.. + .. 1
I
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O')QC\O")f\J~o:)<:)
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2~~~~~~~~~~
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FLEXIBILITY
My.
MI.
Fn
4/1 I~ - est 89 Of ??
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ANALYSIS
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FORM E-4
CALC. NO. ">'13
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s yc
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29
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ANALYTICAL
i0:: 0~ ~ ~~
~f
11'1. 000
ewo
Fze
Fyc
0
00 _
BY THE GENERAL
" . ".
tC.UQ
AT"
IFDRM
CALC NO 5./3
__ ._---------------------
174
lation equations with subscripts indicating the component. Written in the conventional manner, the
equations for a space pipe line with two ends are
shown in Table 5.1R
Table 5.19
M",
An
Mil
A "'II
AIIV
M,
F",
Au
All'
A ..
F"
c..
G"'II
F,
G",.
CI/V CI/'
Gu
Load
Constants
R",
RII
R.
T",
Tv
T.
Deformation
Constants
EI*O",
EI*OI/
EI*O,
EI*o
EI*o*1I
EI*o*.
%
In determining the weight reactions, the line usually is assumed fixed at the ends and, accordingly,
the deformation constants are zero. However, any
known end deformation can always be superimposed on the weight effects. On the other hand, if
the weight reactions have been determined, the
deformations at any point of the pipe line can be
calculated by using the above system of equations
with the shape coefficients and load constants
summed from the fixed end.
Weight loading is either concentrated or uniform.
The load constants for weights such as valves,
counterweights, constant support hangers, or true
vertical pipe line members, assumed to be concentrated at a point N, are calculated according to
Table 5.20.
For uniform loads such as the weights of pipe, its
insulation and contents, the load constants are someTable 5.20
M%N
Au
A "'II
A""
Bu
B"'I/
Bn
M.N
An
A",
FI/N
B'I/
BIIII
s.;
Au
Bu
c.;
GI/II
c;
B'II
B ..
B%Vl
etc.
Load
Constants
R",
RII
R.
T",
TI/
T.
= -FIJNZN
M.N = +FuNXN.
XN, ZN = horizontal coordinates of the
J.f",N
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
Wb<>
M""
F"I<'
A%~
A%.
Au
B.:
B."
Bn
B,,"
where
D,,"
Dr"
e;
e;
s.;
lIV
II,
b
y
R:z;
Rv
R,
D.."
C
C
B..
B",
WlI
u.;
e.;
s.;
c.;
A ...
All'
A.",
Load
Constants
T..
T"
T.
""
-k
WIlIo
= +k
We..
w"
>=
'{
J.
tID
24
QL4
W'ba
24
Sin
(lWb
La
+a
kQ6
L3
= +kQ-
COB a
sin a
,,\eX
Table 5.22
x Plane
+Wb
y Plane
+wu
0
0
0
+wv
+c~wv
+Wbb
+Wba
-smaCOBa
_ +F i}-
The expressions for the shape coefficients for uniform loading depend on the plane in which the member is calculated (Table 5.22).
D~II
D,"
E"'II
Ev"
E.~
QL4
o.;
sin a
x-plane
General
LI
= -kQ-
Table 5.21
u.;
175
+w
uv
-CIIW"
z Plane
0
0
+w"
+Wab
+w"a
0
plane.
+ (lWu
bw.
Wu
'" W'u.
w"
= +kQ6'
W'ab
'"
Wi ...
+kQ-
Wab
+w' ab + bw"
Wa"
+w'"" -
y-plane
y
LS
a
COSa
L(
-a
b
x
:z-plane
24
L'
24
Cos2 a
(lW"
176
Shape Coefficients
for Uniform
Loading:
+ COS2(~
W'bb =
+QkR'
+ i[cos
Wb
W'ba
W'bb =
+ cos
+QkR4 {~[ 1
+QkR4
Table 5.25
{~[<1> -
2(;
sin a] - <1]
Shape Coefficients
+ <1
+ ilcos
for Uniform
sin Za]
cos Za]
+ [cos(a
+<1
+ [sin(a + el -
cosa]sina}
sina]sina}
Direction
2[cos(a
+ ~[sin
Members
cos all
+ <1 -
2(a
Clockwise
for Circular
Direction
<1] _ ~[sin2(a
Formulas
in the x-Plane
-QkR3 {1>[sin(a
= -QkR.{~[l
W'ba
General
- 1 -
cos aJI
2(a - <1 -
2(a - <1 -
Loading:
sin Za] -
cos 2aJ
General
[cos(a - <1 -
+ [sin (a -
Formulas
cos a] sin a}
for Circular
Memhers
W. =
w'".
_QR3 {1.3
[q,
+k [~cos
a - sin(a
+QR3 {1.3
+k [~sin
+1.3QR4
cos (a
+ 4') + 0.75
+ cos(a + 1
4)2
(
+ 1 + ~ cos a
'2 -
= +1.3QR4
<1>2
'2 -
+ 2<1]
+ 24]}
sin(a
1.25 cos a
+ 0.25
cos(a
+ 2<1]
+ 2<1]}
Direction
+ ~ cos a + sin (a
- 1
- <1
1.25 sin
Ct
+ ~ sin
- cos(a - <I')
+ 0.25
W' ...
+ sin
+ <1.+
+ cos 1>
+k [~cos
- sin(a
sin a
Clockwise
w.
Direction
+ 0.75
0' -
cos(a - <1
cos e
+ 0.25
+ 1.25
cos(a
- 21]}
+ cos 4>)
............................
----'--- __ 1
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
METHOD
Table 5.26 Shape Coefficients for Uniform Loading: General Formulas for Circular Members
For Weight of Members in the z-Plane
10
Counterclockwise
Wo
+QkR3!<I>[cos(a + <1
+ cos ]
W'''b
+ <IJ + i[sin
w'"o
+ <1]
- 2[sin(a
+ <1
sinal}
+ <1 -
2(a
~[cos 2(a
Direction
+ <I')
- cos
+ <1 -
sin aJ cos a}
cos al cosa}
Clockwise Direction
- <1 + cos a]
w"
-QkR3!<I>[cos(a
w' ab
w'"o
+QkR'
{~[<I' + sin2(a
+ 2[sin(a
<IJ -
4 - sin
oj]
+ [sin(a
- <11- -Hcos2(a
<1
cos Zo]
+ [cosCa
<1
cosa1cosa}
Table 5.27 Shape Coefiicients for Uniform Loading: Formulas for 90 and UlOCircular Members
For '''eight
Shape
Wb
W'b4
W'hb
a=
+O.42920kQR3
-O.39270kQR'
-O.13315kQR'
a=
90"
-0.42920kQR3
+O.17810kQR'
+ O.36685kQR4
a=
90
+0.42920kQR3
-0.1781OkQR'
+0.36685kQR'
a = 180"
- 0.42920kQ R3
+O.39270kQR'
-O.13315kQR'
tJ
tJ
-0.42920kQR3
-O.39270kQR'
-O.13315kQR'
+O.42920kQR3
+O.17810kQR'
+O.36685kQR'
a = 270
-O.42920kQR3
-0.17810kQR'
+O.36685kQR(
a=
+O.42920kQR3
+O.39270kQR4
-O.13315kQR'
a=
+4.00kQR3
-2.35619kQR'
+2,46740kQR'
-4.00kQR3
+2.35619kQR'
+2.46740kQR'
180
2700
180
D)
D)
a = 180
((J
-4.00kQR3
-2.35619kQR'
+2.46740kQR'
a=
((J
+4.00kQR3
+2.35619kQR'
+2.46740kQR'
a=
90
- O.78540kQR'
+O.46740kQR'
a = 2700
+0.78540kQR4
+0.46740kQR'
a = 270
V
V
- O.78540kQR(
+0.46740kQR(
+O.78540kQR'
+O.46740kQR'
a=
90
177
DESIGN OF PIPING
178
SYSTEMS
"",
Table 5.28
Shape
Coefficients
for Uniform
Loading:
Formulas
Members
Shape
W'Ul'
Wo
w"
a=
00
+O:21460QR3(1.3
a=
900
+QR3(0.09204
- O.50k)
+0,21460QR3(1.3 + k)
a=
900
[3
+QR3(0.09204
0.50k)
-0.21460QR3(1.3
+ k)
+QR3{0.09204
- O.50k)
+ k)
+0.30381QR4
+0.30381QR4
+0.30381QR4
1800
+0.21460QR3(1.3
+ k)
_QR3(O.09204
- 0.50k)
+0.30381QR4
1800
-0.21460QR3(1.3
+ k)
_QR3(O.09204
- ,a.50k)
+O.30381QR4
270
tJ
tJ
_QR3(0.09204
- 0.50k)
-0.21460QR3(1.3
+ k)
+O.30381QR4
2700
_QR3{0.09204
- 0.50k)
+0.21460QR3(1.3
+ k)
+0.30381QR4
a=
-0.21460QR3(1.3
+ k)
+QR3(0.09204
a=
+1.57080QR3(1.3
-2.00QR3(1.3
+1.57080QR3(1.3
- k)
-1.57080QR3(1.3
-1.57080QR3(1.3
180
a =
180
a=
a=
90
a = 270
a=
2700
0
90
D)
D)
(J
(J
k)
- 0.50k)
+O.30381QR4
k)
+3.81524QR4
+2.00QR3{1.3
+ k)
+3.81524QR4
- k)
+2.00QR3(1.3
+ k)
+3.81524QR4
- k)
-2.00QR3(1.3
+ k)
+3.S1524QR4
L:J
-2.00QR3(1.3
+ k)
-1.57080QR3
(1.3 - k)
+3.81524QR4
+2.00QR3(1.3
+ k)
-1.5708DQR3(1.3 - k)
+3.81524QR4
+2.00QR3(1.3
+ k)
+1.57080QR3(1.3
- k)
+3.81524QR4
-2.00QR3(1.3
+ k)
+1.57080QR3(1.3
- k)
+3.81524QR4
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
I\IETHOD
.....
Tahle 5.29 Shape Coefficients for Uniform Loading; Formulas for 900 and 1800 Circular Members
For Weight of Members in the z-Plane
Shape
a'"
We
W'eb
10' aa
-0.42920kQR3
+0. I78IOkQR4
+O.36685kQR4
a=
90
+0.42920kQR3
-0.39270kQR4
-0.13315kQR4
a=
90
c:s
+0.42920kQR3
+0.39270kQR4
-0.13315kQR4
180
-0.42920kQR3
-0.17810kQR4
+0.36685kQRt
a = 180
tJ
tJ
+0,42920kQR3
+0.17810kQR4
+O.36685kQR4
-0,42920kQR3
-0.39270kQR4
-0.13315kQR4
-O.42920kQR3
+0.39270kQR4
-0.13315kQR4
CJ
+O.42920kQRJ
-0.17810kQR4
+0.36685kQR4
+O.78540kQR4
+O.46740kQR4
-0.78540kQR4
+0,46740kQRt
a = 270
;=
2700
a=
a=
a = 180
D)
D)
180
{(]
+0.78540kQR4
+0,46740kQR4
0:=
((]
-O.78540kQR4
+O.46740kQR4
a=
90
+4.00kQR3
+2.35619kQR4
+2.46740kQR4
c:
-4.00kQR3
-2.35619kQR4
+2.46740kQRt
-4.00kQR3
+2.35619kQR4
+2.46740kQR{
+4.00kQR3
-2.35619kQR4
+2,46740kQR'
a: =
a = 270
a =
a=
270
90
179
DESIGN OF PIPING
180
SYSTEMS
z, x, or y
z, x, or y
....'
FIG. 5.16
Flo. 5.17
direction.
0
t
I
526.4-
/8.50
.73
2.28
h
k
'-e-
INSUL.
. '2
1150 fC
eo RS/.
242.3
.37.7
CO~HEN
TOTA
eeo.
TEMP.
....
PRESSURE
PIPE
MATERIAL
60
.()U'
.3
'"
I
I
...
11-
35
ID
'D
~VIIY
Fr
~
2
~( ~
~.
57.c,q- Yzk-lt
'"
DIlICAL
ID
I/ID
Y-Z-STOP
2:CFI/+FI/ )XN
.:
.75
8158.5
....
ID)
.9
31.00
+ 2:FzYN-
M'.N= 2: (M.+111.
1-8
MEMBERS
42"
OF CYLlfi-
SURFACES
LBS/1'T2
.._
ir-
,,
8,
POINT
1390
5r=
Sp.
200
Sr+Sp;
Sh:
~ POINT
:>
111 Sl;
til
'"
a:
5 z'
5y+ Sp+
S, OR s"
MOMENTS
PSI.
2200
PSI.
POINT
M,
700 PSI.
740
PSI.
GREATER OF
2,05
PSt
PSI.
MW. KfLL0G3
My_
Mz
F.
F~
F,
IFT-LB)
PSI.
1590
~4/3 Sh 29~0
PSI,
27.38
nlr
ACTING
ON RESTRAINTS
oS
e ee.ooo.
-/9.300.
+59875- 1.800
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- 7.950.
+ 1,1300.
19 abQ
5.16)
8
"/82.5.
"2750.
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t 2.700. t Z (10.
/80.
180 f-
.,./7
~.
He
1((0
An
C.
'b<;lO.
"'~/O.
IF:JIiM
A- 2
ALC.N(
5/4
FLEXIBILITY
PL.A'-lE
ANALYSIS
METHOD
181
Z
24
1-2
MEMBER
_, 45
7-8
1,7
51,
SHAPE
100
100
Q
R
L
228
100
228
f 00
/00
I(}()
so
1850
18
a 00
/850
150
b
c
L_LI2
.300
5550
450
13 73
0
481
5...
o
o
cq
u
25 n
I.!JZ 51
44'l1Ul
141 08
104 os
0
104 OJ
88Y (J5
0
()
24 49
80144
0
8'34
Z7 45
()
3494
2599b
71.3 52
000
15 97
25 %
.3092
t,(j
98 (0
104135
3 90
I()()
I{) 53
71MJ
/3 98 -
75
100
228
100
I" 50
'1M
1053
8b 77
9 1<1
189Z
/3 {,b
Uo
CU
J 00
.4 50
Vo
cv
210 3~
8.37148
229 Z~
IbS 1,1
59584
180 Ol.
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000
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I)
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114 M 0
Z9 bfl
73~ 2J
10~
3~ 'f7
0
a
III Sb!> 16
()
CUo
0
0
000
()
u.,.,~v...
Z-4
MEMBER
NO
IN
PLANE
PLANE
y
'X
Z
0
0
F'ORMVL.,A.S
STR
....~QMlT
F'O~
MII!MnR~
w~
- -i;-kQL
-t
w"u.y'"
VI
CO~"
.!.kQL'",,,, ""
+ ~kQL .-
III
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W'b-~kQL4
w'.a.a."
+-
Wb
1:1:
~k;OL
i'kOL
W'ba.=-:?1:kQL"
""'bb:l!; + nkQL
MEMBER
"'-
DATA
l~kQL3
InkQL"
oc
cos
/.00
18.50
ex.
~lf",I 2.
c:o~''''
t='OkMUl..
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FOR CURVE-D
5'''''''(050<
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SEE TABLES
5.24- ~ .5:27
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....tllH::i'cL
Fyw
ElXY
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eo
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Bu
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C.,.y
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eYE
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273.
Fyw 'ByV
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+w".b
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2G3.3J
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W.b
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+bwb
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~ ~"""b
1 ()
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0026.75
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9/9.
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rr
R.
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~z
I -f-n,071
es.
629.t61.33
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+-174838950.
1-201218830.
h'w
IS
" II1II0
LOAD
-t80
"v'w,
"'y
ow,
0
+-G5e.'f63.98
~M8 963.98
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It
F.wCy<
-aw.,,_
+'bw..,.
.Wb
By.
M""w6 . z.
.. CW1 ...
-bwv
v"-
FYWIlB"y
rrHE MWKELLOGGCO
1-280
MEMBERS
+3Wu,
.<t-
Av~
Mzw'Av%
Au
MzwAz.l
ex.
STRAIC.HT
+Wb,,"
MzwA.z
1'-1.... 6
5,/4
-t-wLolov
-5Z 744.48
M...,-An
A.y
Sxy
QRoJ
M;tw
CONSTANTS
+W~
+w,
A"
Bxx
~"",,"B.,III
Wy
$1,",e-.co~a
cvnve o Mt:t.ABER
seE -r"el..es
5.25 t 5.Z8
.NC
F W vWyL
F yw 1-IM7!ji;
M.w =-%:F.,.w
M ... I 0
Mz:w l:+xFyw
270
114159
S8./2
QRl
An
MltwaAXz
R f'L
kQR~
14,43'-.12
kQR" lr.ZO'-O.l
M<w
DATA
Z.211
M"",
~..hwA.v
M5MBER
ex
CURVED
0(
S,'N
;A
1-W'LI.'Y
0(
3 5HJ
% 73080
5501535
70/00 86
STRAIGHT
Q
0
0
()
Plf NG r{~~~I::IJLltbEAtlftcr~~fsANAU~IS
COORDINATE
DATA
SHAPE AND
OIRE.CTION
I 017 75
S OZ8 14
9 (JI) 2Z (.79 13
1343 78 ZS 6':50'~
Tz
CAe.C .
f
F _'h'M Wy
C""CK;{.-2-If'::_~ AL
IP_"'~E
, NO. 5.14-
182
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MEMBER
If,!
COORDINATE
DATA
PLANE
SHAPE AND
DIREC.TION
~W
CURVED
l.
-1731
1.00
COS
!tIN 1?II,
co~ '"
,",OR
FOk""UI- ....!ao
CU~"EO
S~E
w'UY
5eE.
"OR
5.25
I="OR CURVE.D
+w"
...w.
S.Z8
'"
f
1-280
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Wy
305
F_yw
F_yw
M.w
.('1(}87_
11.,30
j-J/64
=-'iFyw
M ......
P,CO~CII
CONSTANTS
Mt:'MseA
T"'~t..e.s
DATA
18.50 R f' t,
kQI'l>
4436.12 o Ii! I
kQR* ~G7,~"
GR.~
0(
~kQL3
- i"kQL'cas '"
.... ..!.kOL'",N '"
= ... i.kOL"
5' ....Qf
SIN
"""'l!:Me"R~
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2.28
hkQL"
F'ORMUI,.AS
DATA
<X
MEMBER
STRAIQHT
w~
STRAIGHT
...
z
PLANE
SYSTEMS
..
DESIGN OF PIPING
STRAIGHr
MEMBERS
-c.w,,,,
+-lWu.
-bw ...
+c:.w"
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v
+ ..........
v
w'b.
w,u ....
+t:4kQL"
W'b'b
~kQL"
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f5,,9S8.68
\Vb
+w.ac
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MtwAtz
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MJC"",,S.x
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en
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ywt)
+ 83.25
Fy .....Cxy
1"85.524. "/99.
- 55. SO
-.1050207.
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17.577 783.
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1-
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78,879 67~.
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CON5iANTS
LOAD
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y"c.w"
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c,;
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0
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a
a
Fyw
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6
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A.~
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A" z
MzwA
M1W"A"v
:'>eE. TABLE5
S. 2~ 405.27
SINlot
M~w
Ax<
MtwA.t
M~w
A ..
MK"w~Au
+IBI.68
+wa
+W ..
SIN ex
Wb ... c ....nkQL
T ...e<-ES
5.2<0 .t- .5.29
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23
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PLANE
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OIREC.TION
S
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c
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MEMBER
1.00
I. CO
51""f
7 (;(J
cos
~kQL.\
-12.98
r.kQL"
7~.1t;
1,J9(J/
FQkMUL.
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w.
- + .l.kaLl~IN "'-
5r!E
r.. .OF<
t..At:!>..(t\l:;::11
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~.
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STRAIGHT
COORDINATE
DATA
a
-12.98
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-.8192
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CURVED
+.)290
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DATA
MEMBER
Wy
<X
{>
F_y_w
R{>'L.
kQR~
kQR*
QR!
E.
280
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M zw !'"2761/.4f
MEMBERS
STRAIGHT
-tw ...
+.l.wl.l
-c:.w."
+;
-bwy
.. C.Wv
1-
M.w
I 0
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w::
1-2128.
M.w =-iF"yw
'.4'-99
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TA~LES
5.25
DATA
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w.Ib
..
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co,!, ~
40
SINOCCOSC(
Mxw
t..,.
"'a
seE. TABLE5
S. 2/. ~ 5.27
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M,YoI
f----+ 27.G21.44
A'L
Fyw
e.V
M:wAI(~
1=.,.... O.l;y
Ay<
6yy
~yW
'Byy
BLy
h'lJI ... A .. z.
Mzw"'A,,:
Au
rIGI.;>/I
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B""
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B
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- 2128
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o
1--
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T:
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~)
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lb ..
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w,
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.. "'J.~
of
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.,. ~5 . .)z
.. bw,)
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M,rwA."
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Co,:>zCI(
=- t.kOL1 5D. 0:
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4 ~1~""C:Oc;.O(
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w'bb '0::'"
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5.2 .. .t.- 5.29
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Wi
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MEMBER
IN
Z
6-7
NO
ANALYSIS
COORDINATE
DATA
.~
PLANE
5HAPE A~D
DIRECTION
<G,
- 25. 'fG
- 27.45
z:
PLANE
y
<I.
STRAIGHT
MEMBER
at ....0<
e e s II)(
/.00
R
kQR~
kQR"
18.50
R ~:L
1H4.1l..ll
GRJ
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c:o~
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w.
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p(
METHOD
DATA
MeMBER
ee
c.vp.vEO
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s~e T"~LES
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5.1!8
FOR
CURVED
Mz.w
j..tI.9Jf.09
MEMBERS
5TRAIGHT
~w...
+i1Wu
-Gwu,
TWV
-bw,,'
+c.w",
wu = + f.-kQL
183
Wy
1- 280
F w"wyL
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M.w ;::-iF'yw
83
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DATA
ANALYTICAL
L
~kQLJo
s':~:~~'TA~:~'i.ER~
T
BY THE GENERAL
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y
+WI,.I.V
w.
~eE TA6{..ES
+ ~kQLco .. '"
a
w.b - -l4kQL
SINOCCOS", 5.2<0 ~ .5.29
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= - t.I<OL 51 .... <X
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5.24- 4- 5.27
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Wa
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Ay~
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Au
M,I .....I"AJ(l.
MzwA1Z
B ..
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M,Iwa.B)l:Y
en
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IN Z
PLo.NE
AND
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FOR
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Wy
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ME:MBER DATA
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PLANE
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DATA
DIRECTION
- 4210./1-
w,'w"
01-490.75
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Fyw'Byy
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SEE TABLES
5.24- 4- 5.27
+bw~
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MLW
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k. S'f
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7
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ANALy&tS
6- EQUATIONS
TO POINT
CONVERSION
6 STR(.SS
M'b
.M'
I(~'''''~
.M',
J(c,Os,()(
:>.
r-rz/z
M<
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t.iz
1,00
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1 ~~5
ZSt-fMt
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,.,5bl..5'bl."45
I:
5r;;:
THE MWKELLOGG
45,'
col
.
PIPING
FLEXIBILITY
AND STRESS
MOMENTS
AND 5 TRESSES
1&1
ANALYSIS
CAt...C.
H'VV.
DC.
~~T'l! , -
FORMF-I
:Al
NO 5.14-
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY THE
GENERAL
ANALYTICAL
l\IETHOD
La
z
L4
w' 00 = kQ 24 cos! a
"-----',....y
Wab =
x-plone
tvaa
+w' ab + bwo
+w' aa - aWa
= - kQ - cos 0<
Wu
L3
Wb
=FkQ-
W'ba
=FkQ-sin2acoea
L3
I--
~-
x-plane
sin
W.
= +kQ-
w' uv
L~
= +kQ 2.1
wu =
to'u.
U-a
I
II)
+ awu
Wa
L3
kQ-
cos2
L4
lob = kQ-
Wbo
Wbb
= +W'bb
+w'ba
sin3
24
-
0<
aw~
+ bWb
L4
W'ab = =FkQ-sinacos2a
24
~-a
sin2
24
- bw.
L4
y-plane
X
cos2",
= kQ -
185
L4
W'aa = kQ-
COSSo<
= +W'ab
Waq
bwo
= +11/'04 -
aWa
[)
= =FkQ - sinl a
Wb
r
Ib
()
ba = =FkQ-
a
,
y
WU
Wab
y-plane
24
D4
24
sin
2
aCOSO'
[,4.
sin3 0<
W bb
kQ-
Wbo
+w' bq - alL'b
Wbb
+W'bb
24
bWb
z-plane
~a
L3
-kQ-coso<
L~
w.
= +kQ-
Wu
= w'u.
sin a
'-----~x
z-plcne
+ awu
bw .
186
DESIGN
Table 5.32
Shape Coefficients
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
for Uniform
Loading:
General
Formulas
for Circular
Members
in the y-Plane
in the z-Planc
]I[
n:
Counterclockwise Direction
lOb
= QkR3
<I'
sin 2(a+1,)
8
[ '4 (1 + 2 cos- a) +
.
.
]
- cos a sm{a+<I + ~ sm 2a
W'b.
= QkR4Wcos(a+<I')
lO'hb
- cosaFI
- Sin(a+<Icosa1}
Clockwise Direction
1V~ =
ef'
=rQkR3 [
"4
(1 + 2 cos" a) -
W'bo
= QkR~{Mcos(a-<I
W'M
= QkR4 {i[Sin3(a-<I
Table 5.33
cos
sin 2(a-q,)
8
+ cos a sin(a-1
]"]
- sinJal - ![sin(a-<I
Shape Coefficients
for Uniform
Loading:
General
Note;
t sin2a
Formulas
+ sin(a-q,)cosal}
for Circular
Members
in the x-Planc
in the y-Plane
to.
W'.b
QkR4 {-A[cos3(a+<I') - cos3aJ - ![cos(a+<ll) - cos ] - Si;a [<I'- sin (o-+<I')cos(a+<I + sioa cos(a+ql}
w'oo
Clockwise Direction
Wn
= QkRl [~
W'ab
= QkR4 Wsin(a-<I
so' ee
- sin a cos(a-q,)
+ .~sin 2aJ
- sin aP}
+ sin(a-q')cos(a-cf
- sinacos{a-cJ')I}
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY TIlE
GENERAL ANALYTICAL
EMzw+ (EFx+
EFxw)YN-
'LF.,;eN
for Uniform
Loading:
METHOD
= EM",
M'uN
Formulas
"LAlli
Shape
W'Otl
W'bb
a=
+O.17810kQR3
-O.16667kQR4
-0.04793kQR4
a=
90
-O.39270kQR3
+O.16667kQR4
+0.33333kQR4
a=
90
+0.39270kQR3
-O.16667kQR'
+O.33333kQR4
a = 180
-O.17810kQR3
+0.16667kQR4
-0.04793kQR'
a = 1800
-O.17810kQR3
-0.16667kQR4
-0.04793kQR4
a = 2700
tJ
tJ
+0.39270kQR3
+0.16667kQR4
+O.33333kQR(
a ""2700
-0.39270kQR3
-0.16667kQR4
+0.33333kQR(
a=
00
+0.17810kQR3
+0.16667kQR4
-0.04793kQR4
a=
0 ,
+2.35619kQR3
-1.33333kQR4
+ 1.57080kQR'
-2.35619kQR3
+ 1.33333kQR4
+ 1.57080kQR4
- 2.35619kQRJ
-1.33333kQ R'
+ 1.57080kQR4
+2.35619kQR3
;- 1.33333kQR4
+ 1.57080kQR'
E:J
+0.42920kQRJ
-O.33333kQR4
;-0.57080kQR(
a = 270
+0.42920kQR2
+O.33333kQR'
+0.57080kQR'
a = 270
-0.42920kQRJ
-O.33333kQR'
+0.57080kQR'
-0.42920kQR3
+O.33333kQR'
+0.57080kQR'
a = 180
a = 180
a=
a=
0
90
a=
.l__
w~
900
D)
D)
(]
(0
187
Members
188
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
....
for Uniform
Loading:
Formulas
Shape
Wa
in the z-Plane
in the y-Plane
Wab
Woo
a=
a=
gOo
+0.17810kQR3
-O.16667kQR4
-O.0479:~kQR4
a=
900
+0.17810kQRJ
+O.16667kQR4
-0.04793kQR4
-O.39270kQR3
+0.16667kQR4
+0.33333kQR
180
rs
-O.39270kQR3
-O.16667kQR4
+O.33333kQR4
1800
tJ
+O.39270kQR3
+0.16667kQR4
+0.33333kQR4
:l:
2700
t:J
-0.1781OkQRJ
-O.16667kQR~
-O.04793kQR4
= 2700
-O.17810kQRJ
+0.16667kQR4
-0.04793kQR4
+O.39270kQRJ
-O.16667kQR4
+O.33333kQR4
-O.42920kQR3
+0.33333kQR4
+0.57080kQR4
-0.42920kQR3
- 0.33333kQR4
+O.57080kQR4
a=
a=
a = 1800
q
q
D)
D)
1800
((J
+0,42920kQRJ
+0.33333kQR4
+0.570S0kQR4
a=
00
+O.42920kQR3
- O.33333kQ R4
+O.57080kQR4
a=
900
+2.35619kQR3
+ 1.33333kQR4
+ 1.570S0kQR4
2700
-2.35619kQR3
-1.33333kQR4
+ 1.57080kQR4
-2.35619kQRJ
+ 1.33333kQR4
+ 1.57080kQR4
+2.35fl19kQR3
- ) .33333kQR4
+ 1.57080kQ R
= 270
a=
90
Members
..........
- -~..
-------=----------
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
.-
MEMBER NO,/-2
IN Z
PLANE
COORDINATE
DATA
SHAPE AND
DIRECTION
4-
+18.50
11 tI
PLANE
STRAIC:;HT
k
c -
1.50
0
kQL.)':;06.pc,
~ "fi<QQ51""
w'uv = .. :'_kQL 4
"
0<
~IN
Wy
s.,,,
W ..
~hkQL4
W~da-
M'I'WAll
B~.
F.w"By
SHAPE AND
DIRECTION
4-
4ffiz
PLANE
y
Z
c::
-t kQL.)co.c;.
STRAIC;HT
Q
L
li-kQL)
R.
R.
R..
- :?10
+ G;oe
- 4.50
2.70
.. 10.12..
I~
w w~
+ (,08
T. ,
''''0.
+8~.2S
-+- 4.qQS.
A U
W -
4-9QS.
T. 1
CAt,.C.
CHE
.,,'K.
MEMBER
FRM
"A
DATA
2.28
0<.
+2.70
Q
R
1.00
4-
3.141SQ
FOR
'.75
.. 10. 13
CONSTANTS
CURVED
W.
cNO 5.15
w.
T+
F.w
_W.L
F._
60
I+Z220.00
IF
Myw
My_
M~w
lI-yFxW'
or
xw
Mow
IZIl5!S.oo
MEM6ERS
60(
c:u~~~~';,:'f.~hII~~:5 CONSTANT.5
+w~
se~ TACoL..1!5
S.?5 t5.2'8
.w.
STRAIGHT
+lJ;.Wu..
-G.w'4
-bwv
+cw..,
....w""
W .... N
Sf!"
~I~.c
5.?>3 t
~w ....
"
011
TAeL.,,,,
.w.
s.ss
..bw~
-a..w"
.. w&1Q
.. w~ ..
.,w .....
4W ... b
~ee
TAe.Lel!>
5.~2
4-
+ G 195 ."18
+wb
5.:l4-
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k.
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BY THE GENERAL
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S.lb
References
1. The M. W. Kellogg Co. (by D. B. Rosshcim, A. R. C. Markl,
H. V. Wallstrom, and E. Slezak), Design of Piping Systems,
1st edition, 1941 (out of print-superseded
by 2nd
edition, 1956).
2. H. V. Wallstrom, "General Analytical Method," Heating,
Piping and Air Cond., Vol. 19, No.5, pp. 69-74 (1947).
3. L. H. Johnson, "Solution of Pipe Expansion Problems by
Punched Card Machines," digest in Mew. Enqr., No.
53-F-23, p. 1020 (Dec. 1953).
4. W. Hovgaard, "Stresses in Three-Dimensional
Pipe
Bends," Trans. ASME, Vol. 57, FSP-57-12, pp. 401-476
(1935),
5. W. Hovgaard, "Further
Studies of Three-Dimensional
Pipe Bends," Trans. AS.ME, FSP-50-13, Vol. 59, No.8,
pp. 647-650 (1937).
For a further discussion of piping analysis, see Appendix D,
Page 359, "A Matrix Method of Piping Analysis nod The
Use of Digital Computers."
CHAPTER
',,,"
The Experimental
Approach
FLEXIBILITY
199
200
DESIGN
OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
u,
-=----
ill",
Eplp
e.r;
s; L",2
fl.",
L/
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
and
Equipment
The model test apparatus proper consists of a
complex but readily adjustable rigid supporting
framework, to which removable units for accurately
applying end or intermediate displacements are
attached; the load measuring instruments are
mounted on these units and the model, in turn, is
attached to the load measuring heads by means of
special holding fixtures.
The movement heads are specially designed and of
precision manufacture, to secure individual movement along three perpendicular axes by means of
hand scraped ways and micrometer screws which
minimize rotational and axial backlash. The load
BY MODEL TEST
FIG. 6.1
201
202
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
FIG. 6.2
console.
Table
Piping
System
of .l<'ig.6.3
6.1
Location
A ..............
B ..............
C ..............
D ..............
E (one tube) ....
Mr
It-lb
JI"
lb
lb
lb
+ 275
-135
+545
+290
-665
-360
15
- 45
+ 30
+ 60
- 135
- 365
+ 30
-I- 30
+ 25
+ 165
- 755
20
- 50
-900
-250
-565
+ 35
-1700
-3050
-2650
-4725
- 360
0
3
+3475
- 395
II ..............
/_
....... _ ......
J ....... _.......
K ..............
L..............
275
15
15
+ 15
-1275
+
+ 45
-1650
-1805
-ISO
+22!j
M ..............
0 ..............
r,
Fr
(t-lb
Mv
+ 625
-1800
-I- 75
+
+
M.
It-lb
30
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY MODEL TEST
203
j_"
--- ~.
~ 4
10
TUBE
HANGER MOVEMENT
FREE THERMAL
EXPANSION
l' POINT 7
FREE THERMAL
EXPANSION
e POINT 17
44.83'
48.50'
2.50'
FIG. 6.3
Central statio!"! main steam system operating at 1050 F and 1990 psi pressure.
FIG. 6.4
however, the tubes are not all of the same configuration, strain gages are cemented, by means of special
attachments, to representative tubes to check the
results obtained. The end reactions, stresses, and
deflections obtained for this piping system, for the
operating and cold spring conditions, are tabulated in
Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3, respectively.
Typical of the piping systems for which the model
tester offers a clearcut solution at an important
saving in engineering cost is the 1250 psi main steam
line shown in the drawing of Fig. 6.5. The 12"
Schedule 160 piping connects two boilers with two
75,000 KVA turbines; and a 12" crossover connection permits the operation of either turbine from
either boiler. The two leads to each turbine are 8"
Schedule 160, and horizontal restraints prevent transverse movement at the stop valves. The operating
temperature of the piping is 900 F, and the material
carbon-moly steel.' A free-floating system of six
lUnder present practice, carbon-moly
mended for service 'lt this temperature,
DESIGN OF PIPING
.,.
__]I
EXTRANEOUS
MOVEMENTS
POINTS
SYSTEMS
~SUPERHEATER
FOR
OUTLET
2E
HA~~E~R~~~
~4 ..s01-
e,F
.2~570
50.58'
12" SCH.160
!e
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0
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tc)
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0-
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34.00'
25.16'
19.33'
34.00'
54.50'
19.33'
2.96' 3.44'
9.00'
FlO. U.S Main steam system operating at 1250 psi, supplying two 75,000 KVA power generation units,
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
BY MODEL TEST
205
Mil
ft-lb
ft-Ib
A .............
- 825
B .............
+2400
C .............
- 75
D .............
-4625
E (one tube) ... - 25
F (one tube) ... - 5
G (one tube) ... + 20
+ 75
+1200
+ 3SO
+ 7SO
45
0
+ 55
F:
lb
M.
It-lb
+2275
+40SO
+3525
+6275
+ 480
+ 480
+ 525
H ............
1. ............
J .............
K............
L.............
lb
40
80
+ 180
+ 485
40
- 40
35
- 220
+1005
+ 365
- 365
- 20
+180
-725
-385
+885
20
20
0
4
+1695
Location
A- ..........
B .........
C ..........
D ..........
F ..........
+200
-300
0 .............
E ..........
60
+2200
+2400
M ............
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Allowable
F.
lb
FlI
40
M:r;
ft-Ib
-34,sro
-. -21,050
-11,050
-33,600
- 4400
-14,2SO
Mil
It-lb
M.
F:
FlJ
It-lb
lb
Ib
F.
lb
+4600
+3250
+3050
-6650
-2400
+2300
- 9550
-13,750
- 9000
+10,350
+ 6450
+ 6150
+1750
-1940
+ 70
+1760
- 320
-1320
-ll60
+ 360
+ 800
-1010
+ 440
+ 570
G ..........
H ..........
+ 390
- 880
- 410
- 480
+ 580
+ 170
+2020
'-1390
Maximum stress
- 10,250psi at Point B.
Allowable stress range = 20,300 psi.
From Design to
100% Cold Spring Position
Location
8
I
40
41
46
47
48
61
18
o
SO
51
57
58
59
70
80
90
n
L
M
Or
oit
0
0
-4.72
-4.61
-4.57
-8.61
-8.51
-7.24
+0.53
+0.53
-4.19
-4.13
-3.94
-8.34
-8.24
0
0
0
-4.70
-1.00
-3.96
+0.15
+0.15
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+3.78
+3.53
+3.55
+0.38
+0.38
+2.66
+2.89
+ 2.89
+3.73
+3.61
-4.15
-4.15
-4.15
0
-4.15
0
0:
+O.(JI
+0.01
+0.15
+0.43
-0.70
-0.67
-0.61
0
+0.04
+0.04
+0.21
+0.55
-0.65
-0.57
-0.57
0
0
0
0
0
0
FIG. fl.6 The model test set-up for the system of Fig. 6.5.
206
DESIGN OF PIPING
FIG. 6.7
SYSTEMS
FLEXIBILITY
FIG. 6.8
. ~),.
207
203
FIG. 6.9
process piping.
FLEXIBILITY
209
References
1. Fred M. Hill, "Solving Pipe Problems-s-A Mechanical
Method for Cases Involving Temperature
Expansion,"
Mech. Eng., Vol. 63, No.1, pp. 19-22 (1941).
2. G. E. Beggs, "An Accurate Mechanical Solution of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Use of Paper Models
and Special Gages," Proc. Amer. Concrete Inst., Vol. 18,
pp.58-82 (1922); "The Use of Models in the Solution of
Indeterminate
Structures,"
J. Franklin. Insi., Vol. 203,
pp.375-386 (March 1927).
3. Harold W. Semar, "The Determination of the Expansion
Forces in Piping by Model Test," J. Appl. Mechu Ilics ,
Trans. ASME, Vol. 61, p. A-21 (1939).
4. L. C. Andrews, "Analyzing Piping Stresses by Tests of
Models," Hooting, Piping and Air Cond., Vol. 17, No.8,
pp. 425-429 (1945); "Methods of Making Piping Flexibility Analyses-The
Model Test Method,"
Heating,
Piping and Air Cond., Vol. 19, No.8, pp. 73-77 (1947);
"Model Test Analysis of Steam Piping," Combustion,
Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 53-56 (1949); "Piping Flexibility
Analysis by Model Test," Trans. ASME, Vol. 74, No.1,
pp. 123-133 (1952).
5. S. W. Spielvogel, "Model Test Checks Pipe Stress Calculation," Power, Vol. 10, pp. 68-69 (1941).
6. S. Berg, H. Bernhard, and K. Th. Sippell, "Ermittlung de r
AuHagerreaktionen warrnbetriebenor Rohrleitungen durch
Modellversuche," Z., VDI, Vol. 83, No.9, pp. 281-285
(1939).
7. Joseph D. Conrad, "Model Tests Solve High-Pressure
Pipe Problems," Power, Vol. 84, No. 10, pp. 58-61 (1940).
8. Joseph D. Conrad,
"Models Help Determine
Pipe
Stresses," lVcstinghouseEnginccr, Vol. 1, No.1, p. 22 (1941).
9. John F. O'Rourke, "How Model Tests Cut Piping Design
and Fabrication Costs," Power, Vol. 97, No.9, pp. 90-92
(1953).
CHAPTER
7.2
7.1
Introduction
A design involving expansion joints as a substitute for a conventional piping arrangement is sometimes advantageous or necessary for one or more of
the following reasons:
A. Where space is inadequate for a conventional
piping arrangement of sufficient flexibility without
overstress.
B. Where minimum pressure drop and absence
of turbulence is essential for process, economic, 01'
operating reasons.
C. Where the reactions are excessive and involve
possible damage to the terminal equipment, or for
economic structure or foundation design.
D. Where it is desirable to isolate mechanical
vibrations.
E. Where economics favor other than a conventional piping arrangement; particularly low-pressure
large-diameter piping.
F. Where equipment spacing indicates excessive
area or building volume.
G. Where layout was inadequately planned and
lacks sufficient dimensional provision for expansion, so
that conventional st.iffdesign cannot be accomplished.
Making adequate provision for expansion of piping in a confined space can introduce various complexities in order to augment the flexibility of a
"stiff" piping system, such as semi-rigid, non-rigid,
or free movement arrangements. In Chapter 5 the
calculation of semi-rigid piping systems involving
hinge points is illustrated by examples in which the
stresses are obtained for the rigid members, as well
as the rotations at the hinges for joint design.
Non-stiff piping systems involve expansion joints
or joining fittings, such as articulation devices or
hose, in varying degree, in order to provide for
expansion movement with less or no stress. Hose,
special fittings, etc., are usually restricted in size
and confined to individual short piping runs; expansion joints, on the other hand, are used with sufficient frequency and sometimes unavoidably in
involved installations, so that their consideration is
necessarily a part of piping system design.
Accordingly, this chapter provides a detailed description of the types of commercial expansion joints,
and completes the presentation of expansion joint
movement calculations with illustrative examples.
Included is a discussion of design, fabrication, inspection, handling, and installation aspects to assist
ill obtaining suitable joints having adequate capacity
7.3
----_._------_._._-----
Stiff
Semi ....igld
Non-rigid
FIG.
211
7.1
Free Movomont
212
DESIGN
OF
PIPING
SYSTEMS
Packed
Type Expansion
Joints
APPROACHES
FOR REDUCING
EXPANSION
EFFECTS:
EXPANSION
FIG. 7.2
JOINTS
pocketing in hori.ontol
213
Ii"",
DESIGN OF PIPING
214
Joints
7.Sa Discussion.
In the bellows joint the seal
between adjoining pipe ends is effected by means of
a highly flexible membrane. With the need for packing eliminated it is frequently termed a "packless"
joint. The principal problem of packed joints, that
of maintaining tightness is avoided since the bellows
provides a positive leakproof seal. The bellows is
generally of all-metal construction with fabrication
possible from any commercially available and weldable material. Bellows made of rubber are also
available and find important, although restricted,
application in low-temperature water piping, principally circulating water, where their corrosion and
abrasion resistance are noteworthy features [3J.
SYSTEMS
EXPANSION JOINTS
215
JL
FI"t (ConicoQ
Buill up of Piol.
U-Sh,,~
Buill up of flued Hettd.
FI", (Conicol)
Cotrugated
light Gogo Sheol
U-Shaped
Rounded
light Gogo Shoe!
U-Shoped
Toroidal (Circular) or
Somi Toroid,,1 (EJlipticaQ
Light Gog.
Strip
NV\
U.shaped
Rounded
Or
&.shaped
7.3
DESIGN
216
FlO. 7.4
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
contact surfaces, in which case it is propel' to speculate on the distribution -of the pressure effect between layers. With hydraulic forming, the layer
contact is likely to be occasional or absent when
pressure is removed. It is likely that movement
occurs between the layers as temperature changes,
with the pressure reaction between layers offering
only limited resistance in proportion to degree of
contact and unit load.
The outer layers are usually vented by small diameter holes at the ends, out of the area of high
bending stress, to promote detection of initial rupture or leakage of the inside layer and to minimize
trapping moisture in initial assembly or due to minor
service weepage with possible collapse. Since the
life of the joint is still limited to that of the thin
inner layer, the additional layers do not extend the
service period over that =xpected from a single layer
joint insofar as cyclic movement is concerned; they
do add strength against pressure effects however,
and tend to minimize the effect of a failure.
7.Se Support
and
Protection
of Bellows.
Simple unsupported bellows (see Fig. 7.4), sometimes referred to as of non-equalizing type, are least
expensive and are used where the service is not too
severe and in locations where ample fixation and
guiding is provided in the piping system. They may
consist of single or multiple assemblies as needed for
capacity, the number of elements in a single bellows
being limited by considerations of lateral buckling
or "squirming" as it is sometimes called. On unsupported open-type (l.l-shaped) corrugations the
pressure limitation generally recommended by most
manufacturers is 30 psi, with higher pressures used
on more favorable contours, although without external support only the toroidal contour is used for
significant pressure. Closely spaced discs, usually
corrugated, with heavy end pieces, also withstand a
reasonable degree of pressure when closely spaced,
probably by intersupport of the discs.
Angular and offset movements, as well as axial,
may be accommodated, although two or more bellows assemblies are usually used for offset since, if a
spool piece of sufficient length separates the assemblies, the offset attained by this means greatly reduces the required bellows length. Such double
bellows joints should be provided with external con-
Exte"d.d
FIG.
7.5
Fully Compressed
APPROACHES
FOR REDUCING
EXPANSION
EFFECTS:
EXPANSION
JOINTS
217
by recessing the sleeve; in some cases this construction may be desirable in order to minimize erosion
of the sleeve itself. An internal sleeve further assists
in keeping the flow in the line away from the bellows
when the joint is installed in a vertical position and
the sleeve is sealed at the top, and may be further
improved in effectiveness by the use of a purge
medium continuously supplied at slightly higher
than line pressure to the space between the bellows
and the sleeve. This has been found to be the most
favorable arrangement with respect to minimizing
contact with the flow or entrance of solids or fluid
whether the line is subject to up-flow or downflow.
Other sleeve arrangements may be necessary or
preferred where other factors are involved. A number of arrangements and details of attachment are
shown in Fig. 7.6. Sufficient clearance must be provided to permit the design movements of the joint;
however, the annular clearance should be kept to
the minimum possible to restrict entry of foreign
material and to minimize purge flow requirements,
if used. Although not often practicable, it is nevertheless desirable that the sleeve be easily removable
for possible replacement or access to the bellows for
cleaning or inspection.
7.5d Fabrication of Bellows Joints. Due to
the fact that expansion joints are used primarily in
free movement piping systems, there is a tendency
to accept lesser design and fabrication quality for
the flanges, necks, etc. This is, of course, in error
for types of joints which must transmit end load,
and it is questionable generally to allow lower
quality than required for the connecting pipe stub.
Minor flaws can jeopardize the life of the relatively
expensive expansion-joint assembly.
For the bellows assembly, where cyclic strains of
extreme magnitude are commonly accepted in order
to attain large movement capacity with minimum
space requirements and cost, the aim should be to
achieve a construction quality (particularly of weldments) equal in fatigue performance to that of the
base material. This poses a challenging problem for
the welding which must be used in all bellows, except
for those which can be made from seamless tubing
or shells. For weld quality which will least affect
the cyclic life obtainable from the base material, the
following measures are of benefit:
1.
Bleed
Connection
Simple Weldedin
Sloovo
Two-pieco Ovenapping
51"","
(penni!> .... 011 gap fOf coc:king
movement)
FIG. 7.6
Removobl. Sioev"
for flanged Joint
218
DESIGN OF PIPING
Bellows mal~rial
Van Slaned ovor
flange
._,
Bellows molorial
1<101w.ld~d 10 pipe
stvb ond supported
by retaining bond
7.7
weld may also be made against a chill ring and increased in depth or back welded if access is possible.
However, the welds are so located that they are
subject to maximum cyclic bending; consequently
very minor flaws will rapidly propagate, unless
stresses of a low order are maintained. The fluedhead detail permits butt welds; those at the inner
diameter can usually be back welded; at the outer
diameter back welding is possible if the bellows
width is not too great, otherwise these welds must
be deposited against less desirable chill rings. In
the past, fabricated plate-type bellows were preferred, since better manual welding quality could be
obtained than on thin sheet material, and they are
less readily critically damaged by stress corrosion.
Such joints have been used at stress ranges comparable to expansion stresses in piping and much
lower than now common for commercial light-gage
bellows.
The next four illustrations in Fig. 7.3 show lightgage formed sheet discs assembled with the boundaries in flat contact, which permits seam (resistance)
welding or are, gas, atomic hydrogen, or inert gas
arc welding. Excellent welds have been obtained
particularly where extra precautions have been exercised to minimize root oxidation; however, there is
generally a significant stress raising effect at their
location. Resistance welds cause a surface depression, sometimes sharp, and may not be uniform,
particularly at the inner edge; fusion welds are subject to material variations even when deposited by
automatic highly controlled inert arc means and, in
any case, involve a blind root; in addition, there is
generally a stress raiser at the toe of the weld. The
discs of rounded edge contour can be butt welded;
however, the high degree of control and fit-up nee-
SYSTEMS
219
220
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
N-
l'
EXPANSION JOINTS
Ns
where N s
800,000)3.5
= (
221
(7.2)
Sn
(80~~OOy.5
and the design number of cycles for the normal
movement must be increased by this fraction to
secure the equivalent number of cycles at normal
movement.
This also makes it apparent that the provision of
design movement in the joint for installation tolerances or similar reasons need not be considered as
having any significant bearing on the fatigue performance of the joint, since they provide for an
initial, not a repetitive condition.
The range of stress in a single-layer bellows may
be approximated
by eqs. 7.4 to 7.7. These expressions are based on simple beam analogues similar to
that presented in Chapter 3, Fig. 3.15, with the
constants somewhat increased.
The second term
represents the effect of pressure and should be kept
within the Code allowable stress Ss; although joints
of the type covered by eq. 7.4 have successfully operated at higher stress levels. The pressure term in
eqs. 7.6 and 7.7 ignores pressure bending stresses,
which although not entirely proper provides fair
correlation
with available fatigue tests.
Despite
the drastic simplification involved in these approximations they generally yield a reasonable estimate
of the strain range for purposes of estimating performance using a criterion such as eq. 7.1.
For fiat disc bellows:
(7.1 )
where
N
Sn
=
=
Sn
3Elll
w Nd
= --2
+ -pw
2t2
(7.4)
1.5Etil
= hO.Sw1.5N
rings:'
+ -pw
2t2
(71':'
222
For U-shaped
bellows having equalizing rings
which provide support against internal pressure only
along inner edge r'
,'_
1.5Ett..
pw
(7.6)
Sa = ho.5w1.5N + -t-
The force, F, in lbs, necessary to deflect the bellows an amount !!,., can be stated as follows:
For flat disc bellows:
F =
Sa
1.5Ett..
w2Nd
minor axis
Sa
t
t..
E
w
k
Nd
and pressure,
psi.
bellows thickness, or thickness of longitudinal
weld seam with reinforcement,
whichever is
larger, in.
= total movement range, extension and compression, plus equivalent axial movement, in.,
as given by eqs, 7.8 to 7.11.
= modulus of elasticity at 70 1", psi.
= bellows width, in.
= pitch of half-corrugation,
in.
= number
of active bellows discs or halfcorrugations.
= internal pressure, psi.
=
= DOl2
(7.8)
= 3DhriL
(7.9)
3_D_h_:_r
__
L
4EDt3ll.
F _ --:::-::--;:-:;-
_ 3ho.5W2.5 N d
+ l[(iIL) +
1]
(7.10)
(7.11 )
(7.7)
pw
7rEDt3ll.
3N
w d
(7.12)
I!
APPROACHES
FOR REDUCING
EXPANSION
with
Btrilt.-In Con-
j;s-....
,,-,-----.-.----,~-~,,-
...~.----.-----------
EFFECTS:
EXPANSION
JOINTS
223
DESIGN
224
OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
li. Rod.
FIG.
7.8
Limit Rod.
FIG. 7.9
lim;! Rod.
Hingei
FIG.
7.10
APPROACHES
FOR REDUCING
EXPANSION
FIG. 7.11
L_ .
EFFECTS:
EXPANSION
JOINTS
225
the hinge pin; the hinges and pins must also resist
transverse loading due to wind and other effects,
unless adequate external provisions oppose their
effect.
Axial-movement-type expansion joints are quite
similar in detail to their counterpart in packed
joints, with the substitution of a bellows seal for
the packing. When constructed with machined
parts, this type of design is obviously expensive and
can be justified only for special cases where installed
location and general system arrangement make it
difficult to achieve effective guiding by other means,
or where a large amount of axial movement must
be provided and guiding of the bellows assembly
against lateral buckling is necessary. With an internal arrangement it is also possible to secure maximum confinement of the bellows against abrupt release of contents, and sometimes an auxiliary packed
joint is provided to further minimize this hazard
particularly for toxic content services. Sometimes
joints of this type are fabricated to reasonably close
forming tolerances, without machining; however,
without lubrication, binding is much more likely to
occur.
In combination, constraints and auxiliary expansion joints can be used to balance end loading due
to internal pressure at an expansion joint location.
This is most readily achieved where a joint is installed adjacent to an elbow, as shown in Fig. 7.12.
In effect, the elbow now becomes a tee with an
identical auxiliary expansion joint as an extension
of the run and with the primary and auxiliary joints
connected by tie rods or similar arrangement.
It
226
DESIGN OF PIPING
FIG. 7.12
SYSTEMS
be accomplished without special precautions for protection of the expansion joint and the restraints
released only after piping erection is entirely completed, and just before starting up the job. In the
usual assembly of a rigid piping system, weld shrinkage, the necessity for pulling ends into alignment, as
well as pull-up effects of flange joints, all combine to
establish an erection internal stress. When suddenly
imposed on a preset expansion joint by removal of
the preset ties, whipping of the line may occur unless
restraining means are employed; more important
deflections and rotations comparable to the internal
loading will appear at the joint, which will in some
degree obviate the preset objectives. This can be
minimized by thermally unloading the piping before
the preset ties are released in the manner described
in Chapter 3.
Built-in constraints and preset ties should be installed under adequate engineering supervision fully
familiar with the dual objective of accurate positioning and protection of the relatively fragile
elements involved. Usually this is more adequately
accomplished by the specialist manufacturer of the
expansion joints, when the necessary facilities arc
at hand.
7.7
Establishing
Demands
Expansion
Joint
Movement
EFFECTS: EXPANSION
JOINTS
227
t---
~-8"'Ang"la,
FIG. 7.13
PO<ition
II = Axial Comp,M>ion
Rotation (,adian,)
DESIGN OF PIPING
228
~.-
SYSTEMS
rTheoroticot tn,tolled
I
Sample Calculation
7.1
Position
Given Data
PLAN
Extrema limits
of Movemen,
FIG.
7.14
rotationll + rotation
Indica'", joint will
open on IIde mOrked
with an osteri,k
32.2'
FIG. 7.15
ELEVATION
Unit Expansions
@400 F, e = 0.00229 in. lin.
@700 F, e = 0.00482 in./in.
Expansion
Calculations
Axial:
12(1l.12XO.00229+39.1
xO.OO482) =2.57"
Offset:
= 1.86"
12 X32.2 XO.OO482
Axial
Cocking Offset
(Each Side of~)
Compression
Extcnsion
2.57"
0.26"
0.5 "
0"
0"
0.5"
0
0
0
1.86"
0.19"
0.5 "
Total
3.33"
0.5"
2.55"
Precook or pre-offset
..
...
Design movement
3i"
I"
If'!
"2'
"t
APPROACHES
FOR REDUCING
EXPANSION
EFFECTS:
EXPANSION
JOINTS
229
Expansions (ft)
(treated as given data in this sample calculation)
Case II
Case I
T (Line Temp. F)
e (Unit Exp. ft/ft)
xe
ll=
.
.
'"
llzh
yeo
ll~a
ll~b
.
.
1060
0.00818
70
0
0.184
0.0
-0.034
0
0
0
0.145
0.111
-0.006
0
0
0.27.'5
Calculations
Case I
ll~
Given Data
XaYb =
XbYa -
CPa
-0.262'
CPb
CPab
= 1.10
+ 2.94
180
X--;-
= 4.04
Case II
ll:
=0
~v =
cpa
Dimensions (ft)
,J,.
12.65
Xb = 9.85
z = 22.5
Xa
Ya
=
Yb =
Y =
16.05
1.75
17.80
Case
Jt.
Calculated
{ri
----- -----
hi
ab
---- ----r I
b
Noles:
\II
-1.10
+0.20
----+4.04
-2.06
-----2.94
+1.86
Allowance
= 0
+ (0.275 X
CPab
Rotation
Tolerance
(Nominal)
Required
136
0.5}
0.5
----0.5}
0.5
0.29
0.19
0.5\
0.5j
----- -----
2.43
----7.71
----6.28
0.275'
1.75)
180 = 020
To
180
X
7r
1860
Range
Provided*
136
= 0 + (0.275 X 16.05)
'l'b
Rotations
Exp.
0.275 + 0 + 0
8.0
-----8.0
---~8.0
Precock
Design
Positions
Provided
Each Side
{-0.60
+0.70
4.0
4.0
J+3.04[-3.06
4.0
4.0
{-2.44
+2.30
4.0
4.0
...
-1.0
..~-
.~
DESIGN
230
.6.11
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
References
is similarly defined:
1. F. E. Wolosewick,
2.
3.
4.
A"xa
Al/Ya
XbYa
XaYb
5.
180
X-
7r
6.
111
consistent
8.
"Expansion Joints and their Applicntion," Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 29, No.5,
pp. 146-150
(1!l50).
S. Crocker, Piping Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1945.
J. E. York, "Joints to Permit Movement," Heaiinq and
VentUati7lg, Vol. 46, No.1, pp. 85-88 (Jan. 1949); Vol. 46,
No.2, pp. 93-07 (Feb. 1949); Vol. 46, No.3, pp. 87-91
(~ur. Hl49).
F. J. Feely, Jr. and 'V. M. Goryl, "Stress Studies on Piping
Expansion Bellows," J. Appl. Mechanics, Vol. 17, No.1,
p. 135 (1950).
W. Sarnans and L. Blumberg, "Endurance
Testing of
Expansion Joints," ASME Paper No. 54-A-I03 (1954).
F. Salzmann, "Ueber die Nnchgiebigkeit von Wellrohrexpansionen," Schuieiz, Bauztg., Band 127, Nr. 11, pp. 127130.
It A. Clark, "On the Theory of Thin Elastic Toroidal
Sheils," J. Math. and Phys., M.LT., Vol. 29, pp. 146-178
(1950).
N. C. Dahl, "Toroidal Shell Expansion Joints," J. Appl.
Mechanics, Vol. 20, No.4, pp. 497-503 (1953).
CHAPTER
needed to correct failures, sagging, leakage, equipment damage, difficult maintenance, etc.
The analysis of thermal and structural effects in
piping is of limited value unless paralleled by support
design sufficiently complete to assure realization
of the flexibility analysis assumptions. Injudicious
or over-use of supports or lack of advantageous
restraints and braces can create an overload hazard
instead of giving protection to sensitive equipment or, for satisfactory performance, can require
needlessly long runs of pipe. While accurate calculations are usually not economically feasible for
average piping, much can be accomplished toward
economic and satisfactory design by approximations
and reasoning when applied by personnel of adequate
engineering background and experience.
Except for idealized counterbalancing as approached by counterweights, all supports involve
some degree of restraint; conversely, many restraints
and braces unavoidably resist gravitational effects,
so that it is logical and convenient to combine their
treatment in this chapter. While they involve a
considerable expenditure, pipe supports, restraints,
and braces have received insufficient attention in the
literature from either design or economic aspects.
This chapter will attempt to present general knowledge and opinions which have guided the support of
average piping, and also certain information for use
in combination with Chapters 4 and 5 when more
careful analysis is necessary.
8.1 Terminology and Basic Functions
A discussion of the problems involved in the provision and design of supports and restraints can be
231
232
DESIGN
OF PIPING
loosely
terminology
used
herein
SYSTEMS
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
port
Initial layout study of equipment, building, and
structure location and elevation is essential for effective design; over-all economics and appearance are
further improved where the primary piping and its
associated supporting structures and their intereffects are simultaneously subjected to study and
planning. In addition to establishing the general
arrangement and over-all design conditions, early
decisions must be reached on the types of support
structures for intercommunicating piping and their
elevation, access provisions for maintenance of equipment, cleaning and inspection requirements, and
selection of main support fixture types. Ample
space must be provided for large devices such as
counterweights.
The two cardinal principles in routing lines for
economic support, restraint, and bracing are:
1. Group pipe lines so as to minimize the number
of structures needed solely for pipe supports, restraints, or braces.
.
2. Keep lines located close to possible points of
support, etc., i.e. either to grade or to structures
which are to be provided for other purposes.
From the standpoint of economy, both of these
SYSTEM
233
234
FIG. 8.1
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
SYSTEM
235
on ,tool momben \
~Sl"'durel
,tool stonmien,
I,
FlO. 8.2
----_
Section through typical outdoor overhead pipe rack showing arrangement of north-south
east-west runs lit an intermediate elevation.
_._-----_
..,
_--,
_-----------------------------------------
and
236
DESIGN OF PIPING
System:
SYSTEMS
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
Reheal.r
16
o, D. Sch.
80 pip"
Turbine
FIG. 8.3
M.
My
Mz
F.
Fy
-.120 -1.97
Fz
+1.77
12400
FIG. 8.4
237
DESIGN OF PIPING
238
May
to.
fO(
Indud.d
cWs
two
Smoll AmountJ of
&paMlon Oiamwally
FlO. 8.5
..............
SYSTEMS
0=
Deviation
from Ilroight
lin.
h'
"1i
FIG. 8.6 Motion of tie rod or jointed strut .
_ .._._------------------------_
....
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
=
=
SYSTEM
239
of fixed-end conditions. However, substantial overhang is best avoided on lines prone to vibration.
Major concentrated loads such as produced by
valves, pipe risers, branches, etc., should be at or
near a point of support. The effect of significant
concentrated loads, not located at supports, may be
approximated from eq. 8.1, by multiplying the stress
by the factor 2P /wl where P is the concentrated
load in pounds and other symbols are as previously
defined.
Deflection under weight effects is generally of secondary importance in piping just as it is in structures. In fact, some piping designers are inclined
to disregard deflection entirely and to consider the
limiting weight stress as the only criterion. In most
process units, however, the deflection of the line
should be kept within reasonable bounds in order
to minimize pocketing and to avoid possible interference in congested areas due to sagging. Appearance, too, will be a factor in many cases. A practical
limit for average piping in process units is a deflection on the order of ~ in. to 1 in. For piping in
yards or for overland transmission lines a value of
1t in. or greater is generally acceptable. For power
piping a deflection limit as small as t in. is specified
by some designers.
Perhaps the most important reason for limiting
deflection is to make the pipe stiff enough, that is,
of high enough natural frequency, to avoid large
amplitude response under any slight perturbing
force. Although Chapter 9 treats this subject more
fully, it can be stated here, as a rough rule, that for
average piping a natural frequency of 4 cycles per
second will be found reasonably satisfactory. For
pulsating lines from compressors, etc., values of
8 cycles per second or higher may be desirable depending on the characteristics of the compressor.
The deflection for a given span may be approximated by the beam relation:
(8.2)
where I
l
=
=
o =
E
Chart 0-17 of Appendix C gives a graphical solution for this equation. Similar to the stress formula,
it is based on M = n,wl2; factors for other conditions of constraint are included in Chart C-18.
When lines are pitched to facilitate drainage, the
supports may be spaced so as to completely elirni-
"~"-"---"--'-'---""--'''.''''''----.--'----------------_
?40
FIG. 8.7
h = gradient
The gradient of supports determined by this formula provides that the slope of the deflected line
will not be upward in the direction of drainage but.
will be horizontal or downward.
To obtain positive
drainage with a given minimum pitch, the support
gradient must be further increased by the amount
of the minimum pitch. Pitching may also be needed
to vent a hot pump suction line back to the source
in order to avoid vapor binding.
The advantageous
arrangement of support is related to the degree of restraint which can be tolerated, or to the extent and direction of the movements
to be allowed at each location.
The fundamental
types are characterized
as rigid, resilient, and constant effort, each of which is capable of wide variation in details and of two basic arrangements,
suspended and resting.
Rigid supports of the suspended arrangement involve solid hangers, while the resting arrangement
may function as a sliding contact or be provided
with rollers or rockers; for special cases, the support
structure may be flexible or of simple- or multiplehinged design to secure movement in one or two
directions, while maintaining
constant
elevation.
Solid hangers eliminate friction and sticking between the pipe and support.f but are limited in
movement range in proportion to their length, require higher support frames, and involve greater
usage of space; however, they are a preferred choice
where the general plant arrangement
permits their
use, particularly
on extreme high-temperature
or
other critical service where unassessable restraint is
undesirable.
Some typical hanger assemblies are
shown in Fig. 8.7. Resting supports, although they
involve friction, either sliding or rolling, are widely
used and are generally satisfactory,
probably due
to the friction load resulting from the weight usually
being low as compared with the thermal expansion
effects; the reduction of friction by using rollers and
rockers is not as reliable as by using hangers, due to
possible wear and lack of lubrication.
Typical resting support assemblies are shown in Fig. 8.8.
Rigid supports are satisfactory for systems involving lengthy horizontal runs with little vertical ex-
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
THE PIPING
2,n
Ample length to be
p,ovided ... that th.,o will
bo no dang"' of
disengogement
FIG. 8.8
SYSTEM
be used. Two designs are used: so-called compensating spring devices, and counterweights,
The
former involves one or more springs whose motion
is magnified by leverage or similar mechanical advantage, and is available in standardized units in a
wide range of sizes, each of which can be adjusted
for an individual load range. The design and manufacture is usually sufficiently refined so that reliable
load measurement indication can be incorporated.
They should also be provided with means for adjustment of position to avoid use of their movement
capacity for this purpose. Such adjustment of position is not only necessary at initial installation, but
also with any subsequent permanent change in the
line contour.
Counterweights are capable of variation over a
wide range of mechanical advantage at the expense
of greater movement of the weight and are usually
custom designed for specific installations, since their
use is occasional and largely confined to loads or
242
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
Fixtures
Fixtures refer to that part of a pipe support assembly which can perform the dual functions of
THE PIPING
SYSTEM
243
244
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
uwd
FIG. 8.10
THE PIPING
SYSTEM
245
"""I.
FIG. 8.11
246
Connoding
rod
extenslen
Another Methan;,m
Plain 'pring
wilhout limiled ceticn
FIG. 8.12
Zero
O.lIedion
-~
FIG. 8.13
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
THE PIPING
FIG. 8.14
SYSTEM
247
odvanlage
~.....,.,.,.
... ....r'"
.L
Coble
:/
it
<.
1 . __ '
~.
ht-
Travol of
weight
I
1--- .........
"
-----------------~
,
Coble
" \
t /
Mechanical advantago
obtained by
block ond tackl.
c::::J
i/
FIG. 8.15
=-
Typical counterweights.
~~
-.....-..
~.~~-----
DESIGN OF PIPING
2-18
FSG. 8.16
Pipe Attachments
The attachment component of a support or restraint assembly usually introduces stress into the
pipe wall as a result of the structural loading which it
transmits, and also due to the localized heat loss and
the thermal gradient which it causes. Inadequate or
faulty design or fabrication can result in failure of
the pressure wall with consequent energy release and
tire hazards, particularly on heavy wall thickness,
air hardening analysis, or otherwise sensitive materials. In the design of pipe attachments it is
essential to appreciate the significance of temperature gradients and their potential for causing
distortion and cracking, particularly of blind root
SYSTEMS
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
L__.
THE PIPING
SYSTEM
249
Shoo, IU9'
welded to pip.
Pip. Clamp.
C,odl.
FIG. 8.17
0'
Soddl.
..-
._
_-_
_-_.
..
__ ._-------------
250
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTE1\IS
h
Sh~.s
~
~
Cylindri<QI
lug
Stool
Trunnion
q
Ring
S~irn
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
THE PIPING
SYSTEM
251
vertical slots in the skirt at the top have been advantageous in the case of large pressure vessels and
can be applied to piping as well j the slots should not
interrupt the weld, to avoid stress intensification.
Favorable contour of pipe attachments to minimize the level of stress and to avoid unnecessary
stress concentration is essential in proportion to the
service and loads involved; however, in many cases
conventional structural details are more costly than
equivalent pressure equipment details which use
pipe or other surfaces of revolution. An anchor
lug of pipe or a skirt anchor may seem unorthodox
from the structural engineer's viewpoint; however,
when dealing with radically reduced strength and
severe temperature gradients, loads must be introduced into pressure shells in such a manner as to
avoid unnecessary intersection stresses if the attachment welds and shell are to remain intact.
It must be remembered that fatigue plays an
important role in piping system design and is of
equal importance on attachments.
In general,
integral pipe attachments should be subject to the
same requirements as to materials, design (in particular allowable stress), fabrication, and inspection as
the pressure pipe to which they are attached.
Every advantage should be taken in design detail
and the generous use of insulation to minimize heat
loss where excessive temperature gradients would be
harmful; in general this applies to all attachments on
lines in high-temperature service. Various expedients are resorted to in extreme designs for
minimizing heat out-flow. Internal insulation in
skirts, etc. is quite generally desirable; conductive
material such as steel chips is sometimes substituted
for the insulation near the pipe shell to bypass part
of the heat flow around the intersection. Increased
metal thickness locally at the intersection reduces
the unit heat flow in this area and increases the
attachment strength.
8.6
Structures
and Structural
Connections
.......
~.-~~.-~-'"---------~-~--------
252
Strudure
SC!<Ondorymember which
is drong enough bu.
not wffi~Gnlly ,~iH
FIG.
8.19
to an
SlJPPORTING,
RESTHAINING,
AND BRACING
used wherever available and suitable. An intermediate structural connection may be involved or the
support fixture may be directly-attached.
In its
simplest form, the structural connection may be a
simple plate or angle clip. Where the pipe is located
at an appreciable distance from the support structure,
the connection may assume sizeable proportions. In
general, such auxiliary structures are of conventional
design.
The usc of pressure equipment as support structures for connected piping is often advantageous in
minimizing under thermal change the relative
movement of the support versus the piping, also in
avoiding differential movement of the support
structure and pipe under vibration, wind, and
similar effects. When structural connections are
located on vessels or other equipment where dimensional change due to expansion may occur, they
must be designed to permit that expansion, avoiding appreciable restraint and the stresses attendant
thereto.
To accomplish this, the three following
alternatives may be applied, singly or in combination:
I. Maintain essentially the same temperature in
the attachment as in the shell (a practicable solution
only when the bracket connects to a single vessel clip).
2. Allow flexing of bracket members, of the shell,
or of both within their stress capacity.
3. Provide articulation by the use of jointed or
sliding members.
It is important also that the local stresses in the
shell be investigated in order to design shell attachments properly.
To illustrate the application of these principles, a
number of typical bracket details are shown in Fig.
8.20. They represent designs which have been successfully employed by The M. W. Kellogg Company for
a number of years in the support of piping from
vessels. Figure 8.20a illustrates the first alternative,
wherein a member is cantilevered out from a single
vessel clip of sufficient length to distribute the loading on the shell. Satisfactory control of the temperature gradient is obtained, where necessary, by covering the point of attachment to the vessel with
insulation. Heavier loads require a knee brace which,
when fixed to the shell, becomes an example of the
second alternative, resulting in the bracket of Fig.
8.20b. It is only suitable for moderate temperatures
(say not exceeding 650 F) because of the rigid
attachment and limited flexibility of the members.
For higher temperatures a detail such as that of Fig.
8.20c is employed. This represents a typical application of the third alternative, with only one member
rigidly affixed to the shell while the other simply
THE PIPING
:.
_f:J.- '"
SYSTEM
253
(0)
FIG. 8.20
254
DESIGN OF PIPING
Chonnel, bock to bad,
'
Pipo
ceoss
cern
For RHting
FIG. 8.21
Piping
SYSTEMS
It is desirable that pipe support connecting structures be in position, and support fixtures be available
SUPPORTING,
RESTRAINING,
AND BRACING
THE PIPING
SYSTEM
255
256
DESIGN OF PIPING
spring or by thermal unloading, and by the effectiveness of the support and restraint adjustment. Cyclic
overstress, with necessary adjustment on each
thermal cycle, and occasional yielding resulting from
upset conditions, etc., will change the line contour
and modify the reactions at supports and restraints.
Temporary periods of uneven temperature, particularly during heating up, may cause bowing, etc.,
which disappears when equilibrium conditions are
again established.
It is always desirable that the performance of
supports, restraints, and braces be observed during
initial heating up to see if they perform as intended.
Adjustment is needed if unanticipated restraints
occur which will distort the line or damage the supports. When equilibrium temperature is reached the
supports should be readjusted to the most favorable
posrtion. The operators and maintenance forces
should appreciate the importance of observing the
action of these devices during each period of major
temperature change as well as during service.
Periodic adjustment of supports may well avoid
fatigue failure, unnecessary distortion, leakage, or
other distress. In Section 2.6 of Chapter 2, the significance of calculated deflections is shown to be
as a range of movement and not as an absolute
position. This carries with it the understanding
that supports must be adjusted to suit the immediate
working position of the line.
The foregoing is at least equally applicable to
average minimum engineered pipe systems as to
critical ones. With the former, the deflections, the
support and restraint reactions, and also the stresses
are established for the design of both the piping and
its supporting system by thumb rule or simplified
analyses subject to appreciable error. Observation
of the behavior of the line and supports is necessarily
SYSTEMS
an essential part of this approach since early correction of observable inadequacies can avoid later
extensive direct and contingent damages to the
piping and connected equipment.
For critical piping it is desirable to define clearly
the installation and subsequent adjustment requirements, and where at all possible to send a design
engineer thoroughly familiar with the basic and
installation requirements, to assist with and observe
the adequacy of the installation. This is particularly
important on stiff or large high-temperature piping
or where critical materials are involved. In particular, measures for. prestress should be properly
executed, and the adjustment of special support
and restraint fixtures properly accomplished.
Stops should be adjusted so they will react in the
required degree at service temperature and, if required, also under ambient conditions. It should
be assured that the stop restricts only movement
normal to the contact surfaces, which should be
smooth and reasonably parallel.
Many supports or restraints involving sliding or
moving parts are dependent on the maintenance care
given to them for dependable operation.
The
designer may easily make the mistake of placing
too much reliance on such maintenance; delicate
mechanisms are easily put out of order and should
be avoided. In all cases the designer should give
some thought to the consequences should a particular
device fail to function as planned. If consequences
are serious, a more foolproof detail should be sought.
Frictional resistance, when critical, can be combated by going to anti friction devices such as rollers
or self-lubricating details. Self-adjusting features
can often be worked in. An overall appraisal of
this nature can greatly increase a system's reliability
in service ..
CHAPTER
Vibration:
Prevention
and Control
Introduction
258
DESIGN OF PIPING
Basic concepts of vibration and a general discussion of vibration prevention and control are given
in the next section. The sections following include
a more extensive engineering treatment of the subject of structural and acoustic vibrations, with information for the convenience of the piping engineer
and stress analyst in setting up and solving problems which require detailed investigations. This is
followed by an illustration of the application of
basic vibration concepts and derived equations in
the design analysis of a sample piping system. The
last section of this chapter discusses piping vibration
from the point of view of diagnosis and correction of
existing conditions, i.e. "trouble shooting".
9.2
Fundamental
Vibration
Considerations
in Piping
9.2a Definitions.
It is appropriate to define a
few terms which are fundamental in any discussion
of vibration theory and practice.
1. The period of vibration, T, (seconds) designates
the time of one complete oscillation which is repeated in every respect.
2. The frequency of oscillation, f, (cycles per
second) is equal to the reciprocal of the period of
vibration. The angular frequency, w, (radians per
second) = 27rjT.
3. The number of degrees of freedom equals the
number of independent quantities defining the position of a system. Thus, a system consisting of a
mass attached to a massless spring and constrained
to unidirectional motion has one degree of freedom,
since the system configuration is completely defined
by the deflection of the spring. A simply supported
flexible beam or pipe, on the other hand, has an infinite number of degrees of freedom because of the
flexibility of each element relative to adjoining ones,
requiring an infinite number of element deflections
to describe the position completely.
4. A principal mode of vibration is a free vibration
(see 9.2b, "Types of Vibration") of
system vi~
brating at a definite frequency. The number of
principal modes is equal to the number of degrees
of freedom. Frequencies of the principal modes of
oscillation arc called natural frequencies. The lowest natural frequency is called the fundamental fre~
quency and corresponds to the fundamental mode
of vibration. A beam, or pipe, has an infinite number of principal modes. However, the importance
of the fundamental frequency is by far the greatest.
5. Damping can be defined as the reduction of
vibration amplitude through action of frictional
forces. It is a cure for resonant vibrations, whereas
SYSTEMS
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
SU/Do
O.18U/Do
(9.1)
AND CONTROL
259
260
9.3 Structural
tions
Natural
Frequency Calcula-
FIG. 9.1
Spring-mass system.
spring constant
m = mass in slugs
W
weight (lb)
acceleration
due to gravity
(It/sec")
In
In
(9.2)
'1'n
JE
Wn
Wn
Wn
271"
271" '\j;
natural
fE.
=]_
(9.3)
period T, in seconds,
271"
271"
= - = - = -=
fn
Wn
Vk/m
(9.4)
as W = mg it is seen
Ila~ in feet of the spring
Oat
=-
mg
=-
Substituting
this into eq. (9.3) gives another expression for the natural frequency In, also in cps.
In = _.!_ /g =
271"
-i:
0.906
VOst
(9.5)
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
Equations 9.3 and 9.5 are of great usefulness, primarily because of their immediate generalization to
configurations
far more complex than the simple
system for which they were derived.
W=mg
FIG.
9.2
Structure
supporting a weight.
Thus, Fig. 9.2 shows a structure supporting a concentrated weight lV (lb). Assume that the weight
of the structure can be neglected as compared with
W, and that it is desired to estimate the natural
frequency of vibration
of the mass in a vertical
direction.
By virtue of eqs, 9.3 or 9.5 the vibration
problem is reduced to a purely structural one. To
use eq. 9.3, calculate the concentrated
force (lb)
required to deflect point 0 vertically 1 ft (i.e. the
spring constant k(lb/ft) in the vertical direction at
and also recognized as an influence coefficient in
structural deflection theory).
With W = mg given,
in is found by substitution into eq. 9.3. Alternately,
the static vertical deflection at point 0 under the
concentrated
weight lV can be found and in calculated from eq. 9.5.
t:
o.t =
WL3
48 EI
in =
In general,
0.906 J48WL
rEi
Ct
'\}1ViJ
= ~
lEI
VW
L2
(9.7 !
11
WI!
=
=
=
=
pipe contents
E (lb/in.2),
= 0.130.Jlh
I
L
261
E
FIG. 9.3
AND CONTROL
usefulness
(9.6)
than
---_. __ .. _
__ ._.
__ ._
for n consistent
set of
_ _----------------
.. ..
262
DESIGN OF PIPING
Table
Support
SYSTEMS
9.1
Frequency
Coefficient a for
Pipe or Uniform Bar
Mode of Vibration
Fundamental
(1st)
Cantilever
Second
....
Mode
Fundamental
--_-_
0.265
...
1.66
0.743
(1st)
Fundamental
One end simply supported,
2.97
1.16
(1st)
Second Mode
Fundamental
(1st)
1.69
Second Mode
(O.13~)2
0.260
W = O.25W =
t TV
0.13~
0.13J
(tw:
L2
P)L3
EI
1
-w
4
P
L
(9.9)
(9.9a)
mass dm.
3EILg
(L)3
G~
3EI
dX) L3 ;-
the infinitesimal mass at x may be considered equivalent to an effective infinitesimal mass at the end
(z = L), multiplied by a weight factor (X/L)3. If
the effective infinitesimal masses at x = L is then
added, the total effective mass is
lV
J:L (x)3
L
gL.
dx
1 W
4:
lVeff
-g-
or
Werr
4'W.
mass on cantilever.
the infinitesimal
Wclf = L-2
FlO. 9.4. Elementary
= 3EI/x3,
dm == Wx dx ==
+-
(9.8)
Consequently,
the fundamental
natural frequency
for a cantilever with a total weight W uniformly
distributed and a concentrated load P at the end is
In
constant
L1+L.
L,.J
(X)3
l-
dx -
(Ll
+ L2)4
(Ld'! W
4L 2 L3
(9.10)
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
263
y(x, t)
f(x)
sin wnt
Wn
FIG. 9.5
Distributed
mass on cantilever.
Potential energy
in
I(x)[f"(x)]2
dx
(9.12)
=
0.13 ~lVeffL
W (~
= L1,
L2
---+ 0,
and
Stiffness
= ~ wn cos2 wntlL
W(x)!f(x)]2
dx
(9.13)
and
Kinetic energy
so that
(9.11)
!Esin2wntlL
Variable
Mass.
There exists, since Rayleigh !3], a systematic procedure for the approximate calculation of natural
frequencies of structures with non-uniform stiffness
and non-uniform mass distribution.
With this
method a reasonable form of the deflection curve
during oscillation is assumed and then maximum
kinetic and potential energies are calculated and
equated.
The result is an expression for the natural (undamped) frequency. If, by chance, the exact form
of the vibratory deflection curve for a particular
mode has been assumed the resulting expression for
the natural frequency for that particular mode will
be exact. In general, at least for the fundamental
mode, any reasonable approximation to the actual
deflection curve will yield results good enough for
practical purposes. A reasonable deflection curve
is one which satisfies at least the major boundary
conditions of the structure (e.g., end conditions for
beams).
tELL
. .
Max. kinetic
energy
1 wn
(xW
I(x)[f"
1L
dx
= - -
(J
W(x)[f(X)]2
dx
from which
E(JI
CtJn
I(x)[f"
(X)]2 dx
(9.14)
lL W(x)!f(X)]2
dx
By analogy with eq, 9.2, the numerator and denominator in eq. 9.14 represent an effective spring constant and an effective mass (or load) respectively.
FIG. 9.7
Cantilever.
= 28 sin2 'l!"X
(9.15)
4L
FIG. 9.6
MllSS
distribution.
where
= 8 sin
0 =
'7
and
f(x)
8 sin"
'7
264
WIL .
=-
W cf(
dx
= _.W
2
Weir
= -WIL
L
(9.16)
I
~ (lW
El+
=0.13~'l
L2
1
4 + L
Wv
.
Simply
supported
beam j',
= 0.525
EI
+ P)L
('2lV
sin? -dx
L
uniform load
+ end load
uniform load
+ center
= *W
= /}
(9.17)
(9.18)
t; = 1.03
RI
-3=------::
~ (sW
lV
=
=
L =
E =
I =
= l.03~'I
L2
gWU + L
(9.19)
9.3d Combined
Bending-Torsion.
Consider
the cantilever in Fig. 9.S and assume its mass can
be neglected.
Then, the static deflection at point 0
for a weight Pis:
L
3 + 144~L L 2J
0= [ 48-a + 4s_b
ui,
EI"
where La and Lb
I a and I b
Ja
o=
C9.20}
modulus of elasticity,
Ib/in.2
torsional shearing modulus,
lb /in."
respective moments, of inertia of
the section, in."
polar moment of inertia about
the center of gravity of the circular section a or the "equivalent"
value for a noncircular section.
in."
deflection, ft.
lb/ It, for point () is
3
Eh/48Lb
=
1+
tions, ft.
= common
9.8
GJa
----;;::>
O</Gb
FIG.
+ P)I}
for cantilevers
= natural
WII
0.525
1rX
Thus, let:
in
P)3
center load is
and
in = 0.13
(9.9; 9.901
21rX
Stu -
Cantilever
(h) (LLb)3
a
i,
+ 3 El b (Da)
GJa
Lb
(9.21 )
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
265
In ::::0.13
(9.22)
If the mass of the piping (beam) cannot be neglected, and denoting by Wlia and Wyb the weight per
linear foot (lb/It) of length ~a and Lb respectively,
In
EhjlVeflLb3
= 0.13
FIG. 9.11
Two members: -
angle
between legs.
In
0.13
= 0.13
(9.23)
""-2
Lb
1 In (La)3
3E t, (La)
1+-- +-32 fa i,
2GJa t.;
2Eh
+ 38 Wya
Lb
0.13
= Lb
t,(L-a)3
1+--
1
32
fa
i,
Wyb
(9.24)
3Eh (La)
2GJa Lb
+--
f
:FIG. \J.9
(La)
Lb
ex"\j
lEI
lVI.}
(9.25)
wherejisincps,Eisinlb/in.2,Jisinin.\
W = total
weight of bend in lb, L = L1 + L2 = total length
of bend in It, and ex is a numerical factor depending
upon the ratio Ld L2 and the angle O.
Consider two extreme cases:
a. L2 = 0, L1 = L
In this case the bend reduces to a fixed-end beam
and a :::: 1.69 constant for all angles.
b. L1
FIG. 9.10
Idealized configuration
= L2
!L
L2), if 0
266
DESIGN
OF
PIPING
La=L/2
FlO. 9.12
Two-member bend 0
1</2.
SYSTEMS
f[
Wl'
Yo =
48/EI
1/Ll~
1-
1/L2'J
1-
1+ (EI/GJ)(Lz/Lt)
La = l(ll=O)
I------...;_-----~
1.69
1+ (EI/GJ)(LdLz)
(9.26)
1.60
For EI/GJ
1 as assumed
result reduces to
L3
Y = - X 144
o
384 EI
5
and LdL2
= 1, the
1.040
15 L3
= -
8 EI
(9.27)
o
1.06
1.20
1.06
~--,---~--~----~--o
11'
1.2
(9.28)
where k
r
t =
E
lr
11'
1.69
7r
2
'7
and
II
=
=
in =
1
211'
2GIEt3g
Pr2
lEt
- 14.6 r '\jp
(9.29)
VIBRATION:
PHEVENTION
tw
(g.30)
tfEt
In = 23.3; '\jp
load IV on a clamped
concentrated
load (at
(9.31 )
lw
(9.32)
In
= 6~5
-l-
(9.33)
Resonance
267
mx +
kx
and Magnification
F sin wt
(9.34)
R
F
since
Wn
1
=
I/k
k - mw2
= 1 -
(w2/wn2)
= vk/m or
R
F/k
-=
9.4
AND CONTROL
(w2/wn2)
1-
M.F.
IX I
dyn
(9.35)
S1
1- (w
~/w
(9.36)
2
n
mx
+ ci: + kx =
Fei""
(9.37)
DESIGN
268
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
>..2 + (CAlm)
which
+w
= 0,
wn2
kim,
m ~ 0, from
!I..F.
f=O
6.0
(9.39)
5.0
".0
r,
3.0
= Rei""
:2.0
1.0
XBt
0
0
1.0
FIG.
9.14
e;W'
~
.,:
and
Odyn
Oat
= -v=l
(9.38)
where Co is defined as critical damping, pertaining to
the particular system.
The critical damping of an effective spring-massdashpot system is defined as follows: If less damping
is present, the system will damp out in an oscillatory
manner when disturbed by a passing transient; for
damping greater than critical the system will damp
out in a nonoscillatory manner, as illustrated in
Fig. 9.15.
The critical damping for a given system is immediately determined from the differential equation
as follows:
For free vibration the differential equation is:
mx + cii + kx = O. This differential equation is
satisfied by the expression x = Ae~' provided that
).. is a root of the quadratic m)..2
C).. + k = 0, or
Wn
I !!:_ I = I I
OBl
+ i sin wt
(w)2
= cos wt
t -
Wn
2.0
where
.'.,
W.
1 + 2r-
(9.40)
1
=
./
2rv 1 -
r2.
(9.41 )
"
FIG. 9.15
(9.42)
"
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
M.F.
1 ....
(9.43a)
- ~- V2
o
1
r > --;::,
For
V2
<~W
n-
(M.F.) max
<1
(9.43b)
W
1 at-
= 0
r.
M.F.
Ina.
7.0
Equation.
(M.F.) max
2t{l=F
5.0
..0
J.O
1.0
1.0
o+----------+----.-------------~~-o
FlO.
9.16
SY"em with
relalively
high nalu",!
{,equenty
relalivo la "
givon forcing
Iraquenty W I
W"
6.0
.!
{Z
269
AND CONTROL
1.0
2.0
VB.
damping ratio.
FIG. 9.17
.,
1
M.F. as a function of
w/w
270
Ro, ft
2. The frequency of vibration,
}
from vibration
survey
w, rad/see
If
R
r=
R/Ro = ---;::======
'I + [
'\)
2t(w/wn)
(w/wn)2
1-
(9.44)
J2
or
(9.45)
(9.46)
Thus, k, Ro, w, and Wn being known, by hypothesis,
the maximum snubber force F s can be determined
from eq. 9.46 for any given amplitude ratio R/ Ro of
damped to undamped vibration.
The required
damping coefficient t for a desired amplitude ratio
is given by eq. 9.45, or if t is known, the amplitude
ratio is determined byeq. 9.44.
If r is not known, eq. 9.45 suggests an experimental method whereby this quantity can be
determined.
Consider a simple system whose
natural frequency Wn is known, subject it to a
forced vibration of frequency w/wn and measure the
amplitude Ro; then connect a hydraulic snubber to
the point where the amplitude is measured; the
system is now subjected to forced vibration under
the same conditions as before and measurements
are obtained for the reduced amplitude R. The
damping coefficient t of the snubber can then be
determined from eq. 9.45.
A study of eqs. 9.44, 9.45, and 9.46 shows that
viscous damping is really effective only in the neighborhood of resonance (w/wn = 1). This can also be
shown from Fig. 9.14; equation 9.44 represents the
reduction of the M.F. obtained by reading along a
vertical in Fig. 9.14 from the no damping (s = 0)
curve to that for a given r. Outside the vicinity of
resonance (say when w/wn :$; t or w/wn ;::: ~), high
damping coefficients are required to reduce the
amplitude to a reasonable degree, i.e. very large
maximum snubber forces may be needed. This point
will be further illustrated numerically in Section 9.9.
From the above expressions is also obtained:
Fs
11 -
kRo
'\)
(w/wn)21
'I + [1 - (w/wn)2J
(9.47)
2Sw/wn
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
271
Unboloncod Mon m
11 +
(w/wn)21
'I [1 -
"'J
)2J2
(9.48)
(w/wn
2ns w/wn
FIG.
(9.49)
An infinitely stiff shock absorber (r = 00) is a rigid
connection; hence, eq. 9.49 represents the force
transmitted to the ground when the point in question
is rigidly connected. The above is true from a
dynamic point of view. However, shock absorbers
of sufficiently large r may still be used to allow
flexibility of piping equilibrium positions in view of
thermal expansion as well as serve to counteract
resonant vibration amplitudes.
From the preceding equations the following, perhaps more useful, relations can also be obtained:
If R;
(RI
= amplitude for
(Ro
Fn
(F I
9.18
Wn
(rad/sec)
Wn=~
we have
(9.55)
and
(9.56)
Oat = {m/mo)r(w/wn)2
O*.t
(9.57)
(m/mo)r
Then:
Omsx
11 -
(9.58)
(w/wn)21
So that
r,
u;
-=nFl
(9.52)
RI
= Fl
= mOWn
omsx
9.Sb Elastic Foundations for Rotating Machinery. The installation of rotating machinery on
Of,
amnx
= mo r
Fmax
11 -
mOwn
11 _
from eq.
= kamax
Bt
(w/wn)21
08t
(9.59)
(w/wn)2
(w/wn)21
11 _
(9.60)
(9.61)
(w/wn)21
Fmnx/W'
11 11 -
(wn/w)21-1
)21-1
(w/wn
(9.62)
(9.63)
272
~:::
FIG. 9.19
F m.x/F
and Om.x/o.t
VB.
w/w,., no damping.
fmax
F
(9.64)
FIG. 9.20
FIG. 9.21
o",~x/[j
(9.65)
VE.
c;
"2 C ; 3" C
2C
2L
Period
Frequency
(sec) =
I 2L
2L'
I 2L
etc ....
3C
2L etc ....
273
temperature
in degrees
1120VT/518
49.3VT
(9.(j6)
in
3C
5C
4L;
4L;
4L;
(9.07 )
etc ....
For a tube "open" at both ends, the natural periods are the same as for a tube "closed" at both ends.
As was pointed out above, it is not always easy to
decide whether a physically open end may be considered open in acoustic considerations.
In view of
this, the value of the length L in the above equations
may differ somewhat
from the actual physical
length.
rr:
...:A..:...,=Hod
AtM>
.1
FIG. !).22
Resonator.
.
Penod
(sec)
271"~L-
= -
A
(9.68)
Frequency
or
where
(cps)
in
=!2271"'\IVi
fA
=
=
L =
tv lrA
neck Helmholz
(9.68a)
in
= ~ ~~
(9.69)
DESIGN OF PIPING
274
where
SYSTEMS
(9.69a)
J,J.
i" = 2...
+!v;;:A
27r\} VeL
+ !v'7rA)
(9.70)
in = 2...
~
27r\)V'\};
(9.71)
in = ~
Jf;
(9.72)
~ = 0. 22 Q
~
I.. = _E_
27rD'\};;. "D
D '\}"D
(9.73)
Jla
Aa
-----=--=
La
!V1I"Aa
while the L's, A's and V's are the neck lengths, neck
areas, and chamber volumes respectively.
The above system possesses two degrees of freedom
and can resonate in two distinct modes. The corresponding frequencies are given by:
(B.8)
C = 27r..J!:
In
(9.74)
Jl
Chamber
Neck
FI(.,. 9.23
Nock
V,
VI
Two-chamber
VIBRATION:
resonator expressions.
II =!!_
211'
b. Suppose
from eq. B.S:
r;;;;
v~
uj
112
h= c
211'
J.l.3
viTr;_,
it =!!_
211'
PREVENTION
Ilj VI
r;;;
(9.75)
V. Then
VV;_
= V2
h = V3
s.viTr;_
211'
(9.76) .
AND CONTROL
275
hence,
11
[z
2_
211'
- =
It
12
2_
211"
r;;;,
vv.
(9.79)
r;;;
V~
12 !J
V,
FIG. 9.24
I=
211"
J(3 2 V5) 1:
or
11 =
12
whence
0.62-
J.I.
211'~ V
(9.77)
162- c~ -'
.
V'
211'
:&'=26
11
d. Suppose Al = Aa
112
Il,
C~
f = 211"
v~ + V;
(9.78)
J.I.
VI
FlO.
9.25
V,
Closed two-chamber
= 0;
resonator system.
FIG. 9.26
276
DESIGN OF PIPING
volume=V
9.27
FlO.
f. Finally,
several neck
"necks" be
Then, it can
nn
(9.80)
SYSTEMS
i, ai tan (~
f_
2 fo
;=1
+ f3i)
Ls.
= 0
(9.81 )
Ls
fJ
Such relations hold for each joint. L is any reference length, but preferably a length giving a reasonable value of fo (such as an over-all length of the
main pipe branch) as a first estimate of the system
frequency.
The (+) sign is to be used for the segments with
flow towards the joint. The (-) sign is to be used
for segments with flow from the joint.
The following additional end conditions are also
to be satisfied:
At intake points
For node fJ = 0
For loop f3 = 11'/2
At discharge points
For node fJ = (1I'/2)[2m - (fIfo)],
Tn = 1 for fundamental.
Tn = 2 for 1st harmonic, etc.
(9.82)
----.~,
Joint
'\. '"
".
Joint
~'
0
18,ond,
Joint
r/
~,
Joint
'.0.....
-===~J~~i_nt~E-:::_=~S
FIG. 9.28
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
A
B____j
--,
FIG. 9.29
277
~I
;:=:::]'
~
Example of branched piping system.
Acoustic
Factors
Resonance
and
Magnification
278
M.f.
.....
M.F.
(9.84)
3.0
-;
1.0
.,
0+-------~.~------+-------'3--------r-----W
..,
FlO. 9.30
1.0
2.0
"'k
I sec(~:J I
Wn
being the exciting and natural frequencies
respectively.
The magnification factor in this case represents
the ratio of the amplitude of pressure response at
some point in the acoustic system to the amplitude
of pressure excitation. The qualification "at some
point" is rather important, for there are locations
(loops) in an acoustic system where things are relatively quiet (pressurewise) even at a resonance condition. At other points however (nodes) there is
high pressure amplitude magnification. The determination of the nodes and loops in a complex piping
system, while possible in principle from the general
results given in Appendix B, requires rather lengthy
analysis. In general, damping in acoustic systems,
arising from viscous drag forces and heat conduction, is rather small.
It will be recalled that in the spring-mass system
the magnification factor representing the ratio of
W,
I Sec (~
:J I
n:
VIBRATION:
the magnification
damping is:
M.F.
where
r
Wn
W
PREVENTION
....
(9.85)
(9.86)
with
f=L~=i~=~~
(9.87)
FJow Pulsation
Smoothing
AND CONTROL
279
by experience, since it is the latter smoothing devices, rather than tuned resonators, which lire most
frequently employed for smoothing of low rpm reciprocating compressor flow pulsations.
However, theory also indicates that in the case of
high frequency excitation, tuned resonators can be
quite effective [151, particularly in conjunction with
orifices. It is because of this result that a very
elementary theory of the tuned resonator is included
in Appendix B.
9.8b Surge Tanks. The surge tank or "bottle"
is used to reduce pressure pulsations and fluid oscillations.
Surge tank information relating to reduction of hydraulic hammers in liquid systems is adequately summarized
by Rouse [16] and Reynolds
[17]. In gas systems, surge tanks are often used to
smooth flow oscillations [18, 19]. Briefly, smoothing
of flow pulsations via the surge tank is achieved by
means of volume capacity (energy storage) and some
moderate pressure drop between tank and piping
system, corresponding to moderate energy dissipation. As will be shown later, in any given case the
smaller the pressure drop the larger the volume
(capacity) requirement in order to achieve a certain
degree of smoothing.
In view of the existence of capacity and some
degree of dissipation the "bottle" acts as a hydraulic
filter. The electrical analogy is a simple R-C circuit
filter with dissipation via electrical resistance and
capacity via a condenser.
Inasmuch as dissipation
in gas flow is really not a linear phenomenon the
analogy is only approximate.
In order to gain an insight into the working of a
hydraulic filter for use in smoothing piping gas flow
oscillations, an elementary analysis for a basic filter
element is given in Appendix B. It is assumed that
the amplitude
of pulsations in the incoming flow
(from the compressor into the surge tank) is sn..rll.
The pressure-flow relations are linearized relative to
a mean flow rate and the resulting relations then become representative
of a simple linear filter, as represented by a first order differential equation,
While the theory is thus representative
of a very
idealized state of affairs, it nevertheless yields an
insight into the essentials of the behavior of hydraulic filters, which in turn are ultimately the prototypes of surge tanks or "bottles"
and, despite
their greater complexity, also of snubbing devices
or silencers of various types.
This elementary theory also yields some useful
approximate
design results.
These results urrshown in Fig. 9.31 in the form of a family of curves
showing attenuation
factors vs. volume capaeity
280
in
frOM Compreuof
Otific.
Effedi'to
\N\
...:s:.::vr:gO~T:on:::kJ- __
~.~
~
Piping S)'ltem
AF.
A"~nvafion
FodOf
Poram.,.t
Actuol ptl1lUt.
Ion, tgnk to
piping 'ylfem,.
in 1of m9Qn
'emk prouuro
200
20:1:
ISO
100
50
1);
1.0
0:1:
10
20
30
~o
50
yo
v/v= Ratio
A.f. =
["nOW
Variation
Ovtflow Vcttalion
FIG. 9.31
FIG.
0.32
28l
282
FIG.
9.33
G(~-
~)sin(2~L)T
(cf. [15])
(9.88)
27rjL
7r
-=nC
2
nC
4L
or
(n
j=--
at
= 1, 3, 5, ... )
n c
j=-2L
(n
1, 2, 3, '1, ...
~i
1A
2 a
= - ._-
+ [~(~ - ~)
factors,
or
(9.89)
- = 2 (A.F.)
a
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
283
DESIGN
284
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
6p
2pL.U
2pLU
2pLU
= -= -_
t
i;
2/0
(6p) max = --
..
pU.
(9.91)
FIG. 9.34
= pALU
!6pA
t
or
2pLU
t
6p=--
(9.90)
6Pmnx
where U
2 X 4700
144
= 65U
(9.92)
pUC
1.04----
__
.5
O+------~----~----~------~~,
o
FIG. 9.35
4
VB.
Hie
non-dimen-
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
285
AND CONTROL
FIG. 9.37
General estimates:
FIG. 9.36
where Q
2QU cos 0
(9.93)
Illustration
of Vibration
Simple Piping System
= 10.25Ib/ft.
Speed of sound in gas C = -v::;Rr.
Weight of pipe
In the case of pulsating flow, e.g. from a reciprocating compressor, the mass flow rate Q is a periodic
time function leading to a cyclic bend force F. The
resultant effect is then a periodic excitation, with
magnification in the case of structural resonance
with the pulsation.
9.9
Analysis
of a
and Estimates.
The piping
9.37 was selected for the
a possible practical applicacontained in the preceding
Compressor Characteristics:
Single stage, double acting, steam driven.
Weight
= 15,000 lb.
Inlet pressure
= 415 to 665 psia,
Discharge pressure
= 1100 psia.
Discharge temperature = 220 F.
Gas molecular weight = 10.
Adiabatic constant, 'Y = 1.27
Inlet temperature
= 100 F.
= 2075 ft/sec.
9.9b Estimates
of Structural
quencies of Piping System
Pipe C-D
In =
25
113 X 106
)3
~ 102.5 X {10
56.3 cps
In = 0.743
_1.69
X 56.3
= 24.7 cps
0
)
L1
L = 13 ft 'L
10
13
= - =
0.77
% load
Piston Displ., cfrn
1.69
W
75%
156
= 102.5 lb.
10 X 10.25
1. Fixed Ends
From Table 9.1
Fundamental bending frequency
Table 9.2
100%
250
40
Fre-
L = 10 ft.
Speed, rpm
Natural
50%
101
16.1
In
/113 X 106
= 1.47" 133 X (13)3
= 30.0 cps
286
DESIGN OF PIPING
The fundamental
frequencies of Bend DIIG (or
ABC) are then obviously above 30 cps.
9.9c Estimate of Lower Bounds of Structural
Natural Frequencies.
It appears from the foregoing that the natural frequencies of the pipes or
bends, shown in Fig. 9.37, when considered restrained
by the supports, are considerably higher than the
250 cpm which corresponds to the maximum rpm of
the compressor.
Therefore, resonance effects due
to the unbalance of compressor rotating masses are
not to be expected in this pipe system. A compressor
with a reasonably short connecting rod will also
have a fairly sizable excitation
at twice its rpm
(the "secondary unbalance force").
In the example
treated, this will occur at 500 cpm.
When this
secondary excitation gets into resonance it can cause
trouble, which has been observed repeatedly
in
service.
Nonetheless,
if all joints are rigid, as
assumed, even the secondary unbalance force will
not cause resonance in the structure of Fig. 9.37.
However, it may be worth while to estimate lower
bounds of frequencies due to, say, possible flexibility
of restraints.
To this end consider restraint C
removed first. Since point B is only 2 ft from point
A, point B may be considered as fixed (for the sake
of simplicity).
The natural frequency of BCD is
obtained by considering it as a 90 bend fixed at
Band
D. Then by extrapolation
from Fig. 9.13
with LdL = 10/1S,
0
113 X lOG .
In = 1.27 ~
0
3
18 X 1 .25 X (IS)
13.0 cps
(10
+ 3 -+
5) X 10.25
= 18'1.5Ib
in
= 0 13
'V[:}(8
= 4.3 cps
113 X 10
X 10.25)
184.5J[(8)J1
258 cpm
SYSTEMS
t X 2 X 10.25 +
+
~ X 10.25 X 8
184.5
= 230.6 lb
and
113 X lOG
In = 0.13
230.6 X
(S)3
2,i
1+-+3S
cps =
180
cpm
/j.t
-)2
(271'
f n 2= 2.0 ft.
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
= 0.0052 ft
ft in.
![1
- (4~56.3)2]
V(4)2 _ 1
= 26.0
56.3
This is an extremely large value of r and is probably
out of the practical range. The example merely
shows that viscous damping is really effective only
in the neighborhood of resonance. Indeed, from
eq. 9.46 of the same section the maximum force
transmitted
by the dampener is found to be
Fs = kRo[1 - (4.17/56.3)2jVl - (t)2 = kRo =
300,000Ro (lb), where Ro is the maximum amplitude of vibration (in feet) without damping. Thus,
the snubber force is practically equal to the force
required to produce in the structure a deflection
equal to the maximum amplitude Ro.
In the other extreme, when the ratio of forcing
to natural frequency (w/wn) is large, it is seen from
eq. 9.46 that the maximum force to be transmitted
AND CONTROL
287
R
Ro
[2
4.17]2
X 5G.3
0.987
f
or
= 0.18 -D
o
= 0.18 -/
2 = 0.617U
3.5 1
= -- f
0.617
162N
.
= 13.2 miles/hr
= 58.5 miles/hr
,
288
DESIGN
OF PIPING
4L
4 X 33
Period = C
= ---
frequency
is
2075
10 =
1
0.0635
0.0635 sec.
20)
15.7 cps
10)
I
+tan ("IT'- --+.8
2 fa 33
2/033
Branch ABeD
=tan
Branch GIlD
(lO"lT'
I )
-+jS
33
fo
Branch DEF
/3 (Branch ABCD)
0,
f3 (Branch GIlD)
(1o
l.!.)
33 fa
"IT' .!i)+tan(5"1T'
33
10
it
0.9 X 15.7
14.1 cps
I
tan ("IT'- --+jS
SYSTEMS
acoustic frequency
based on all branches is less than the frequency
which results when branch DIlG is omitted,
9.9h Estimate
of Acoustic Frequency
of the
System
Corresponding
to its First Harmonic
(2nd Mode).
It may be of interest sometimes to
estimate the acoustic natural frequency of the first
harmonic corresponding to the second acoustic mode.
In accordance with the results given in Subsection
9.6c
tan
C; -
1.3 :;
10) =
tan
7r
C303
10) +
(m -
= :::
2
G; 10)
By trial and error it is found that a root of this transcendental equation is 12/fo = 2.16, so that!2 = 2.16
X 15.7 = 34 cps. The ratio of the first harmonic to
the fundamental acoustic frequency isJz/!1 = 34/14.1
= 2.4. In a single branch with constant cross
sections the ratio would be 3 : 1. In general, it,
appears then that the effect of branch GIlD is to
reduce the fundamental
and higher acoustic frequencies.
9.9i Estimates
of Some Possible
Resonator
Frequencies.
Consider the system in Fig. 9.37
with some modifications, as shown in Fig. 9.38. All
piping, except where indicated, is of
in. OD
(3 in. IPS) pipe. Pressures, temperatures,
etc. are
as given in Subsection 9.9a. All equations used are
given in Section 9.8 or Appendix B.
3!
(9.94)
/31
tan
10" dio.
L) m = 1 3 5
fa'
, ,
Hence, from the relation above, and for the fundamental mode (m = 1)
tan
-+-"IT'(
[1- o"IT' t.
33 fa
11)J =tan
1-2
fa
(1071"
11)
- -l-tan (57r
-33 fo
fl)
lorge
Veu..1
Dampener
33fo
t' dio.
Comp,euor
This is a transcendental
equation for the ratio ftl/o
where fo = 15.7 cps as calculated above for a simple
line ABCDEP with A acoustically
closed and P
acoustically open.
FIG. 9.38
~
.
=! ....
----------------------------------
t .
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
289
..
'
L = 0;
11'
'4
A =
(3.5)2
12
= 0.07 f t;
FIG. 9.39
Il
2~
= 2~
= 2075 ft/sec
f = 2075 ~2X.022
l.57
142 cps
2075
t. = -=65
32
ally.
A =
We have also
2 ft
(typical chamber dimension),
1-'1
1-'=
and
JI.
9.40
L+!v;A ,
_/
2075
40 =
1 0.022
52 ft
t = 252=
A = 0.07 ft2;
= 0.022 ft.
3=~vO.0711'
a.
1,.
min
40 cps
~/J + 21-'2
f 2 =.E_
27l'
V
JJ. ~
a
211'
= -
If;;
If;
-
= 2075
-211'
f&j.022
-1.57
40 cps as
111
case 2.
3 ft.
fmin
2 X 10-4
""
Then
0.07
v2
V, = V, =V
Pulsation dampener
fl = 2~
f = 2075 /0.022 =
27l' '\j 1.57
/J, =/J)=/J'
FIG.
3 ft;
A
LJ
11
v,
ft>30 ft
-
=32 cps
4.5
2rr
f = 2075~.29
--211'
(per neck)
ft3
0.07
JJ.2 =
20
and
/21-'2
= 211' '\}V
+ ~VO.071r
= 0.0034 ft
2075 ~2 X 0.0034
f = --
27l'
1.57
2075
-- 24 ft
27
'
r is
7 cps;
small.
290
12'
Consider a "bottle"
The volume is
Chambo<
10 die.
,"
8'
3:1
dia.
dia.
FIG. 9.41
8f
t"
32
N.d<
N.d<
0.07
!VO.071r
0.0085 ft
= -11""(10)2
X 12 = 6.5 f t J
12
f = 2075
/2 X 0.0085
211"""\j
2075
]I. = -
17
~= 3.5
17 cps
6.5
122 ft
30
ft
X 10-5
Pintl\kc
100
+ 460
220
+ 460
1.
2
Therefore, maximum discharge = 40/1. 7 = 23.5 cfm.
Hence, for a double-acting single piston compressor
the discharge volume How rate per stroke per piston
is approximately
V*
23.5
2 X 250
= 0.047
and 2 ft long.
11""
= - X 12 X 2 = 1.57 cu ft
Header pipe.
12 in. in diameter
f
cu t
!_ =
V*
1.57
0.047
33.4
Factor
/
"\j 1
A.F.
0.03)2
211"" X 0.75
_ 0.485
_ 3
-
;b'.
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
= 2.5 X
10--4;
A = 5 X 1O-8ft2 = 7 X 10-6in.2
or
.-
7 X 10-6
'
= 0.003 in.
tv
9.10a Background.
The foregoing sections of
this chapter presented fundamental considerations
of piping vibration, general means for its correction
or control, and reference formulas for assistance in
AND CONTROL
291
292
DESIGN OF PIPING
disintegration
of insulation, grouting, foundations,
etc. In addition, the noise and uncertainty
as to
structural
integrity of noticeably vibrating equipment may have adverse morale effect on operating
and maintenance personnel.
The three basic characteristics
of individual
vibrations
have direct structural significance: (1)
frequency dictates the number of cycles and hence
fatigue life; (2) amplitude indicates both the maximum stress attained and the stress range, the former
a measure of hazard of yielding or direct stress
fracture and the latter of fatigue life in combination
with the total cycles; (8) acceleration is a measure
of the dynamic
force producing the oscillatory
movement and which must be opposed in order to
reduce amplitude.
Since appraisal of the hazard
involved and need for or manner of correction must
be related to these vibration characteristics,
satisfactory comprehension
of their significance is essential. Early attention during initial operation may
avoid subsequent damage of considerable magnitude.
9.10b Vibration
IVlcasurement.
Specialized
equipment
for indicating
or recording vibration
characteristics is available in great variety to match
the many different conditions under which measurements are made.
Some instruments are compact,
light in weight, and readily portable, others are
suited only to laboratory or to permanent installations.
Mechanical, electrical, or inertia actuations
are made, some 'with direct sensing, others using
various types of pickups such as mechanical and
electrical strain gages, Bourdon tubes, diaphragms,
or inertia devices such as accelerometers, magnetic
and induction coils, etc.
Although detailed descriptions of vibration equipment are beyond the scope of this chapter, it may be
helpful to classify the general types of equipment
and their indicated usefulness.
A. Mechanical
Viorometers.
Most instruments
are of the recording type, and applicable to low or
moderate frequencies with the amplitude magnified
for improved measurement.
Compact and rugged
types which are suitable for wide usage are available
at reasonable prices. Included in this classification
are conventional recording instruments for pressure,
flow, etc.
B. Reed Vibromelers.
This is a most useful and
economic type which is widely employed on rotating
machinery, and generally applicable to frequencies
over lOcps. The range is wide and accuracy entirely
satisfactory
for structural
purposes.
They are
generally used for frequency determination,
but can
also be used for approximate amplitude evaluation.
SYSTEMS
VIBRATION:
PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
293
294
and connecting tubing. As a rule, however, vibrations of the noise type are so small as to be nondangerous. Usually only the welt developed sinusoidal vibrations are so large that they have to be
reduced in amplitude for safe operation.
References
1. J. P. Den Hartog, Mechanical Vibralions, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, 1940.
2. S. Timoshenko, Vibration Problems in Engineering, D.
Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1937.
3. Lord Rayleigh, Theory of Sound, Vol. I, II, Dover Publications, 1945.
4. A. E. H. Love, The .Mathematical Theory of Elasticity,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1927.
5. P. M. Morse, Vibration and Sound, Mcflraw Hill Book
Co., New York, 193().
6. H. F. Olsen, Dynamical Analogies, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1943.
7. J. J. Stoker, Non-linear l'ibralions, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1950.
8. S. Timoshenko (revised by J. P. Den Hartog), "Vibration," in L. S. Marks, ed., Mechanical Enginur's Handbook, pp. 486-504, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1951.
9. R. O. Fehr, "Vibration and Noise Control," in C. Carmichael, ed., Kenl's Jl{echanical Engineer's Handbook,
Design and Production Volume, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1950.
10. C. E. Credo, Fibration and Shock Isolation, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1951.
11. H. S. Ryder and E. K. Gatcombe, "Designing Vibration
Absorbers," Machine Design, V. 21, No. 11, pp. 142-145
(1!l49).
APPENDIX
-~.
A
History and Derivation
of Piping Flexibility Analysis
HIS appendix is principally of general background interest in the study of piping flexibility analysis.
It consists of (1) a brief historical review, (2) a rather complete bibliography
of published matter on the subject, and (3) the
derivation of the various formulas entering into the
calculations.
It contains material which was withheld from Chapter 5 in order to enhance that chapter's usefulness to the calculator
as a working
reference.
A.I
History
Analysis
of Piping
Flexibility
and
Stress
296
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
on Piping
Flexibility
19.
20.
21.
and
Stress Analysis *
1. R. C. Taggert, "Expansion of Pipes," Trans. ASCE,
paper 1167, December, 1910.
2. C. E. Stromeyer, "Elasticity and Endurance of Steam
Pipes," Engineering, June 19, 1914, p. 857.
3. Mechanical Expert's Dept. of Crane Co., "Pipe Bends,
Their Growing Use and Efficiency," The Valve World,
October, 1915.
4. H. Carlier, L'ap!itude elastique des tuyaukries a vapeur au
point de vue dilafalion, 1920, 1923, 1925, 1927.
5. S. Crocker and S. S. Sanford, "The Elasticity of Pipe
Bends," Mech. Eng., Vol. 45, p. 159 (1923).
6. P. M. Gallo, "Expansion Steam Bends," Blas! Furnace
& Steel Plant, Vol. 13, No.5, pp. 218-220j Vol. 13, No.6,
pp. 261-262, 265; Vol. 13, No.7, pp. 300-302 (1925).
7. A. M. Wahl, "Stresses and Reactions in Expansion Pipe
Bends," Trans. ASME, Vol. 50, No. 15, pp. 241-255
(1928).
8. W. Hovgaard, "Deformation
of Plain Pipe Bends,"
J. Math. and Phys., M.I.T., Vol. 7, No.3, pp. 198-238
(1928).
!I. W. H. Shipman, "Design of Steam Piping to Care for
Expansion," Trans. ASME, Vol. 51, FSP-51-52, p. 415
(1929).
10. A. M. Wahl, J. W. Bowley, and G. Back, "Stresses in
Turbine Pipe Bends," Mech. Eng., Vol. 51, pp. 823-828
(1929).
11. C. T. Mitehell, "A Graphic Method for Determining
Expansion Stresses in Pipe Lines," Trans. ASME,
FSP-52-25, Vol. 52, pp. 167-176 (1930).
12. A. McCutchan, "The Design of Piping to Secure Flexibility," Heating, Piping and Air Cond., Vol. 2, No.9,
pp. 738-742 (1930).
13. S. Crocker and A. McCutchan, "Elastic Properties of
Straight Pipe and Bends," in Piping Handbook (J. H.
Walker and S. Crocker), Ist. Ed. (1930), pp. 499,570.
14. R. Livingston, "Bending Stresses in Steam Pipes,"
World Power, Vol. 16, No.9, pp, 226, 228-230 (1931).
15. A. McCutchan, "Designing High Temperature Steam
Piping-Part
I, Flexibility of lOOOF Line," Heaiinq,
Piping and A ir Cond., Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 825-831; Vol. 3,
No. 11, pp. 918-923 (1931).
16. E. B. Cocks, "The Graphical Determination of Expansion Thrusts and Stresses in Steam Lines," Insi. of Civil
Eng. (London), No. 133 (1932).
17. H. Cartier, "Contribution a l'etude de l'aptitude elastique
des tuyautcries de vapeur au point de vue dilatation,"
Chaleur & ind., Annee 13, No.3, pp. 235-242 (1932).
18. E. T. Cope and E. A. Wert, "How to Obtain Flexibility
[1] to [33] for Chapter 3, covering the closely
of the flexibility of curved pipe.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
related subject
37.
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
297
298
Stresses in Three-Dimensional
Pipe Lines," J. Appl.
Mechanics, Vol. 4, No.2, pp. A68-A74 (1937).
38. H. E. Msyrose, "Data Sheets for. Design of Piping,"
J. Appl. Mechanics, Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 49-51 (1937).
39. W. Hovgaard, "Further Studies of Three-Dimensional
Pipe Bends," Trans. ASME, VoL 59, No.8, pp. 647-650
(1937).
40. A. M. Thyer, "Design of Piping for High Temperatures
and Pressures," J. Inst, Engrs. Australia, Vol. 10, No.6,
pp. 203-215 (1938).
41. F. Peiter and M. J. Fish, "A Method for Determination
of Reactions and Stresses in Expansion Pipe Bends,"
Combustion, Vol. 10, No.6, pp. 26-31 (1938).
42. O. J. Baggerud and K. W. Jernstrom, "Graphic Analysis
of Pipe Stresses," presented at 1939 meeting of the Soc.
of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
43. E. A. Wert and S. Smith, Design of Piping for Flexibility
with Flex-Anal Charts, Blaw Knox Co., Power Piping
Division, Pittsburgh, 1940.
44. H. Poritsky and H. D. Snively, "Stresses and Deflections of Three-Dimensional
Pipe Bends," J. Appl.
Mechanics, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. A68-A74 (1940).
45. I{. Muto and T. Tunoda, "Thermal Stress of Steam
Pipes," Japanese Gov. Rys. Bull., No. 28, September,
1940.
46. K. Muto and T. TUnoM, "Thermal Stress of Three
Dimensional Steam Pipes," Japanese Gov. Rys. Bull.
No. 28, October, 1940.
47. D. R. Zcno and S. D. Vinieratos, Piping Flexibility and
Stresses, Cornell Maritime Press, New York, 1941.
48. R. G. Lovell, "Refinery Piping, Providing for Expansion
in Hot Lines," Petroleum Enqr., Vol. 12, pp. 27-28, 30
(1941 ).
49. The M. W. Kellogg Co. (by D. B. Rossheim, A. R C.
Markl, H. V. Wallstrom, E. Slezak), Design of Pipi7lf}
Systems, 1st Edition, 1941 (out of print; superseded by
2nd edition, 1956).
50. S. W. Spielvogel, "Stress Calculation for High Temperature Piping," Power, Vol. 85, No.1, pp. 68-69; Vol. 85,
No.2, pp. 67-69 (1941).
51. Mason S. Noyes, "Thermal Expansion Stresses in Piping," J. Am. Soc. Naval Enqrs., Vol. 53, No.2, pp. 275374 (1941).
52. W. E. Bleick, "A Simplification in the Meyer-Hovgaard
System of Pipe Stress Forms," J. Am. Soc. Naval Enqrs.,
Vol. 53, No.4, pp. 775-704 (1941).
53. A. S. McCormick, "Expansion of Formulas for Calculating Loads, Rotation and Deflection of Quarter Bends
and Tangents of Pipes," J. Appl. Mechanics, Vol. 9,
No.1, pp. A38-A42 (1942).
54. H. Miller, "An Analytical Method for Determining the
Flexibility of Piping Having Two or More Anchorages,"
J. Appl. Mechanics, Vol. 9, No.4, pp. A165-A170 (1942).
55. S. W. Spielvogel, Piping Stress Calculations Simplified,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1943.
56. A. McCutchan, "Design of Steam Transmission Piping." Heating, Piping and Air Cond., Vol. 15, No.8,
pp. 401--404; Vol. 15, No.9, pp. 450-455 (1943).
57. A. S. McCormick, "Expansion of Formulas for Calculating Loads, Rotation and Deflection of Quarter Bends
and Tangents of Pipes," Design Data Book &, AS/HE,
p. 61,19-14.
5S. H. E. Mayrose, "Data Sheets for Design of Piping,"
Design Data Book 1. ,1SME, p, 33, Hl44.
HISTORY
70.
71.
72.
73.
14.
75.
76.
77.
No. 11, pp. 94-97, 99; Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 92-95
(1950); Vol. 23, No.1, pp. 136--139j Vol 23, No.2,
pp. 107-109 (1951).
""
J. E. Brock, "Matrix Method," Vol. 24, No.7, pp. 78-81
(1952).
A. McCu~han and W. P. Gregory, Vol. 25, No.3, pp.
92-97 (1953).
S. Crocker and A. Mefhrtchun, Vol. 25, No.7, pp. 87-90
(1953).
J. Yeakel, "Analysis of Stresses in Unsymmetrical Pipe
Frame," Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 26, No.6, pp. 113-116
(1947).
H. Carlier, "Contribution Ii l'etude des traces de tuyauterie a vapeur," Chaleur & ind., Annce 28, No. 11, pp.
276--278 (1947).
Lt. (E) P. T. Hoath, "Steam Pipework Design in Ships,"
presented at the September 1947 meeting of the Institute of Marine Engineers, London.
Lt. (E) P. T. Hoath, "Graphical Analytical Methods
of Stress Analysis," B.S.R.A. Res. Item &-Report IS,
January, 1948.
R. Desreumaux, "Calcul des tensions dans un tuyau
gauche soumis a une deformation calorifique empechee,"
Chaleur & ind., Annee 29, No.7, pp. 173-176 (1948).
R. C. DeHart, "Determination
by Moment Distributions of the Reactions and the Moments Arising from
the Expansion of Piping Systems," Montana State College BuUetin No. S, March, 1948.
J. R. Finniecome, "Thrust and Stresses in Two-Dimensional Pipe Expansion Bends," Insi. Mech, Enqre. (Landon) J. and Proc., Vol. 158, pp. 369-376 (1948).
A. Gage, "Les tuyauteries de vapeur de la centrale haute
pression de Gennevilllers," Rev. gen. mCccm., January,
1949, pp. 11-19.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
A.3
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
299
Deriva lion
Method
of
the
General
Ana.lytical
DESIGN OF PIPING
300
Us =
1
0
2EI dl
SYSTEMS
G
I
J
k
k,
section.
2GJ dl
where
E
IHescrvntions must be made in the case of local components where effects such M oross-sectionnl flattening of n
bend arc significant.
where the bending moment is expressed in components M band M' hr respectively in and transverse
to a reference plane containing the particular portion of the line, and the bending flexibility factor is
considered to be the same for both in-plane and
transverse bending.
The displacement under external loads of any
point in an elastic body is easily found from the
strain energy by the use of the Theorem of Castigliano. This theorem states that the deflection, 01'1
in the direction of and at the point of application of
a force F 1" is given by the partial derivative of the
strain energy with respect to the force F p. Thus at
a point located by the generalized coordinate p:
au
er
o -_
l' -
I'
The rotation,
M1':
01"
_ (1 kiM?
l'
u, - J;
r 1.3M
Jo 2EI
aU
aMp
o = -1
p
EI
[1'
0
kM
aMb Q dl
b -
iJ.M1'
11
kM'
aM' b Q dl
aMp
b --
HISTOHY
01'
= EI1
[1'
o
AND DERIVATION
1"
+1
b
kMb aM
-F Q dl
>-
aM!
1.3.M! aF
Q dl
(A.2)
a',
y1\
~'"
l/2~P
.:
~ /7
1
1/
z=y/
Y
0
y'
-~~/
/'v,
Fy
M7l)\~y
y...:;..,r
M'
Fz
y...
ji
~.
Uniform loading
in x Direction
Tolall""d
= .... l
FJO. A.I
ANALYSIS
301
FLEXIBILITY
eu', Q dl
kM b _aF1'
1
OF PIPING
Uniform loading
in y Diredion
Tolal load= wyl
Uniform loading
in z Diredion
TOlolload=wzl
and loading.
ZA
F.
DESIGN OF I>IPING
302
M'b
[M'II
For another
z)
- FII(ZA' - z)
+ IM'lI -
Fz(XA
+ F:z;(ZA
+ F.(YA
- x)
- F.(XA
- x)
SYSTEMS
+ F.(YA
+ F",(ZA
- z) - w.l(x'
- x)1 cos1/;
y)
+ wzl(fi'
- y)] sin1/;
- y)
+ w.l(Y'
- y)) cos1/;
- z) - w.l(x'
MI
+ F",(z .
.J. -
- [M'", - Fl/(zA.. - z)
+ F.(YA
= 1M' x
+ [U'1I
- F:(XA
+ Fz(YA
+ Fx(ZA
FlI(ZA - z)
- x)
e)
+ w:L(z
y) - wyL(z - z)
+ w.LCY
y) - wyL(z - z)
+ w:L(ii
- z)
expressions
+ wzL(z
iJM,
eu,
allf' 1/
eu',
--=+
a!s[llI
cos1/;
aM'b=O
iJM'o
er,
and dis-
+ cos if!
a.M,
--, =+ sm1/;
aM
I'
aMI -0
eu',
--=
(A.3)
aM'
--=0
(A.3)
()ill z
aft1,
aF::; = +(Z"I-Z)
aM,
aIt'z
sm 1/;
(XA -x)
.
Sill
if!
HISTORY
EIG",
ANALYSIS
303
are obtained:
=
0'
(1.3cos2'f+ksin2'f)Qdl
+M'",.[
roo
+M'lIJA
(1.3-k)sin'fcos'fQdl
0' .
+F.j~
0'
+F=.[
(XA
-x)(1.3-k)
(A.4)
o:
+w;rL
-wvL
INr
(z-z)(1.3-k)
0'
+WrL'
+Wz.[.N [(ii'-y)
EIOII
cos2 f+k
Wi-y)(1.3
(x'-x)(1.3-k)
dl
=
o
+M':z;l
(1.3-k) sin'fcos'fQdl
o
(k cos" f+ 1.3 sin2 'f)Q dl
+}If' v.[
0'
+p",l
(ZA
-P1l1
'
- Fz
0'
(zA-z)(1.3-k)sin'fcos'fQdl
0'
[(XII -x) (k cos" 'f+ 1.3 sin2 'f) - (YA -y)(1.3 - k) sin f cos fJQ dl
1
1
0'
-wvL
(z-z)(1.3-k)
0'
-w:L
(ii' -y)(1.3-k)
(A.4)
30t,
+1I1'z
ro' kQ a;
J.1
1
0'
-F",
k(yA. -y)Q
dl
0'
-W;;L.[,
k(y-y)Q
dl
k(x-x)Q
dl
dl
(A.4)
(0'
+WIILJN
-w",
+WII1.
k(x' -x)Ql
+.M' x
dl
0'
(ZA
-z) (1.3-k)
(ZA
-z)(k
0'
+M'1I1
(0'
-M'zJA
k(y" -y)Q
1
-Fill
dl
0'
+F",
[key:! -y )2+
(ZA
-z)2(k
cos2
"'+
0'
[k(x:l-x){y,,-y)+
(ZA
-z)2(1.3-k)
(ZA
-z)(z-z)(k
0'
+w",L (
IN
-wvL
(A.4)
cos"
"'+
1.3 sirr'
"')]Q dl
0'
(z.-l-z)(z-z)
"'}Q dl
-WzL'['
+w'"
l.N
0'
(z...-z)[ (x-x)(k
k(YA -y)
_wz.N
(ZA
cos"
"'+
1.3 sin2
"')
(Y-y)
(1.3-k)
(Ii -y)Ql dl
-x)Ql
-z)[(x'-x)(k
dl
cos21/1+1.3
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
.,.
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
3415
0'
-M
OF PIPING
(zA-z)(1..3cos2!Jt+ksin2!Jt)Qdl
-M'l/I
0'
sin!Jt cos!Jt Q dl
(Z.-t-z)(1.3-k)
0'
+.M'. .A
[
k(XA -x)Q
dl
0'
-F.,
-=L
0'
(ZA-z)( (YA -Y )(1.3 cos'' I/t+k sin2 !Jt)- (X"1- x )(1.3 - k) sin !Jtcos1/;]Q dl
.t
(AA)
0'
-WzLl
[k(X,l-X)(Y-Y)+(ZA
-z)(z-z)(L3-k)
[k(x.-t-x)
-z)(z-z)
"I
+wIIL
INr
-wzL
IN
roo
(x-X)+(ZA
(L3-k)(x-x)
sin 1/;cos1/;JQl dl
(Z.4-z)[(y-y)(1.3
-W:rJ;N
k{XA-x)(f/-y)Qldl
+W".[N
k(XA -x)(x'
-x)Ql
N
r
Jp (Z"l-Z)[(Y'
-y)(1.3
-Wz
Elo.
dl
+.M'"
1'
A [(YA -y)(1.3
1/1 o
-111'
[(XA -x)(k
-F:r
-k)
0'
-FI/l
+ F.
[(YA - y)2 (1.3 cos2 if;+k sin2 if;) + (x.-l- x)2 (k cos" I/t+ 1.3 sin2 I/t)
,I
-2(XA -X)(YA
-y)(1.3-k)
0'
-W",L.
+w:L
(Z-Z)[(XA -x)
+1.3sin2
-x)(1.3-k)
(1.3-k)
[(Y.{ -y)(y-y)(1.3
(A.4)
sin I/tcos"'-
(XA -x)(y-y)(1.3-k)
(XA
-x)(y' -y)(1.3
-x)(k
cos2
'"
306
y
L.
Wab=
)-------_x
Wu
Fro. A.2
a'.
II
11
= IkQdl
I
=I
g =
(Ie cos2lf;
+ k sin lf;)Q
dl
(A.5)
(l.3 cos
10.3 -
lf;
dl
k)sinlf;coslf;Qdl
These expressions are conveniently employed in deriving a further series of constants also termed
shape coefficients. With reference to concentrated
loads these are:
Sa
= Ixds
Saa =
Sb
2
X
Uo
ds
= IydS
Sbb
Sab
= fXYdS
y? ds
Uoo
Va
Voo
= Izdu
=
x2 du. -
= IydV
=
!
= + I {Ii'
=-
(Xl -x)l
Wv
Wuv=-
-x)l
ds
du+
-y)l dv-
I (Ii'
f
!x(x'-x)ldu+
-f
y(jjl-y)l
IX(fi'-y)ld.,
Wba=+
-y)l
dq
(Ti' -x)l
dq
!y(X'-x)ldq
dv+
X(y' -y)l
dq
(A.5)
= 111" + FllzA
u',
= lll!)
MI.
= Mz
+ F,XA
+ FxYA
FzYA
fi'xZA
(A.6)
- FuIA
xy dg
(A.5)
- IXdg
y2 d -
Y(XI
{iii -y)l ds
(A.7)
- IYdq
Xl!
dg
HISTORY AND
DERIVATION OF PIPING
The z-coordinate appearing under some of the integral signs in Table A.I is that of any point of the
member to the origin. As the line-is assigned to the
a-plane, z is a constant equal to the distance of this
plane from the origin. In Table A.2 the constant z
has been replaced by c. to indicate its true significance. Tables A.I and A.2 cover only the coefficients
for members in the e-plane, The corresponding coefficients for members in the z-plane or the y-plane
can be similarly derived or can be readily obtained
by cyclic permutation.
In the foregoing derivation the rotations and the
deflections have been visualized as taking place at
the free end A, the end 0' being fixed. These rotations and deflections may also be regarded as the
differences between deformations
at the free end
and those at the fixed end and expressed as follows:
=
0. =
li*", =
0ll
ANALYSIS
y
307
y'
l..-.
-L_x
0llA - OliO'
OrA - 0.0'
0*,;A - 0*::;0'
0* 1/ = 0* lIA
li*.
FLEXIBILITY
0*1/0'
O*.A - 0*.0'
Consider next
y-plane as shown
ation of the line
end A fixed and
of the equations
+ y,tOzA
= OvA + ZAOxA
=
=
OrA
OrA
+ XAOl/A
- XAOzA -
+ yo,O:o'
(Ol/O' + zo,Ozo'
- YAO",A -
(0.0'
ZAOl/A -
(0",0'
0ll
0IlB - 0IlA
Oz
OzB -
5*11
= 5*1/1) - 5*IIA
(A.9)
OzA
+ xo'Ovo'
ZO,OyO')
xo,Ozo')
YO,O",o')
(A.S)
(A.IO)
x = a
y ::::b
+ y'
x'
(A. 11 )
where a and b are the respective horizontal and vertical coordinates of the midpoint of a straight member and of the radius center of a circular member.
The distance of the plane of the member from the
origin is designated c, if the plane is a a-plane, c'" if
an z-plane, and ClI if a y-plane.
4Sepamlc integrations are presented for uniform loads since
the axis of load application changes for each case considered.
308
Table A.I.
"liz
1'
dD
0
' dq
M'u
M',
dq
du
' d.!
10'
A
0'
1
1
II
1
0'
(ZA -z)dq
0'
(zA-z)du
0
+ 1 A'
(d.!b-YA ds)
0'
-1
0'
-.[
(zA-z)dv
(d.!o-XA
ds)
(ZA -z) dD
10'
(z,!.-z)dq
0'
II '
(d~o-y,!. dHxA.
dq)
II ' (dUo-tA
du]
d.!)
(d.!a -tA
_10
[d.!bb-2YA d.!b
d.!+(ZA_Z)2
-1
0'
(zA-z)dq
F.
Fu
du+yA. dq)
+YA2
-1
-1
1
(ZII-Z) du
-1 0'
(ZA-Z)dq
II
0'
+1 A'
10'
1
1
Fz
General Equations
(d.!ab-YA
d.!o
-XA d.!b+tAYA th
+(ZA _z)2 dq)
0
0
+ 1 A'
0'
0'
[d.!ob-Y'!'
-x,!. d.!h+X'!'YA ds
1
0'
(d.!oo-2xA d.!. +
d.!o +1
(ZA -z)(dUo
(ZA -z)(dDo
-YA dHXA
dq)
(doo-YA dD
+1
+X,A dq)
0'
+YA dq)
1
0'
0'
+.
(dUo-XII du
(ZA -z)(duQ
(ZA -z)(dvo
(dUoo+dvoo
0
+ 1 A'
dq)
Table A.2.
Mr
1 1
1
0'
dv
' dq
II
0
+1 '
II
'
dq
-1
-1
1 +1
1
0
du
'd.!
_1
0
' c,dq
-1
0
' crdu
c,dq
c,du
d.!b
'
d.!b
+1
1
1 +1
0'
C,dD
0
' dOD
II
+1
-l'd.!u
-1
(d.!ab
.1
+r,2 dq)
0'
-1
0'
-1
c,dq
+.[
d"o
0'
dq
-.
+ .[,0' du
N
+.
ds.
(d.!.b
-t'
+IN
c,duo
0'
0'
(ds cc
-1
c,dco
+.
ds
+.
d.!b
+.L
0'
'
"du
+.
c,dq
-.
d.!b
o
(d.!/)h
+c/du)
---.o
0'
c, du
0'
0'
'
d.!.
-J:
0'
(d.!ab
-I-C,2 dq)
0'
-1
c,dq
O
duu
+c,2 dD)
c,duo
Frw-wzL
M,w- -FrlDii
0'
-1
0'
duo
-1
with Moments
+c,2 dq)
0'
crdq
0'
MII\O~+F;=i
0'
C,dD
o
(d.!bO
+c,2 du)
0'
+.
0'
1
0'
0'
F,
II
0'
Fr
0'
!of,
Mil
General Equations
c,dro
-L
0'
+dvoo)
(du,,,,
+L
0'
duo
-.
c,du.
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
309
...L
...L
-L
L (
-L
L
-.L (
0'
(i-~)dc
0'
{i-z)du
N ' (i-z)
0'
-.
d3bb-jj d3b
-xd3b+XYA
-XA d.!b+XAfj
+(ZA -z)(i
+.
ru
(duo-xdu+ijdq)
(i -z)(du.
[ru.n -XA
+.
d3.
ru
-Constant
+ IN
dll',
+Elq,~
+ IN
dwu
+EI<t>v
+ [,N
dlCc
dWn
+EIq"
0'
+ [,N
(ZA -z)(duo
(dltbb
+ [,N
-YA dWb)
o:
+
(ZA -z)(d~o
+ IN
+EIo,
-IN
+Elov
(dll'uo
+EIo,
-YA dwo)
-----
[,N
-ydo+xdq)
(dlCob
(dWbo
+XA dlCb)
[,N
(dwoo
+XA dwo)
del
o
(i -z)(dvo
-YA doHA
+ [,N
-xdu+ydq)
O'
+(ZA -z)(i-z)
0'
+.
d~
-x ru.+XA.X
-2) dq1
w,
[ruao-YJI dSa
-IIA d3b+fjyA. d3
dq)
0'
+(ZA -z)(i
-L
-s dHX
Wu
0'
dq
.-
0'
0'
(d~o
d3o-xds)
-z) dul
0'
w~
0'
-L
L
0'
(z-z)dq
w,L
wuL
1N
0
'
(duoo+dvoo
dq)
IN
w"
Mzw-
+FuwZ
' d~
II'
+.
.0'
0'
0
+L
dq
+1
T1N
dlCb
---+
11'
f'
t:dq
dU-b. +
N
+c,2 dq)
dvo
dq
' du
IN
p
Mvw= -F,,,,'i
+.
0'
dq
0'
dw.
dq
0'
du
F,w=IC,L
-.
0'
+.
0'
(chon
0'
c, dv.
IV -l()' -1 -.
1' +LO' -.
_LO'
+.
c,dq
dWob
i-
(,du
+ IN
dWa.
~Y
dvo
duo
[,N
dio;
= +EIO,
dwu
- +EIOv
~ +EIO,
(,du.
_.[,N
"dw"
- +E/o',
c,dvo
+.N
"dw,.
- +En"
(duao
+ .[,N
dw".
- +RIo*.
0'
duo
II'
+dDoo)
'-----
Constant
0'
II'
+1'
+ IN
0'
c,dq
c, dt
f'
dvo
W,
0'
(ruGb
0'
c,dt
0'
Cz
0'
rub
L
L
II'
N
+c,2 de)
M"", - +F,tcY
(,du
.r-
-. lO' -.
-----L -r- +.
-L
-.
0'
-+- .[,N
ru'
0'
dlCbb
Wu
0'
F uw-wvL
310
10
....
~
-tlc
'<>
it
I~
~;
"
.,1 "
1
"
'"
..
"
J
+
I~
I~
~~3
+++
.
o 513 51"
o ~ ~
++
..
;s
+++
I
9
""..
9
"t...
~l
't
..,
..~
..'"
t:::l
t:::l
111
. .,
liI 51
++
++
.. ..
" .. ..
+++
"I
~
<:I
"
~ 0
;2
.:
...'"
+++
..
-o
.....
"
1:100:-
00
+++
o
.. ..,"
~:f
+1
"
..
I~
!f
'"
I~
.. I~
..
" ..
c
.. .
"
I~ I
0
.,.
"'"
"1 e e
..,., "
..,'" ..,'"
~;
..
-s
..
d,'
+
~~
I
..
"
..
.0
.., .,
.
c
"
J+
",,00
+
..
..
~I ~I ~1 J.
+
~~
.. .. "
U
.0
...
+++
o
()
II
,J
I
.:
I
~
I
..
... ., 0
+++
;S
+++
~
+
Co
..
..
"",'
:8
~~~.J
r I 1
+
....
:8 8
.,
",'"
;., C'~
" ....
+++
C'4HC'oI~
;:s
~I~
++t
~ g
..0
::s" .."
C4j:
~
!:II
.0
~4
~~~
...
~
HISTORY
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
311
Sll
Saa
= IkQdl
I
=I
=
kQx dt
= as
kQx2 dl
, =
where
S' a
+ 2as'a + S'aa
a2s
f
+
+
=f
=
+ + +
=f
=I
+
f f =
+
') = f
+
=I
f =
+
=f
+f
I =
=J
f
=
kQxy dl
Sab
b2s
2bs' b
abs
as' b
(k COS2.r
x du -
1.3
kQ (x')2 dl
kQy' dl
S' bb
bs' a
where s' ab
S' Ilb
= J'kQx'v' dl
Vo
+ Voo
where u'oo
y dv -
x2 du
sin .r)Q dl
au - bq
u'
where u'
x' du -
Iy'
dv -
y' dq
k sin" y,)Q dl
z dq
y2
CX')2 du -
v'oa = ICy')2dV
(A.12)
y dq
(1.3 cos2 y,
Uoo
Uo
kQy2 dl
kQx' dl
where s' aa
where s' b
Sbb
bv - aq
xy dq
d - 2
v' 0
a'.!u
where v'o
+b v
2
- 2abq
Ix'
dq
00
00
x'y' dq
IX'Y'
dq
members is illustrated
a+tp
FIG. A.4
In
312
.;....
y'
.!""----;----'''-y.
x'
I)
(t - I)
x' = (~ -
cos a
u' =
sin a
For straight
s
Sf"
s'"a
s' b
S' bb
.[l" kQ dt
=.\Q(~
=
=
r
"0
lL
10
= .[
kQ
dl
kQ (~ -
l) sin o dl
(L'2 - )2
kQ
sin a dl
kQ cos2 a L3
12
kQL
-l)cosadl
s' u~ = [\Q
q
are as follows:
L3
= kQ
sin2 a 12
a dl = kQ sin a cos a L3
12
[L (1.3 _
.[L (k
,0
11 :=
'II'.
:=
'1/' no
,[I' (~ [I,
U
l' :=
"',, =
11'0" =
COS2
[L
(!~- l)2
2
.il" (~ -1"(~- ly
No/{:: n'"o
+ k sin
+ k sin2
+ 1.3 sin
dl
ex
a)Q dl
+ k sin"
a)QL
_1L (~-
+ v'oo = kQ
(k cos2 a
(1.3 cos2 a
()
dl
rJo L (!:_2 -
+ k sin
kQ cos2 a L3
12
a)QL
-11.(~ -
a)Q dt
-.!- (~ - ly
kQ sin a ~;
L:!
12
.............................
_._------------------
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
s'" =
.~ kQR d~
f.~
kQR3 sin2
ANALYSIS
t'
+~) d~ = kQR3
(a
313
nrc as follows:
kQRifJ
.~ kQRz sin (a + 4
S'aa
FLEXIBILITY
[~
sin 2(0:
+ :) -
sin 2aJ
I = Ill{'
dl = Rd
kQR3
'>
S'ab
= -
1
o
u =
.4>[k
kQR [
u'o
OOS2
v'o
(0: +~)
+ L3 sin
sin 2(0:
4>
'2 +
1~
[k sin (0:
+ 4
(a
<1
ifJ
'2 +
1.3QR [
-1<1> {k cos
+ ~) t- k sin
sin 2(0: + 4l) -
= ('I> [k
cos2 (a
= l.3QR3
[~+
,10
Il sin (0:'
'{J)
-Reos (a + rp)
k)QR
y'
+ ifJ)
- cos 20:
d~
QR [ifJ
'2 -
(a
sin 20:]
+ ~)
d~
+ ~)1QR3 d~
(a
sin
cos 2(0:
1.3 sin" (a
<I>
(cos 2(a
= - (1.3 -
(a
+ 4\
+ ~)
= 1.3QR3
sin 2(a
4)
[
'2 -
+ <I,)
sin 2a]
)1QR drjJ
<1
+ 1.3
+ 1.3 sin
v'oo
+ ~)lQR
+~) +
+ ~)cos"
~)QR d~
(a
(d
sin 20:]
cos" (a
- k) sin" (0:
<1
(0:
- k) sin (a
14> {k sin
+ (1.3
!J
cos (o:'+~) d~ = --
4'
+ (1.3
U'on
(/
X'
+ L3 cos''
(a
sin 2(0:
+ ifJ)
sin 20:]
+~)
(1.3 - k) sin
+ <I]QR2 de;,
+ <1]
s_i_n_2~(0:___:+_:!....)
_-_s_i_n_2_0:
]
+ 4
cos (a
+ ~)lQR3
d<l>
314
in e-Plane
"
Member
= +J
=+
Woo
= - jX(X'
JV(X'
z-Wind
Wb = -
= +j
Wbb
=-
z-Wind
Wo
+J
Wab
= + Jx(z'
- x)l ds
Waa
=-
x(ij' - y)l' ds
J y(fj' - y)l' ds
Wb
=-
Wbo :=
Wbo
+j
=+
- y)ldv
- jex'
- x)ldq
=-
=-
w ..
=-
=+
j Y(i/ - y)l' ds
Weight
(wu)
=-
j(i'
- x)l' ds
Wba
=+
jy(z'
J x(i' - x)l' ds
Wbo
== - j zeit - z)l ds
(i - z)l du
w"
- x)ldv
=-
+j
(x' - x)l dq
j(x'
- z)lds
- z)lds
x-Wind (w:)
(wv)
-jW-Z)ldq
=-
- y)l' AA
Wb
+j
W.
y)l' cis
w"
=+
W-
y)l du
(Z' - z)l dq
(Z' - z)l dv
- jw
- y)ldq
w uv = - jY(f/
- y)ldu
jZ(i'
- z)l du
- x)ldq
+Jx(Z'
- z)ldq
- y)l dv
-Jx(x'-x)ldv
- J z(i' - z)l dv
+Jz(x'
+j
JX(X'
- x)ldu
+ Jy(X'
- Jy(y'
+J
Wao
Weight
(i/ - y)l dq
J(y'
J z(z' - z)l' ds
(w,)
(w.)
= + J (1/ = + jz(Y'
+ jZ(X'
s-Wind (w.)
Wa
Wob
=-
z-Wind
- z)l' de
z-Wind
(w%)
(wz)
- x)lds
J (fj' - y)l' ds
Wbo
(wu)
(:;' - x)l ds
Wob
tv".
)-.
y
Weight
in x-Plane
z
)-,
w.
Member
)-,
Wa
in y-Plane
x(ij' - y)l dq
W ...
- x)ldq
+J
z(y' - y)l dq
y(z' - z)l dq
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
315
The following symbols are introduced for the trigonometric functions appearing in the above shape
coefficients.
'-
Cab =
0.25[cos 2(0: +
<1
sin 2ex]
Vertical Axi.
(A.13)
sin 20:]
cos 20:]
+ Cbb)
IcQR(caa
q = (k -
= kQRcf.>
S/a
S'aa
S'b
= kQR ca
u' 0 =
= kQR3Caa
u'
kQR2Cb
00
s'bb = kQR3Cbb
s' ab = kQR3cab
v' 0
V'
00
1.3QRZc
1.3QR3caa
= QR(1.3cbb
+ kcaa)
L3QR2Cb
= 1.3QR3Cbb
(A.I4)
The integration of the shape coefficients for uniform loads is a somewhat more complicated process.
The integrations to be performed are set down in
Table A.4, having been obtained for the a-plane
directly from Formulas A.5 and for the other planes
derived from a-plane formulas by cyclic permutation.
A variation of this procedure is introduced regarding the wind constants. Whereas the total weight
of an element is always the product of the unit load
and the length of the member, the total wind load
is considered to be the product of the unit load and
~As stated, the proportionate influence of bending and torsion on the various constants can be seen. For computation
purposes, however, it is noted that Caa
ebb = <I> and accordingly s = kQR<I> and u'oo
v'ao = 1.3QRJ'I>.
FIG_
A.7
The angle
01
+ kCbb)
u = QR(1.3caa
1.3)QRcab
F~r weight loading of straight members in the z-plane as shown in Fig. A.8 integrations of the shape coofficiants are as follows:
Wa
Wab
f.
l2
kQ - cos exdl
026
= +bwa
where w' ab
+ w'
ao
[,
=1
l2
kQ"2
L3
kQ -- cos 0:
(L)
sin 0:cos 0: "2 -
l dl
24
Waa
-awa
where w
aa
= -
sill 0:cos a
(L)
l2
kQ .- cos" a _.-- l
022
y "" b
+ L2" sin a -
__
Z = a
+ -L2 cos
01 -
01 -
W'aa
If.
+ L-2 cos
"
~----------~~
L4
= - kQ -
x = a
dl
L4
kQ - cos" ex
24
I cos
I sin
I
0:
cos
:n6
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
b +2"smaL.
X=
z ... a
FIo. A.9
For a member
.l2
0
= -
W"
-kQ
w~
+ L- sin
Z' ~ a
+-
COB
I .
a -
- filO a
2
I
cos a - - cos a
1Ll22
0
COSer.
L2
l2
+ k sin
er.)Q dl -
1L122
'1'
6"
siner.
+kQ
W"v
LS
X' = b
- l
6"
+ L-2 cos a
Integration
I am
.
= +aw" -
bui;
+ w' uv
r (L2- ) 12
wherew'uv=-
Jo
Jo
'2sinacosa(1.3-k)siner.cosaQdl
L
y=a+-cosa-Icosa
2
L .
z=b+-sma2
Q
b
y
i' = b
'---------'-...__-y
FIG. A.IO
Integration
+ L-2 sm. a
= -
Wba
. l2
kQ - sin
()
2
-aWb
W ba
+bWb
Wbb
where w' bb
kQ
+ w'
bb
= Jo
= -
dl
= - J(Q -
Sill
er.
W'ba
L
where
L'J .
0:
r
J
e2' sin.
0:
cos
kQ ~ sin2
2
0:
0:
(L)'2 -
(!: - I)
2
I .
Sill a
2
- -
I'sma
1 dl = -kQ
= kQ /}
sin2
dl
24
24 sin
0:
0:
cos
0:
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
317
Vcr1ic.at Axis
V.rtical Axis
f
FIG.
A.I I
A.12
I
x
y
=
=
=
X' =
fo" z dl
_0 __
= a
+ R cos or -
fo" dl
Rrp
dl = R drp
a + R sin (or + rp)
b - R cos (ex + "")
COB
(or
+ 1")
I"
L--------------------4 __ ~x
FIG. A.13
Counterclockwise
Integrations of the shape coefficients for weight loading applied to circular members are as follows, beginning
with a member in the a-plane taken in the counterclockwise direction, as shown in Fig. A.13:
Wa
W"b
= +bwa +w' ab
where w' ab
waa
cos (a+)
{~
[1 -
cos (a
cos 2(;
+ )
- sin (a
+ )] cos (a + ) d<f>
+ 4
sin a]}
= -awa + w'""
where w'''e>
-if.>
= kQR4
kQR4[cOS a - cos (a
{~[eI>-
sin 2(a
+ 4)
+ )
-
- 1> sin (a
i[cos 2(a
+ )] sin (a + q,) d
+ 4
cos 2a]
+ cos e[cos
(a
+ 4
cos all
318
l = R",
dl "" II d",
x =a
R sin (a - "')
y = b - R cos (0: - "')
t"
"
Jo
x'
X dl
"" a
= --
JoY dl
cos a:
'f'
~----------------~~--x
FIG. A.14
Clockwise integration
.[1> kQR3[COS
- kQR3 {1>[cos(a - 4
Wab
W'ab
-1<1> kQR4[COS
-kQR4
Waa
= -awa
where:
(a - <I
sin a]1
+ w' ab
= +bwa
where;
(Fig. A.14):
{~[1-
cos 2(; -
<IJ -
i[sin2(a
<1
(a - 4 - sinal}
+ w' aa
wlaa = -
= kQR
- <I]
cos 2a]
cos
l}
Note: The above expressions for wa, Wi ab, Wi aa in the clockwise direction may be obtained by substituting
- 4> for +4> in the corresponding expressions in the counterclockwise direction.
This rule is valid for all shape
coefficients for uniform loading. Hence, only the integration for the counterclockwise direction will be shown
for y-plane and z-plane members.
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
319
l = R'(J
dl = Rdl{!
= b - R cos (ex + I{!)
Z = (1 + R sin (ex
I{!)
(IP xdl
Jo
x'
fa
b
x
.r:
= b
= --
dl
I{!
zdl
i' = __
(1
+ R cos ex-
cos (ex
foP dl
FIG. A.15
Counterclockwise
integration
== -
''"
+ 1<1> QR3[sin
= -QR3 {Ie
+ 1.3
WU
= +QR3
+awu
where: w
uv
+ 1>cos
+ 1')
(a
+ 4
QR3[cos a - cos (a
{k
[~sin
(a
0:
+ cos
+ 4') + cos
bur;
+ w'
COS
(0:
+ 1.3
+ 1/][1.3
+ 4')
1.25 cos a
sin (a
cos (0:
+ 1/]
+ 4
cos (a
+ 1/ + k sin
+ 4
dl/>
d4>
+ 2<IJ}
(a
cos (a
+ 2<I J + 1.3
(a
2<IJ
- k) sin (a
+ 0.25
cos" (a
+ 4](1.3
(0:
+ 4
+ 1/] dl/>
+ 1/ d4>
[~sin
0:
+ 2<I J}
{k [cos
a
cos (0: + 24J
-2- - cos (0: + 4 +
2
a.
+Jt"
QR4
o
+ 0.25
+ 4
sin
UV
= - Jr;:
QR4 Sill
o
(a
(a
+ 1/ + 1.3
- k) sin (a
+ 4 + 1.25
- sin (a
+ 4 + I/> cos
QR3[sin a - sin (a
+ <I> sin
Wuo
sin a
(Fig. A.15):
cos2 (a
+ 4](1.3
(a
+ 4 + 0.75
- sin (a
+ I/][k
- I/> sin (a
+ 4 + I/> cos
a - sin (a
[~cosa
[~cos
1'"
-1'
= +
+ 1/
QR3[cos a - cos (a
+ "')
I{!
cos (0:
sin 0:
[ -2-
+ q.,)
+ 1/ Jlk [sin
-2-
+ tP cos
(0:
+ 1/
0:
cos (0:
+ 24J1
- sin (0:
sin (0:
Jd4>
+ 4 + sin
+ 21/>)J} dl/> =
(0:
+ 24J
1.3QR4
[<I>2
"2 + cos
<I> -
320
DESIGN
OF I)IPING SYSTEMS
R",
y '" a
z =
z
1.'
FlO. A.16
-----+~--y
Counterclockwise
integration
(0:
b - R cos (0:
fa
= --o
= b
Jo" dl
~--
" z dl
b
(I
dl
+ R sin
R d",
+ "')
+ "')
.
Sin
Bin
+ R -----__0: -
(0: + '"
---.:.___:__:..:.
or
Wbu
where
-l~
+ ) + cos (a + )] d
-kQR3{<J>[sin (a + ip) + sin aJ + 2[cos (a + <1')- cos all
kQR3 [sin a - sin(a
-aWb
10' ba =
W'ba
1+
kQR4[sin
-kQR4
where w' bb
<I>[
{"2 1
a -
sin
+kQR
1~
(a
~[Slll
2(a
+ <1
..
Sin
2a]
- cos aJf
cos 2aJ
+ sin a [sin
(a
+ <),)-
.................
sill aJ~
--.-..------.~
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
where
FLEXIBILITY
[L kQ (% -
W'bb
ANALYSIS
l) ~ sin
The upper
(0
(11"
lOb
-L~-+x
It
11"
= -I cos a when 2
< .".
< 271'
z = b
z =a
l2
kQ - sin2
3
a
dl
= a
ii'
= TkQ L sin2
()
---
<
<~
2
3".
<a <-
+ HL
+ HI-
- 21) sin a
- 21) cos ex
HI- - 1) cos a
A.17
Integration of shape coefficients for straight
members in the a-plane acted upon by z-wind,
=L
L/2
is positrve
Ct
Ct
dl
FIG.
Ct
Ct
l/2
L4
kQ - sin3
24
)'
L-
321
Wab
lL
kQ ~ cos2
026
= +bwa
t:
24
Cla
kQ L3 cos2 a
(L )
sin Ct cos"
cos"
Ct
Ct
dl
Ct
W'"a
Ct
where w'
kQ ~ - 1 l2
'2 sin
L4
= -awa
dl
+ W' ao
=F kQ Waa
Ct
[L kQ (~
- l) ~ cos
Ct
dl
L4
where w'
kQ -
b" = [L
kQ (~ -
L'1
= TkQ -
24
Z) ~
cos Ct sin2
Ct
cos Ct sin a dl
24
cos3 Ct
322
FIG.
A.19
System of quadrants
The shape coefficients of circular members are given below. The signs to be used in the expressions which
follow are dependent upon the location of the arc R4> in a system of quadrants which is oriented from the
negative vertical axis as shown in Fig. A.19.
In deriving the shape coefficient formulas for circular members subjected to in-plane wind, the case of the
member in the a-plane acted upon by a wind parallel to the z-axis is considered first. Figure A.20 shows such
a member set up for integration in a counterclockwise direction.
y
I' =
dl'
X
FIG.
Wb
A.20
1'"
~~
Counterclockwise
kQR3 [cos
<1>
= kQR3
=
where
-aWb
+ 4]2
+ ...,)
+ cos (a + "')]
__
dtP
"4
(2
,= 1
W ba
- cos a sm(a
W'ba
1Q
'
k R
.1
Sill
+ 4>
W'bb
+ 1]2
[cos a - cos(a
2
Wbb
where
Wba
+ ...,)J
integration of shape coefficients for circular members in the a-plane acted upon by z-wind,
cos(a
a -
y = b - R cos (a
y' = b - !R [cos a
y
L-
.t::
+bWb
{Sin3 Ca
+ i{
6
+ 46
COSal
+ W' bb
kQR
kQR4 [cosCo:
tP = .
+ 4]2
c;s(a
sin3 a
sin (0:
-
d4>
+ <I')
- sin 0:
sin(a
+ q,)cos al}
The upper signs apply when <1> lies in the I and/or the II quadrants; the lower signs when <1> lies in the III
and/or the IV quadrants.
When <I> lies in the I and IV quadrants or the II and III, it must be split up
into two arcs.
For the counterclockwise
integration of circular members in the y-plane subjected to z-wind, the identical formulas apply.
ANALYSIS
323
"
l'
:=
.r:: dl'
(I
dl'
x
z'
:=
:=
:=
:=
:=
R [sin (a
cos (a
.,,)R d<p
b - R cos (a
a
R sin (a
<p)
a + ~R [sin (a + rp)
+ "")
+
'1') - sin a}
+ sin
a1
~----------------4-~~_~
FIG. A.21
Counterclockwise
integration of shape coefficients for circular members in the y-plane acted upon by z-wind,
The case of the circular member in the y-plane acted upon by a wind parallel to the z-axis is now considered.
Figure A.21 shows such a member set up for integration in a counterclockwise direction.
Wa
Jo
if>
where
W ab
1<f>kQR4
026
'4 (2 -
cos 2a) -
C
cos a
) [sin(a
Wall
where
W'"a
sin 2(a
8
if
.
+ Sill
a cos(a + if
'J
i Sill
2a
+ w' ab
= +bwa
= =FkQR3 [
Wab
+ q,)
'".
1
o
= kQ
'. R
k<JR4 sm(a
4
{cos3(a
- si; a (<I> _
+ q,)
+ w'
+ ) [sin(a + ) =
-aWa
= .kQR4
cos3 a
[sin(a
+ if
sin a1
aa
sin a}2
+ (~6 -
sin(a
- sin af d
COsCa + <l -
COS
- --'----2-'----
a cos(a
+ <I}}
The upper signs apply when <J> lies in the [ and/or IV quadrant, the lower signs when <I> lies in the II and/or
I II quadrants.
When <1> lies in the I and II quadrants or the II I and IV, it must be split up into two arcs.
For the counterclockwise
integration
of circular members in the z-plane subjected to e-wind, the same
formulas apply.
DESIGN OF PIPING
324
Table A.5.
M,;c
+A"""
+A%II
+An
+B".:;
+B"II
+B""
M~
+Aru
+Aull
+AII,
+Bvr
+Bvv
+Bv.
General Equations
SYSTEMS
Mz
F%
Fu
F,
+Arz
+Auz
+A ..
+B""
+B'II
+B"
+Br:
+BI/%
+Bu
+C%%
+C",v
+c:;:
+B"'II
+BIIII
+B'II
+CZII
+CI/ll
+CII,
+Brz
+Bllz
+B"
+C".
+CII,
+C ..
to Thermal
Expansion
Constant
+EIOz = 0
+EIOI/ = 0
+EIO, = 0
+EI(o*", - .c.."A) == +EI(o"'A
+EI(o*1I - D.II..t) := +EI(oIlA
+EI(o*,
- D..A) = +EI(o,A
- OrO' - .c..r)
-ovo'
- .c..1I)
- 0.0' - .c..,)
+EIO ",N
+EIOvN
+EIO.N
+EI(o",N
+EI(oIlN
+EI(o.N
Also, it can be seen that for convenience or for checking purposes, the integrations may be taken from
A to N in which case the constants arc as shown in
Table A.7. It will be noted that the sums of the
constants in Tables A.6 and A.7 are equal to the
respective constants given in Table A.5.
The loading case of any concentrated force applied
at a point N on the pipe line of Fig. A.I can be obtained from the general equations given in Table A.3
by considering the total load on the member NF to
remain unchanged while its length is made infinitely
small. In this case, the shape coefficients in the colurnns headed by WI, WII, and w. vanish; the coordinates x, y, z become XN, YN, ZN respectively; the
moments MIN, MIIN, M.N, are those at the origin
due to the applied concentrated loads FIN, FIIN,
FzN; and the system of equations appears as shown
in the first six rows of Table A.S. When FIN, FIIN,
F.N are known loads the solution is obvious. When
these forces are unknown, such as the reactions at
Table A.7. Constant Terms for Deformation
of Any Point of the Pipe Line
with Respect to Free End
+EI(-OxN)
+EI(-Ol/N)
+EI(-O,N)
+EI(o:r:A - O"N - D.", + D.%N - yNf),N
+EI(oIlA - OliN - D.v + .c..I/N - zN8rN
+EI(o.A
- O.N - .c.., + D.zN - XN8vN
+ ZNO"N)
+ XN8,N)
+ yN8zN)
HISTORY
AND DERIVATION
OF PIPING
FLEXIBILITY
I,
= F.NYN
FIINZN
(A.15)
MIIN
F"NZN
F.NXN
M:N
FIINXN
FzNYN
M:z;B
M'IIN
MYB
M'.N
= M.B
+ FyBZN
+ F:8XN
+ FrBYN
F.BYN
F:z;8ZN
FyBXN
(A.16)
ANALYSIS
FIG. A.22
Three-anchor
configuration.
FrN
Jl,f rN
FIINZN
M'yN
+ FrNZN
F=NXN
M',N
+ FIINXN
F:z;NYN
= M'xN
MVN
=
=
lIfzN
But
+ FzNYN
MrN
= Fz8,
M rB,
FyII'
1111111'
= Fyll,
1111/8,
FZN
Af:N
(A.17)
= FzB, therefore
= At zB. Hence,
with appropriate changes to the subscripts and limits of Table A.S the 12 equations for the branched
system arc derived, appearing as shown in Table A.9.
The influence of normal forces and shears is negligible in most piping calculations except that on
rare occasions for thermal expansion effects it may
warrant investigation. Hence, the development of
these constants is given only for the case of concentrated loads (or thermal expansion).
The energy of shear is given by the following:
U _
t" k.}"'F? dl
- J
325
System of Equations
(A.18)
2GA
M~
Mv
lIf.
+An
+A.v
+Az:
+A.v
+Avv
+Au.
+A ..
+Av:
+A ..
--- -- ---_
+Bu
+B,v
+B ..
--
--
+1311 +Ba
+13w +B.v
+Bv: +B ..
2'
F~
Fv
F.
--
--
--
-_ --
+Bu
+Bv.
+B ..
+Czz
+C'I/
+C",
--
+BZJI +Bz:
+Bvv +Bv:
+B.v +B::
+CXlI
+Cw
+Cvr
+C"
+Cv,
-c.,
M.N
JlfvN
M.N
-- -- --
+Au
+AZJI +A ..
+...1rv +...11/11+AII:
+A .. +Av
+.11..
--'
+IJ +Bv. +B rs:
+Bzu +BIIV +BtV
+Brz +Bvz +B"
_-
--
Limits A to 0'
F.N
PvN
-- --
['\N
+B.v +Bzz
+BvlI +BI/:
+13.v +B ..
=
=
=
=
+Bu
+Bvr
+Bzz
_- --
-,
Constant
+EIO.
+E1Ou
= +E[o.
+EI(Ii'",
+EI(ov
= +EJ(o'z
_.
__
--+13n
+B.v
+B ..
+A"I/ +.11..
+Avv +Av.
+...1v. +A ..
Limits N to 0'
--
--
+13vr +Bu
+Bvv +B.v
+Bv. +B ..
+Bn
+BZJI +B,. +A ..
+13v +13vv +l1v: +A'!I
+13:r +11:v +B.: +Az:
-+Cu
+C'I/
+C ..
Limits N to 0'
-- --
--
+Arv
+Avv
+Av:
--
-+B:r
+B:v
+B ..
+13,. =
+BI/z
+Bu
+C,v +CZ:
+C%1I +Cuv +Cvz
+C". +CII: +C"
=
=
--
+Cu
Limits N to 0'
-- --
.. _._----
- ~.)
_ ~u)
- ~z)
...
+Arr
+A,v
+A ..
_ ..,_'_
_ .. - ...... _..
_----
+Elo~.~
+Elovx
+EJO:N
+EI (OrN - 6.H + YNO.N _ ZNOvN)
+EI(livN - ~I/N
ZNOrN - XNO.N)
+EI (Ii.N - ~:N + XNOvN - YNO.H)
DESIGN
326
OF PIPING SYSTEMS
Un where k,
A
=
=
FI
A
k
F;
and introducing the stiffness factor Q, the total energy due to shear and normal forces becomes
dl
(A.19)
ZEA
u.;
I'(F 2 + F' 2)
GA
(A.20)
dl
1r(ro2 - r,2)
= 2~I
Q(2.6F.2
= 1r-4
(1 0of
r.,4)
dl
(A.21)
Applying Castigliano's theorem, the displacement
in the x-direction is given by
0", =
EIJ
aF 8
,
",+Z.6F. ",
aF
oF
of'.
of
+O.5FnoFx
n)
dl
(A.22)
Similar equations can be written for all and Oz by
substituting for eir, the partial differential of the
applicable force.
The shear and normal forces for any point in the
z-plane are
F. = F z cos if; - F 1) sin y;
F'. = F",
Fn
- F=sinif;
F'. = Fv
21rrmt
Fn
I
= xr
3t
" m
A
Substituting
;\{" .
--
+An
+Azv
+Ax:
--
+l1rz
+Brv
+11..
Mv.1
--
+A"y
+.1vv
+Av:
1I1.A
--
+Ar:
+.111:
+.1.:
-- --
+I3yZ +B:.
+BVY +Bry
+ BV. +lJ ..
r.,
---
+Bn
+13y
+B"
---
+Cu
+C"y
+Czr
Fv.1
---
+Bzv
+13VY
+B.y
---
+CZy
+CW
+Cv,
System of Equations
Mzn
F:.1
---
+13".
+Bv.
+13:;
+Au
+Ary
+An
---
---
---
+Crr
+CV:
+c::
+Bzz
+BrV
+B ..
M.n
F"n
-_-
+Arv
+Avu
+Av:
+A""
+.1v:
+13""
+Bvz
+ByV
+BV:
Mun
---
--+Brr
+Brv
+Bn
+:lrv +A",
+AVY +Av.
+Avr +.1u
--
--
+J1v" +B,.
+lJvv +lJ"v
+Bv, +B"
+Bzr
+BVl'
+B,z
---
+Cn
+C"lI
+C ..
Limits N to 0'
---
Configuration
Full
---
F.n
---
Constant
+.1..
+Byz
+B:x
+13rv
+Bw
+Brv
+B ..
+By,
+B"
=0
=0
= 0
+Bu
+B:v
+13"
+Czz
+C"]J
+cxz
+C"Y
+CW
+Cv:
+C"v
+CV:
+C"
+Brv
+BI/v
+13:v
+13".
+By.
+B"
=0
=0
=0
+Cry
+Cvv
+CI/r
+C".
+Cy,
+C"
Limits A to 0'
+Arz
+.1zv
+A",
for a Three-Anchor
+B"v
+Bvv
+B,y
---
+C"v
+Cvv
+Cv=
+Bn
+Bv:
+B::
---
+A"r
+Arv
+.1,,:
+A"v
+Avv
+,1y:
+Brz
+Brv
+Brz
+Bvz
+Bvl/
+Bv,
--- ---
+Cr:
+Cv
+C"
_.-
+Azz
+Av.
+.1..
---
+Bu
+B,v
+13"
+Bu
+Bvr
+B",
--+Cu
+Crv
+C",
Limits B to 0'
---
FLEXIBILITY
ANALYSIS
327
a-Plane
er,
a
z-Plane
a
er,
a
aFII
ap'
a
er,
a
+1
iWI
a
dFv
-sin I/;
+cosl/;
+cosl/;
+sinf
er,
-sin Vt
+cosf
er',
a
Substitution
+1
0", 0ll'
and
er,
+COSVt
-l-sin
Vt
s = f2_6Qrm2dl
a
aF"
+cos Vt
a
aFII
sin Vt
f
v =f
=f
y-Plane
a
er,
recurring integrals
+1
0
+sinl/;
o
+cosl/;
TV
+ .5 sin
1/;) dl
(A.23)
Qr",22.1 sin
.5 cos2 Vt) dl
Vt cos I/; dl
The way these constants are entered into the simultaneous equations is shown in Section 5.10 of
Chapter 5.
APPENDIX
NChapter 9, the derivations of certain expressions were omitted because of their length. As
they are not available in the literature, at least
not in the form given herein, they are included in this
appendix. Numbered citations below refer to the
list of references at the end of Chapter 9.
B.l
Acoustic conductivity
JI.
71
f = !!.._
f-E_
For
It
Then,
-
VI
(B.l )
211"
where
7]
---,
VI
1'1
11-1
, 0
r;;
(B ..'))
'\j~
71
J..I1
VI
_"""t
VI'
.i:
Jl2
=0
+ __!:_ + __!:_
_ .!!_
V2
Jl.2
V2
VI
, 0
V3
V2
211'
J..I3
I)
-+---,
V 3 V 4 1'4
(13.4)
11-2
= L + t V 1I"A (ft);
f=-V;
(B.3)
+11-2
VI
~Pol
211"
and for
71
Pol
01'
Jl.2
-+-+---=-+0+---=0
V" V"_1 V" Jln Jl.l VI
VI
tln
tln+l
11,,+1
----,
V"
JLn-1
1
V n-I
......+1
(B.6)
-+--+--II"V"
l-n-I
Vn
~
jJ.,.
(11.2!
328
DERIVATION
OF ACOUSTIC
VIBRATION
FORMULAS
329
From which:
(IJ.)
2 _
11
+
VI
IJ.1 J.l3
V2
11
+ IJ.2(P.I + J.!3)
(B.7)
=0
V11'2
Finally it may be added that the results also apply
if the configuration of resonators, while in series, is
not in a straight-line direction.
B.2
General
Branched
For n
1:1
= 3,
+ J.!2+1l3 + 1l3+1l4
VI
0:2
V2
au
au
p-+pu-=
at
ax
V3
+ (IJ.I+J.lZ)(/J.3+J.l4)
III (J.!2+J.!3)+J.l2J.!3
V1V2
ap
VIV3
+
Bp
(momentum)
ax
(pU)
(continuity)
/J.21l3+(J.L2+J.L3)J.!4
p =
Then
with
-at + -ax
(B.9)
V2V3
1:3
for
The hydrodynamic equations of motion for onedimensional non-steady flow without friction or heat
transfer are:
let:
J.ll +J.l2
Characteristic
Equation
Piping System
Canst.
p'Y
2
1:111
+ 0:211
0:3
(B.IO)
The 3 roots of the cubic equation are real and positive, corresponding to 3 physical modes.
In particular, if all chamber volumes, neck lengths,
and areas are equal then
I=
-;
"\jIJ.L
v
Sill
(1n1l")
8
(p
+ i!.p) a(i!.U)
-+ (p + 6p)(U - + 6U)
at
a (i!.U)
--!l
ox
a(6p)
---
ax
a(.::lp)
at
(B.11)
+ (0 + i!.U)
lj +
6p
= P
a(6p)
ax
+ 'Y ~
+ (p + 6p)
6p
= P + C2
iJ(6U)
ax
= 0
.::lp
m = 1,2,3
A more general result for n resonators of equal volumes, areas, and lengths is:
a
m1l"
/J.L.
s; = ;: -Vy
= 1,2,'"
sin 2(n
(B.12)
1)
\}~
!)
+ 12
CJ(.::lp)
at
+ 0 a(6p) + p a(6U)
ax
=0
ax
6])
= C26p
DESIGN
330
OF PIPING
at
= _
----a;- =
Ap =
ax
A(pU)
(B.13a)
+ <p) eiwt }
iCR cos (~
c at
2
sin
(w; + )
(B.13c)
e,wt
1 a(!:lp)
a(!:lU)
P
a(!:lp)
SYSTEMS
Boundary
Conditions
at a Junction.
The
.
(wLsn)
= .. '1CRncos
C-+n ...
(B.13d)
h (x)!2(t)
Then
n
.L
Or
a,Ri
Sill
.~I
(WLSi
-C
+ cf>. )
(B.13e)
Bl cos AX
+ B2 sin AX
= D, cos 'ACt
i~
i\C;
ai tan
(wLs.)
T+
cf>i
+ D2 sin 'ACt
i~
ai
tan
T+
(WLs.)
= 0
Now
(:Ji
instead of
i:
0 (B.13f)
;=1
DERIVATION
OF ACOUSTIC
VIBRATION
B.3
End Conditions
a. Intake points, x
Node
au
Atanode,-
at
331
Consider the schematic below representing a piping system with a (tuned) resonator and orifice,
(Fig. B.2). The entire pressure loss in the pipe may
be considered as an orifice effect. This point will be
elucidated in somewhat more detail later.
FORMULAS
Rewnalor
Chamber
iwR sin
eu"t =
or
flow_
Q=Q+lIQ,
Piping
Loop
FIG. B.2
ap
at
or
={3=-
'lr
2
b. Discharge point, x
Node
. R sin
. (wL
C
+ ). e"" =
I
ZW
Tuned resonator.
or
tlQ2
{p
D.pt)Ai
"=<
pAx
(B.14)
+ All.P2 =
Atlpl
(B.I5)
and:
(B.1G)
m = 0, 1,2,
1n =
= 1 is fundamental.
Loop
(B.17)
wL
cos C
571'
- ...
2
'lr 3'lr
=
0;
= {3 =
'lr
_--=2
fo
"2 '
2'
+ tlQl
f)
'lr ( 7n-2
fo
While
m = 1,3,5
corresponding to fundamental, 1st harmonic, etc.,
which are the results given previously in the text
(Subsection 9.6e).
From which
+ tlpl
"=<
kvp
"=<
kvp - Po
- Po
(1 + ~~)
2 p - Po
332
DESIGN
OF PIPING
So that
SYSTEMS
Now let
2 Ap V
(B.24)
T=---=:
l'
p V
where
At) = ij - Po
Hence
(B.I8)
= - = average
p
_. C A .
Ap
x + V L * x - 2 pL *
(A(,h)
Q =0
C-
(13.19)
7)
-v I
and
w
n
C2 A
=-VL*
eq. B.23 gives the final expression for the magnification factor of AQdQ:
AQ2
If+
AQ
= ([
(B.25)
pA.
AQ
-+-x=-
(B.20)
Equations (B.19) and (B.20) are two linear differential equations in terms of AQdQ and z, AQ/Q
being given as a function of time. For steady state
harmonic oscillation let:
AQI _ R
Q -
Ie
iwt
H, RI, and
Xo being, in general, complex. Substituting in B.19 and B.20 gives, after some rearrangement:
2
(w - w" )xo
RI
2Af)
+ pL*
. pA
+ tw
Xo
RI = 0
=R
(13.21)
(B.22)
(~)w]
+ [ (2
W"
2)
.
t
IRII = M F
R
..
J [-'(~) w]2
1
1+
(wn2
)2)
(B.23)
T is proportional to the
pressure drop across the orifice and the volume of
the resonator. The greater the value of T the smaller
the M.F. and the better the smoothing. However,
even for a very small value of T (say a very small
pressure drop across orifice), the magnification factor
still tends to zero if the resonator frequency Wn is
chosen so as to coincide with the forcing frequency w.
This then is the "tuning" phenomenon.
Since an ideal case is considered, the M.F. drops
to zero at the tuning frequency. In a physical case
this will not happen, of course, although in the neighborhood of the tuned frequency, the M.F. will drop
sharply. The effect of the orifice pressure drop and
resonator capacity, as reflected via the time constant
T, is to maintain a lower value of the magnification
factor in a band of frequencies around the tuned
frequency; the larger T the wider the band. If there
exists no orifice, then instead of a concentrated
pressure drop there will be a continuous pressure
drop due to pipe friction. The smoothing will then
occur in a finite length of pipe in the neighborhood
of the resonator. A curve of the magnification
factor for the outflow pulsations AQdQ vs. w/wn is
shown in Fig. B.3 for
= l/w"
AQz/Q
I AQ/Q
I = I Rzi
R
DERIVATION
I!.I
OF ACOUSTIC
VIBRATION
FORMULAS
333
Il,1
EIf.dive
[il0ndm
_____
FIG. BA
la,1
til
J~o
I [
-Tankp(l)
Q, (I)
---1
Orifice
-Ql(l)
Piping Sy>lem
p(t)
FIG. B.3
2.0
3.0
process, It/see.
factors.
is given by:
B.4
rt
(B.26)
II
I~I~~I+ [I~~~W")T
rt
4.0
= ~IlT
It is assumed that the pressure drop across the effective orifice is moderate so that, at all times, the flow
is well in the subsonic range. In this case, instead
of the theoretically exact, but cumbersome, relation
between pressure drop and flow rate through an
orifice in the subsonic case, an approximate but
simpler relation of the Bernoulli type may be written:
(B.28)
where a = effective orifice area, including contraction coefficient X vi
Then, by virtue of the gas law,
(B.29)
and the definition of the speed of sound C, eq. B.27,
Q2(t)
a~
Vp(l)[p(l)
Q2(t)
Ibs/It".
- Pol
(B.30)
From continuity:
QI (t) - Q2(t)
(B.27)
(p
V p (t)
dp/dl)
(B.31 )
(B.32)
334
pet)
aC
Vv~
C2
vp(t)[p(t)
= p
Ql (t)
I}.
Q2(t)
_/
vp[p
I
"'pCp
-
Po] =
Po)
(a's) are
expression
by a bithe incre-
(13.35)
Also, in terms of the average values only, eq. 13.34
reduces to:
aV:;_ /---
!lQl
-=x
Ql
!lQ2
-=y
<22
-rV P 1-po/p
Time contact
';h I-tPo/fi
CZ
=r
(13.40)
ry + y = z
(13.41)
The last first order linear non-homogeneous differential equation is the familiar differential equation
of a first order filter, T being the "time constant" of
the filter, having the dimension of time.
Ql - Qz
(B.34)
pet)
(13.36)
Ql
Since,
Then, if
C2
= -rRT ;; 'Y'P
p
Q*1 = Ql
C2
Ql
(C:.p) + 1 P
bolt}
1 - Po/fJ
6p
f)
6Ql
(13.37)
QI
yo(irw
I -
I-
Po/fJ
!lQz
P I - Po/f)
C2 Ql 1 - bo/p
(M22)
Qz
+ !lQ2
+ 1)
==
_ 6Ql
<22 -
Ql
(13.39)
Equation 13.39is a first order linear differential equation expressing the variation in outflow as a function
(B.43)
Xo
(B.38)
boh} <22
i=
v=I
(13.44)
21l'-m
GO
471"-m
60
= 271"
Po/p V
1 - tPa/P V*
1-
<B.45)
where ji"
335
= 7"), hence,
and
1 - Po/p
1 - (Poh)"
(B.47)
1 - tpo/p - ~ - t(Po/p)"
(B.46)
~ 1
1 - (Po/Ma
1.( / -)
+ ( 271".i!.4 _
Po 71 a
V)2
V*
(BAS)
APP~ENDIX
Nominal
Size
Outside
Diameter
Weight
Designation
and/or
Schedule
Number
Aver-
l\lini~
age
Wnll
mum
Thickness
Thickness
Inside
Diarneter
CrossSectional
Metal
Area
Moment
of
Inertia
1m
inches
d
square inches
A
inches!
I
wsu
Seetion
Modulus
(= ~t)
inches
D
inches
t
WE 0.049
Ys"
0.405
~"
0.540
%"
0.675
72"
0.840
40E
80E
0.068
0.0[l5
0.043
0.050
0.083
0.307
0.269
0.215
0.055
0.072
0.0[l2
0.0009
0.0011
0.0012
0.0043
40
80
Std.
XS
40
80
10E
40S
80S
0.065
0.088
0.U9
0.057
0.077
0.104
0.410
0.364
0.302
0.097
0.125
0.157
Std.
XS
40
lOS
40S
0.065
0.091
80S 0.126
0.057
0.080
0.110
0.545
0,493
0.423
Std.
XS
40
XXS
lOS 0.083
4GS 0.109
80S 0.147
0.187
0.294
0.073
0.0!)5
0.12!)
0.164
0.258
Std.
58
lOS
40S
80
80
%/1
XS
40
80
160
lOS
Std.
XS
40
40::
80
80S
160
XXS
Pip(J
Water
wI'
WID
lb per ft
lb per ft
O.OOGO
0.127
0.122
0.115
0.186
0.215
0.315
0.032
0.025
0.016
0.0028
0.0033
0.C038
0.Ql03
0.0123
0.0140
13.8
20.7
32.2
0.169
0.163
0.155
0.330
0.425
0.535
0.057
0.045
0.031
0.124
0.167
0.217
0.0059
0.0073
0.0086
0.0174
0.0216
0.0255
8.38
12.81
20.1
0.217
0.209
0.199
0.423
0.568
0.739
0.101
0.083
0.061
0.674
0.622
0.546
0.46B
0.252
0.197
0.250
0.320
0.384
0.50'1
0.0143
0.0171
0.020]
0.0221
0.0243
0.0341
0.0407
0.0178
0.0527
0.0577
6.95
9.79
14.7
21.1
47.3
0.269
0.261
0.250
0.240
0.219
0.671
0.851
1.0!)
1.30
1.72
0.154
0.132
0.101
0.074
0.022
0.057
0.073
0.0!)9
0.920
0.884
0.821
0.201
0.252
0.333
0.0245
0.0297
0.0370
0.0467
0.0566
0.0706
3.22
4.26
6.18
0.319
0.343
0.334
0.684
0.857
1.13
0.288
0.266
0.231
0.135
0.191
0.270
0.742
0.614
OA3i
0.434
0.570
0.718
0.0448
0.0527
0.0579
0.08.';3
0.100
0.110
9.21
15.1
26.9
0.321
0.304
0.284
1.47
1.94
2.44
0.187
0.128
0.064
0.065
0.109
0.133
0.057
0.095
0.255
0.113
OA(J4
0.0500
0.0757
0.0874
0.076
0.115
0.133
2.0()
3.60
4.57
0.443
0.868
0.128
lAO
o.ne
1.I85
1.097
1.0019
0.420
1.68
0.478
0.409
0.374
0.179
0.250
0.358
0.157
0.219
0.313
0.957
0.815
O.5(J9
0.639
0.836
1.08
0.106
0.125
0.141
0.161
0.190
0.214
6.66
10.58
18.76
0.'107
0.387
0.361
2.17
2.84
3.GB
0.311
0.226
0.122
0.OG5
0.083
0.113
0.218
0.308
5~
I"
Weight of
18.6
28.7
47.5
80S 0.154
XXS
1.315
Inches!
3td.
XS
160
1.050
inches
Bend
Radius
Characof
teristic
Gyruper Unit
tion
Bend
RAdius
l/ft
inches
h/R
ro
336
O.COS2
Weight
Designation
and/or
Schedule
Number
Average
Wall
Thickness
Mini:
mum
Wall
Thickness
(= %t)
inches inches
t
tm
inches
D
Moment
of
Inertia
Section
Modulus
inches
d
square inches
A
inches"
I
inchesf
Z
Bend
Radius
Characof
teristic
Gymper Unit
tion
Bend
Radius
lift
inches
Tg
h/R
Weight of
Pipe
Water
Wp
lb por rt
w'"
lb per rt
0.104
0.161
0.Il)5
0.125
0.193
0.235
1.23
2.17
2.91
0.56
0.55
0.51
1.11
1.81
2.27
0.80
0.71
0.65
o.iai
0.167
0.219
0.334
1.278
1.160
0.896
0.88
1.11
1.53
0.242
0.284
0.341
0.291
0.342
4.25
6.04
11.2
0.52
0.51
0,47
3.00
3.76
5.22
0.56
0.46
0.27
5S 0.0135 0.057
lOS 0.109 0.095
40S 0.145 0.127
1.770
1.682
1.610
0.38
0.61
0.80
0.158
0.247
0.310
0.166
0.260
0.326
0.927
1.63
2.26
0.65
0.63
0.62
1.27
2.09
2.72
1.07
0.90
0.88
80S 0.200
0.281
0.175
0.246
0.350
1.500
1.338
1.100
1.07
1.43
1.89
0.391
0,483
0.568
0.412
0.508
0.598
3.32
5.15
8.53
0.61
0.58
0.55
3.63
4.87
6.41
0.77
0.61
0.41
58 0.065
lOS 0.109
40S 0.154
0.057
O.On5
0.135
2.245
2.157
2.067
0,47
0.78
1.07
0.315
0.666
0.265
0,420
0.561
0.585
1.02
1.50
0.82
0.80
0.79
1.60
2.64
3.65
1.72
1.58
1.45
XXS
80S 0.218
0.343
0,436
O.HH
0.300
C.382
1.939
1.689
1.503
1.48
2.19
2.66
0.868
1.16
1.31
0.731
0.979
1.10
2.25
3.99
5.57
0.77
0.73
0.70
5.02
7.45
9.03
1.28
0.97
0.77
Std.
58 0.083
lOS 0.120
40S 0.203
0.073
0.105
0.178
2.709
2.635
2.16!)
0.73
1.0'1
1.70
0.710
0.988
1.53
0,494
0.687
1.013
0.511
0.759
1.37
0.99
0.98
0.95
2.48
3.53
5.79
2.50
2.3(\
2.08
XXS
80S 0.276
0.375
0.552
0.242
0.328
0,483
2.323
2.125
1.771
2.25
2.95
4.03
1.93
2.35
2.87
1.34
1.64
2.00
1.96
2.88
4.91
0.92
0.8n
0.84
7.66
10.0
13.7
1.84
1.54
1.07
Std.
5S 0.083
lOS 0.120
40S 0.216
0.073
0.105
0.IS9
3.334
3.260
3.068
0.89
1.27
2.23
1.30
1.82
3.02
0.744
1.04
1.72
0.341
0.501
0.961
1.21
1.20
1.16
3.03
4.33
7.58
3.78
3.61
3.20
80S 0.300
0.138
0.600
0.263
0.382
0.525
2.!l00
2.624
2.300
3.02
4.21
5.47
3.!)0
5.01
5.99
2.23
2.88
3.13
1,41
2.24
3.42
1.14
1.0f)
1.05
5S
lOS
408
80S
0.083
0.120
0.226
0.318
0.636
0.073
0.105
0.198
0.278
0.557
3.834
3.760
3.548
3.364
2.728
1.02
1,46
2.68
3.68
6.72
I.!)6
2.76
4.79
6.28
9.85
0.980
1.38
2.39
3.14
4.93
0.260
0.383
0.762
1.13
2.70
1.39
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.21
3.47
4.97
9.11
12.5
22.H
5.00
4.81
4.28
~.85
2.5~
58
lOS
40 40S
SO 80S
0.083
0.120
0.237
0.337
0.073
0.105
0.207
0.295
4.334
4.260
4.026
3.826
1.15
1.65
3.17
4,41
2.81
3.96
7.23
9.61
1.25
1.76
3.21
4.27
0.204
0.300
0.626
0.933
1.56
1.55
L51
1.48
3.n2
5.61
10.8
15.0
6.40
6.17
5.51
4.98
0.138
0.531
0.67-1
0.382
0.465
0.5!)0
3.624
3,438
3.152
5.59
6.62
8.10
5.18
5.!)0
6.79
1.27
1.62
2.21
1.45
1.42
1.37
19.0
22.5
27.5
4.47
4.02
3.38
40
XS
80
160
80S
0.250
0.382
XS
40
80
160
XXS
0.100
--Std.
XS
2.875
CrossSectional
Metal
Area
0.33
0.53
0.67
Std.
2%"
Inside
Diameter
1.530
1.442
1.380
XXS
2"
2.375
Continued
0.057
0.095
0.123
Std.
1}2"
1.900
5S 0.065
lOS 0.109
408 0.140
lU"
1.660
Properties
337
xs
40
80
160
40
80
160
40
0.199
0.111
3"
3.500
XS
80
160
XXS
3}2"
4.000
4"
4.500
Std.
XS
XXS
Std.
XS
40
80
120
160
XXS
11.7
13.3
15.3
10.3
14.3
IS.6
2.8ti
2.31
1.80
338
Average
Wall
Thickness
Wcight
Designation
and/or
Schedule
Number
Minimum
Wall
Thickness
Inside
Diumcter
square inches
A
inches!
I
inches"
2.50
3.03
5.45
7.43
0.17G
0.218
0.440
0.G69
1.93
U)2
1.88
1.84
6.35
7.77
14.6
20.8
9.73
~).53
8.66
7.88
7.09
6.33
5.62
Section
Modulus
(= '%t)
Std.
XS
XS
Water
0.109
0.134
0.258
0.375
0.095
0.117
0.226
0.328
5.345
5.2(J5
5.0.17
4.813
4.30
6.11
6.95
8.43
15.2
20.7
0.500
0.625
0.750
0,438
0.5-17
0.C55
4.563
4.313
4.063
7.95
9.70
11.3
25.7
30.0
33.6
9.25
10.8
12.1
0.936
1.23
1.55
1.80
1.76
1.72
27.0
33.0
38.6
0.109
0.134
0.280
0.432
0.095
0.117
0.245
0.378
6.107
6.357
6.065
5.761
2.23
2.73
5.58
8,40
11.9
14.4
28.1
40.5
3.58
4.35
8.50
12.2
0.123
0.153
0.331
0.541
2.30
2.30
2.25
2.20
5.37
9.29
19.0
28.6
14.0
13.7
12.5
11.3
0.562
0.718
0.864
0.192
0.628
0.756
5.501
5.189
4.897
10.7
13.3
15.G
49.6
59.0
66.3
15.0
17.8
20.0
0.735
0.988
1.25
2.15
2.10
2.06
36.4
45.3
53.2
10.3
9.16
8.1-1
58 0.109
lOS 0.148
0.250
0.277
0.095
0.130
0.219
0.242
8,407
8.329
8.125
8.071
2.92
3.91
6.58
7.26
26.5
35.4
57.7
63.4
6.13
8.21
13.4
14.7
0.072
0.099
0.171
0.191
3.01
3.00
2.96
2.95
9.91
13.4
22.4
24.7
24.1
23.G
22.5
22.2
40
60
80
100
40S 0.322
80S 0.500
0.593
0.282
0.355
0.138
0.519
7.981
7.813
7.625
7,439
8.40
10.5
12.8
15.0
72.5
88.8
106
121
16.8
20.6
24.5
28.1
0.224
0.289
0.361
0.441
2.94
2.91
2.83
2.85
28.6
35.6
43,4
50.9
21.7
20.8
19.8
18.8
120
140
HiO
0.718
0.812
0.875
0.906
0.628
0.711
0.766
0.793
7.189
7.001
6.875
(\.813
17.8
19.9
21.3
22.0
141
154
162
166
32.6
35.6
37.6
38.5
0.551
0.G3D
0.699
0.730
2.81
2.78
2.76
2.75
60.6
67.8
72.4
74.7
17.6
16.7
16.1
15.8
0.117
0.1-14
0.219
0.269
0.319
10.482
10.420
10.250
10.136
10.020
4.52
5,49
8.26
10.1
11.9
63.7
76.9
114
138
161
11.D
20
30
40
5S 0.134
lOS 0.165
0.250
0.307
408 0.365
14.3
21.2
25.6
20.9
0.057
0.071
0.100
0.135
0.163
3.75
3.74
3.71
3.69
3.67
15.2
18.7
28.0
34.2
40.5
37.4
36.9
35.7
34.9
34.1
80S 0.500
0.593
0.625
0.718
0.750
0.438
0.519
0.547
0.628
0.655
9.750
\).564
9.500
9.314
9.250
16.1
18.9
1(J.9
22.6
23.G
212
245
256
286
296
39.4
45.5
47.6
53.2
55.1
0.228
0.276
0.293
0.312
0.360
3.63
3.60
3.59
3.56
3.55
54.7
61.3
67.5
76.n
80.1
32.3
31.1
30.7
29.5
29.1
0.843
0.875
1.000
1.125
0.738
0.766
0.875
0.984
9.064
9.000
8.750
8.500
26.2
27.1
30.6
34.0
324
333
368
399
60.3
62.0
68.4
74.3
0.412
0.431
0.505
0.583
3.52
3.51
3.47
3.43
89.2
92.3
104
27.9
27.5
26.0
24.6
40
80
5S
lOS
408
80S
XXS
Std.
Pipe
inches
tm
120
160
6/1
Weight of
Moment
of
Inertia
inches
t
inches
D
5"
5.563
Bend
Itndius
Characof
teristic
Gymper Unit
tion
Bend
Radius
Ilfl
inches
lIlR
Tq
CrossSectional
Metal
Area
40
80
5E
lOS
40E
80E
inches
d
1.87
2.2D
Wp
IV",
Ib per ft
lb per ft
6.62.5
120
160
XXS
20
30
8"
8.625
Std.
XS
XXS
Std.
XS
10"
10.750
60
80
100
120
140
160
0.106
116
Weight
Designation
and/or
Schedule
Number
Average
Wall
Thickness
~!opcrtics
Minimum
Wall
Thickness
(=
6.52
7.11
9.82
12.9
14.6
129
141
192
249
279
20.3
22.0
30.0
39.0
43.8
0.050
0.055
0.077
0.103
0.118
11.938
11.750
11.1326
11.500
11.376
IS.7
19.2
21.5
23.8
26.0
300
362
401
439
475
47.1
56.7
62.8
68.8
74.S
0.655
0.738
0.766
0.875
0.983
1.149
11.250
11.064
11.000
10.750
10.500
10.126
28.3
31.5
32.6
36.9
41.1
47.1
511
562
579
642
701
781
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.219
0.273
0.328
0.382
0.438
13.500
13.375
13.250
13.125
13.000
10.8
13.4
16.1
18.7
21.2
100
0.5!J3
0.625
0.750
0.875
0.937
0.519
0.547
0.656
0.766
0.820
12.814
12.750
12.500
12.250
12.125
120
140
160
1.0!J3
1.250
1.406
0.956
1.094
1.230
10
20
30
40
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.625
60
5S 0.165
lOS 0.180
0.250
0.330
40S 0.375
0.141
0.158
0.219
0.289
0.328
12.420
12.3!l0
12.250
12.090
12.000
0.406
80S 0.500
0.S62
0.625
0.687
0.355
0.438
0.492
0.547
0.601
0.750
0.843
0.875
1.000
1.125
1.312
10
20
30
40
60
Weight of
Pipe
Water
w'"
Ib per it
4.45
4.44
4.42
4.39
4.38
19.6
24.2
33.4
43.8
49.6
52.5
52.2
S1.1
49.7
49.0
0.128
0.160
0.182
0.204
0.227
4.37
4.33
4.31
4.29
4.27
53.5
6S.4
73.2
80.9
88.5
48.S
47.0
46.0
4S.0
44.0
80.2
88.1
90.8
101
110
123
0.2S0
0.285
0.298
0.348
0,400
0,481
4.25
4.22
4.21
4.17
4.13
4.07
96.2
107
111
125
140
160
43.0
41.6
41.1
39.3
37.5
34.9
255
315
373
429
484
36.5
45.0
53.3
61.4
69.1
0.064
0.080
0.097
0.1140.132
4.86
4.84
4.82
4.80
4.78
36.7
45.7
54.6
63.4
72.1
62.0
60.6
59.7
58.6
57.5
25.0
26.3
31.2
36.1
38.4
562
589
687
781
825
80.3
84.1
98.2
112
118
0.158
0.168
0.205
0.244
0.264
4.74
4.73
4.6!J
4.65
4.63
84.9
89.3
106
123
131
5S.9
55.3
53.1
51.1
50.0
11.814
11.500
11.188
44.3
50.1
55.6
930
1030
1120
133
147
160
0.315
0.360
0,426
4.58
4.53
4,48
151
170
189
47.5
45.0
42.6
0.210
0.273
0.328
0,438
0.547
15.500
15.376
15.250
15.000
14.750
12.4
15.4
18.4
24.4
30.2
384
474
562
732
894
48.0
5!).3
70.3
91..')
112
0.048
0.061
0.074
0.100
0.127
5.57
5.55
5.53
5,48
5.44
42.1
52.3
62.6
82.8
103
81.7
80.5
79.1
76.5
74.1
100
0.656
0.750
0.843
0.875
1.031
0.574
0.655
0.738
0.766
0.902
14.688
14.500
14.314
14.250
13.938
31.6
35.9
40.1
41.6
48.5
933
1050
1160
1190
1370
117
131
145
149
171
0.134
0.155
0.176
0.184
0.221
5.43
5.40
5.37
5.36
5.29
108
122
136
141
165
73.4
71.5
69.7
69.1
66.1
120
140
160
1.218
1.438
1.593
1.066
1.258
1.394
13.564
13.124
12.814
56.6
65.8
72.1
1560
1760
1890
195
220
237
0.208
0.325
0.368
5.23
S.17
5.12
Hl2
224
245
62.6
58.6
55.9
60
80
100
120
140
160
XS
16"
16.000
Bend
Radius
Characof
teristic
Gyraper Unit
tion
Bend
Radius
11ft
inches
h/R
ro
Ib per ft
40
80
XS
Section
Modulus
inches!
1m
inches
d
square inches
XS
Std.
Moment
of
Inertia
Continued
'YBt)
inches
Std.
14"
14.000
CrossSectional
Metal
Area
inches
20
30
Std.
inches'
I
inches
D
12"
12.7S0
Inside
Diameter
339
80
--
Wp
340
Nominal
Size
Outside
Diameter
Weight
Designation
and/or
Schedule
Number
Average
Wall
Thickness
Minimum
WaU
Thickness
(=
inches
D
square inches
A
inches"
I
0.219
0.273
0.328
0.382
0.438
0.492
0.547
0.656
0.766
0.820
17.500
17.376
17.250
17.121
17.000
16.876
16.750
Hi.500
16.250
16.126
13.9
17.3
20.8
24.2
27.5
30.8
34.1
40.6
47.1
50.2
519
679
807
932
1050
1170
12!l0
1520
1730
1830
61.0
75.5
89.6
104
117
130
1<13
168
102
204
0.038
0.048
0.058
0.068
O.o7S
0.OS9
0.090
0.121
0.143
0.155
6.28
6.25
6.23
6.21
6.19
6.17
6.15
6.10
80
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.562
0.625
0.750
0.875
0.937
100
120
140
160
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781
1.012
1.203
1.367
1.558
15.688
15.250
14.876
14.438
61.2
71.8
80.7
90.S
2180
2500
2750
3020
242
278
3013
336
10
20
30
40
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.5D3
0.219
0.328
0.438
0.510
19.500
19.250
10.000
18.814
15.5
23.1
30.6
36.2
757
1110
1460
1700
80
0.625
0.750
0.812
0.875
1.031
0.517
0.655
0.711
0.766
0.!l02
18.750
18.500
18.376
18.250
17.!J38
38.0
45.4
48.9
52.6
61.4
1790
2100
2260
2410
2770
100
120
140
160
1.281
1.500
1.750
1.968
1.121
1.313
1.531
1.722
17.438
17.000
16.500
16.064
75.3
87.2
100.
112
10
20
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.562
0.625
0.219
0.328
0.438
0.-102
0.547
23.500
23.250
23.000
22.875
22.750
GO
80
100
0.H87
0.750
O.!lGS
1.218
1.531
O.HOI
0.G55
0.8-17
1.066
1.310
120
140
160
I.S12
2.0G2
2.34.3
1.586
10
40
60
60
30
24/1
24.000
inches+
Z
Ys!)
Bend
Hadius
Characof
teristic
Gyraper Unit
tion
Bend
Radius
inches
l/ft
inches
30
Std.
XS
. Section
Modulus
t;
XS
20"
20.000
Moment
of
Inertia
inches
Std.
Std.
XS
CrossSectional
r..letal
Area
inches
t
10
20
IS"
18.000
Inside
Dinmeter
Continued
40
20
--
h/R
TU
Weight of
Pipe
Water
Wp
w'"
Ib per ft Ib per ft
6.06
47.4
59.0
70.6
82.2
93.5
105
116
138
160
6.04
171
10-1
103
101
99.7
9S.3
96.9
95.4
92.6
89.9
88.5
0.106
0.230
0.278
0.325
5.97
5.90
5.84
5.77
208
244
274
30!)
S3.7
79.1
75.3
70.9
75.7
111
146
170
0.031
0.047
0.0133
0.076
6.98
6.94
6.90
6.86
52.7
78.6
104
123
129
126
123
120
17D
210
226
241
277
O.OSO
0.097
0.10(\
0.115
0.138
6.85
6.81
6.79
6.77
6.72
129
154
166
170
200
120
117
115
113
109
3320
3760
4220
4590
332
376
422
459
0.175
0.210
0.252
0.291
6.63
6.56
6,48
6.41
256
296
341
379
103
98.3
92.6
87.8
18.7
27.8
36.0
41.4
45.9
1320
1940
2550
2840
3140
110
162
213
237
261
0.021
0.032
0.013
0.040
0.055
8.40
8.35
8.31
8.29
8.27
63.4
94.6
125
141
156
188
IS4
ISO
178
176
22.{l25
22.500
22.0lH
21.561
20.038
50.3
54.8
70.0
87.2
lOS
3420
3710
1650
5670
6850
285
30!)
388
473
571
0.061
0.067
0.088
0.113
0.146
S.25
8.22
8.15
8.07
7.96
171
186
238
296
367
174
172
166
158
149
2.050
20.376
19.876
19.311
126
142
159
7820
8630
9400
652
7Hl
788
0.177
0.206
0.240
7.87
7.79
7.70
429
483
542
141
134
127
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.273
0.328
0.438
29.37U
29.250
29.000
29.1
34.9
46.3
3210
3830
5040
214
255
33G
0.017
0.021
0.028
10.5
10.5
10.4
98.9
119
157
204
291
286
0.562
0.625
0.750
0.492
0.547
0.655
28.875
28.750
28.500
52.0
57.6
08.9
5640
6220
7380
376
415
402
0.031
0.035
0.012
lOA
177
HJ6
234
284
281
277
i.sos
30"
so.ooo
30
lOA
10.3
100
200
C-2.
300
Thermal Expansion,
400 500 600
17
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
II
i
..
a:
W
a..
10
..
z
10
9
(/)
I.!"
<t
Q..
Ii
.~
X
W
3
2
J
a
o
70
200
300
600
700
800
TEMPERATURE,
900
of the sample
342
DESIGN OF PIPING
C-3.
Modulus of Elasticity,
SYSTEMS
30
29
N
~
<,
(D
28
..J
ID
27
!::
(.)
i=
26
(,()
<{
..J
W
LL
25
o
(/)
=>
..J
=>
o
24
::E
23
W
..J
enz
w
.....
22
21
100
200
300
400
500
TEMPERATURE
600
700
F
19
18
MATERIALS
17
I. CARBON STEEL
CHROMIUM-NICKEL
SUCH AS
2. FERRITIC
ALLOY
SUCH AS
STAINLESS
AISI TYPES
STEELS
304,309,
310, 316,347.
16
STEELS
CARBON-MOLYBDENUM,
1/2%
TO 10%
AISI TYPES
.~
15
CHROMIUI.I-MOLY,
405,
13
800
900
(000
1100
TEMPERATURE
1200
1300
Note: This chart is reproduced from a standard of The l\1. W. Kellogg Company that was used in the preparation of the sample
calculations in this book. It is not in full agreement with data in ASA B31.1-1955.
34.1
C-4. Chart for Criterion in Par. 620(a) in Code for Pressure Piping ASA 831.1
l~gW
y/u~
. mIX)
to
L()
'<t
80
7v
60
50
40 .
30
20J
Anchor distance, ft
Nominal diameter, in.
!::.
< a'
U
lllllill
111)1.[111
10;
9 . .
8
6
5 :
line
Temperature, F.
Basis of Chart
Analysis of piping is mandatory if the following
criterion is not satisfied:
DY
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
A
.3
T.
g t-~ (~
g
1)
10
IX)
(~
344
DESIGN
. C-5.
Two-Member
OF PIPING
LENGTH
SYSTEMS
OF LEG REQUIRED
Expansion
in Plane of Members
20
,
'E
!
I
1\
"
!
,
1,1
=,,,,"
9
8
6.
5 I\'..\c L\:
t:'.'
expansion,
41\~O,=,\-:'-'
SA
I~C=..\::
= Code allowable
(1.25Sc
31_~
1-=,:::'
I==i
21==,
,
,
! .
I,
_v
.f
.~
.5 ..
...J
o:t
so
z
_2
:1
.3
.5
,-,-
.6 .7 .6.9 1.0
K
Multiply
= Length
stress range
+ 0.25Sh),
psi.
in./ft.
C-6.
345
LIFT)
50
40
K<I
F::;A = -F",c
= -106At/cILl
FuA = -Fuc
= +106A21e1LZ
M.A
+106,13Ie/L
M.c == -106A.4Ie/L
LIFT)
I'
A
IQ
<{
<(
K>I
c
Fd
= -F",c
FuA = -Fllc
== -IOG1i2Ie/(KL)2
=
+I06,1IIc/(KL)2
Md
= lOGA4Ie/KL
ACe
= -lOGA3Ie/KL
F = Force, lb.
Moment, It-lb.
Value of E used
29 X lOG psi.
100
90
80
70
60
50
..
0
30
20
L SA
t. = Displacement
107 11
SA.
7
6
5
4
3
.6
.5
.4
.3
K
L by K to obtain length of Be required.
10
9
8
Multiply
= Length
C-8.
347
10
9
8
7
A,
III
I"
AU
~
..::--
,<
...
c
~
;5
I=.
...
<t
I~"
-Fzc
F ~A
-FlJc = +105ILl.Az/3
.6
_,
.2
07
.05
no
.01
.1
.3
.'
.1
-105ILl.AtlL3
:~~-
F = Force, lb.
M = Moment, It-lb.
Fi rst subscript denotes direction.
Se cond subscript denotes location.
Si gns are those of forces or moments acting
on anchors.
.7
.4
M .A = +105ILl.AJ/L2
M c = -105ILl.A4/L2
o.
2.
F r.4
II
.6 .7.8 .91.0
15
348
+ O.258h), psi.
2.0
.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
Je"
.5
30"
!3
.4
....,
Ie"
!3_,
.3
16"
14"
12"
.2
10"
W
N
(/)
.~':.
.-.07
"
.v...
6"
oet
:z
4"
3"
....
21
.v
""
2"
,p
If,.
......
I!
I"
.ve,.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
K
MUltiply L by
J( to
.J
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
io
z
349
~
uv
60
0:;
.., li"
o::l:
,
....
v
If
<{
111
c = -103- L'!' ,1,
"
~,
r<)
<{
~
N
o::l:
-c
Iv
9
8
7
---
5
4
Force, lb.
Moment, It-lb.
:3
Moment of inertia of
pipe, in.",
11 = Displacement normal to
plane, in.
Value of Eused = 29 X lOG psi.
2.
350
DESIGN OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
,po
'($I.$'
'/,s-
,.-----,
?-
,;
'/0
Expansion Loop
\\
Guido
./
'otJo
'0
A'
.0
G1.>ido
;;-----A
j-'=''''_~'-'!.
--
--..ti
B'
,9
1----
.6
fffW
.7
"J..
.6
~~i~
r...~(A ~,
~~
tlt~;-(6~JD
~.1'
~"1
t.,
~L(l
Ll
[(.)
Value of E used
.4
L ----i
29 X 106 psi.
~,
(1.25S,
~'
.3
.2
L2 SA
(0706-
.11'\
.u.,
.ur
... ,..
........
05
....."
l"\~
.02
.05
.10
.2
,4
,5
.6
.7 .8 .9 1.0
CHARTS
C-12.
AND TABLES
MOMENTS
Symmetrical
I r---
ido
_t,
_j
351
AND FORCES
Expansion
Loop
, r;J
(,
K,t
~-J
0..' do
~ ---..t:
8
S'
Fr-i' = -FrY'
= -106Ad~/LS
Mr-i
-Mzy
lOSA2I~/L~
te
F = Force, lb.
M = Moment, It-lb.
First subscript denotes direction.
Second subscript denotes location.
Signs arc those of forces or moments acting on anchors.
1:
\\
6
5
.~
A.
3
I
:.
~
~
"
'e
Ae
~
>1
'.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.10
... .,
....,. ...
.2.
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8 .9
to
_------------------------
DESIGN
352
C-13.
OF PIPING
SYSTEMS
Value of E used
29 X lOG psi.
+ O.25Sh), psi.
10
9
,
,
1111
..
~o
,t, \
"
.,
\',
S
5
..
\"
~O
,
'1?\'?
"
!"
;;I.
O. 9
o.8
o, 7
II
o.S
II
,
I
o.5
o. 4
lit
..
o.3
o.2
(\J
s
0
,q
It)
..".
on
CD
...
"
<DQlO
8
Instructions: Determine value of LvSA/IO
Enter with this value of ordinate scale and read over to line for proper
nominal pipe size. Read down to abscissa scale, The value obtained will be the permissible lateral deflection for leg.
J,
353
C-14.
Correction
Method
'"~J.
Case I.
L. ( Le
Case II. For any interior leg L whose maximum deflection is in the plane of L and LA
where LA is the shorter of the connecting legs.
100
90
8v
70
60
M,
50
40
~~
~
30
.. . .
20
I
CaseIII. For any interior leg L whose maximum deflection is perpendicular to the plane
of L and LA where LA is the shorter of the
connecting legs.
,
Tl:mfil
::'IIi.,
l..<l.
~5fm;1
:i1i!'li
lilill
111:1;11
. I
t=
,~
,
,
-0
'''.
LA ::
I:
~ d
~t-~c
r-
0_
c-I
C)
qV
10
q
CD
<?-
~. 0.
0
CD0'1 0
t-
354
DESIGN OF PIPING
C-15.
a
Ca
Co
Cab
Caa
Cob
0
15
30
45
60
+.0038
+.02G2
+.0468
+.0643
+.0774
-.0872
-.0832
-.0736
-.0589
-.0403
-.0038
-.0250
-.0395
-.0434
-.0357
+.0003
+.0080
+.0253
+.0475
+.0687
+.0871
+.0791
+.0621
+.0399
+.0187
75
90
105
120
C; 135
+.0852
+.0872
+.0832
+.0736
+.0589
-.0189
+.0038
+.0262
+.0468
+.0613
-.0184
+.0038
+.0250
+.0395
+.0131
+.0832
+.0871
+.0794
+.0621
+.03!l9
+.0042
+.0003
+.0080
+.0253
+.0175
150
165
II
180
.:t- 195
<>
... 210
+.0403
+.0189
-.0038
-.0262
-.0468
+.0774
+.0852
+.0872
+.0832
+.0736
+.0357
+.0184
-.0038
-.0250
-.03!)5
+.0187
+.0012
+.0003
+.0080
+.0253
+.0687
+.0832
+.0871
+.0794
+.0621
225
240
255
270
285
-.0643
-.0774
-.0852
-.0872
-.0832
+.0589
+.0403
+.0189
-.0038
-.0262
-.013,1
-.0357
-.0184
+.0038
+.0250
+.0475
+.0687
+.0832
+.0871
+.0791
+.0399
+.0187
+.0012
+.0003
+.0080
300
315
330
345
360
-.0736
-.0589
-.0403
-.0189
+.0038
-.0468
-.0643
-.0774
-.0852
-.0872
+.0395
+.0434
+.0357
+.0184.
-.0038
+.0621
+.0399
+.0187
+.0042
+.0003
0
15
3u
45
60
+.0152
+.05U6
+.1000
+.1335
+.1580
-.1736
-.1638
-.1-128
-.1121
-.0737
-.0151
-.0558
-.0816
-.0855
-.0665
75
90
105
120
135
+.1716
+.1736
+.1638
+.1428
+.1121
-.0303
+.0152
+.0596
+.1000
+.1335
150
0
165
II
180
.:t- 1\15
o
...
< 210
+.0737
+.0303
-.0152
-.0596
-.1000
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
(degrees)
1'00
0
<
~
or.>
~
If'.)
..;<
C....
ebb
Ca
Co
Cab
0
15
30
45
60
+.0341
+.0990
+.1589
+.2071
+.2112
-.2588
-.2412
-.2071
-.1589
-.0999
-.0335
-.0915
-.1250
-.1250
-.0915
+.0059
+.0394
+.097-1
+.1644
+.2224
+.2559
+.222,1
+.1644
+.0974
+.0394
75
90
105
120
00- 135
+.2588
+.2588
+.2112
+.2071
+.158!}
-.034J
+.0341
+.09\)9
+.1589
+.2071
-.0335
+.0335
+.0\)15
+.1250
+.1250
+.2559
+.255!'1
+.2224
+.1644
+.0!)74
+.0059
+.0059
+.0391
+.0974
+.1644
+.0!}99
+.0341
-.03H
-.0999
-.1589
+.2412
+.2588
+.2588
+.2412
+.2071
+.01)15
+.0335
-.0335
-.0915
-.1250
+.03!l1
+.0059
+.0059
+.0394
+.0!'74
+.2244
+.255\)
+.2559
+.222-1
+.164'1
225
210
255
270
285
-.2071
-.2412
-.2588
-.2588
-.2412
+.1589
+.0999
+.0341
-.03H
-.0999
-.1250
-.0915
-.0335
+.0335
+.0915
+.1614
+.2224
+.2559
+.2559
+.2224
+.097<1
+.0394
+.005l)
+.0059
+.039,1
+.0253
+.0475
+.0687
+.0832
+.0871
300
315
330
315
360
-.2071
- .1589
-.0999
-.0341
+.0341
-.1589
-.2071
-.2412
-.2588
-.2588
+.1250
+.1250
+.0915
+.0335
-.0335
+.IM4
+.O!l74
+.0394
+.0059
+.0059
+.0974
+.16-1-1
+.2221
+.255\1
+.2559
+.0018
+.0208
+.0576
+.1023
+.1431
+.1728
+.1538
+.1170
+.0722
+.0315
0
15
30
45
60
+.1310
+.2588
+.3660
+.4483
+.5000
-.5000
-.4483
-.3660
-.2588
- .1310
-.1250
-.2165
-.2500
-.2165
-.1250
+.0453
+.1368
+.2618
+.3868
+.4783
+.4783
+.3868
+.2618
+.1368
+.0153
-.0297
+.0151
+.0558
+.0816
+.0855
+.1689
+.1728
+.1538
+.1170
+.0722
+.0057
+.0018
+.0208
+.0576
+.1023
75
90
105
120
G 135
+.5176
+.5000
+.4483
+.3660
+.2588
0
+.1340
+.2588
+.3660
+.4-183
0
+.1250
+.2165
+.2500
+.2165
+.5118
+.4783
+.3868
+.2618
+.1368
+.01l8
+.0453
+.1368
+.2618
+.3868
+.1580
+.1716
+.1736
+.1638
+.1128
+.0665
+.0297
-.0151
-.0558
-.0816
+.0315
+.0057
+.0018
+.0208
+.0576
+.1431
+.1689
+.1728
+.1538
+.1170
150
165
180
195
210
+.1340
0
-.1310
-.2588
-.3660
+.5000
+.5176
+.5000
+.4483
+.3660
+.1250
0
-.1250
-.2165
-.2500
+.0453
+.0118
+.0453
+.1368
+.2618
+.4783
+.5118
+.4783
+.3868
+.2618
-.1335
-.1580
-.1716
-.1736
-.1638
+.1121
+.0737
+.0303
-.0152
-.0596
-.0855
-.0665
-.0297
+.0151
+.0558
+.1023
+.1-131
+.168U
+.1728
+.1538
+.0722
+.0315
+.0057
+.0018
+.0208
225
210
255
270
285
-.4483
-.5000
-.5176
-.5000
-.4483
+.2588
+.1340
0
-.1340
-.2588
-.2165
-.1250
0
+.1250
+.2165
+.3868
+.4783
+.5118
+.4783
+.3868
+.1368
+.0153
+.0118
+.0453
+.1368
-.1428
-.1121
-.0737
-.0303
+.0152
-.1000
-.1335
-.1580
-.1716
-.1736
+.0816
+.0855
+.0665
+.0297
-.0151
+.1170
+.0722
+.0315
+.0057
+.0018
+.0576
+.1023
+.1431
+.1689
+.1728
300
315
330
345
360
-.3660
-.2588
-.1310
0
+.1340
-.3660
-.'1183
-.5000
-.5176
-.5000
+.2500
+.2165
+.1250
0
-.1250
+.2618
+.1368
+.0453
+.0118
+.0153
+.2618
+.3868
+.4783
+.5118
+.4783
(degrees)
<0
e-l
150
165
II
180
.:t- 195
<.>
...
< 210
0
~
or.>
....
1'-
SYSTEMS
e-l
I.t;)
d
11
~
o
<
'0
M
C-15.
a
(degrees)
355
Co
C6
Cab
0
15
30
45
60
+.2929
+.4659
+.6072
+.7071
+.7588
-.7071
-.6072
-.4659
-.2929
-.0999
-.2500
-.3415
-.3415
-.2500
-.0915
+.1427
+.3012
+.4812
+.6-127
+.7342
+.6127
+.4842
+.3012
+.1427
+.0512
0
15
30
45
60
+1.0000
+1.2247
+1.3660
+1.4142
+1.3660
-1.0000
-0.7071
-0.3660
0
+0.3660
-0.5000
-0.4330
-0.2500
0
+0.2500
+0.('854
+1.0354
+1.2184
+1.2854
+1.2184
+0.7854
+0.5354
+0.3524
+0.2854
+0.3524
75
90
105
120
135
+.7588
+.7071
+.6072
+.4659
+.2929
+.0999
+.2929
+.4659
+.6072
+.7071
+.0915
+.2500
+.3415
+.3415
+.2500
+.73-12
+.6427
+.4812
+.3012
+.1427
+.0512
+.1427
+.3012
+.4842
+.6427
75
90
l05
120
00- 135
+1.2247
+1.0000
+0.7071
+0.3660
0
+0.7071
+1.0000
+1.2217
+1.3660
+1.4142
+0.4330
+0.5000
+0.4330
+0.2500
0
+1.0354
+0.7854
+0.5354
+0.3524
+0.2854
+0.5354
+0.7851
+1.035-1
+1.2184
+1.2854
150
0
165
II
180
~ 195
...
< 210
+.0999
-.0999
-.2929
-.4659
-.6072
+.7588
+.7588
+.7071
+.6072
+.4659
+.0915
-.0915
-.2500
-.3415
-.3415
+.0512
+.0512
+.1427
+.3012
+.4812
+.7342
+.7342
+.6427
+.4812
+.3012
150
165
180
195
210
-0.3660
-0.7071
-1.0000
-1.2247
-1.3660
+1.3660
+1.2247
+1.0000
+0.7071
+0.3660
-0.2500
-0.4330
-0.5000
-0.4330
-0.2500
+0.3524
+0.5354
+0.7854
+1.0334
+1.21S4
+1.2184
+1.0354
+0.7854
+0.5354
+0.3521
225
240
255
270
285
-1.4142
-1.3660
-1.0000
-0.7071
0
-0.3660
-0.7071
-1.0000
-1.2247
0
+0.2500
+0.4330
+0.5000
+0.4330
+1.2854
+ 1.2184
+1.0354
+0.7854
+0.5354
+0.2854
+0.3521
+0.5354
+0.7854
+1.0354
300
315
330
345
360
-0.3660
0
+0.3660
+0.7071
+1.0000
-1.3660
-1.4142
-1.3660
-1.2247
-1.0000
+0.2500
0
-0.2500
-0.4330
-0.5000
+0.3524
+0.7854
+0.3524
+0.5354
+0.7854
+1.2184
+1.2854
+1.2184
+1.0354
+0.7854
=0
~
.,.,
Coo
Cbb
00
l'-
(.)
'"
'<t'
II
~
t-.
"'"
C!
....
II
...
...:
to
0
t--
""?
....
II
...
(.)
<
Co
C6
Cob
Coo
Cbb
225
240
255
270
285
-.7071
-.7588
-.7588
-.7071
-.6072
+.2929
+.0999
-.0999
-.2929
-.4659
-.2500
-.0915
+.0915
+.2500
+.3415
+.6427
+.7342
+.7342
+.6427
+.4842
+.1427
+.0512
+.0512
+.1427
+.3012
300
315
330
345
360
-.4659
-.6072
-.2929 , -.7071
-.0999
-.7588
+.0999
-.7588
-.7071
+.2929
+.3415
+.2500
+.0915
-.0915
-.2500
+.3012
+.1427
+.0512
+.0512
+.1427
+.4842
+.6427
+.7342
+.7342
+.6427 .
0
Cl
-1.2z.t7
0
15
30
45
60
+0.5000
+0.7071
+0.8660
+0.9659
+1.0000
-0.8660
-0.7071
-0.5000
-0.2588
0
-0.3750
-0.4330
-0.3750
-0.2165
0
+0.3071
+0.5236
+0.7401
+0.8986
+0.9566
+0.7401
+0.5236
+0.3071
+0.1486
+0.0906
0
15
30
45
60
+2.0000
+1.9318
+1.7320
+1.4142
+1.0000
0
+0.5176
+1.0000
+1.4142
+1.7320
75
90
105
120
135
+0.965()
+0.8660
+0.7071
+0.5000
+0.2588
+0.2588
+0.5000
+0.7071
+0.8660
+0.9659
+0.2165
+0.3750
+0.433U
+0.3750
+0.2165
+0.8986
+0.7401
+0.5236
+0.3071
+0.1486
+0.1186
+0.3071
+0.5236
+0.7101
+0.8986
75
90
105
120
135
+0.5176
0
-0.5176
-l.0000
-1.4142
+1.9318
+2.0000
+1.!l318
+1.7320
+1Al<t2
150
165
180
195
210
0
-0.2588
-0.5000
-0.7071
-0.8660
+1.0000
+0.9659
+0.8660
+0.7071
+0.5000
0
-0.2165
-0.3750
-0..1330
-0.3750
+0.0906
+0.1486
+0.3071
+0.5236
+0.7401
+0.9566
+0.8986
+0.7401
+0.5236
+0.3071
150
165
~ 180
... 195
...:: 210
-1.7320
-1.9318
-2.0000
-1.9318
-1.7320
+1.0000
+0.5176
0
-0.5176
-1.0000
225
240
255
270
285
-0.9659
-1.0000
-0.9659
-0.8660
-0.7071
+0.2588
0
-0.2588
-0.5000
-0.7071
-0.2165
0
+0.2165
+0.3750
+0.4330
+0.8986
+0.9566
+0.8986
+0.7401
+0.5236
+0.1486
+0.0906
+0.1486
+0.3071
+0.5236
225
210
255
270
285
-1.4142
-1.0000
-0.5176
0
+0.5176
-1.7320
-1.9318
-2.0000
-1.9318
300
315
330
345
360
-0.5000
-0.2588
0
+0.2588
+0.5000
-0.8660
-0.9659
-1.0000
-0.9659
-0.8660
+0.3750
+0.2165
0
-0.2165
-0.3750
+0.3071
+0.1486
+0.0906
+0.1486
+0.3071
+0.7401
+0.8986
+0.9566
+0.8986
+0.7401
300
315
330
345
360
+1.0000
+1.4142
+1.7320
+1.9318
+2.0000
-1.7320
-1.4142
-1.0000
-0.5176
0
co
...
= +1.5708 =+1.5708
'<t'
(degrees)
.....
M
II
Q
C'l
00
-1,.1112
!
0
!
+1.5708
!
+1.5708
DESIGN OF PIPING
356
C-16.
'Horizontal
SYSTEMS
400
4
10
6
e
6
';:2
a... 4
0
0
0
~IO
(/)
(/)
a:
100
=>
...J
=>
6
0
Oe
__
t; 20
t(/)
(f)
(!)
Z
0
"
30
-----
----
(/)
<,
...J
a...
40 r-
"
......
30
30
.8
60
.6
80
:=
20
z
=>
10
...J
<[
100
::g
r-
r-
.4
"
C/)
.3
:3
.2
2
Formula:
Key;
(.!)
r-
X
<!
"
u..
60 en
::I:
::g
=>
::g
80 r-
w
20 a...
40
60
(D
u..
z
<!
a...
(f)
r-
10
-3
(/)
200
<=
1.2wl2/Z
Example:
w ""
357
800
10
600
6
400
....o
4POO;:
z
2P~
c->
___
<t
1,000
800
100
--
t=
a:
---
~-------
fZ
--60
4Q
----~
__
<t
(!)
:::>
20
"
....
It
a:
.03
<t
.02
to
10
"
"
.O[
2
.2
2
.10
.08
Formulas:
Key:
1.0
=
17.1wl~/EI
Example:
In == 3.13/V8
with [locating turning point (/1) at intersection on l.
with w locating turning point (B) at intersection on I.
with 1 locating 8 (or In).
with is (or In) locating l.
w =
320Ib/ft.
_.
....<t
&: 20
0..
w
~
'30 ....
'3
....
40
::s
ILl
0..
.4
60
J-
(/)
(J)
_J
:r
o,
<t
1.0
.8
.6
eo
a:
6'-->
a:
UJ
a..
>-
100
20
---0
~
<t
a:
~
f<t
lu,
u,
----2:
20
10
l-
~"5~
tt
10
8
6
200
o
G
--
30
a:
w
fn
-- __ --.:::._
0
60 ~
40
(/)--2
ILl
~
0
---
c,
80
-400 -
100
80
---
___ --
600 ~ ____
200
'300
358
DESIGN OF PIPING
C-18.
Correction
MOMENT
,/or1"
SYSTEMS
MfiXIMvM
DEFLECT/Of.!
DII9G.
/0
/0
.05U,
/. Z5
1.3/"
1.25
.547
./..,.l"
(R"'!"!!"!"'!l)
w-Z'I-
Et4 EI
~ 111111111 1111111111 ~
RIIII!lII!IIII!II~
~2'1.
185
ur:
2'1
E.I
\l111!!111111111111~
For Chart C-16:
Multiply
(j
APPENDIX
359
Acknowledgment
This presentation has been sponsored by the Power Piping Department of The
1'1'1.W. Kellogg Company.
Development of the shape coefficient matrix theory,
in Section 5A-2, was carried out by Dr. A. M. Peiser, Staff Consultant in Mathematics.
Dr. D. H. Cheng, of the City College of New York and Consultant in
Mechanical Development to Kellogg, has been responsible for writing and editing
this presentation,
as well as undertaking
a critical review of the material in
Section 5A-2. The material in this work is substantially
original and cannot be
found elsewhere in the published literature.
Valuable suggestions and criticisms have been made by a number of members
of the company.
Notable among these have been: Messrs, D. B. Rossheim,
J. H. Riekerman, J. T. McKeon, A. F. Myles, and A. M. Mitchel.
]{E"'NI~TH
H.
i\hCWAT'I'
Sales 111anaqer
Power Piping Department
360
5A-l
Introduction
362
Derivation
Matrix
= L qjXj
q(x)
1. Definitions
and Nomenclature.
Unless
otherwise specified in the text, the following definitions and nomenclature
will be used consistently
in this chapter.
15 =
L
PiX ...
;
L p/i.. ...
i
1} =
PiXi
ij
+p
ij
(5A.I)
1.
= L ~jjXi'
= 1,2,3.
(5A.2)
to the X-system:
j
= 1,2,3.
(SA.3)
x.
q ~
I.~i",
.i,i,of
.-1,2.3
+ L p;'i..i.
(chosen origin)
F!Gt;It~; 5A.1
S ~,".I
A MATRIX
METHOD OF PIPING
unit vectors Xi. Similarly, Aji represent direction cosines of the unit vector Xj with
respect to unit vectors Xi .. ,(vii ) Nomenclature
F = Redundant Force Vector
M = Redundant Moment Vector
A = Displacement Vector
if, = Rotation Vector
j = Internal Force Vector
m = Internal Moment Vector
Fi(i=I,2,3)
= Components of F in
Xl,
forces and moments and the corresponding displacements are functions of the coordinates of the points
of application. To facilitate analyses, it is customary
to consider all the redundant forces and moments,
and the corresponding displacements, to occur at a
common origin and in the fixed z-systern.
In what follows, we shall develop the shape coefficient matrix for a two-anchor system subject to
thermal expansion. The generalization of this development to multiple anchor and loop problems will
be discussed in Section 5A.3. We define:
X2,
363
j1'
= I:Fixi
i
(5A.4)
.6ixi
if, =
(5A.5)
I:t/>/X,..
j = Lh~i= F,
(5A.(
{ iii
= ~ mi~i
= iiI -
IJ X P.
The force and moment components may be obtained by vector algebra as follows:
Ii =
t.t;
(5A.7)
{
7Ili
= ~iiiI -
~i'l'j
+ 15 X
ii' = kM.
~,P.
The total internal strain energy (11 scalar quantity), induced by F and M in the pipe is:
U
_1_
2EI'
fI:i"
(ar
+ b1/I2)
I
(5A.8)
<is
,
r2
/)1
= 2.0
r2
b2
= k2
a3 = 2.6 r2
/)3
a2
1.3
k,
(5A.9)
364
aM'
au
-,
er,
U jk
1,2,3
=
=
Jam'2;: a},;.
J L. - ~
lum,
ds
(M -
bi{~i'
.'
I
ds
- -
~i'Xj
ami
aF
- anti] ds,
X F) aF
-~i'
afi
(5A.12)
= (p X ~i) -z;
f~
+t f~
biaijlXik
L ill kfL
k
ds
bi{3ijaik ds
U = U',
f 1i
1,2,3,
(SA.IG)
bi{3.jaik ds.
L Mkl'
jk
i=
+ L Ji'kU
1,2,3
jk,
lV23M3
221<'2
3I
1133F3,
F22M2
V:!Z
ZZ 2
23Ji'3J
U:!2F2
U:!3 3'
l1
Equation
5A.17 can
matrix form:
Ell
=
or
jk,
bi{3,"kf3ij lis,
W = Wi,
3l
(5A.13)
or
+ l:
/'\V
k
l'321<'2
Fk
HI D.j
= lVkj,
= Ukj,
22
u,
(5A.I5)
= WIlMI
EIJ
= ~
ds,
if3ii{3ik)
or in a detailed form:
BI i
ik
es,
(ii X Xj)
nr
= L AhWjk
EID.i =
=-,
_
=
+b
(ajaijaik
(5A.l4)
j = 1,2,3.
eu,
(p X ~i)Xj.
V kj = 1" jk
~i'
+ bi(M~
f 2;:
Ujk
f s.,
ami
EID.
~i'
(5A.IO)
D.j
Xj,
aij
au
EI
where
Ai
I = I J~!k
1
Jk
be written
V j"
U jk
li;,!"k
I'
simply in the
I= A
M"
Fk
I'
(SA.IS)
A l\lATRIX
METHOD OF PIPING
where the displacement and force (including moment) matrices are column matrices, while matrix A
is a 6 X 6 square matrix known under various names
as shape coefficient, influence coefficient, or performance, matrix. According to Maxwell's law of reciprocity, matrix A should be, and is, in the present
case, symmetrical about its diagonal.
It should be noted that the elements in matrix A
are obtained by performing line integrations in Eq.
5A.I5. Since a line integral can be evaluated by segments, i.e., a line integral is the sum of line integrals
of the component segments, the shape coefficient
matrix for the entire pipe may be obtained by summing the shape coefficient matrices of the component
segments.
Equation SA.IS can be used to solve the redundant
moments and forces at the freed anchor provided that
the displacements at the same point are prescribed.
Once the redundants become known, Eq, 5A.7 will
give the internal forces at any point along the pipe
as follows:
I t.rn; I I aij0
=
{3ij
aij
{3ij
I I Mr, I
j
365
fJ X ~i
+ L c,rXr
~irUr
(5A.23)
r.
= L
~ir
Lk
+ L e.; L
UrkXk
ArkXk.
U jk
= 2:: Arj L
Atk
a,f~irEit
ds
(5A.I9)
+ Lr
ds
(5A.25)
bif~ireit
ds
ds.
Urj
Aile
ti =
P X
Introducing
the vector
Ur
{j X
= ij
~irXr
+P
~i'
(.5A.20)
X Xr =
L UrkXk,
(5A.21)
We define:
= IBTt! =
C = ICTtl =
lli
EirEil
I 2:: aifEirEiI
I
D =
bif
IDTII = I
tls
<is
I,
+ 2:: bifCirCil
~ b,ft,rell
(5A.2\)
ds
II,
ds
I,
cr
= L'BL,
I Ujkl = L'CL
IWjkl
(5A.27)
366
Substituting
Eq. 5A.27 in matrix A which is defined
in Eq. 5A.18, it is easy to verify t~at:
= \~,
~,
\~,
1 ~
(5A.28)
where 0 represents
a 3 X 3 null matrix.
X
_I
If we let:
D' C
(5A.29)
Y
1 ~
= Y'XY.
(s,
0, 0)
~I
(1,
0, 0)
~2
(0, 1, 0)
~3
(0, 0, 1)
(5A.30)
are now
4. Illustrative Examples
a. Straight pipe (Figure 5A.2). The local origin
is chosen at the mid-point.
The A-system and tsystem are defined as shown.
The systems are
chosen such that each axis will coincide with the
proper principal axis of the pipe.
Let the length qP be denoted as s, With respect
to the A-system, the following vectors with components in the 1,2, and 3 directions listed in parentheses
are first determined:
(Xii, {3ij
Cl
P X
~I
(0,
0, 0)
e2
P X
~2
(0,
0, s)
e3 = p X
~3
(0,
s,
0).
L Vi 11/2
-1/2
1/2
J_
-1/2
L hi
i
B, C
~iT~it ds
1 0 0
100
o
o
1 0
010
bll
o
o
V2l
03l
FIGURE
5A.2
ds
c=
I~
aiJ~ir~il
ds
+ ~ bife_tAI
0
all
a2l
aal
0
all
=
a2l
?~
-
\
l3
b2
12
"
+ 12
\
\~.
I
I
f -
>-.
);.,
0
b2l3
+ 12
aal
0'
FIGURE
bll
b2l
b31
all
a2l
P ( R sin ~ ,
R cos ~ ,
(cos ~ ,
- sin ~ ,
s
b3l3
+ 12
- cos -,
0
(0,
aal
+ 12
cosfi
/3 ~
1;'1
SIn
"2
(bd/l
- cos
"2
(llt.J!2
0,
e2
(0,
0,
-)1
-b2 cos
2 SIn
= 0
+ sin 0,
Sill
0
baRO
where
.J!l
R .
. S
SIn -
+ b2.J!1)
0
(0,
bl cos
-1
0
2
-1).
-R),
0),
S
fi '
R
s
CI
e3 ( -R cos ~,
- sin
+ b ,h)
0,
It follows that:
R8
0) ,
0) ,
0)
J
b2l3
5:\.3
~l
"
b3(J
\f(\P:!1
.\f I
D = 101.
X=
12
.~\
b3l3
ds
367
o.
(a)
0
-ba
lis
0) .
368
Similarly,
c=
o
o
D=
2b3R
~ . 0
-2 bI R ~ SIll-
Sill
20
Vt2)
:2 (bj-I + b2fz)
x'"
2b IR'-sm. 0
2
iJaRO
2baR2sin ~
2
2. b3 R'- Sin
. "20
. 0
- 2 bl R'-Sln2
c. Construction
of the Y Matrix from Working
Points.
So far, only the X matrix has been COIlstructed for a straight pipe as well as for a circular
bend.
To refer the shape coefficient matrix to a
definite x-system at the chosen origin 0', the Y
matrix appearing in Eq. 5A.30 must also be constructed, and the proper shape coefficient matrix will
simply be y' X Y.
/loCaa
+ blRz)
d = 6-
(1,
then
l = v;[:d,
Xl = d/l,
(b)
XI . >:2 = 0,
X3 = XI X Xz,
and, finally,
ij
= HIT
qlXl
+ 6).
by:
+ qZX2 + qaxa.
(c)
A MATRIX
METHOD OF PIPING
369
we have
+r
(J
2 cos 2
t
5:1=--,
_
A3
SIn
and
Fmnmc
5A.5
(0
l' X 1
= -.-'
{j
R _
Substituting
Ur2
=
=
Ur3
Uri
{j
q2Ar3 -
q3Ar2
q3Ari
qlAr3
qlAT2
q2Ari
(d)
."_"
All
A12
A13
Uil
U12
U13
A21
A22
A23
1(21
U22
U23
A31
A32
A33
U31
U32
U33
All
A12
AI3
A21
A22
A23
A31
A32
A33
-,
Y=
{j
(e)
= c-
--0
eos
d=C-li
=
[j -
C.
l'=~
= d/l,
t' = d'/l'.
Since
ti'
= cos 8,
(g)
(1'
"2.
FIGUnf: 5A,6
370
7
FWI'RE
5:\.7
{h
[7'~
th + p~
]?5
[h
+ ]7'4 + ps
Combining
Displacemcnts (EI)
Path
p~
Ji'3
0'123
0'14
36
0'125
57
the equations
AI
AI+A~+AJ
Al
0
AI
AI
.I1~
and simplifying,
AI+A2+A3+Atl+A7
p~
p.,
0
A4
.Iii
AI
[h +
+.112
a3
+115
aJ
as -
(iJ
(i7 -
a~
as
.41+,12
p~ + [7'5
0
0
.11 '
0
AS
.41+116+A7
{h +
A7
results:
AI +A(l+A7
111+A1+.4u+A7
111+112+11'
Equation SA.3J points up the fact that the assembling of shape coefficient matrices along any path
of action of the redundant forces can be made automatic by various coding techniques on computers.
It is also clear that the final solution requires no
specification on how the system is imagined cut.
Suppose in Figure SA.7, points 3, 4 and 5 were
anchors, and members 4G and (i7 not existing, we
would get a multiple anchor system.
Equation
]7'-1
(SA.31)
Al+A'
5A.3] would still be valid except that Ii(I and A 7
would vanish and the elements in the displacement
column matrix should be a3, (i-l and a5
2. Systems with Intermediate
Rcstruin te,
Figure SA.8 shows the same two-anchor and twoloop system with an intermediate restraint at point
8, located between branch points 1 and 2. Denote
the shape coefficient matrix for branch 18 as Ii8.
Theil the following matrix equation can be written:
c/
a?
a?
as
EI
AI +A2+A3+Ao+A7
AI+A6+A7
Al
+ AS
F3
AI
p.!
AI +A2+A5+l1i
Al + .18
ji'5
AI +.18
Al + ...18
F8
AI+Ao+...17
AI+A2+A7
AI+A4+Ao+A7
AI+A2:+-A7
.18
AI
AI
+ Ai
AI
AI +.Ie
371
(5A.32)
stops occurring at point 8, it is necessary to modify
Eq.5A.32.
Let pS8 be the force (including moment)
vector at point 8, but not referred to the origin; and
aSs be the corresponding displacement (including rotation) vector at point 8 with respect to the undeformed position of point 8. We have:
ps = I<osPss,
(5A.33)
where,
0
[{os
-q3
g2
q3
-q2
-ql
0
(/1
J
(.jA.34 )
I
0
=q
0
q:l
AI+A2+A3-1-A6-1-A7
lX7
AI+:16+..17
a7
AI-l-A2-1-A7
K'solXs8
EJ
Al+A2-1-A3+AG+A7
..11+:16-1-.-1'
a7
AI+/(2+A7
aSs
K'os(A
+ AS)
11
AI-I-A6-1-:l7
(AI+A~)K08
[;'3
:1 I/{ 08
p~
AI +:17
..11+A~-I-AG+A7
Al -1-.-\7
(.-I I + :I ~)K08
A'+A2+A;+A7
AI
Al +A8
a7
a'
-ql
5:\.8
-(/2
EI
(/2
[{'so =
7
FIGUItE
Al
+ A8
(:1 1
+ ..[$)/\1)8
I
;
p.
pss
A'
ICos(A
(A I
+:17
AI-I-A2-1-A5+A7
A'+:l7
K' ORA
AI+A2-1-A7
+ A B)
I }(ON
(A'+:18)l\o~
/{'os(tI'
I po
+ A S)J(U8
..t M)/(OS
I ! pl
p"
(5.-\.35)
PSg
Equation 5A.35 is applicable to cases having orthogonal rigid stops whose directions coincide with the directions
of the chosen coordinate axes. For orthogonal elastic stops, we must include the effects of elastic springs
as follows:
372
,f1
,e
EI
a7
aSs
...11+...16+117
AI+A2+A3+...16+A7
AI+A.6+A7
+ .18)
(It
AI +.117
AI+A.4+A6+A7
AI+A2+A7
K'os(A
.1'+...12+.17
A' +.117
AI+A2+A5+A7
K'os...1B
K'os(A
(A
+ A B)
K'os(A
+ A 8)Ko8
p3
I11K08
1'4
p5
+ ',18)Kos
I + A B)Ko8 + Ii'
I
pBS
(5A.36)
where A' = diag. 11/s!, 1/s2, 1/s3, 1/84, 1/s5, l/sol, and 8p (p = 1, ... ,6) are spring constants of moments
and forces for the orthogonal elastic stops.
In the case of a skew force-stop which has direction cosines with the fixed coordinate axes as {lI, {l2 and {l3,
Eq. SA.36 will be modified to be:
EJ
a7
a7
a7
askew
11.1+..16+.117
A' +A2+A3+A6+A7
A1+A6+A7
.Itt
AI+A4+A6+.lt'
Al +...17
AI+A2+A7
T' K'os(A
.111+.112+.117
+ A 8)
T'K'osAB
(A
+A7
A lKosT
+ A S)KosT
08(A 1 + A 8)K08 + A'IT
(A
A +A +A +..1
T' K'os(A
+ A B)
+ A B)KosT
T'(K'
p3
p4
P5
F.kew
(5A.37)
where Peke ... is the skew force and a.kew, the skew
displacement.
They bear the following relationships
with pss and aSs:
(5A.3S)
where
{l2,
{l31.
(5A.39)
An Example
FIGURE 5A.9
,11;
-,
-fl
0
"'.
\
~
-- k:;;::J:
~~
o.
... o
~
0
II
U
"~ "..i'i ...<c
U
~'t\~'....,." 1\
<>~.
<,
OJ
,.
If 01
0\1):
0. ";
B ....
:> z,j
~.
1-'
,jIi
~I
II
-;:1
-1:1
~~
OJ
""- '"
oJ
>Z
<t
a.
;,:
0
U
t!I
t!I
....
,..
;;;
..J
~
~
%
...
...'"
'"t'"
05
::JIII ,..!:
~ ..J
~ ...
)(
..J
:i ..,
II.
III
...J:
...
VI
.....
"'......
wa
!;
Go
374
THE
PIPING
1I. W. KELLOGG
FLEXIBILITY
COMPANY
AND STRESS
ANALYSIS
CAL
SUM
Symbol
BMP
SMP
CHA
ORG
INT
ANC
STM
CSP
ECL
ERO
EMO
STX
STY
8TZ
STS
NRO
No.
From
Origin
To
---
B.A.
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
For
FI
F2
-- --
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
Rx
Dx
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
Ry
Dy
F3
O.D.
O.D.
O.D.
I,
It
z
z
z
z
z
I,
I,
F6
--Mat'l
Mat'l
Mat'l
(i)
(k)
(k)
(i)
(k)
(k)
(i)
(k)
(i)
F7
F8
F9
of
of
Ell
Ec
(i2)
(b)
--- -- -OF
(q)
(q)
(i)
(i)
FlO
--
Dt
Px
Py
Pz
(q)
(q)
Itz
Dz
Dz
x
F5
Z
Z
Z
Dy
Ly
y
F4
-- --- --
Dx
Lx
Date
Lz
z
(Cx)
(Cy)
(Cz)
(C)
L
MRA
FilA
SCF
COF
(Dt)
(q)
INV
END
N ornellc/atuTc:
It = Radius of Curved Member (ft.)
O.D. = Outside Pipe Si7.C(in.)
k = Flexibility Factor
t = Thickness of Pipe (in.)
i = Stress Intensification Factor
e = Expansion Coefficient. (in./lOO')
E = Modulus of Elnslicity (psi/ lOG) q = Moment of Inertia Correction Factor
Q = Stiffness Factor
X,Y,Z = Coordinates (It.)
x.y,z = Change in Coordinates (It.)
L = Equivalent Length (It.)
A MATIUX
l\1ETHOD OF PIPING
FI,~:XInIJ,JTY
COMPUTEHS
375
COilrPANY
ANI) STRESS
ANAI,YSIS
Input Data
Typ
Sym
Fr
To
15
1
2
3
-29.209
4
5
+17.471
+2.532
+4.385
6
6
7
+2.664
+4.615
F4
F5
F6
F7
33.052
2.276
LCS
+480
F8
1"9
SUM
BMf'
ORG
STM
STM
SMP
CHA
STM
ECL
STM
STY
STM
STY
STM
STY
STM
STY
STM
SMP
-0.500
+5.000
-10.086
+8.833
33.052
3.750
2.276
3.81
!
IS-8
1.58
+650
LCS
+480
+6.87
2ii.1
28.3
26.2
28.3
F!l
FlO
-600.0
-4.950
+4.950
600000
-9.900
600000
9
+9.!l00
600000
10
+9.900
600000
STM
INT
STM
CliA
11
-2.286
-4.615
12
13
14
15
+0.502
-0.S70
-8.015
--1.701
-0.753
+0.000
-1.864
16
17
18
-4.950
33.052
3.750
a.750
2.276
IS-8
+4S0
+4.77
+8.6~H
+1.3!)2
+0.000
+3.445
+0.000
-ii.S15
I
24.000
3.000
+10.802
0.S57
7.16
2.42
+7.833
Input Data
Typ
Sym
Fr
STM
STM
STM
ClIA
1"2
1"1
To
22
23
INT
24
25
CHA
STM
STM
ANC
SMP
102
101
-0.824
-2.75n
-Z.27n
-13.571
-1,4W
-7.976
-2.750
-2.279
+5.552
-1.416
-7.976
-4.603
+7.307
-2.807
-6.246
STM
STM
STM
26
27
28
2~)
30
:31
23
INT
END
F6
1"8
1"7
,I
-'l-""
33.052
3.750
2.276
3.750
LCS
+480
18-8
+4S0
-6.246
-5.000
-0.500
-2.072
F5
-2.S33
-0.824
-29.20!)
IS
1"01
---~
+4.167
l\)
20
21
2:3
F3
-10.086
+4.355
+3.478
+4.167
-3.0H2
-2.152
-6.255
-13.571
24.000
3.000
+3.830
0.857
26.2
+1.77
28.:3
-2.000
+1.001 .
+0.697
+2.021
+.1 ..152
-4.603
+7.397
;3.000
I
I
I
Coordinate Checks
..
Branch
I~nd Pt
No
015
023
101
023
Calculated
Coordinates
:r.
(fl.)
Y
(ft)
(ft)
(fl.)
+0.00
-13.57
-29.21
-13.57
+0.00
+7.40
-0.50
+7.40
+0.00
+5.55
-10.00
+5.55
+0.00
-13.57
-29.21
-13.57
~'--
Given Coordinates
y
(fl.)
Z
(ft)
(fL)
+0.00
+7.40
-0.50
+7,40
+0.00
+5.55
-10.09
+.'>.55
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
Difference
Y
(fl.)
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
Z
(ft)
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
+0.00
376
M. W. KELLOGG
PIPING
FI.EXIDILlTY
COl\fPANY
Calculation Summary
Moments (ft Ibs) and Forces (lbs) Acting on Restraints
Point
M(X)
B.ANC
001
003
005
ECL
STOP
STOP
STOP
STOP
006
-37378
-39539
+41435
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+157475
-25930
-71212
+31328
+153418
-21159
+27242
ANC
007
008
009
010
011
018
021
025
101
027
030
M(Y)
-164217
-160398
+151752
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+1-:19148
-9176
-45288
+33017
+164217
-60169
-14907
Maximum Stress
THE
PIPING
M(Z)
F(X)
F(Y)
F(Z)
-4061972
-2585385
-901191
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+137087
-59242
-89845
-508499
-735616
+74250
+113240
-20573
-20573
+20573
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+20573
-8725
-8725
+20573
+20573
+29298
+29298
-178813
-178813
+178813
+600000
-20643
-32364
-180001
-168283
-19893
+6981
+6981
-19893
-19893
-26874
-26874
+432
+432
-432
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
-432
+4740
+4740
-432
-432
-5173
-5173
M. W. KELLOGG
FLf)XI81l.lT
COMPANY
AND STRESS
ANALYSIS
Dr
No
Pt
No
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
07
07
07
07
07
07
001
002
003
004A
004B
005
006
006
007
007
008
008
009
009
010
010
011
012A
012B
013A
013B
014
015
015
016
017A
017B
018
Ol!}
-- --
Stress
(psi)
--0
0
22112
2931
9461
7808
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2100
3258
2734
2.197
1468
1003
0
0
:JS8\J
2399
1602
2131
0
M(X)
M(Y)
(ft 1h)
(ft Ib)
-37378
-3953!)
-3n539
-39539
-40350
-41435
-43430
-,13130
+20114-18
+20H448
-1923944
-1!l2:~944
-1923941
-1923!lH
-61000
-61000
-157175
-157-175
-156665
-155256
-88024
+19315
+47006
+882.58
+64209
+7219
+3021
+25930
+45683
-16,1217
-161217
-160398
-153782
-152378
-151752
-150600
-150600
-50903
-50903
-25-1577
-254577
-250297
-250297
-46623
-46623
-14!).j.j8
-1494018
-14\)231
-149231
-8214[)
+27598
+55910
+!)72.14
+76014
+25728
+9476
+9476
+9476
M(Z)
(ft 1b)
-406 H)72
-4161Sa8
-2585385
+151534
-6!l3656
+(1011\)1
+1282603
+1282603
+3:367481
+3367481
+3367481
+3367481
-277508
-277508
-277508
-277508
-137087
-1:n086
-108514
-41431
+71218
+129295
+ 144275
+44718
+31705
+868
+17075
+5!1242
+95598
D(X)
D(Y)
D(Z)
(in)
(in)
(in)
+0.000
+0.000
+0.000
+0.172
+0.304
+0.172
+1.355
-0.374
+1.653
-0.390
+1.824
-0.260
+2.031
-0.167
+2.031
-0.167
+1.800
-0.034
+1.800
-0.03:1
+1.921
-0.05-1
+ 1.921 -0.054
+2.261
-0.300
+2.261
-0.300
+2.140
-0.280
+2.140
-0.280
+2.007
-0.302
+2.007
-0.302
+1.!lS2
-O.4!H
+1.892
-0.650
+1.640
-0.740
+1.3!l6
-0.586
+1.333
-0.517
+ I.:J3:J -0.547
+1.177
-0.451
+0.8-16 -0.25!J
+0.834
-0.061
+0.950
+0.170
+ 1.012 +0.:368
R(X)
(rad )
It(Y)
Crud)
+0.000
+.000000
+.000000
+0.000
+.000000
+.000000
+.000000
+.000000
+0.000
-.000172
-.000527
+0.049
-.000124
-.000900
+0.07-1
-.000164
-.001022
+0.086
-.000164
-.001022
+0.110
-.00016-1
-.001022
+0.110
-.001022
+0.219
-.000161
-.000164
-.001022
+0.219
-.000164
-.001022
-0.121
-.OOOIG4 -.001022
-0.121
-.000164
-.001022
-0.000
-.000164
-.001022
-0.000
-.000164
-.001022
+0.341
+0.311
-.OOOlG'1 -.001022
-.000164
- .001022
+0.151
-.OOOIG-1
-.001022
+0.151
-.000434
-.00115!
+0.165
-.000541
-.001287
+0.184
-.001026
-.001578
+0.:H4
-.001613
+0.5-15 -.oolosn
-.00108!1
-.001613
+0.597
-.001613
-.oolosn
+0.597
-.00108(1
-.001613
+0.725
-.00091)2
-.000618
+1.048
-.000558
+ 1.1-12 -.00053!)
-.0004-17
-.000-179
+l.lll
-.000-17\)
+1.08!1 -.000447
R(Z)
(rad )
+.000000
+.000000
+.000000
-.004079
-.002577
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002071
-.002267
-.002319
-.002461
-.002297
-.002297
-.0022\)7
-.002297
-.002106
-.002075
-.001833
-.001833
A MATRIX
METHOD OF PIPING
THE
PIrlNG
M. W. KELLOGG
FLEXIBILITY
COMPUTEHS
377
COl\lPANY
Pt
Br
No
No
07
07
07
07
07
08
08
08
08
08
08
00
09
00
00
00
09
09
09
09
00
020
021
022A
022B
023
023
024A
024B
025
102
101
015
026A
026B
027
028
029
030
031A
03lB
023
-- --
Stress
(psi)
0
1008
1241
1191
1161
282G
3613
3975
4175
0
0
4298
4068
37~6
3645
0
0
4372
7418
2461
9763
M(X)
MCY)
(ft Ib)
(ft Ib)
+65460
+71212
+80836
+88420
+84563
+154255
+142369
+99676
-31328
-155580
-153418
-41252
+22928
+32722
+21159
-395
-54143
-2n12
-163'13
+706
+69692
+34193
+45288
+63851
+93099
+113124
+164265
+151131
+105313
-33017
-164217
-164217
-41324
+39692
+60169
+60169
+60169
+1573
+14907
+20312
+27372
+51141
M(Z)
(ft Ib)
+95598
+89845
+80221
+51106
+14515
+262063
+300822
+377495
+508499
+632751
+735616
+!l9557
+42156
-8756
-74250
-196334
-196334
-113240
-79588
-11)703
+247-548
THE
PI r-rxc
D(X)
D(l.)
(in)
D(Y)
(in)
+1.058
+1.024
+0.966
+0.839
+0.711
+0.711
+0.657
+0.529
+0.215
-0.000
-0.000
+1.333
+1.274
+1.280
+1.323
+1.411
+1.435
+1.275
+1.210
+1.110
+0.711
+0.353
+0.367
+0.390
+0.349
+0.232
+0.232
+0.182
+0.135
+0.172
+0.172
-0.000
-0.547
-0.297
-0.179
-0.072
+0.127
+0.121
+0.189
+0.219
+0.246
+0.2.12
1\'1. W. KELLOGG
FU:XIllll.ITY
R(X)
R(Y)
R(Z)
(in)
(rnd )
(rad)
(rad )
+0.954
+0.910
+0.836
+0.729
+0.662
+0.662
+0.63-1
+0.529
+0.215
+0.000
+0.000
+0.597
+0.659
+0.670
+0.663
+0.651
+0.556
+0.566
+0.571
+0.583
+0.662
-.000447
-.000447
-.000406
-.000306
-.000227
-.000227
-.000167
-.000207
-.000479
-.000179
-.000157
-.000340
-.000236
-.000236
-.000160
-.000071
+.000000
+.000000
+.000000
-.001613
-.001555
-.001238
-.001008
-.001008
-.001008
-.001008
-.000977
-.000636
-.000236
-.001833
-.001833
-.001788
-.001743
-.001706
-.001706
-.001602
-.001005
-.000000
-.000000
-.000000
-.002297
-.001782
-.001633
-.001755
-.001755
-.001755
-.001755
-.001924
-.002752
-.001706
-.000000
-.000000
-.000000
-.001089
-.001179
-.000319
-.000240
-.000240
-.000240
-.000240
-.000273
-.000601
-.000227
COi\IPANY
End
PI,
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
001
()(}G
007
008
009
010
015
023
101
023
--
Ident
B.ANC
Eel,
STOP
STOP
STOP
STOP
ANC
M(X)
l\1(Y)
M(l.)
(ft Ib)
(n Ib)
(ft Ib)
+1841098
-G05IG()(}
+106021
+486625
+2706547
+864302
+-17006
+88258
+47006
-41252
-55910
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+55910
+97234
+55910
-41324
EI/144
-1150680
-1374600
-54889
-86056
+1303112
+1218539
+ 14427.'1
+44718
+144275
+!l9557
F(X)
(Ib)
+20573
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
-20573
+8725
-20573
-29298
(6048.143242)
F(Y)
(Ib)
+178813
-600000
+2064,3
+32364
+180004
+ 168283
+HJ893
-6981
+19893
+26874
4834324200
F(%)
(Ib)
(ft)
-432
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+432
-4740
+432
+51n
-29.21
+2.29
-2.66
-2.66
+7.24
+7.24
+0.00
-13.57
-29.21
-13.57
y
(fl,)
-0.50
+13.50
+13 ..'iO
+ 13.iiO
+13.50
+13.50
+0.00
+7.40
-0.50
+7.40
z
(ft)
-10.09
-10.09
-5.14
-15.04
-15.04
-5.14
+0.00
+5.55
-10.09
+.~..'i.~
378
5A-5
Since 1956, considerable literature has been published, using matrix algebra. Brock's comprehensive
treatment" of the piping problem, using matrix
methods, stimulated wide interests in this method.
The author treated first the two-anchor problem subject to expansion, then the problem of two anchors
with restraints and finally, the multiple-anchor problem with restraints. The shape coefficient matrices
for straight members as well as circular bends
situated in one of the principal coordinate planes,
and a straight member skewed in space were given.
Soule (1) t introduced lethe connecting tensor,"
which enables one to solve, with greater facility, a
problem with multiple branch intersection points.
This scheme was extended subsequently to the closed
loop problem by the same author (4). Peck et al,
(5) reiterated Brock's transfer matrix for shape coefficients, and generalized it to solve loop problems
by synthesizing the piping system so that the size of
matrices is no larger than 6 X (), the procedure being
similar to the well-known inversion method. In the
same paper, a method was also suggested for obtaining shape coefficients for any pipe through integration, the integrand being the product of five matrices.
Chen (6) proposed a method by which a multiple
anchor and loop problem can be handled in a systematic manner. The summing of stiffness (the
inverse of flexibility) matrices of various interconnecting members follows a logical pattern consistent
with the piping configuration. The effects of uniform
and concentrated loads on straight, planar members
were treated by Soule (2). A general, mathematical
solution for weight effects on straight and curved
members was proposed by Owens (7), and later illustrated (8) by its application to 11 planar structure
with straight members. Inspired by Brock's matrix
approach, Crawford (3) elaborated on the effect of
concentrated loads and extended the method to dynamic loadings.
Many other pertinent publications have not been
reviewed here due to space limitations. The rcviewed ones are listed below in the order of the date
of publication.
I. J. W. Soule,
Index
Abnormal temperature differentials, 43
Accelerated creep tests, 12
Accuracy of General Analytical Method, 116
Acoustic conductivity, 274
Acoustic expansion tank, 281
Acoustic filters, 279, 290, 333-335
Acoustic resonance, 2i7, 281
Activation energy, 11
Allowable stresses, 7, 31, 43
as related to Su or Sv for various codes, 35
for wind, earthquake, etc., 37
Allowable stress range, 37
ASA code, 40
in expansion bellows, 221
Anchor, 232,244, 251
Andrade's analysis of creep, 9
Angle notation for circular members, 311
Angle of inclination a, of straight members, 120
of curved members, 123
Angular frequency, 258
Approximate methods, value of, 90-92, 97, 100, 102, 114-115
Arc cf> of members, 123
ASA Code for Pressure Piping, 31
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, 31
Attenuation factor, 280, 334
Auto-frettagc, 45
Automatic data processing, 115, 116
Axial movement type expansion [oints, 225
380
INDEX
.....
_-----------
INDEX
Expansion joints, types of, double bellows, 216
hinged, 224.-225, 228-230
pressure balanced, 225
packed (slip), 212-214
tied,224
universal, 224
Expansion joint systems, pressure reaction of, 212, 214
support of, 242
Expansion loop, chart solution for, 350-351
Expansion stresses, 47
Expansion tank, 283
Extraneous movement, 32
Fabrication, bellows expansion joints, 217
residual stresses, 255
Failure, "by excessive deformation, 1, 5
by plastic instability, 5
types of, 1
Fatigue, 20-28
damage by cverstresa, 27-28
elevated temperature, 26-27
general theory of, 22
influence of notches and surface flaws on, 25
notch sensitivity in, 25
of expansion bellows, 221
of local components, 59
warping of slip planes, 2Z
Fatigue limit, 21
Fatigue strength, 21, 72
Fatigue tests, 26
flanges, 77
Filter, hydraulic, 279, 290, 333-335
linear, 279
Fittings, heavy walled, 70-71
standard, 31-32, 81-82
Fixed end, 102
Fixtures, 243
Flanged connections, 74-79
bolting, 74-77
effect of creep, 78
external loading, 78
stress analysis of, 74-75
test results, 74, 77
Flanges, blind, 82
insulation of, 78
Flat plates with circular cut-outs, 64-65
Flexibility analysis, bibliography on, 297-299
by General Analytical Method, 115-197
by Model Test, 198-209
history of, 295-297
simplified methods for, 90-114
Flexibility factor, 48
bends, 53-54, 60-62
branch connections, 67
corrugated pipe, 72, 73
effect of in flexibility analysis, 111-112, 123
miters, 61
Flexibility formulas, derivation of, 299-327
Flexibility of piping, prelirninary assessment of, 92-94
Follow-up elasticity, 38
Forced vibration, 258
Foundations, 271-272, 286-287
Fracture, brittle, 13-15,16-20,41--42
381
Fracture, creep, 13
ductile, 15-16
Fracture stress, 13
dependence on shape, 35
Free end, 102
Free movement piping system, 211-212,243
Free vibration, 258
Frequency, angular, 258
fUndamental,258
Frequency coefficient, 261-262
Fundamental frequency-mode, 258
Gaskets, 75-76
Gas pulsation smoothing, 279-283
comparison of devices for, 282-283
expansion tank, 281-282
pulsation dampener, 280-281
surge tank, 279-280
tuned resonator, 279
Girth welds, 50
Glass, delayed fracture of, 20
Goodman diagram, 24
Gradient of supports, 240
Grapho-analytical
method, 296
Griffith equation, 15
Griffith Theory of Fracture, 13
Guide, 232, 244
Guided cantilever, chart for, 352
correction factor, 353
method,97-100
Hangers, 232, 240
Heat treatment, 255-256
thermal unloading, 87, 255
Helical springs, 245
Helrnholz resonator, 273
High pressure, 4-1-15
Hinged expansion joint, 224-225
Hinged joint piping systems, 129, 134, 211-212, 228
History of piping flexibility analysis, 295
Horizontal pipe lines, span of, 238-239, 269-270, 356-358
deflection of, 239, 357-358
Hose, flexible, 212
Hydraulic damping devices, see Damping devices
Hydraulic filter, 279,290,333-335
Hydraulic hammer, 283-285
Hydraulic snubbers (see also Damping devices), 270-271,
287
Hydrostatic tests, 222
Hysteresis, 3, 2.'l
Inclined members, 120, 222-123
Infinitely stiff members, 103
In-plane bending of curved pipe, 52, 54-55
Inspection, 50-51, 70
Instability, buckling of pipe, 37
clastic, 1
plastic, 1-2,5-7
Insulation of pipe attachments, 251
Integral pipe attachments, 250-251
Integration of shape coefficients, 306
Internal pressure, 6
cylinder under, 43-401
382
INDEX
Mode, 258
Model testing, 198-209
basic principles of, 200
description of Kellogg Laboratory for, 201-202
history of, 199
need for, 198
Modulus of elasticity, chart of values, 342
use of in determining stresses and reactions, 47, 49
Molecular cohesion, 13
Molecular strength of a material, 14
Moments of inertia, pipe, 336-340
Movements, expansion joint, 227
Multi-layer bellows, 215
Multiplane pipe lines, approximate and simplified solutions,
97-103, 107
General Analytical Method, 128-129
Multiple necked chambers, 276
Multiple resonators, 274-275, 328-329
INDEX
Pipe bends, ovalization of. 53
Pipe clamps, 249
Pipe supports, etc., 231-256
glossary of terms used, 232
Pipe wall, stress variation in, 45
Piping systems, classification of, 211
Pitching of pipe lines, 239-240
Plastic instability, 1-2,5-7
Plastic constraint, 16-17
Plasticity, 2-S
cylinders under pressure, 45-46
stress-strain relationships, 4
Plates, openings in, 64-66
Point of maximum stress, 101
Pre-integration of shape coefficients, 295, 306, 315
Preliminary assessment of piping flexibility, 92-94
Prepositioning expansion-joints, Z27
Prerequisite data for flexibility analysis, 103
Prespringing, 38, 49-50, 86-87, 166, 16~-170
Pressure reaction of expansion joint systems, 212, 214
Pressure stresses, in cylindrical shells, 6, 43-47
in pipe bends, 00
in shapes of revolution, 44
Pressure surges, 277
Pressure testing, 50-51, 222
Primary stresses, 31, 37
Principal creep rates, II
Principal stresses, 3
Proof stress, 3
Pulsation dampeners, 31, 27~l-281, 289
Pulsations, flow, 273-288
in compressor piping, 27\l
Pumps, piping reactions on, 83-84
Purging (of an expansion bellows), 217'
Quality examination, of expansion joints, '223
of fabricated piping, 50-51, 70
Quality factor, 50
Radiographic examination, 51
Radius of gyration, pipe, 336-310
Range of stress, of reactions, of deflections, 37-41, 48-49, 116
Rayleigh Method for approximating natural frequencies, 263
Reactions, piping, 48-50, 86-87, 116
effect on equipment of, 92
Recovery creep, 11-12
Reducers, 82
Reed vibrorneters, 292
Reinforcement of branch connections, nozales, 62-71
Relaxation, 38, 86
Residual stresses from fabrication and erection, 255-256
Resilient support, 232, 241
fixtures, 245
Resonance, 258, 267, 277
due to wind, 259, 287
Resonator, 273
cavity, 274, 289
Helmholz, 273
multiple, 328-329
tuned,331
Resonator chamber, 282
Resting supports, 240
Restraint, definition of, 232
383
384
INDEX
of, 33
INDEX
Valve closure, pressure build-up during, 283-285
Valves, 81
Van Stone flanges, 76-79
Variable load springs, variability, 245
Velocity effect in brittle fracture, 18
Vessels, piping reactions on, 84-85
Vibration, field correction of, 291-291
forced, 258
free, 258
measurement of, 292-293
of beams, 261
of plates, pipe (radial mode), 266
of two-member configurations, 265
types of, 258
Vibrometers, 292
Virtual length, 134
Viscous creep, 9, 10
Visual inspection, 51
Von Karman vortices, 259, 287
Von Mises yield condition, 3, 48
385