1

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS
Chapter Twenty-One Readings
Barthold, L and Pfeiffer, H.G., "High-Voltage Transmission," Scientific
American, May 1964, p. 38.
Bohren, C.F., What Light Through Yonder Window Breaks?, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1991
Carlson, S., "Detecting Natural Electromagnetic Waves," Scientific American,
May 1996, p. 98.
Coltman, J.W., "The Transformer," Scientific American, January 1988, p. 86.
Kedem, O and Ganiel, U., "Solar Energy, How Much Do We Receive?" The Physics
Teacher, December 1983, p. 573.
Leffell, D.J., "Sunlight and Skin Cancer," Scientific American, July 1996, p. 52.
Stolarski, R.S., "The Antarctic Ozone Hole," Scientific American, January 1988,
p. 30.
Review (a) The number of turns a 100 m wire can make on a 2.0 cm radius cylindrical form is:
lwire
100 m
N = circumference =
= 8.0 x 102 turns
2(0.020 m)
The length of the solenoid will then be:
lsol = (#turns)(diameter of wire) = 800(6.0 x 10-4 m) = 0.48 m.
(b) The self inductance will be:
o N 2Asol (4 x 10-7 N/A2)(800)2[(0.020 m)2]
L=
=
0.48 m
lsol
= 2.1 x 10-3 H = 2.1 mH.
(c) The completed solenoid will have a resistance of:
lwire (1.7 x 10-8 m)(100 m)
R= A
=
= 6.0 .
[(0.3 x 10-3 m)]
wire
(d) At 400 Hz, the inductive reactance of the solenoid is:
XL = 2fL = 2(400 s-1)(2.1 x 10-3 s) = 5.3 , and the impedance of the
solenoid is
(6.0 )2 + (5.3 )2 = 8.0 .
V 5.0 V
The current that will flow in the coil is then I =
=
= 0.63 A, and the power
Z
8.0
Z=

R2 + XL2 =

dissipation will be: P = I2R = (0.63 A)2(6.0 ) = 2.4 W

21.1

(a) V =

Vm
2

, so Vm =

2 V=

2 (100 V) = 141 V.

V 100 V
(b) V = IR and I = R =
= 20.0 A.
5.00
Vm 100 2 V
(c) Use either Im = 2 I, or Im =
=
= 20.0 2 A = 28.3 A.
R
5.00
(d) P = I2R = (20.0 A)2(5.00 ) = 2.00 x 103 W = 2.00 kW.

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

21.2

We must compare the expression given for the voltage, v = 150sin377t, with the general
expression for an ac voltage, v = Vm sin2ft. By comparison, we see:
Vm 150 V
(a) Vm = 150 V, and from this, V =
=
= 106 V
2
2
377 rad/s
(b) We also see that: = 2f = 377 rad/s. Thus, f =
= 60 Hz.
2
1
377
(c) At t = 120 s , v = 150 sin120 = 150 sin = 0.

Vm
150 V
(d) Im = R =
= 3.0 A.
50.0

21.3

V =
(a)
(b)

21.4

21.5

Vm

170 V
V2 (120 V)2
= 120 V.
R= P =
.
P
2
2
If P = 75 W, equation (1) gives: R = 190
If P = 100 W, equation (1) gives: R = 140
=

(1)

V 15.0 V
Rtotal = 8.20 + 10.4 = 18.6 andI = R =
= 0.806 A.
18.6
Pspeaker = I2speakerRspeaker = (0.806 A)2(10.4 ) = 6.76 W.
The ammeter and voltmeter measure rms current and potential difference, respectively. Therefore,
Vrms 70.71 V
100 V
Vrms =
= 70.71 V, and Irms = R =
= 3.0 A.
24
2

1
and the units of capacitance are Farads
where 1 Farad =
2fC
Coulomb
1
1
V
V
1 Volt , and the units of frequency are second . Thus, XC = -1
= C/s = A = .
(s )(C/V)
21.6

Capacitive reactance is XC =

VC
1
30 V
= I = 0.30 A = 1.0 x 102
2fC
1
1
Thus,
f=
=
= 4.0 x 102 Hz.
-6
2CXC
2(4.0 x 10 F)(1.0 x 102 )

21.7 XC =

21.8

The ratio of the capacitive reactance at the higher frequency to that at the lower is:

XC(high)
XC(low) =

2flowC
flow
120
=f
=
.
2fhighC
high 10000
Thus,

21.9

The rms voltage is V =

So,

21.10

120
XC(high) = (30.0 )(10000 ) = 0.36 .

Vm

170 V
= 120 V, and
2

2
1
1
C=
=
= 1.66 x 10-5 F = 17 F.
2fXC 2(60 Hz)(160 )

1
, where = 2f = the angular frequency.
C
1
Thus, XC =
= 442 .
(120 rad/s)(6.00 x 10-6 F)
XC =

V
120 V
XC = I = 0.75 A = 160 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

Also, V =

21.11

Vm
2

V 99.0 V
I=X =
= 0.224 A.
442
C

140 V
= 99.0 V. Thus,
2

1V
V
The basic unit for self inductance is 1 H = 1 A/s = 1 (A ) s = 1 s, and the unit of frequency is
1
1/s. Therefore, XL = 2 fL = s ( s) = .
140 V
= 99.0 V. The inductive reactance is:
2
XL = 2fL = L = (120 rad/s)(0.100 H) = 37.7 and
Vrms 99.0 V
Irms = X
=
= 2.63 A.
37.7
L

21.12 First, we note that Vrms =

21.13

XL = 2fL = 120 rad/sL = 54.0 so

L=

54.0
= 0.143 H.
120 rad/s

Thus, when f = 50.0 Hz and V = 100 V,

V
100 V
I=X =
= 2.22 A, and
(100 rad/s)(0.143 H)
L
Imax =
21.14

2 I=

V
XL = 2fL = I

2 (2.22 A) = 3.14 A.

and I =

Im
2

Thus, L =

V 2
2fIm

Therefore, if Im < 80.0 mA,

then L >

21.15

(50.0 V) 2
, or L > 7.03 H
2(20.0 Hz)(80.0 x 10-3 A)

V
9.00 V
1
(a) XC = I =
= 360 or
= 360
-3
2fC
25.0 x 10 A
1
Thus, f =
= 184 Hz.
2(360 )(2.40 x 10-6 F)
(b) XL = 2fL = 2(184 Hz)(0.160 H) = 185
V 9.00 V

I=X =
= 4.86 x 10-2 A = 48.6 mA.
185
L

21.16 We have:
XL = 2fL = 2(60.0 Hz)(2.0 x 10-2 H) = 7.54 , thus
Z=
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

R2 + (XL - XC)2 = R2 + (XL)2 = 21.4 .

V 100 V
I= Z =
= 4.67 A.
21.4
VL = IXL = (4.67 A)(7.54 ) = 35.2 V.
VR = IR = (4.67 A)(20.0 ) = 93.4 V.
XL - XC XL 7.54
tan =
= R =
= 0.377, and = 20.7.
R
20.0

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

21.17 We have:
1
1
=
= 265 , and
2fC
2(60.0 Hz)(10-5 F)
XL = 2fL = 2(60.0 Hz)(2.00 H) = 754 , so
XC =

R2 + (XL - XC)2 = (XL - XC)2 = 489 .

V 100 V
(a) I = Z =
= 0.204 A.
489
(b) VL = IXL = (0.204 A)(754 ) = 154 V.
(c) Vc = IXC = (0.204 A)(265 ) = 54.1 V.
XL - XC 489
(d) tan =
=
= infinity, and = 90.
R
0
Z=

We have, XC =
Thus, Z =

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

21.19

(b)
(c)

(d)
21.20

Z = R2 + (XC)2 = (150 )2 + (66.3 )2 = 83.0

V 30.0 V
I= Z =
= 0.361 A.
(e)
83.0
VR = IR = (0.361 A)(50.0 ) = 18.1 V.
V C = 23.9 V
Vc = IXC = (0.361 A)(66.3 ) = 23.9 V.
XL - XC -XC -66.3
tan =
= R =
= -1.33,
R
50.0
and = -53.0.

V R = 18.1 V
53
V = 30 V

(900 )2 + (3.8x 103 - 2.7 x 103 )2 = 1.4 x 103 .

Vmax
140 V
Imax = Z
=
= 1.0 x 10-1 A = 0.10 A.
1.4 x 103
XL - XC 3.8x 103 - 2.7 x 103
tan =
=
= 1.22, and
R
900
Z=

= 51.

XL > XC is greater than zero, so the voltage leads the current.

(138 V)2 + (104 V - 729 V)2 = 640 V.

(e)

The phasor diagram is sketched at the right.

XC =

1
1
=
= 884 and
2fC
2(60 Hz)(3 x 10-6 F)

V =

77.5

0
64

VR2 + (VL - VC)2 , or

VL = 104 V
VR = 138 V

V =

(e)

1
1
=
= 265 , and
2fC
2(60.0 Hz)(10.0 x 10-6 F)
XL = 2fL = 2(60.0 Hz)(0.100 H) = 37.7 .
(a) VR = IR = (2.75 A)(50.0 ) = 138 V
(b) VL = IXL = (2.75 A)(37.7 ) = 104 V
(c) Vc = IXC = (2.75 A)(265 ) = 729 V
XC =

(d)

21.21

R2 + (XL - XC)2 becomes:

XL = 2fL = (1.51 x 103 rad/s)(2.5 H) = 3.8x 103 .

1
1
XC =
=
= 2.7 x 103
3
2fC
(1.51 x 10 rad/s)(0.25 x 10-6 F)
(a)

1
1
=
= 66.3 .
2fC
2(60.0 Hz)(40.0 x 10-6 F)

VL - VC = 625 V

21.18

VC = 729 V

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

XL = 2fL = 2(60.0 Hz)(0.400 H) = 151 . Thus,
(60.0 )2 + (151 - 884 )2 = 735 , and
V 90.0 V
I= Z =
= 0.122 A.
735
(a) The voltage drop across the capacitor-inductor combination is:
Z=

VLC = IZLC = I

(b)

(XL - XC)2 = (0.122 A)(151 - 884 ) = 89.4 V

The voltage drop across the RC combination is:

VRC = IZRC = I
21.22

(a)

XC =

R2 + (XC)2 = (0.122 A)Error!2 + (884 )2 ) = 108 V

1
1
=
= 177 , and
2fC
2(60.0 Hz)(15.0 x 10-6 F)

R2 + (XL - XC)2 = R2 + (XC)2 = 184 .

V 120 V
I= Z =
= 0.652 A = 652 mA.
184
1
If I2 = 2 I1, then Z2 = 2Z1 therefore, Z22 = 4Z12, or
R2 + (XL - XC)2 = 4 [R2 + (XC)2]. This reduces to:
XL = XC 364 .= 177 364 .
We must use the + sign so that the inductive
reactance will be greater than zero. Thus,
541
XL = 541 = 2fL, and L =
= 1.44 H.
2(60 Hz)
Z=

(b)

21.23

21.24

= 106 V, XC =

(d)

Vbd = I (XL - XC)2 = (2.59 A) (58.1 - 49.0 )2 = 23.6 V.

(a)

We find: XC = 88.4 , Z = 102 , and

(b)

(a)
(b)

V 100 V
I= Z =
= 0.980 A.
102

XL - XC -XC -88.4
= R = 50.0 = -1.77, and = -60.5. Thus,
R
cos = 0.492, and P = IVcos = (0.980 A)(100 V)(0.492) = 48.2 W.
V 100 V
For this case: XL = 113 , Z = 124 , and I = Z =
= 0.806 A.
124
XL - XC XL 113
tan =
=
=
= 2.26, and = 66.1. Thus,
R
R 50.0
cos = 0.405, and P = IVcos = (0.806 A)(100 V)(0.405) = 32.6 W.
Also,

21.25

Vm

1
= 49.0 and XL = 2fL = 58.1 .
2fC
2
V 106 V
Thus, Z = R2 + (XL - XC)2 = 41.0 , and I = Z =
= 2.59 A. Therefore:
41.0
(a) Vab = IR = (2.59 A)(40.0 ) = 104 V.
(b) Vbc = IXL = (2.59 A)(58.1 ) = 150 V.
(c) Vcd = IXC = (2.59 A)(49.0 ) = 127 V.
We find: V =

tan =

V
104 V
Since V = IZ, we have Z = I = 0.500 A = 208 .
P
10.0 W
The power dissipated is: P = I2R, so that R = 2 =
= 40.0
I
(0.500 A)2

(c) In an RL circuit, Z =

R2 + X2L , or

X2L = Z2 - R2 = (208 )2 - (40.0 )2, giving

XL = 204 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

But, XL = 2fL = 204 , so
21.26

(c)

V 240 V
Z = I = 6.0 A = 40 , and R = Zcos = (40 )cos(-53) = 24
XL - XC
From tan =
, we find: XL - XC = R tan = -32 .
R
P = IVcos = (6.0 A)(240 V)cos(-53) = 8.7 x 102 W.

(a)

We know,

(a)
(b)

21.27

(b)

21.28

L = 0.541 H.

(a)

VR
50 V
= cos = 90 V = 0.56. Thus,
V
VR
14 W
50 V

P
I = V = 50 V = 0.28 A, and R = I = 0.28 A = 1.8 x 102 .
R
From cos = 0.56, we find: = 56.
XL - XC
XL
For the circuit: tan =
= R , so XL = RtanThus,
R
XL
267
XL = (1.8 x 102 )tan(56) = 267 and L =
=
= 0.71 H.
2(60 Hz)
The needed relations are: V =
XL = 2fL = 37.7 , and

Vmax
2

XC =

100 V
= 70.7 V,
2

1
= 13.3 . Then,
2fC

R2 + (XL - XC)2 = (20.0 )2 + (37.7 - 13.3 )2 = 31.5

V 70.7 V
Therefore, I = Z = 31.5 A = 2.24 A, and the dissipated power is
P = I2R = (2.24 A)2(20.0 ) = 100 W, and
P
100 W
the power factor is cos = VI =
= 0.631.
(70.7 V)(2.24 A)
If f = 50 Hz, these relations have the following values:
1
XC =
= 15.9 XL = 31.4 , Z = 25.3 P = 156 W, and cos = 0.791.
2fC
Z=

(b)

21.29 The resonance frequency of the circuit should match the broadcast frequency of the station. Thus,
1
f=
= fstation, or
2 LC
1
1
L= 22 = 2
4 f C
4 (88.9 x 106 s-1)2(1.40 x 10-12 F)
= 2.29 x 10-6 H = 2.29 H.
21.30

The frequency of the station is equal to the resonant frequency of the tuning circuit: fo =
1
2 (2.00 x 10-4 H)(30.0 x 10-12 F)

, or

c
3.00 x 108 m/s
fo = 2.05 x 106 Hz = 2.05 MHz, and = f =
= 146 m.
2.05 x 106 Hz
21.31

1
For fmin: Cmax =
= 5.1 x 10-8 F.
5
[2(5.0 x 10 Hz)]2(2.0 x 10-6 H)
For fmax: Cmin =

1
= 4.9 x 10-9 F.
[2(1.6 x 106 Hz)]2(2.0 x 10-6 H)

1
2 LC

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

21.32

(a)

At the resonant frequency, Z = R = 30.0 . The current in the circuit is:

V
120 V
I= Z =
30.0

= 4.00 A, and the power is

P = I2R = (4.00 A)2(30.0 ) = 480 W.
(b) At one-half the resonant frequency, the following is easily calculated: XC = 2000 , XL =
500 , and Z = 1500
V
120 V
Thus, I = Z =
= 0.080 A, and P = I2R = 0.192 W.
1500
(c) At one-fourth the resonant frequency, we find:
XC = 4000 , XL = 250 , and Z = 3750 I = 0.03 A, and P = 0.03 W.
(d) At twice the resonant frequency: XC = 500 , XL = 2000 , Z = 1500
I = 0.080 A, and P = 0.192 W.
(e) At four times the resonant frequency: XC = 250 , XL = 4000 ,
Z = 3750 I = 0.030 A, and P = 0.030 W.
The power delivered to the circuit is maximum when the frequency of the source is equal to the
resonant frequency of the circuit.
21.33

21.34

Q=

(b)

In Problem 32, fo = 53.1 Hz. Thus,

(a)

For the circuit of Problems 32 and 33: fo = 53.1 Hz and Q = 33.3.

Thus,
f = (53.1 Hz/33.3) = 1.59 Hz.
If R = 300 , Q = (2foL/R) = (333.3 rad/s)(3.00 H/300 ) = 3.33, and
f = (53.1 Hz/3.33) = 15.9 Hz.

(b)

21.35

VL
(at the resonant frequency) .
VR
VL
2foLImax 2foL
Thus,
Q=
= RI
= R .
VR
max

(a)

(a) For an ideal transformer,

Q=

2(53.1 Hz)(3.00 H)
= 33.3.
30.0

V2 N2
=
,
V1 N1

V2
2200 V
= 80 110 V = 1600
V1
(b) Also, for an ideal transformer, V2I2 = V1I1 .
V2
2200 V
Thus, I1 = I2
= 1.5 A ( 110 V ) = 30 A.
V1
so N2 = N1

21.36

(a) The total power required by the city is:

P = (2.00 x 104)(100 W) = 2.00 x 106 W.
P
2.00 x 106 W
So, I =
=
= 1.67 x 104 A.
120 V
V
P
2.00 x 106 W
= 200 000 V = 10.0 A.
V
If I = 1.67 x 104 A, then:

(b) I =
(c)

Ploss = I2R = (1.67 x 104 A)2(5.00 x 10-4 /m) = 1.39 x 10 W/m.

If I = 10.0 A,
then: Ploss = I2R = (10.0 A)2(5.00 x 10-4 /m) = 5.00 x 10 W/m.
(d) Case a:

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

I
1.67 x 104 A
number of lines needed = 100 A/line = 100 A/line = 167 lines.
I
10 A
Case b:
number lines needed = 100 A/line = 100 A/line = 0.1 line,
or 1 line is more than sufficient.
21.37

(a)
(b)
(c)

21.38

We are given that Pout = 0.90Pin . Thus, Pin =

1000 kW
3
0.90 = 1.1 x 10 kW.

Pin 1.1 x 106 W

We have: Ip = V = 3600 V = 3.1 x 102 A.
p
Pout 1000 x 103 W
Is = V =
= 8.3 x 103 A.
120 V
s

The current in the secondary is: I2V2 = I1V1, or

(50 A)(3600 V)
I2 = 100000 V
= 1.8 A. Then, Plost = I22R = (1.8)2(100) = 324 W.
The original power is P = IV = (50 A)(3600 V) = 180,000W, so
324 W
only 180 000 W 100 % = 0.18% is lost.

21.39

c
3.00 x 108 m/s
Using = f gives: =
= 4.0 x 106 m = 4000 km. One-quarter of this is 1000
75 Hz
km (about 621 miles). Not very practical.

21.40

c=

oo

. If o = 4 x 10-7 Ns2/C2 and o = 8.854 x 10-12 C2/Nm2, then

1

c=

1.1126 x 10-17 s2/m2

2.998 x 108 m/s.
21.41

= 2.99796 x 108 m/s, or rounding to four significant figures, c =

E
(a) The magnitudes of the fields associated with an electromagnetic wave are related by B = c.
Therefore,
E = cB = (3.00 x 108 m/s)(1.5 x 10-7 T) = 45 N/C
(b) The average power per unit area may be computed as
EmBm 45 N/C(1.5 x 10-7 T)
Average power per unit area =
=
= 2.7 W/m2
2o
2(4 x 10-7 N/A2)

21.42

P
P ,
W
I=A =
so P = (4r2)I = 4(1.49 x 1011 m)21340 2 = 3.74 x 1026 W.
2
4r
m

21.43

From Average Power per unit area =

Emax =

(2oc)(1340 W/m2) , giving

Emax =

N
2(4 x 10-7 N s2/C2)(3.00 x 108 m/s)(1340 W/m2) = 1.01 x 103 C

and Bmax =
21.44

Emax2
= 1340 W/m2, we have:
2oc

Emax
1.01 x 103 N/C
=
= 3.35 x 10-6 T.
c
3.00 x 108 m/s

The wavelength and frequency of any wave are related by f = v. The speed of electromagnetic
waves (in a vacuum) is v = c = 3.00 x 108 m/s.

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

3.00 x 108 m/s
, and the desired frequencies are:

c
3.00 x 108 m/s
fmin =
=
= 4.29 x 1014 Hz, and
max
700 x 10-9 m
c
3.00 x 108 m/s
fmax =
=
= 7.50 x 1014 Hz,
min
400 x 10-9 m

Thus, f =

21.45

(a)

(b)

21.46

3.00 x 108 m/s

= 556 m,
540 x 103 Hz
min
c
3.00 x 108 m/s
min = f
=
= 188 m.
1600 x 103 Hz
max
c
3.00 x 108 m/s
For the FM band: max = f
=
= 3.4 m,
88 x 106 Hz
min

max = f

min = f

c
max

3.00 x 108 m/s

= 2.78 m.
108 x 106 Hz

c
3.00 x 108 m/s
Using = f , we have =
= 11.0 m.
27.33 x 106 Hz

21.47

The time for the radio signal to travel 100 km is:

100 x 103 m
tr =
= 3.33 x 10-4 s.
3.00 x 108 m/s
The time for the sound wave to travel 3 m across the room is:
3.0 m
ts = 343 m/s = 8.7 x 10-3 s. Therefore, listeners 100 km away will receive the news t = 8.7
x 10-3 s - 3.33 x 10-4 s = 8.4 x 10-3 s before the people in the newsroom.

21.48

For an ideal transformer:

Vout Nsecondary
=
,
Nprimary
Vin

and [Power input] = [Power output]

Vout
9.0 V
(a) Nsecondary = Nprimary
, = 240 120 V = 18 turns.
Vin
(b) Pin = Pout = VoutIout = (9.0 V)(0.400 A) = 3.6 V
21.49

(a)
(b)
(c)

XL = 942 , and Z = 945 , so

V 110 V
I= Z =
= 0.116 A.
945

V 110 V
I= R =
= 1.38 A.
80.0
P = I2R = (0.116 A)2(80.0 ) = 1.08 W for case (a),
P = I2R = (1.38 A)2(80.0 ) = 152 W for case (b).

3.00 x 108 m/s

= 5.71 x 107 Hz.
5.25 m

1
1
From fo =
, we have: L = 2 2 , or
4
Cfo
2 LC
1
L = 2
= 5.17 x 10-6 H = 5.17 H
4 (1.50 x 10-12 F)(5.71 x 107 Hz)2

21.50

For = 5.25 m, fo =

21.51

(a)

Ns =

Vs
6.0 V
N =
(220) = 12 turns.
Vp p 110 V

10

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

(b)

(c)

The impedance of the primary, Z = XL = 2(60 Hz)(0.150 H) = 56.5 .

V 110 V
Thus,
I= Z =
= 1.9 A.
56.5
R
P = IVcos, but cos = Z = 0. Therefore, P = 0.

V 120 V
I= Z =
= 0.212 A, and the power dissipated
567
is: P = I2R = (0.212 A)2(200 ) = 8.99 W = 8.99 x 10-3 kW.
The energy used in 24 h is: E = Pt = (8.99 x 10-3 kW)(24 h) = 0.22 kWh,
and the cost is: cost = (0.22 kWh)(8.0 cents/kWh) = 1.8 cents.

21.52

XC = 531 , and Z = 567 . Thus,

21.53

Combining XL = L = 12 , and XC =
Substitute this into the expression fo =
C = 26 F, and

21.54

= 8.0 , we find: L = (96 2) C.

1
2 LC

2000 s-1
to find:

L = 2.5 mH.

XL = 2fL = 2(60.0 Hz)(0.700 H) = 264 .

Now use V2 = VR2 + VL2:

(120 V)2 = (40.0 V)2 + VL2, from which,

VL 113 V
VL = 113 V. But, VL = IXL, soI = X =
= 0.428 A = 428 mA.
264
L

21.55

(a) and (b) When a dc source is connected, there is a current in the circuit. Thus, neither of the
two elements in the box can be a capacitor since a steady dc current can not flow in branch
containing a capacitor. Also, because the direct current is finite, one of the elements must be
V
3.0 V
a resistor. The value of this resistance is: R = I = 0.300 A = 10 .
When an ac source is used, we find that the alternating current is less than the direct current.
V
3.0 V
Thus, one of the elements must be an inductor. The impedance is: Z = I = 0.200 A = 15
. Therefore, we use: Z2 = (15 )2 = (10 )2 + XL2 to find: XL = 11 = 2fL, and
11
L=
= 3.0 x 10-2 H = 30 mH.
2(60 Hz)

21.56

(a)

(b)

21.57

3.0 x 108 m/s

= 1.0 x 1010 Hz. This must be the same as the
0.030 m

1
resonant frequency, fo =
, so
2 LC
1
1
C = 2 2 = 2 10 2
= 6.3 x 10-13 = 0.63 pF.
4 f L
4 (10 ) (400 x 10-12)
oA
Cd (0.63 x 10-12 F)(10-3 m)
Using C = d , we get: A =
=
, or
o
(8.85 x 10-12 F/m)
We begin with f =

(c)

A = 7.12 x 10-5 m2, so that each side has length 8.4 mm.
At resonance XC = XL = 2fL = 2(1010 Hz)(400 x 10-12 H) = 25

(a)

Bmax =

(b)

I=

Emax 2.0 x 10-7 V/m

-16
c = 3.0 x 108 m/s = 6.7 x 10 T.

E2max
(2.0 x 10-7 V/m)2
=
= 5.3 x 10-17 W/m2.
2oc
2(4 x 10-7 Ns2/C2)(3.0 x 108 m/s)

11

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

(c)
21.58

(a)
(b)

P = IA = (5.3 x 10-17 W/m2)(100 m2) = 1.7 x 10-14 W.

E
6.0 V/m
B= c =
= 2.0 x 10-8 T.
3.0 x 108 m/s
EmaxBmax (6.0 V/m)(2.0 x 10-8 T)
I=
=
= 4.8 x 10-2 W/m2, and
2o
2(4 x 10-7 Ns2/C2)
P = IA = 4r2I = 4(103 m)2(4.8 x 10-2 W/m2) = 6.0 x 105 W = 600 kW.

21.59

The intensity is:

cBmax2 (3.0 x 108 m/s)(7.0 x 10-8 T)2
I=
=
= 0.585 W/m2.
2o
2(4 x 10-7 Ns2/C2 )
At r = 2.0 m,

21.60

P = IA = (0.585 W/m2)[4(2.0 m)2] = 30 W.

(a)

Since F = ma = qE, we have:

qE (1.60 x 10-19 C)(100 N/C)
a= m =
= 1.76 x 1013 m/s2.
9.11 x 10-31 kg
2kq2a2
(b) Using the given equation, P =
, we find:
3 c3
2(8.99 109 N m2/C2)(1.60 x 10-19 C)2(1.76 x 1013 m/s2)
P=
, or
3(3.00 x 108 m/s)3
P = 1.75 x 10-27 W.
Nm2(C2)(m/s2)2
C2

Nm4
Nm J
(c) We have:
=
= s = s = W.
(m/s2)3
s4m3/s3

21.61 (a) When connected to the battery, the only impedance to the current is the resistance of the coil.
Thus, the coil resistance is:
V 12 V
V
R = I = 3.0 A = 4.0 . The impedance when connected to the ac source is: Z = I =
12 V
2.0 A = 6.0 .
(b) We now find XL as: Z2 = R2 + XL2, or (6.0 )2 = (4.0 )2 + XL2.
This yields,
XL = 4.47 and
XL
4.47
L=
=
= 1.2 x 10-2 H = 12 mH.
2f
2(60 Hz)
21.62 (a) R = (4.50 x 10-4 /m)(6.44 x 105 m) = 290 , and
P 5.0 x 106 W
I=V =
= 10 A. Ploss = I2R = (10 A)2(290 ) = 2.9 x 104 W.
5.0 x 105 V
Ploss
2.9 x 104 W
(b)
P = 5.0 x 106 W = 0.0058 (0.58 %).
(c) It is impossible to deliver 5000 kW of power to the customer through this transmission line
with an input voltage of only 4500 V. With an input voltage of 4500 V, the power input
from the generator is Pinput = VI = (4500 V)I. The maximum current that can exist in this
line with a 4500 V input occurs when the transmission line is shorted out at the customer's
end, and the minimum resistance of the circuit is Rmin = Rline = 290 . Hence, Imax =
V
4500 V
=
= 15.5 A, and the maximum power input to the transmission line with an
Rmin
290
input voltage of 4500 V is

12

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

(Pinput)max = (4500 V)(15.5 A) = 6.98 x 104 W = 69.8 kW. This is far less than the power
the customer wants delivered 5000 kW, and it is all dissipated in the transmission line.
21.63

(a)

(b)
(c)

(2)(1340 W/m2)
= 8.93 x 10-6 N/m2.
3.00 x 108 m/s2
Multiplying by the total area, A = 6.00 x 104 m2 gives: F = 0.536 N.
F
0.536 N
The acceleration is: a = m = 6000 kg = 8.93 x 10-5 m/s2.
It will take a time t where:
The radiation pressure is

1
d = 2 at2, or t =
21.64

2d
a =

2(3.84 x 108 m)
= 2.93 x 106 s = 33.9 days.
(8.93 x 10-5 m/s2)

N1
V1
V1
We know N =
. Let the output impedance be Z1 = I and the input impedance Z2 =
V2
2
1
V2
N1
Z1I1
I2 , so N2 = Z2I2 . But we also know:
I1
V2
N2
=
=
I2
N1 . Combining with the previous result, we have:
V1
N1
Z1 1/2 = 8000 1/2 = 32.
N2 = Z2
8

21.65

First determine the energy density in this sunlight (at the top of the atmosphere) by considering a
shaft of sunlight one square meter in cross-sectional area and 1.00 m long (i.e one cubic meter of
sunlight). All the energy in this volume strikes one square meter of the atmosphere in a time of:
d
1.00 m
t=v =
= 3.33 x 10-9 s.
3.00 x 108 m/s
The energy striking a unit area in time t is given by:
power
energy
E = It = ( area ) t = area
Thus, if I = 1340 W/m2, the energy striking one square meter in
3.33 x 10-9 s is: U = (1340 J/s/m2)(3.33 x 10-9 s/m) = 4.47 x 10-6 J/m3.
Thus, the energy in 1.00 liter of sunlight is:
E = (energy density)(volume) = (4.47 x 10-6 J/m3)(10-3 m3), or
E = 4.47 x 10-9 J.
ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

2. At resonance XL = XC. This means that the impedance Z =

to Z = R.

R2 + (XL - XC)2 reduces

4. The purpose of the iron coil is to increase the flux and to provide a pathway in which
nearly all the flux through one coil is led through the other.
6. The fundamental source of an electromagnetic wave is a moving charge. For example,
in a transmitting antenna of a radio station, charges are caused to move up and down at the
frequency of the radio station. These moving charges set up electric and magnetic fields,
the electromagnetic wave, in the space around the antenna.

13

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE SOLUTIONS

8. As an electromagnetic wave moves through space, the only things associated with the
wave that move are alternating electric and magnetic fields at right angles to one another.
10. The average value of an alternating current is zero because its direction is positive as
often as it is negative, and its time average is zero. The average value of the square of the
current is not zero, however, since the square of positive and negative values are always
positive and cannot cancel.
12. The brightest portion of your face shows where you radiate the most. Your nostrils and
the openings of your ear canals are particularly bright. Brighter still are the pupils of your
eyes.
14. No, the only element that dissipates energy in an ac circuit is a resistor. Inductors and
capacitors store energy during one half of a cycle and release that energy during the other
half of the cycle, so they dissipate no net energy.