Guide Med App

M e d i c a l
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Medical Applications
User Guide
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freescale.com/medical
TM
Document Number: MDAPPUSGDRM118 REV 5
As a practicing surgeon,
my first-hand exposure to the
devices and the industry as a
whole is instrumental in driving
the innovative, high-quality
medical solutions that we
develop here at Freescale.
Dr. Jos Fernndez Villaseor
Freescale healthcare marketing
manager, electrical engineer and
practicing neurosurgeon
Table of Contents
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Defibrillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Freescale Offers Technology for Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Welcome to Freescale Medical Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Leading Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Why Freescale? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Home Portable Medical

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Telehealth System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Home Health Hub (HHH) Reference Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Power Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Voltage Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Keypad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Touch-Sensing Software Suite (TSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Xtrinsic Capacitive and Resistive Touch-Sensing Platform (CRTouch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.9 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Function for a Speaker Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.10 Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.11 Introduction to Our Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.12 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Applications in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.13 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.14 Sub-1 GHz Applications in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.15 Sub-1 GHz Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.16 Bluetooth Low Energy Applications in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.17 Bluetooth Low Energy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.18 Freescale PHDC USB Library Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.19 Standard Medical USB Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.20 Kinetis KL2x Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Blood Pressure Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Heartbeat Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Systolic and Diastolic Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4 Invasive Blood Pressure Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 Obtaining Pressure Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6 Blood Pressure Monitor Reference Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Heart Rate Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2 Heart Signals Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3 Filters and Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.4 Amplifier and Filtering Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.5 Obtaining QRS Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.6 Heart Rate Monitor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Blood Glucose Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.2 Test Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.3 Wired and Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.4 LCD Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Pulse Oximetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.2 Signal Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.3 Circuit Design Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4 Circuit LED Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.5 Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Activity Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.2 Electocardiography (ECG) Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.3 Pedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.4 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.5 Reference Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Hearing Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.2 Microphone Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9.3 Class D Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9.4 DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Freescale Technologies for Home Portable Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Diagnostic and Therapy Devices

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Electrocardiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QRS Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filtering ECG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrodes Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display Driver and Touch Screen Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enhanced Multiply-Accumulate (eMAC) Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
USB Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
57
57
58
61
61
62
12.1 Automated External Defibrillator (AED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

12.2 Circuit for Capacitive Discharge Defibrillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
12.3 Circuit for Rectangular-Wave Defibrillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ventilator and Respirator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
13.2 System Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13.3 Spirometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13.4 Graphic LCD MPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
13.5 Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
13.6 Air and Oxygen Blender and Mix Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Anesthesia Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
14.2 Brief Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14.3 Pressure Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14.4 Valve Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14.5 Principal MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
15.2 Measuring Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.3 ECG Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.4 Pulse Oximetry Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.5 Blood Pressure Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.6 Motor Control with Freescale Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
15.7 Applications Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Hospital Admission Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
16.2 Hospital Admission Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.3 Patient Height and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
16.4 Patient Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
16.5 Communication Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
16.6 Backlight Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
16.7 Multimedia Applications with the i.MX 6 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Digital Stethoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
17.2 Ultrasonic Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
17.3 Electrical Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
17.4 Signal Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
17.5 LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
17.6 Fetal Heart Rate Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Powered Patient Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
18.2 Using Motors for Patient Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
18.3 Integrated Real-Time Patient Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
18.4 Integrated Tilt Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
18.5 Integrated Intercom Using VoIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Freescale Technologies for Diagnostic and Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Medical Imaging
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
Digital
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
How Ultrasound Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Multiplexer for Tx/Rx Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Instrumentation Amplifier and Variable Gain Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Beamformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Ultrasound Software Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
MPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
X-Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Analog Front End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Photo Detector Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Capacitive Sensing and Touch Screen Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Freescale Technologies for Medical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Application Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Digital Signal Processing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Filter Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signal Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freescale Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrumentation Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analog Measurement Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
110
110
111
111
112
113
Greetings
Welcome to the latest edition of the Medical Applications User Guide, created to help you
enable the development of breakthrough medical products.
This edition includes some of our newest technologies, like Vybrid controller solutions,
i.MX6 application processors, Xtrinsic sensors and Bluetooth Low Energy solutions. These
technologies play an important role in several healthcare applications. Vybrid single- and dualcore devices offer a mix of processing options for rich user interface and display to safety- and
security-centric solutions. The ARM Cortex-A5 core can be leveraged for UI and application,
whereas the ARM Cortex-M4 core can be used for control and compute functions. Our i.MX6
application processors are the next breed of our popular Arm Cortex-A9 core processors
offering single-, dual- and quad-core solutions with HD video, encoding and decoding, as
well as 3D graphics. Bluetooth Low Energy and Bluetooth 4.0 will be the kings of ubiquitous
connectivity, and Freescale intends to be front and center with leading-edge solution sets.
As a trusted provider of MCUs, MPUs, analog and sensor components, RF amplifiers and
wireless technology, Freescale meets the unique needs of medical designs. These vital
technologies, along with our enablement tools, expertise and alliances, help customers to
develop breakthrough medical systems and life-critical applications. Freescale also offers a
formal product longevity program for the medical segment, ensuring that a broad range of
program devices will be available for a minimum of 15 years1.
Thanks for considering Freescale to support you in your next medical design. We are dedicated
to supporting your needs and the needs of your customer base and are proud to offer you the
support you deserve. We are confident you will find significant value in working with us today
and in the decades to come. We truly value your business.
Best regards,
David Niewolny
Healthcare Segment Manager,
Freescale Semiconductor
1See freescale.com/productlongevity for details, terms and conditions

and to obtain a list of products included in the program.
Medical Applications User Guide
Introduction
Introduction
1.1
Freescale Offers Technology for Life

According to the World Health Organization there are over one billion overweight adults, 860
million chronic disease patients and over 600 million elders age 60 or older1. Combine that with a
study from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) showing modern medical breakthroughs
have raised the average global life expectancy in developed nations to over 75 years2. With a
large percentage of the total healthcare spend addressing chronic disease, the issue of runaway
healthcare costs and the need to abate them has never been more significant. Proactive and
preventative approaches to healthcare are required.
Semiconductor technology will continue to play a critical role in the development of new technologies
that assist with patient monitoring, diagnostics, therapy and imaging. Freescale is focused on what
we can do as a semiconductor company to not only help extend life, but to promote a better quality
of life. By designing products with the highest safety and reliability standards, healthcare devices using
Freescale technologies work when it counts. Helping to extend and improve the quality of life, and
provide technologies that enable proactive health and wellness monitoring, Freescale solutions power
future healthcare devices to benefit everyone who is in contact with this technology. This is what we
mean when we say, Freescale offers technology for life.
These market factors, along with advancements in semiconductor technologies, provide the potential
for transforming the care that we all receive. Medical imaging technology commonly found in radiology
or imaging centers can now be found in the fieldambulatory or combat situations. Clinical equipment
formerly relegated to the hospital or doctors office is now moving into the home. Portable medical
equipment such as blood pressure monitors, blood glucose meters and weight scales are now
connecting to data aggregators or hubs and transmit your personal health data to the medical cloud
where it is stored in a secure place. All types of healthcare equipment are being pushed from their roots
in clinics or hospitals and into the home.
Developers of medical devices face several challenges. The need to balance processing
requirements with power consumption, the need to provide faster time to market and the need to
navigate the regulatory environment are common to all healthcare applications. Freescale designs
a range of embedded products and applicable reference designs so that developers can choose
MCUs, MPUs, analog, sensors and wireless solutions to meet the requirements of their designs.
1 World Health Organization who.int/research/en/

2 CDC, U.S. National Center for Health Statistics
Introduction
1.2
Welcome to Freescale Medical Solutions

Freescale has focused on solving some of the worlds most important technology challenges for over
50 years. Whether the question has been how cell phones can connect people across the world or
how to harmonize all of the safety features in a car, Freescale MCUs have been part of the solution.
At Freescale, we bring that same drive and innovation to the medical industry. The convergence of
an aging population and breakthrough technological advances has created endless opportunities
for automated medical devices. These devices help ensure the future health of millions of people
by providing advances in home healthcare, clinical activities and medical imaging. Regardless of
the end use, developers of medical devices face similar problems. The need to balance processing
requirements with power consumption helps to ensure a fast time to market. Navigating the regulatory
environment is common with all medical applications. Freescale has implemented a review process
that supports life-critical applications.
Freescale offers a wide range of products so that developers can choose MCUs, MPUs, analog and
sensor components or RF amplifiers to meet the unique needs of their designs. Developers of medical
technology face many challenges today. Freescale believes that having the right silicon should not be
one of them. We drive innovations that power next-generation healthcare and medical systems and
applications. Our breakthrough thinking, engineering expertise, Medical Center of Excellence, Medical
Advisory Board, product longevity program and active membership in the Continua Health Alliance
demonstrate our commitment to healthcare.
1.3
Leading Technology
MCUs and MPUs
Freescale is a leader in 32-bit embedded control, offering the markets broadest and best-enabled
portfolio of solutions based on ARM technology. Our large portfolio includes scalable MCU and
MPU families from small, ultra-low-power Kinetis MCUs to Vybrid and i.MX multimedia processors
with advanced performance and feature integration to QorIQ communications processors that
deliver industry-leading power and performance. Each family has been designed to offer a broad
range of performance, peripheral and packaging options providing migration paths for end product
platform development. All families are supported by an industry-leading enablement (software and
tool) bundle from Freescale and the extensive ARM ecosystem. Combined, our Kinetis, Vybrid, i.MX
and QorIQ solutions offer the highest level of integration, the most comprehensive software and
hardware enablement and the broadest range of performance available within the ARM community.
Whether you are designing portable medical devices, diagnostic products, therapy solutions or
imaging equipment, our ARM-based product families offer a solution that meets your requirements.
Sensors
Expanding on more than 30 years of sensing history, our Xtrinsic sensors are designed with the
right combination of intelligent integration, logic and customizable software on the platform to deliver
smarter, more differentiated applications where high quality and reliability are especially important.
Freescale pressure sensors offer a wide range of functions and features, from basic to fully amplified
and temperature-compensated devices. The low-voltage pressure sensor series is designed to
meet power efficiency demands to extend longevity for simpler, cost-sensitive medical and portable
electronics. Freescale pressure sensors combine advanced micro-machining techniques, thin
film metallization and bipolar semiconductor processing that provide accurate and highly reliable
sensors at competitive prices. Freescale offers the Xtrinsic acceleration sensor portfolio in the low g
range (under 20 g) that has a fast response time, low current consumption, low voltage operation
and a standby mode in a small profile package to detect orientation, shake, tap, double tap, fall,
Introduction
tilt, motion, positioning, shock or vibration. Our small, low-power digital 3D magnetic sensors offer
a wide dynamic range to allow operation in PCBs with high extraneous magnetic fields. In medical
applications, magnetic sensors are used for motion control in things like ventilator machines, pumps
for infusion, insulin, syringes and kidney dialysis machines. They are also found as switches for
medication-dispensing cabinets, bed-positioning systems and hearing aids.
Analog
Freescale analog and mixed-mode integrated circuits are highly robust and provide many unique
features for powering, controlling and communicating. Our proprietary SMARTMOS mixed-signal
technology allows high-density logic to coexist with both analog and power functions, providing
significant benefits to the applications designer. These benefits include ease of use, outstanding
IC- and load-protection features, reduced parts count and high reliability.
RF Power Amplifiers
Our industry-leading LDMOS technology is ideally suited for medical applications requiring RF
power amplifiers. Freescale developed the EVHV6 50 V LDMOS process to meet the challenging
demands required by medical applications, including MRI systems covering frequencies from 60
to 500 MHz and power levels from 1 to 30 kW. This portfolio of devices provides a combination
of superior power, gain, linearity, efficiency and ruggedness. There are other medical uses for
Freescale RF besides MRI, including ablation and medical lasers (1 MHz2.4 GHz, power levels
to 100 W). Our high power/high density portfolio of RF power amplifier devices is exceptionally
reliable and features industry-leading package designs. We have RF devices for your medical needs
and a global applications team to support your efforts to design Freescale power amplifiers into
your solution.
1.4
Why Freescale?
Ecosystems
Providing value beyond the responsibility of providing key semiconductor components is paramount.
Freescale realizes the need to provide our customers a running start on their next medical design,
which is why we embrace one of the strongest ecosystems in the world.
Freescale provides the highly trusted MQX operating system free of charge to our customers.
In addition, our partners on the operating systems side include, but are not limited to, QNX
Software Systems, Green Hills Software, Mentor Graphics, Wind River and Windows Embedded.
Development tool support is provided by Keil, Micrium, IAR Systems, Windows Embedded and
Linux Systems. Alliance partners also include system developers such as Digi International, our
commercialization partner of the Home Health Hub (HHH) reference platform.
Cactus Semiconductor
Freescale and Cactus Semiconductor, a medical application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
company, are collaborating to provide customized analog mixed-signal and system-on-chip (SoC)
solutions to the medical market. With more than 30 years of combined experience in the medical
device market, Freescale and Cactus are focused on providing new generations of smaller, lighter,
inexpensive and more efficient medical products designed to help improve the quality of life for
millions of people. Freescale and Cactus will initially focus on solutions for implantable medical
devices, blood glucose monitors and other portable medical applications, such as blood pressure
monitors, electrocardiographs and pulse oximetry devices.
Monebo Kenetic
ECG Algorithms
Freescale and Monebo Technologies are partnering to offer an ECG-on-a-chip solution that allows
customers to choose from more than 300 Freescale MCUs and pair them with the Monebo Kinetic
family of ECG algorithms.
Benefits
Highly accurate Kinetic ECG algorithms provide interval measurements, beat classification and
rhythm interpretation
Efficient code is ideal for use in embedded applications
Designed to optimize battery life (no warm-up period)
FDA 510(k) cleared software allows customers to streamline their regulatory filing
Lowers development cost by providing a tested and validated solution
Scalable solutions based on customer requirements
Optimal design based on the application
Available for the following product portfolios: Kinetis, ColdFire, Power Architecture, i.MX S08
and DSCs
Medical-Specific Reference Designs

Freescale understands that reducing time spent on research and development and speeding time
to market are key concerns of medical device designers. That is why we strive to produce highimpact design guides in the form of reference designs and application notes. Reference designs give
designers access to component configurations that have been proven to work. Application notes
prepared by knowledgeable medical doctors and Freescale engineers take the guesswork out of
project troubleshooting. Together, these documents offer developers a great jump-start for producing
novel designs based on proven concepts.
For a full list of Freescale medical reference designs and application notes, visit
freescale.com/medical.
Development Tools and Software. Learn Once, Use Everywhere.

Freescale offers a wide variety of hardware development tools to meet the needs of the medical
device designer. Most products feature a cost-effective demo platform for initial evaluation and a
full-featured evaluation board for advanced development. These products come packaged with
CodeWarrior IDE, Freescale developed board support package (BSP), complete documentation,
product-specific application notes and all the necessary device driverseverything a designer
needs to get started.
CodeWarrior Development Studio

CodeWarrior Development Studio is a comprehensive integrated development environment (IDE)
that provides a highly visual and automated framework to accelerate the development of the most
complex embedded applications. The CodeWarrior single development environment is consistent
across all supported workstations and personal computers within an organization, with usage
and features that remain identical across the supported platforms. There is no need to worry
about host-to-host incompatibilities. From text editors to compilers and debuggers, CodeWarrior
Development Studio provides everything the professional embedded developer needs.
Introduction
Processor Expert Software

Processor Expert software is a rapid application design tool integrated into the CodeWarrior toolset
that makes migrating between Freescale MCUs a breeze. Just define the functionality you need
for your application and Processor Expert software generates tested, optimized C code. When
you change the MCU with the MCU Change Wizard, Processor Expert maps the software and
peripheral components that describe your applications functionality to the resources available on the
new MCU. All you have to do is resolve any resource issues flagged by Processor Expert software
and youre finished.
Multimedia Alliance Network

The Multimedia Alliance Network is a global program designed to provide developers with
software tools, such as IDEs, compilers, debuggers and performance analysis tools, from a
comprehensive network of industry-leading partners that support the i.MX ARM-based family
of processors. Our rich ecosystem has the essential tools developers need to help speed their
design projects through to market adoption.
Leadership and Longevity

Through leadership in the Continua Health Alliance, Freescale helps to set standards for the
industry. Freescale retains a medical doctor on staff and has a Medical Center of Excellence to
develop new technologies.
The product longevity program provides a minimum 15 years of assured supply for devices for
medical applications. (For terms and conditions and to obtain a list of available products, visit
freescale.com/productlongevity.) With an internal review defined in a standard operating
procedure, Freescale supports FDA class III or life-critical applications in the U.S. and globally.
Quality, reliability, supply assurance and company and product longevity are key to understanding
the needs of the healthcare market.
From portable medical solutions to diagnostic, patient monitoring and therapy systems,
Freescale provides ultra-low-power, mixed-signal MCUs, high-performance analog, as well as
wired and wireless connectivity that help solve true clinical problems. Freescale offers not only
one of the strongest portfolios of semiconductor products, but also custom IC development
in support of this segment. Additionally, Freescale offers a robust portfolio of medical-centric
reference designs and application notes that help customers go to market faster. Freescale is
much more than a semiconductor company. By offering several application-specific reference
designs that include schematics, layouts (Gerber files) and example application code and user
interface software, customers can get up and running with their applications much more quickly.
Vital technology, expertise and leadership make Freescale the trusted provider of high-quality
technical solutions that enable the development of breakthrough medical systems from health
and wellness to life-critical applications.

2.1
Introduction
The home portable medical market is one of the fastest growing
Freescale micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based pressure
market segments in the medical device industry. Portable home
and acceleration sensors and magnetometers can be used to acquire
medical devices share the need for long battery life, robust data
physical parameters. User interfaces embedded with touch sensors
processing and a wired or wireless communication interface. Freescale
enable medical-friendly buttons and touch screens that can be
MCUs offer the perfect mix of high processing capabilities, low power
sanitized quickly and easily.
consumption and analog content. For this sub-segment, the 8-bit

S08 JE/JM and LH/LL cores are well suited for designs where cost is
a key concern. For greater performance, our Kinetis MCUs built on
the ARM Cortex-M4 core are empowering analog intensive designs
such as blood glucose meters. For medical devices in the home that
require a more sophisticated user interface, our i.MX portfolio of ARM
core-based MPUs provides various levels of options for performance,
power, connectivity and multimedia capabilities. Furthermore, as a
Freescale also offers a focused, integrated analog portfolio that

enables maximum battery life via power management integrated
circuits (PMICs) and allows precise and accurate conversion of
natural, continuous signals to digital signals that MPUs can process.
Medical customers can also benefit from custom solutions that
leverage our core competencies in precision analog, mixed-signal
and power management technologies.
pioneer in the communications market, Freescale offers solutions

for wired and wireless interfaces, including USB, IEEE 802.15.4,
sub-Gigahertz, ZigBee and Bluetooth Low Energy technology.
10
Telehealth System
3.1
Introduction
Telehealth is an example of a proactive and preventative approach
This telemonitoring hub connects home portable devices used
to healthcare. These systems use technology to more effectively
to measure vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, body
monitor people with chronic diseases, whether in the hospital,
temperature and other measurements depending on their needs. This
clinic or at home. In a clinical environment, systems must monitor
information is then relayed to the healthcare provider and caregivers
all the patients vitals on a single system that is easily accessed by
to allow appropriate action to be taken.
healthcare professionals. The data captured by this system must be

aggregated, analyzed and acted upon. Similarly, many patients need
to continue this type of monitoring but can do so more comfortably
in their own home. Physicians or home healthcare companies give
patients a telemonitoring hub device to use at home.
11

3.2
Home Health Hub (HHH)

Reference Platform
Figure 3-1: HHH Reference Platform
The Freescale HHH reference platform aids

medical equipment manufacturers in quickly
and easily creating remote-access devices
that can collect, connect and securely
share health data for improved healthcare
management.
The changing dynamics of the aging global
population are creating an increased demand
for new technologies and tools that can offer
peace of mind to the family members of
seniors living at home. Theres also a need to
provide access to healthcare in remote and
growing regions of the world to improve the
quality of life for millions of people. The HHH
reference platform is designed to simplify
development of connected medical devices
and help our customers more easily address
these growing needs.
Figure 3-2: HHH Platform Demonstration

Home Health Hub Reference Platform Demonstration
i.MX53 Tablet
with Medical
User Interface
The HHH reference platform consists of an

aggregator/gateway board based on the
Physician
Monitoring Center,
Loved Ones
Social Network
low-power i.MX28 applications processor

(built on the ARM9 processor) running various
Data Aggregator
Based on the
QorIQ P1022RDK
connectivity interfaces to healthcare end

devices and wireless or wired connectivity for
Ethernet
HOME AUTOMATION
a remote user interface. Also included is a

panic alarm sensor based on the Freescale
Expansion
Capabilities
TELEHEALTH
Health
Care
MC12311 sub-1 GHz radio, providing personal

emergency response system (PERS) functionality.
To complete the reference platform, software
such as board support packages (Linux
and Windows Embedded Compact 7) and
example code are included. The HHH
868 MHz RF
Bluetooth
HDP
Bluetooth
SPP
Bluetooth
Low Energy
HHH Panic Alarm

MC12311
Nonin Pulse Ox
MC9S08GP32
Blood Glucose
Meter
Thermometer
Freescale Technology
Wired Connection
Weight
Scale
USB
PHDC
Smart Plugs
Smart Appliances
Safety/Security
Lighting Control
Local Display
Blood Pressure
Monitor
Wireless Connection
reference platform comes complete with the

iDigi Telehealth Application Kit, and is available
for purchase through Digi International at
digi.com/hhh.
The HHH reference platform, adhering
enhanced online data repository that lets users
to Continua device profiles, provides
organize, store and share their health
The iDigi Telehealth Application Kit enables
comprehensive functionality and can be used
information.
the creation of secure, highly scalable cloud-
as the foundation for connected medical
connected healthcare gateway solutions right
product designs, giving developers a head
out of the box and brings wireless and wired
start to help them get to market faster. The
connectivity to a wide array of healthcare
kit delivers hardware implementation and the
devices and sensors. The iDigi Device
necessary software components to provide
Cloud provides remote management and
pre-validated, secure connectivity for
secure data integration capabilities, allowing
healthcare devices and user interfaces. The
customers to build innovative and connected
platform also enables connection to the
telehealth solutions for the medical and
Microsoft HealthVault, a privacy- and security-
The HHH reference platform was the Ultimate

Products winner in the 2012 UBM Electronics
ACE (Annual Creativity in Electronics) Awards
in the Development Kits, Reference Designs
and SBCs category.
healthcare market.
12
MCIMX28: i.MX ARM9

Applications Processor
The i.MX28 family of applications processors
is part of our portfolio of solutions built on
the ARM9 core. The i.MX28 family integrates
display, power management and connectivity
features unmatched in ARM9-based devices,
Figure
3-3: i.MX28 Family Block Diagram
i.MX28 Family
Connectivity
I2 C x 2
SPI x 4
UART x 6
reducing system cost and complexity for cost-
GPIO
sensitive applications. The LCD controller with
MMC+/SD x 4
touch screen capability makes it possible to

design creative and intuitive user interfaces
Analog
required by many applications. The i.MX28
12-bit ADC x 8
family reaches new levels of integration in

ARM9 devices and provides the enablement
needed to help design differentiated medical,
industrial, automotive and consumer products
Thermal
Protection
Power
Management
454 MHz ARM926EJ-S core

16 KB/32 KB I and D cache
L2 Switch
CAN x 2
HS USB PHY x 2
LDO x4
Battery Charger
Dual IEEE 1588 10/100 Ethernet with RMII
support and L2 switch (i.MX287)
16 KB I Cache
32 KB D Cache
DDR2
LV-DDR2
Internal
Memory
128 KB SRAM
Security
OTP AES Key
HAB4
SHA-2 Hashing
128-bit AES
128 KB ROM
User I/F
LCD Controller
Standard System
Timer x 4
PWM x 8
Watch Dog
DMA
Audio
Touch Screen
Scaling
Alpha Blending
Rotation
System Debug
I 2S x 2
S/PDIF Tx
NAND
mDDR
i.MX28
ARM926EJ-S 454 MHz
supports li-ion batteries and direct

connection to 5 V supplies
Ext Memory I/F
BCH 20-bit
DC/DC 4.2 V
Power management unit (PMU) to power

the device and drive external components
10/100 Ethernet
IEEE 1588 x 2
2 MSPS ADC x 1
in less time.
Features
Advanced Connectivity
ETM
JTAG
Color Space
Conversion
Single IEEE 1588 10/100 Ethernet with

RMII or GMII support (i.MX280, i.MX283,
i.MX286)
Dual CAN interfaces (i.MX286, i.MX287)
NAND support: SLC/MLC and eMMC 4.4
(managed NAND)
Hardware BCH (up to 20-bit correction)
200 MHz 16-bit DDR2, LV-DDR2, mDDR
external memory support
Figure 3-4: Basic Telehealth Gateway
Telehealth Gateway
Power
Management
USB
and/or
Ethernet
Keypad
Dual High-Speed USB with PHY

Up to eight general-purpose 12-bit ADC
channels
Voltage
Regulation
PC/Broadband or
POTS Connection
PWM
Temperature sensor for thermal protection
Display
Multiple connectivity ports (UARTs, SSP,

SDIO, SPI, I2C, I2S)
MCU/MPU
Multiple family members support various
Wireless Comm
(BT, BTSmart, Wi-Fi,
Sub-GHz, ZigBee)
feature sets based on above feature list

IR Interface
Optional
13
3.3
Power Management
Figure 3-5:
3-2: MC34713
Simplified
Application
Diagram
Figure
MC34713
Simplified
Application
Diagram
VIN
(3.06.0 V)
Every design needs a power source. If the

power source is not stable, the system
may fail while processing information. If the
MC34713
VMASTER
VIN
power source is not regulated, the system
PVIN
VREFIN
may get damaged. These failures might

cause risks to the patient. Therefore, the
BOOT
PGND
design and implementation of a stable and
VDDI
regulated power management system must

be carefully considered to mitigate these
INV
VIN
COMP
FREQ
risks. The Freescale MC34712, MC34713,
VOUT
SW
VOUT
MC34716 and MC34717 are highly integrated,
ILIM
space-efficient, cost-effective dual and single

synchronous buck switching regulators for
GND
multiple applications. A typical application for
MCU
DSP,
FPGA,
ASIC
PG
SD
these devices is shown in Figure 3-5.
Features
Integrated N-channel power MOSFET input
voltage operating range from 3.0 to 6.0 V
1 percent accurate output voltage, ranging
Figure 3-6: Block Diagram Using Power Regulators
Figure 3-3: Block Diagram Using Power Regulators
from 0.7 to 3.6 V

Voltage tracking capability in different
Battery Charger
configurations
AC Line
Programmable switching frequency range

from 200 kHz to 1.0 MHz with a default of
1.0 MHz
Battery
AC Adapter
Programmable soft start timing
Other Blocks
Regulated Power Source
Overcurrent limit and short-circuit

protection
MC34713
Thermal shutdown
Other Blocks
MCU
Output overvoltage and undervoltage

detection
Active low power, good output signal
Active low shutdown input
These regulators enable the use of multiple
Figure 3-7: Linear Voltage Regulator
Figure 3-4: Lineal Voltage Regulator
power sources such as batteries, chargers or

AC adapters.
T
Vin
14
1 uF
0.1 uF
Vout
3.4
Voltage Regulation
Figure 3-8: Single Synchronous Buck Switching Regulator
Figure 3-5: Single Synchronous Buck Switching Regulator

2.7 to 4.2 V
Input VB
In systems where an MCU or DSP is used,
Programmable
1.613 to 3.2 V
MC34713
VB
the power source must be able to provide
VCC1
the complete range of voltage values to be

VO
applied to multiple VCC pins.
VO1
VREF
Programmable
0.805 to 1.5 V
SW1
This regulation can be implemented
RSTO1B
using the Freescale MC34704 power
VCC2
EXT_G_ON
management device.
VO
VO2
MC34704
SW2
RSTO2B
SREGI1
The MC34704 is a multi-channel PMIC.
Features
Eight DC/DC (34704A) or five DC/DC
CONTROL
MCU
percent output voltage accuracy

Dynamic voltage scaling on all regulators
GND
Selectable voltage mode control or current
Programmable
2.08 to 2.8 V
VG
PGND
mode control on REG8
Programmable
0.011 to 2.8 V
SREGO2
SREGI3
SREGO3
LOGIC
INPUTS
(34704B) switching regulators with up to 2
Programmable
0.865 to 2.8 V
SREGO1
SREGI2
VB
SWG
I2C programmability
Output undervoltage and overvoltage
detection for each regulator
Overcurrent limit detection and short-circuit
protection for each regulator
Thermal limit detection for each regulator
(except REG7)
Integrated compensation for REG1, REG3,
REG6 and REG8
5 A maximum shutdown current (all
regulators are off, 5.5 V VIN)
Figure 3-9: MC34704 Block Diagram
MC34704
Figure
3-6:Functional
MC34704 Internal
Block Diagram
Block Diagram
Output Groups
Internal Bias Circuit

VREF Generator
VDDI Reference
Regulator 1*
Regulator 2
Regulator 3
Regulator 4
Regulator 5*
Regulator 6*
Regulator 7*
Regulator 8
Regulator 5
Gate Driver Voltage VG
True cutoff on all boost and buck-boost

regulators
Regulation can be implemented using the
Freescale MC34704, a multi-channel PMIC
used to address power management needs
for various multimedia application MPUs such
as our ARM core-based i.MX applications
processor family. Its ability to provide either
five or eight independent output voltages with
a single input power supply (2.7 and 5.5 V),
together with its high efficiency, makes it
ideal for portable devices powered by li-ion
and polymer batteries or for USB-powered
devices.
Fault Detection and Protection

Overvoltage
Undervoltage
VREF Generator
Short Circuit
Overcurrent
Logic and Control
Startup Sequencing
Soft-Start Control
VREF Generator
Fault Register
I2C Communication and Registers
*34704A 8-channel only
15
3.5
Keypad
Implementation of a touch-sensitive keypad
Figure3-7:
3-10:
Keypad
Implementation
Touch-Sensing
Software
Figure
Keypad
Implementation
UsingUsing
Proximity
Software
provides advantages over classic button-
VDD
based technology, including:
Pull-Up
Resistor
Cost effectiveness
Up to
64
Smaller design
More durability due to lack of
GPIO Port
mechanical wear
MCU with
Touch-Sensing Software
Easy to keep clean
Touch Pads
Freescale provides software libraries that

implement touch-sensing algorithms using
an MCUs general-purpose pins. The
software allows the MCU to drive up to
64 touch pads. It needs only one pull-up
resistor per electrode and timer to complete
Xtrinsic
the circuit.
Figure 3-11:
Capacitive
and Resistive
Touch-Sensing Platform
Capacitive
andXtrinsic
Resistive
Touch-Sensing
Platform
CRTouch Ready Play solution
These devices can be connected to an MCU

through an I2C interface.
Resistive
Touch Screen
3.6
Touch-Sensing
Software Suite (TSS)
Capacitive
Electrodes
The TSS is a downloadable software package
Resistive
Touch Screen
Driver
CRTouch System
Controller
Coordinates Filter
Gestures
Detection
Screen Detection
System Calibration
Sampling Cong
Capacitive
Touch Driver
Keypad
Rotary
Slider
that enables a Freescale 8-bit MCU as a
Address
Select
System Communication
and Signaling
UART
I2C
GPIO
Comm
Selection
GPIO
VCC
Reset
Wakeup
software that enhances forward compatibility
GND
GND
Event
interfaces. TSS is a modular and layered
Baud Rate
Detect
and flexible solutions for human-machine
RXD/TXD
SDA/SCL
touch sensor. This provides cost-effective
VCC
and simplifies touch key configurations.

It also enables the integration of connectivity,
Host MPU/MCU
LCD, LED, audio and other peripherals.
Features
Intellectual property ownership in hardware
layouts and software implementations such
as capacitance conversion, key detection and
decoding algorithms
Modular software design to add new
algorithms
Easy to use with the simple and robust API
Capability to coexist with customer

application code
Available application layer software, decoders
(rotary, slider, keypads), demonstrations and
reference designs to expedite customer time
to market
Possible to use different materials such as
set, including algorithms, patents and system
electrodes, PCB, Flex PCB, membranes,
implementations that protect customer
glasses and foams
applications from noisy/less than ideal

environments
16

3.7
Xtrinsic Capacitive and

Resistive Touch-Sensing
Platform (CRTouch)
Figure 3-12: Components of a Touch-Sensing System
Figure 3-9: Components of a Touch Sensing System
E1
The Xtrinsic CRTouch platform enables
E2
resistive touch screens to handle basic gesture
Capacitance
to Digital
Converter
recognition. Xtrinsic CRTouch allows also the
Signal
Processing
Stage
Output
En
addition of up to four capacitive electrodes to

a system, all packaged on a 5 x 5 mm lead-
Feedback to
User
Buzzer
free 32-pin QFN. It supports 4- and 5-wire

touch screens and communicates over UART
and I2C communication protocols.
Xtrinsic CRTouch is one of the industrys
first devices that combine 4- and 5-wire
resistive screen controller with basic gesture
recognition and up to four capacitive touchsensing electrodes, all encompassed in
Figure 3-13: Timer Operation to Generate PWM Signal
Figure 3-10: Timer Operation to Generate PWM Signal

Overflow
Overflow
Overflow
Period
a single integrated circuit, allowing the
Pulse
Width
implementation of both technologies for

reduced space, software development cost
and time to market.
TPMxCHn
Output
Compare
3.8
Output
Compare
Output
Compare
How It Works
External capacitance is charged and
Electrodes: Physical area that the user uses
discharged continuously and depends on the
as the interface. Usually made of PCB or
sample configuration. While the capacitance
indium tin oxide (ITO)
is being charged, the timer is running and
Capacitance to digital converter: Measures
counting. When the electrode voltage
capacitance on each electrode and
reaches 0.7 VDD, the timer stops and the
produces a digital value as output
counter value is measured. The external

capacitance is modified at the touch
event, modifying the time charge. When
the electrode is touched, the capacitance
increases. Therefore, the count is higher. The
number of samples taken is user-configurable
and determines how many times the
Signal processing stage: This stage

translates measured capacitance to touch
status and then to a logic behavior (rotary,
keypad, slider, etc.)
Output: Indicates touch detection both to
the user and the application
capacitance is charged and discharged when

the scanning starts. A touch-sensing system
contains the following components:
17

3.9
Pulse Width Modulation

(PWM) Function for a
Speaker Circuit
Figure3-11:
3-14:Variations
VariationsininPeriod
Periodand
and
Pulse
Width
Figure
Pulse
Width
Same Duty Cycle, Different Frequency
Period
PWM can be implemented using a simple

timer (in output compare mode) typically
integrated in a Freescale 8-bit MCU. The
pulse width variations determine the volume
of the sound (energy average per cycle).
The timer has a register for the output
compare function to vary the pulse width
Pulse
Width
and volume.
To vary the tone of the sound, the signal
period must be changed. To change
the period, the timer has a register that
determines the number of counts until the
Figure 3-12:
3-15: Implementation
Figure
ImplementationExample
Example
timer overflows.
VDD
Figure 3-14 shows, on the left side, the
Speaker
signal changing the pulse width but with a

determined period. On the right side, the
signal period is halved, but the percentage of
Toner Output
Compare/PWM
the pulse is the same as the signals on the left

side. This is the principle that can be used to
RC
RB
Q1
vary the tone and volume of the sound.
MCU
Figure 3-15 shows a basic implementation of

the circuit to generate an audio signal. The
value of RB is determined by the transistor
used to amplify the signal generated by
the MCU, and by the voltage level of the
MCU output.
3.10
3.11
Wireless Communication
Introduction to Our
Technology
One technology that is expected to directly

impact the trend of reduced healthcare costs
and an increased level of patient care is
wireless connectivity. Freescale offers a
broad portfolio of high- and low-power RF
products, serving the wireless infrastructure,
wireless subscriber, consumer and industrial
markets. Freescale was a pioneer in
developing RF technology and continues
to be a leader in the field by providing the
quality, reliability and consistency required in
todays healthcare designs.
Freescale offers a portfolio of low-power,

cost-effective wireless solutions for embedded
devices. These solutions address a number of
monitoring and control applications, including
consumer, smart energy, industrial and
healthcare. Freescale provides solutions for
sub-1 GHz and 2.4 GHz bands, including IEEE
802.15.4 and ZigBee protocol stacks. Our
solution is complete with development tools,
reference designs and software designed to
help ease wireless development and speed
time to market.
18
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
Applications in Healthcare
Figure 3-16: MC1323x Block Diagram

MC1323x Block Diagram
32 MHz (Typical)
For medical care providers, access to timely
32.768 kHz (Optional)
Clock and
Reset
Module
(CRM)
RF
Oscillator/PLL and
Clock Generation
and accurate information improves the ability
4-ch., 16-bit
TPM
Modules
to provide the highest quality of patient care.

Analog
TX
bedside. The quality of care often depends

on the ability to share vital patient data with
Balun
clinicians in real time outside the care facility.
TX/RX
Switch
Analog
RX
This means clinicians can provide immediate
Digital
Modem
TX
Modem
RX
Modem
IEEE 802.15.4 Transceiver
feedback to attending physicians based on

real-life clinical research as well as track
HCS08
Core
walls of the hospital over the patients lifetime

to improve future treatment methodologies.
Interrupt
Controller
82/128 KB
Flash
Analog
Power
Management
and
Voltage
Regulation
ZigBee technology is rapidly proving to be

useful in these applications. It can help provide
SCI/UART
Interface
Bus
Interface and
Memory
Arbitrator
802.15.4 MAC
Accelerator
with
Security
Mode
treatment paths, and give results beyond the
12 x 12
Keyboard
Interface
CPU Complex
5/8 KB
RAM
I 2C
Module
Data and Address Buses
Decision support is not limited to just the
Up to 32 GPIO
3.12
SPI
Interface
CMT
(IR)
Module
Debug
Module
Low
Battery
greater freedom of movement for the patient

without compromising automated monitoring
functions. ZigBee technology can be deployed
in a number of products that can help ensure
better patient care and more effective care
tracking by providing cost-effective, low-power
wireless technology that can cover large
buildings and institutions with mesh networking.
These solutions include not only silicon
Features
but also software, development tools
8-bit HCS08 MCU operating at 32 MHz bus
and reference designs to help simplify

development. The BeeStack ZigBee-compliant
stack with BeeKit wireless toolkit provides
network parameters. This tool allows
product status for its ZigBee Healthcare
customers to use a wizard and dropdown
wireless health and wellness processing
menus to help configure the ZigBee network
platforms. The ZigBee Certified products
parameters. To learn more about ZigBee
status is awarded to products that have been
technology, visit freescale.com/ZigBee.
that enable wireless devices to securely and

reliably monitor and manage non-critical,
low-acuity healthcare services.
transceiver in combination with the

MC9S08QE128 MCU, and the MC13224V
integrated transceiver with a 32-bit ARM7
MCU. These products are optimized for
SoC supports SMAC, IEEE 802.15.4,

SynkroRF and ZigBee protocol stacks
GHz ISM band operation
Programmable transmitter output power
(-30 to +3 dBm typical)
-93 dBm typical receiver (<1% PER,
20-byte packets)
For information on wireless communication,

power management, keypad and speaker
implementation modules, see the Introduction
to this chapter.
The Freescale processing platforms awarded

the certification include the MC13202FC
IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliant
a simple software environment to configure
Freescale has received ZigBee Certified
tested and met criteria for interoperability
frequency
Low power consumption

o <1
27 mA TX mode
31 mA RX mode
uA sleep
Hardware acceleration for IEEE 802.15.4
3.13
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
Products
sensing and monitoring applications requiring
MC1323x Family
low power for battery-operated or battery-
The Freescale 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee-
backed systems.
ready solution is designed to meet the needs
applications
Advanced encryption/decryption hardware
engine (AES 128-bit)
1.83.6 V with low battery detect
40 C to +85 C operating temperature
7 x 7 mm 48-pin LGA package
of the healthcare market. The MC1323x

Freescale solutions with ZigBee technology
family combines an IEEE 802.15.4 radio with
provide the perfect combination of cost
an HCS08-QE core, creating a cost-effective
effectiveness, low power, high integration
system-on-chip that provides a low-power,
and high performance required for medical
flexible and robust solution for wireless control
monitoring applications.
and monitoring applications.
19

3.14
Sub-1 GHz Applications

in Healthcare
Figure 3-17: Sub-1 GHz Block Diagram
Sub-1 GHz Wireless Application Block Diagram

Switches
LEDs
With the onset of the Internet of Things,

wireless communication for embedded
GPIO
devices is becoming more pervasive. While
KBI
Ant.
2.4 GHz is popular for wireless systems such
Host MCU/
Application
Processor
as Wi-Fi , Bluetooth and ZigBee, sub-GHz

RF has been around for many years and is
GPIO
UART
SPI
PN
LNA
Rx/Tx
Sub-1 GHz
Smart Radio
often preferred by industrial, commercial and

healthcare applications due to its increased
I2C, SPI, ADC
range and better propagation capabilities. In

addition, new standards for sub-GHz radios
including the recently released IEEE 802.15.4g
Sensor
as well as the move to Internet protocol with

network components like 6LowPAN and IPv6
are driving up demand for sub-GHz wireless
Optional
solutions. With options for 2.4 GHz and subGHz, developers now have the tools to design
a wireless system that meets the needs of
their application.
3.15
Sub-1 GHz Products

KW01 Family
Figure 3-18: MKW01 Block Diagram

Kinetis KW01 Wireless MCU
Core
System
Memory
ARM Cortex-M0+
48 MHz
DMA
128 KB Flash
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
16 KB RAM
Debug
Interfaces
Interrupt
Controller
Sub-1 GHz Radio Transceiver

RF I/O
The Kinetis KW01 ultra-low-power wireless

MCU is an ARM Cortex core-based
smart radio solution designed for sub-1
GHz (2901020 MHz) wireless connectivity
applications. Powered by the ultra-low-
Packet Engine
(AES)
66 Byte FIFO
Timers
Interfaces
Clocks
6-bit DAC
2x 10-ch. Timer
I 2C
Phase-Locked
Loop
Periodic
Interrupt
Timers
2x UART
16-bit ADC
Analog
Comparator
Low-Power
Timer
set of peripherals with a high-performance

bi-directional sub-1 GHz radio, capable
RF Boost
Analog
power 48 MHz 32-bit MCU built on the ARM

Cortex-M0+ core, the MKW01 embeds a rich
32 MHz
Oscillator
of operating over a wide frequency range
FrequencyLocked Loop
GPIOs
Frequency
Oscillators
Xtrinsic
Touch Sensing
Internal
Reference Clocks
including 315, 433, 470, 868, 915, 928

and 960 MHz in the license-free industrial,
scientific and medical frequency bands.
Features
Software
Ultra-low-power 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+
Simple media access controller (SMAC)
core.
128 KB flash with 64 byte flash cache,
16 KB RAM
16-bit ADC with configurable resolution,
sample time and conversion speed/power
High-speed comparator with internal
6-bit DAC
12-bit DAC with DMA support
20
Simple communication and test apps

based on drivers/PHY utilities available
as source code
Small footprint (<10 KB)
Supports point-to-point and star
networks with repeaters
Support for over-the-air programming
Radio test tool
Run on PC connected through USB
Allow fast evaluation of the radio

performance in a lab environment without
need for writing software
Analysis of TX spectrum (output power,
harmonics)
Modulation scheme impact (GFSK, BT,
mod index) on spectrum
Help on matching network tuning
Analysis of RX sensitivity performance
(RSSI, LNA input impedance, OOK
threshold, AFC)

3.16
Bluetooth Low Energy

Applications in Healthcare
Figure 3-19: Continua Ecosystem Topology
Figure 3-18: Continua Ecosystem Topology
The recent introduction of Bluetooth 4.0,

more specifically, single-mode Bluetooth
Low Energy, is driving the creation of a whole
new class of wirelessly enabled devices that
are connected to a smart mobile device. In
addition to the connectivity to smartphones
and tablets, Bluetooth Low Energy will allow
devices equipped with the wireless technology
to consume far less power than before.
Bluetooth Low Energy capability is perfect
for transmitting small amounts of data you
might want to display on a watch, collect from
PAN Devices
a fitness machine or send to the cloud for
Application Hosting Devices
LAN/WAN
analysis via a gateway like our HHH reference

platform. It is predicted that there will be 50
billion connected devices in the world by the
end of the decade, many of which will be
healthcare specific.
3.17
Bluetooth Low Energy

Products
Figure 3-20: Medical Applications USB Stack

Figure 3-19: Medical Applications USB Stack
Mouse
Medical
USB Series
Storage
HID
PHD
CDC
MSD
Bluetooth Low Energy Module

(BR-SS-S2A)
Class
Device
Device Layer
Freescale offers a standalone Bluetooth

Low Energy module via partner Stonestreet
S08
ColdFire V1
Control
Controller
S08
ColdFire V1
Core
Hardware
Register
One (stonestreet.com). The BR-SS-S2A

is a standalone single mode module
solution that requires no external stack or
external components and is fully qualified.
The core application processor is a
Freescale MK10DN128VMP5 and the EM
Microelectronic EM9301 is the baseband.
Features
Three types of models: With/without RF
chip antenna, or U.FL connector.
FCC, IC, CE, RoHS and Bluetooth V4.0compliant 2.4 GHz band module. Code
space in Freescale MK10DN128VMP5 for
client applications
EM Microelectronic EM9301 baseband
UART, SPI data interface (2-wire or 4-wire

with CTS/RTS).
More information is available at

stonestreetone.com/singlemodemodule.cfm.
Includes integrated software stack, profiles,

and AT modem like commands.
Embedded Bluetopia Bluetooth stack
protocols and profiles include GAP, GATT,
SMP, ATT and L2CAP with additional LE
services and profiles available upon request
21

Bluetooth Low Energy Demo
(TWRPI-BLE-DEMO)
The TWRPI-BLE-DEMO is a demo plug-in
for Bluetooth Low Energy connectivity, which
is ideal for portable healthcare and fitness
devices, featuring the single-mode Bluetooth
Low Energy module from Stonestreet One.
It is designed to easily enable medical and
fitness devices to connect to one of more
than a billion Bluetooth Low Energy-enabled
mobile Internet devices (smartphones, tablets,
notebook computers). Its a comprehensive
Bluetooth Low Energy radio module solution
with an on-board antenna so designers dont
have to worry about learning Bluetooth Low
Energy single-mode communication software
or RF hardware design when adding Bluetooth
Low Energy connectivity to their end product.
The TWRPI-BLE-DEMO is a standalone demo
but can be also used with Kinetis modular
Tower System development platforms.
Table 3-1: Freescale MCU/MPU Families That Support the USB Personal Healthcare Device
SOC
Use Case
S08
MC9S08MM128
PAN device
MC9S08JM16
Low-end PAN device
MC9S08JM60
PAN device
MC9S08JS16
Low-end PAN device
ColdFire V1
MCF51JM128
PAN device, hybrid device, application hosting device
MCF51MM256
MCF51JE256
MCF51(JF/JU)128
ColdFire V2
ARM Cortex-M4
Kinetis KL2x, KL4x
Kinetis MK20, MK40, MK50 and MK60
ARM i.MX
MCIMX28x
PAN device, application hosting device
MCIMX53
Application hosting device
i.MX6
Application hosting device
Features
Self-contained FCC/CE certified module
with integrated chip antenna
12 mm x 18 mm
Figure 3-21: Broadband Block Diagram
Figure 3-20: Broadband Block Diagram
Contains EM Micro Bluetooth Low Energy

Pulse
Ox
transceiver and Kinetis K10 MCU

Stonestreet One Bluetooth Low Energy
stack and profiles included, AT modem
Implant
BloodPressure
Cuff
Healthcare
Provider
Service
Digital
Home
command set interface

Pedometer
Disease
Management
Service
Cell Phone
3.18
Freescale PHDC USB

Library Software
One of the biggest challenges for
medical designers is medical standard
compliances. The Continua Health Alliance
(continuaalliance.org) consists of more than
Weight
Scale
USB Personal Healthcare

Device Class Specification
Internet
Personal Health
System
PC
Personal
Health Record
Service
Fitness
Equipment
Medication
Tracking
Implant
Monitoring
Service
200 members that have come together to

form work groups to set standards for medical
systems.
Having multi-vendor medical devices
Freescale provides complimentary stacks that
communicating among themselves is not an
enable the user with ready-to-use software to
easy task. Every day, protocols such as USB
begin their path to standardization. Continua
are being implemented in medical devices.
Health Alliance is responsible for certifying
Continua provides guidelines to address
devices for compliance.
standardization in connectivity. Figure 3-19

describes a medical device system topology.
22

3.19
Standard Medical USB

Communication
Figure 3-22: Medical Connectivity Library (IEEE 11073)

Figure 3-21: Medical Connectivity Library (IEEE 11073)
Application
For USB communication, two main standards
Device Specialization Interface
must be considered:
TIL Interface
Medical Connectivity
IEEE 11073, which provides structure to the
Medical Connectivity
Library
Interface API
communication interface
Personal healthcare device class (PHDC),
which is a standard implementation of USB
USB
Ethernet
Transport
USB
TCP/IP
Transport
USB HW
Ethernet
Transport
TIL SHIM
Interface API
for medical devices

The advantage of designing medical
applications with a dedicated medical stack
instead of a conventional USB stack is that
a medical USB stack is designed specifically
for medical USB devices. It eases medical
Available Functionality
application data exchange because it has a

specific device specialization layer. Designing
medical applications under a conventional
USB stack may not provide the added value
of medical organizations certifications.
Three main factors must be considered
when selecting a particular USB connectivity
software implementation for medical devices.
1. Standardization: The solution is based
on well-known standards in the industry.
This helps to ensure success and proper
introduction of the product to the market.
2. Connectivity: The implementation allows
The medical applications USB stack provides
Bluetooth, USB and ZigBee. The library can
the user with a PHDC implementation that
be downloaded at freescale.com.
is divided into layers for portability and

simplicity. The stack can also be used as a
general-purpose USB stack. The stack has
been ported to 8-bit 9S08, 32-bit ColdFire and
Kinetis devices and can be downloaded at
USB devices compliant with industry

standards such as IEEE 11073 will be
developed under organizations such as
Continua Health Alliance for future use.
freescale.com.
A sample application featuring a weight
The USB protocol can be further broken
demonstrate the value of working under
scale device has been created to
into PHDC and low-level driver layers. The
the standardization scheme and allowing
connecting multiple devices from different
low-level driver abstracts USB IP to provide
multi-vendor device interoperability. Other
vendors within an ecosystem topology.
a generic interface to the class driver. The
supported devices include, blood pressure
A connectivity-friendly environment is
PHDC is a function-specific class layer.
monitors (IEEE 1107310407), blood
sustained by a robust and easy-to-use

software stack.
3. Portability: Multi-device independent
layered architecture eases porting of code
among devices. Selecting a hardware
vendor with a broad portfolio is key to
ensure customization and product roadmap
establishment.
Software architecture helps to ensure code
Its responsibility is to hide transport-specific

details from the data exchange protocol layer.
Freescale additionally provides a medical
connectivity library that provides users with
glucose monitors (IEEE11073-10417) and

thermometers (IEEE1107310408). Demo
videos of these solutions are available at
freescale.com/healthcare.
standard IEEE 11073 connectivity. This

library is transport-independent because of
its transport independent layer. Therefore,
protocols that may be used include serial,
robustness, portability and reliability in

embedded systems development.
23

3.20
Kinetis KL2x Family
Figure 3-23: Kinetis KL2x Family Block Diagram
The Kinetis KL2 MCU family is pin, software

and tool compatible with all other Kinetis L
MCU families and adds a Full-Speed USB
2.0 On-The-Go controller with an integrated
low-voltage regulator. The Kinetis KL2 MCU
family is also compatible with the Kinetis K20
MCU family (based on the ARM Cortex-M4
processor), providing a migration path to
higher performance and feature integration.
Features
Next-generation 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+
core: 2x more CoreMark/mA than the
closest 8/16-bit architecture
Multiple flexible low power modes,
including new compute clocking option
which reduces dynamic power by
placing peripherals in an asynchronous
stop mode
Up to 256 KB flash with 64 byte flash
cache, up to 32 KB RAM
USB 2.0 On-The-Go (Full-Speed) with
integrated USB low-voltage regulator
supplies up to 120 mA off chip at 3.3 volts
to power external components from 5-volts
input
Two I2C with DMA support, up to 100 Kb/s
and compatible with SMBus V2 features
One LPUART and two UART with DMA
support
Two SPI with DMA support
Up to 16-bit ADC with configurable
resolution, sample time and conversion
speed/power
Integrated temperature sensor
High-speed comparator with internal 6-bit
DAC
12-bit DAC with DMA support
24
Blood Pressure Monitor

4.1
Introduction
Blood pressure monitors are medical devices for patients who suffer
Blood pressure monitoring systems use techniques such as
from hypertension who need to detect, measure and track their blood
oscillometric methods and Korotkoff measurements. The oscillometric
pressure. This is one of the vital signs that need to be measured to
method consists of measuring the oscillations in pressure inside
make a precise diagnosis. Up to 25 percent of patients diagnosed
the cuff that the patient wears. The Korotkoff method is based on
with hypertension actually suffer from what is known as white coat
listening to sounds when taking blood pressure.
hypertension. This is the elevation of arterial pressure due to anxiety

or stress produced by a health professional while taking a blood
pressure test. Personal blood pressure monitors can help in detecting
true hypertension as stipulated in the Joint National Committee and
the 2003 guidelines from the European Society of Hypertension.
Automatic blood pressure monitoring conducted at home is

increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of hypertension.
This includes arm cuff and wrist cuff units. Figure 4-1 illustrates the
system block diagram of a typical blood pressure monitor.
25
4.2
Heartbeat Detection
The heartbeat rate is a vital patient
measurement. The following procedure is
Figure 4-1: Blood Pressure Monitor General Block Diagram
Blood Pressure Monitor (BPM)

Power
Management
SPI/I2C
Inertial
Sensor
Wireless
Comm
used to obtain this measurement. While

deflating a cuff that is attached to a persons
Display
MCU
arm, slight variations in the overall cuff
Amplifier
pressure may be detected (Figure 4-2). This

variation in the cuffs pressure is due to the
Keypad
pressure change from blood circulation. This

variation is amplified through a filter designed
at 1 Hz, and set to an offset. This new signal
SPI/I2C
USB
DC Brush
Motor Control
Main System
To PC
Non-Volatile
Memory
is the heartbeat signal.

The signal in Figure 4-3 shows variations in the
Sensor System
(Intergrated with main system
for wrist applications or with cuff
for all other applications)
Pump Motor
Pressure Sensor
pressure signal and is a graphical representation

of a patients heartbeat over time.
4.3
Systolic and Diastolic

Measurements
Heartbeat detection is a simple oscillometric
Bleed Valve
Optional
Figure 4-2: Heartbeat Signal
Figure 4-2: Heartbeat Signal
method used to determine systolic blood

pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure
(DBP). The simplified measurement is
based on the idea that the amplitude of the
heartbeat signal changes as the cuff is inflated
over the SBP. While the cuff is deflated, the
amplitude of the heartbeat signal grows as
the cuff pressure passes the systolic pressure
of the patient. As the cuff pressure is further
reduced, the pulsations increase in amplitude
until the pulsations reach a maximum pulse
known as the mean arterial pressure (MAP),
Pressure
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Pressure
800
600
400
200
0
1
449
897
1345 1793 2241 2689 3137 3585 4033 4481 4929 5377 5825 6273 6721
and then reduce rapidly until the diastolic

pressure is reached (Figure 4-4).
4.4
Invasive Blood Pressure

Monitors
The most accurate way to measure blood
Figure 4-3: Heartbeat over Time

Figure 4-3: Heartbeat over Time
Heartbeat
2500
2000
pressure is to take the measurement directly from

an arterial line. The advantage of this method
1500
is continuous measurement, versus a discrete

measurement in the non-invasive method.
Freescale has long been a provider of sensors
Heartbeat
1000
500
for the invasive blood pressure monitoring

segment. Figure 4-6 shows different types of
packaging for Freescale pressure sensors.
26
0
1
458
915
1372 1829 2286 2743 3200 3657 4114 4571 5028 5485 5942 6399 6856

4.5
Obtaining Pressure
Measurements
The basic function of a blood pressure
Figure 4-4: Heartbeat Versus Diastolic Pressure
Figure 4-4: Heartbeat Versus Diastolic Pressure

2500
MAP
SBP
2000
monitor is to measure arterial pressure. One

method to obtain this measurement is to use
DBP
1500
a pressure sensor that measures the present

pressure. The variations in pressure change
Heartbeat
Pressure
1000
the velocity of a motor that controls an air

pump. The air chamber presses the arm up to
the systolic pressure. When systolic pressure
500
is reached, the valve can deflate the cuff
around the arm gradually. At the same time,
458
915
1372 1829 2286 2743 3200 3657 4114 4571 5028 5485 5942 6399 6856
the pressure sensor takes the measurements.

Some useful areas for Freescale sensors
include the following healthcare monitoring
Figure 4-5: Flexis MCU Blood Pressure Monitor Reference Design Block Diagram
Figure 4-5: Flexis Microcontroller Blood Pressure Monitor Reference Design Block Diagram
applications:
Motor Control
Blood pressure monitors

Power Stage
Valve
Invasive blood pressure monitors

Intrauterine blood pressure monitors
Respirators
DC Motor
(Air Pump)
Sleep apnea monitors
High-Pass
Filter
Sports diagnostic systems

Drug delivery for inhalers
USB
Connector
(Type B)
designed for applications where high quality
GPIO
(39)
and reliability are especially important.

Power Supply
(3.3, 12 V)
Freescale sensors offer a wide range of functions
MPR083
Touch-Sensing
Software
MCU
Kinetis KL2x
SPI (3)
GPIO (3)
Freescale pressure sensors are specifically
MC13202
(ZigBee
Transceiver)
Electrodes (5)
Low-Pass
Filter (RC)
Batteries
and features, from basic to fully amplified and
PCB
Antenna
Non-Volatile
Memory
GPIO (1)
Physical therapy
OLED
Display
SPI (4)
Ctrl (2)
ADC (1)
TPM (1)
Power Stage
Dialysis equipment
TPM (1)
MPXV5050GP
(Pressure
Sensor)
Air Chamber
ADC (1)
Hospital bed controls
Speaker
Audio
Amplifier
temperature-compensated devices.
The amplified series can easily be connected
to an MCU. The low-voltage pressure sensor
series is designed to meet power efficiency
Figure 4-6: Freescale Pressure Sensors
Figure 4-6: Freescale Pressure Sensors
demands to extend longevity for simpler, costsensitive medical and portable electronics.
MPAK
Freescale pressure sensors combine

advanced micro-machining techniques, thinfilm metallization and bipolar semiconductor
processing that provides accurate and highly
Super
Small
Outline
Package
(SSOP)
Unibody
Case
1317
MPAK Axial Port
Tire
Pressure
Monitor
Axial
Port
Basic
Element
Dual
Port
Medical
Chip Pak
Gauge
Port
Case
423A
reliable sensors at competitive prices.

Small
Outline
Package
Case
(SOP)
482
Through
Hole 492B
Vacuum
Port
Side
Port
Dual
Port
Axial
Port
Through Through Through

Hole
Hole
Hole
Axial Port Axial Port Axial Port
27
Motor Control
Valve
For more information on how to build a blood

pressure monitor, download the following PDF
MPXV5050GP
(Pressure
Sensor)
Air Chamber
documents from freescale.com:
Power Stage
Application note AN4328: Blood Pressure
DC Motor
(Air Pump)
Monitor Fundamentals and Design.
High-Pass
Filter
Power Stage
implementation of a basic blood pressure

monitor using the MK53N512, or the
TPM (1)
This application note describes the
TPM (1)

Reference Design
Figure 4-7: Pressure Gauge Block Diagram
Figure 4-8: Pressure Gauge Block Diagram
SPI (4)
Ctrl (2)
ADC (1)
4.6
ADC (1)
MCU
MC9S08MM128 medical oriented MCUs,

pressure sensors, as well as the MED-BPM
development board. Code is provided to
speed development. The block diagram is
shown in Figure 4-8.
Application note AN3500: Blood Pressure
Monitor Using Flexis QE128 and Pressure
Figure 4-8: MED-BPM Block Diagram
Figure 4-9: MED-BPM Block Diagram
Sensors
Blood Pressure Monitor Using the Flexis
GPIO
QE128 Family and Pressure Sensors

Find more information about the components
GPIO
Optocoupler
Design reference manual DRM101:
Arm Cuff
of a blood pressure sensor in this guide:
Air
Pump
Air
Value
Pressure
Sensor
MP3V5050
For inertial sensors, see Chapter 8, Activity

Monitor
For wireless communication, power
management, keypad and speaker
ADC
Telehealth Systems Introduction

For LCD screen connection, see Chapter 6,
Low-Pass
Filter
Buffer with
Internal Opamp
Blood Glucose Meter Introduction

For pressure sensor implementation and
motor control devices, see Chapter 12,
ADC
implementation modules, see Chapter 3,

High-Pass
Filter
MM/KSX Internal
Signal Amplifier
with Internal Opamp
Low-Pass
Filter
Non Electrical Connection
Ventilation and Spirometry Introduction
28

MCF51QE: FlexisFigure
32-bit
ColdFire V1 MCU
4-10: MCF51QE
Block Diagram
Figure 4-9: MCF51QE
Block Diagram
The QE family, comprised of a pin-compatible

8-bit and 32-bit device duo, is the first family
in the Flexis MCU series. The Flexis series
of controllers is the connection point on the
Freescale Controller Continuum roadmap for
8- and 32-bit compatibility.
8 KB
SRAM
128 KB
Flash
BDM
ICS +
ULP Osc
GPI/O
2 KBI
2 x SPI
2 x I2C
24-ch.,
12-bit ADC
6-ch.,
16-bit
Timer
2 x SCI
COP
2 x 3-ch.,
16-bit
Timer
2x
Comparator
The MCF51QE128 device extends the low end

of the 32-bit ColdFire controller family with
up to 128 KB flash memory and a 24-channel
12-bit ADC. The 32-bit MCF51QE128 is pin,
peripheral and tool compatible with the 8-bit
S08QE128 device. They share a common
set of peripherals and development tools,
4 KB
SRAM
64 KB
Flash
delivering the ultimate in migration flexibility.
Features
50 MHz ColdFire V1 core, 25 MHz bus speed
Up to 128 KB flash memory
Up to 8 KB RAM
1.8 to 3.6 V operating voltage range
Loop-control oscillator
4 KB
SRAM
32 KB
Flash
Memory
Options
Real-Time
Counter
Two Rapid
GPIO Ports
ColdFire V1
Core
System
Inegration
Highly accurate internal clock (ICS)

Single-wire background debug interface
Core
Optional
Up to 70 GPIO ports, plus 16 bits of

rapid GPIO
16 keyboard interrupt pins
40 C to +85 C temperature range
Pin compatibility in 64- and 80-pin
LQFP packages
Common development tools including
CodeWarrior for MCUs 6.0
29

Kinetis K50 Measurement MCUs
The K50 MCU family is pin, peripheral and
Figure 4-10: Kinetis K50 Family Block Diagram

Figure 4-11: Kinetis K50 Family
software compatible with other Kinetis MCUs
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
and provides designers with an analog

measurement engine consisting of integrated
operational and transimpedance amplifiers

and high-resolution ADC and DAC modules.
Debug
Interfaces
The family also features IEEE 1588 Ethernet
Interrupt
Controller
and hardware encryption, Full-Speed USB
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
DMA
2.0 On-The-Go with device charger detect
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
capability and a flexible low-power segment

LCD controller with support for up to 320
segments. Devices start from 128 KB of
flash in 64-pin QFN packages extending up
to 512 KB in a 144-pin MAPBGA package.
Features
Kinetis K50 MCU features
and peripherals in the integrated
measurement engine:
Ultra-low-power operation
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)
2 x opamp
2 x 12-bit DAC
I2C
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
I2C
I2 S
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Analog
Comparator
Communication Interfaces
Programmable
Delay Block
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Opamp
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
Standard Feature
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
2 x 16-bit SAR ADC, up to 31 channels

with programmable gain amplifiers
Clocks
Phase-Locked
Loop
Analog
Voltage
Reference
2 x triamp
Programmable delay block
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator
Optional Feature
USB connectivity
ARM Cortex-M4 core with DSP instructions
Kinetis KL2x USB MCUs

Features
ARM Cortex-M0+ core, 48 MHz core
Capacitive touch sense interface supports
frequency over full voltage and temperature
up to 16 external electrodes and DMA
range (40 C to +105 C)
data transfer

processor), providing a migration path to higher
performance and feature integration.

Multiple flexible low power modes
Up to 16-bit ADC with configurable
resolution, sample time and conversion

integrated USB low-voltage regulator
supplies up to 120 mA off chip at 3.3 volts
to power external components from
5-volts input
speed/power
Devices start from 32 KB of flash in a smallfootprint 5 x 5 mm 32 QFN package extending

up to 256 KB in a 121 MBGA package. Each
combines ultra-low-power performance with a
rich suite of analog, communication, timing and
control peripherals.
30
S08MM: Flexis
8-bit MCUs
Figure 4-11: MC9S08MM128 Block Diagram

The 9S08MM128/64/32 provides ultralow-power operation, USB connectivity,

graphic display support and unparalleled
measurement accuracy, all in a single 8-bit
MCU, allowing device designers to create
more fully featured products at a lower cost.
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
It is ideal for applications requiring a

significant amount of precision analog.
2 x SCI
2 x 4-ch. TPM with PWM
USB
Device
The 9S08MM128/64/32 is part of the Flexis

MCU series.
Features
S08 core delivering a 48 MHz core speed
and 24 MHz bus speed
MCG
128 KB Flash
2 x KBI
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
12 KB SRAM
8-bit 9S08 48 MHz Core
Up to 128 KB flash and 12 KB SRAM

Low-power stop 2 current: 450 nA
(12 KB of active SRAM)
2 x general-purpose opamp
2 x triamp
16-bit high-resolution SAR ADC
Analog comparator
Internal voltage reference
USB device controller
2 x serial peripheral interface,
2 x serial communications interface and
1 x I2C
31
Heart Rate Monitor

5.1
Introduction
Heart rate monitors measure the heart rate during exercise or vigorous activity
and gauge how hard the patient is working. Newer heart rate monitors consist
of two main components: a signal acquisition sensor/transmitter and a receiver
(wrist watch or smartphone). In some cases, the signal acquisition is integrated
into fabric worn by the user or patient. MCUs analyze the ECG signal and
determine the heart rate, making it possible to implement a simple heart rate
monitor with an 8-bit MCU.
5.2
Heart Signals Overview

Figure 5-1 shows a typical heart signal in
which the heart muscles generate different
voltages. P represents an atrial depolarization.
Q, R, S and T represent the depolarization and
repolarization of the ventricles. Each time this
signal is present, a heartbeat is generated.
The principal purpose of this application is
to provide a heartbeat average, so it is only
necessary to work with the QRS complex (see
section 5-4, Obtaining QRS Complexes). For
this reason, it is important to develop analog
and digital signal conditioning. First, the signal
is amplified and the noise is filtered, and then
the QRS complex can be detected.
32

5.3
Filters and Amplification
Figure
Typical
Heart
Signal
Figure
5-1:5-1:
Typical
Heart
Signal
Noise and interference signals acquired
in this type of system can be caused by

electricity, such as radiation from electricpowered fluorescent lamps that generate
a lot of common-mode voltage and noise.
Other aspects that generate noise are muscle

contractions, respiration, electromagnetic
interference and noise from electronic

components. Because the electrical signals
from the heart are not strong enough, it is

necessary to amplify the signals and reduce
the common-mode voltage in the system.
Cardiac motion generates electrical currents
with different potentials in the body. These can
Figure 5-2: Heart Rate Monitor (HRM) General Block Diagram
be sensed with electrodes, usually connected
Heart Rate Monitor (HRM)
to the right and left hands. The electrical

potential is an AC signal in a bandwidth
from 0.1 to 150 Hz with a magnitude of
approximately 1 mV peak to peak, and with
Special Conductive
Glove or Finger Touch
to Conductive Area
Amplifier
ADC
presence of common-mode voltage noise in a

Hz. Knowing this information, a circuit can be
designed for amplification and filtration (see
figures 5-3, 5-4, 5-5 and 5-6 for details).
PWM
MCU
Power
LED
Coin Cell
Battery
USB
frequency range from approximately 40 to 60
Wireless
Comm
Keypad
Display
Receiver/
Amplifier
To Remote
Sensor System
Antenna
Main
Receiver System
To PC
5.4
Amplifier and Filtering

Requirements
The amplification is fixed at 1000 with a
Coin Cell
Battery
Amplifier
MCU
band-pass filter and cut frequencies of 0.1 Hz

and 150 Hz. The reject-band filter has cut
Amp and
Modulator
ADC
Conductive Rubber Chest Strap

or Special Clothing
Speaker Drive
Circuitry
Antenna
To Main
Receiver
System
Remote
Sensor System
Optional
frequencies of 40 Hz and 60 Hz.
Frequency Response
Diagnostic grade monitoring
-3 dB frequency, bandwidth of 0.1150 Hz
Figure 5-3: Signal Conditioning Block Diagram
Figure 5-3: Signal Conditioning Block Diagram
Band-pass filter
Rlp = 1 k Rhp = 1.5 M Clp = Chp = 1 uF
AC line noise
-3 dB frequency bandwidth of 4060 Hz
Instrumentation
Amplifier
ADC
Rejectband filter
Rlp = 1 k R hp = 1.5 M Clp = 4 uF C hp = 1.7 nF
This application requires two types of
amplifiers: an instrumentation amplifier and an
operational amplifier.
33

Instrumentation amplifier requirements
include:
Figure5-4:
5-4:
Instrument
Amplifier
to Acquire
Signal
Figure
Instrument
Amplifier
to Acquire
HeartHeart
Signal
Low gain 10
High common-mode rejection ratio
Vi1
R4
Low offset
R2
R3
R1 = 500 R2 = 4.5 k
Requirements for the operational amplifier, the
second part of the instrumentation amplifier,
Vid=
(Vi1-Vi2 )
2R1
Vid/2R1
Vid(1+2R2 /2R1)
R2
Vo=R4 /R3( 1+R2 /R1)Vid
R3
include:
A=Vo/Vid
R4
High gain 100

Output voltage around 1 V
Vi2
Low offset
R3 = 1 k R2 = 100 k
5.5
Obtaining QRS Complexes
Figure 5-5: Passive Band-Pass Filter Circuit Operating Frequencies 0.1150 Hz
Figure 5-5: Band-Pass Filter Circuit Operating Frequencies 0.1 Hz150 Hz
The QRS complex must be detected in every

heartbeat. This complex is the highest peak
generated from the heart waveform. Although
the signal has been filtered and amplified, it is
necessary to include a digital band-pass filter
with a bandwidth of 10 to 25 Hz to remove
high-frequency noise and low-frequency drift.
Filtering a derivation is then implemented and
a threshold is taken to determine whether the
data is part of the QRS signal.
Figure 5-6: Active Band-Pass Filter Circuit Operating Frequencies 0.1150 Hz
Figure 5-6: Band-Pass Filter Circuit Operating Frequencies 0.1 Hz150 Hz
5.6
Heart Rate Monitor Design

For more information on how to design a
heart rate monitor, refer to AN4323: Freescale
Solutions for Electrocardiograph and Heart
Rate Monitor Applications. This application
note describes how to use the MED-EKG
development board, a highly efficient board
that can be connected to the Freescale Tower
System to obtain an electrocardiogram signal
and measure heart rate.
The application is implemented using
either the MK53N512, MC9S08MM128 or
MCF51MM256 MCUs.
Figure 5-7: Digital Signal Processing to Obtain the QRS Complex
Figure 5-7: Digital Signal Processing to Obtain the QRS Complex

X(n)
Raw ECG
Q
LPF
Integrate
S
HPF
Differentiate
Square
Y(n)
34
Blood Glucose Meter

6.1
Introduction
A glucometer is a device for determining the approximate
in series with a resistor to a fixed voltage source. The voltage drop in
concentration of glucose in the blood. It is a key element of home-
the variable resistance is determined by conductivity of the resistance.
based blood glucose monitoring for people with diabetes mellitus
When the conductivity is high, the voltage drop is low, and when the
(Type 1 and 2).
conductivity is low, the voltage drop is high. These variations can be
The conductivity of blood is affected by the quantity of glucose
analyzed to determine the glucose concentration.
present. This is the principle used to determine the concentration of

glucose in a sample of blood. This biological phenomenon can be
modeled with an electrical circuit where a variable resistor is connected
35

6.2
Test Strip
Figure 6-1: Blood Glucose Monitor General Block Diagram
Blood Glucose Monitor (BGM)
A test strip consists of an electrode with

chemical elements where a blood sample is
Power
Management
deposited. The elements present in the strip

generate a reaction and an electric current is
sent to a transimpedance amplifier that converts
the current into voltage. The output voltage is
proportional to the input current, following the
equation of the transimpedance amplifier.
Wireless
Comm
The transimpedance amplifier embedded on
Display
MCU/MPU
the Kinetis K50 and the Flexis MM MCUs

(S08MM and MCF51MM) allows the user to
acquire the current generated by the glucoses
PWM
DAC
ADC
Opamp
Keypad
chemical reaction to the enzyme. The
Test Strip
external components are used to configure

the desired gain value of the amplifier. The
transimpedance module is called TriampV1
and it is managed through the values of
the TIAMPCO register. The TIAMPEN bit of
Optional
Figure6-2:
6-2:Equivalent
Equivalent
Circuit
Rv Equal
to Blood
Conductivity
Figure
Circuit
withwith
Rv Equal
to Blood
Conductivity
this register enables the transimpedance

module and the LPEN bit enables low power
mode (LPEN = 1) and high speed mode
(LPEN = 0). Low power mode is commonly
Rv
R+Rv
Vo=Vi
R
Vi
used for battery-dependent systems, but

it compromises the response speed of
RV
the system.
Vo
The TRIOUT pin of this module must be

connected with an external resistor (gain
resistor) to the VINN pin, which is the inverting
input of the operational amplifier. The VINP pin
must be connected to ground.
Figure 6-3: Basic Transimpedance Amplifier
Figure 6-3: Basic Transimpedance Amplifier

Vo = -li x Rf
A general block diagram of the test strip is
R2
shown in Figure 6-4.

The basic sensor for a glucometer is an enzymatic
li
Vo
strip. These are based on the detection of

hydrogen peroxide formed in the course of
U1
enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of glucose.

Glucose GOD gluconolactone hydrogen
peroxide
C6H12O6 C6H10O6 + H2O2
These strips are amperometric sensors that
use a three-electrode design. This approach
Figure 6-4: Test Strip Basic Block Diagram Using Flexis MM
Figure 6-4: Test Strip Basic Block Diagram Using Flexis MM

Blood
Sample
MCU/MPU
is useful when using amperometric sensors

because of the reliability of measuring voltage
and current in the same chemical reaction.
The three-electrode model uses a working
Reactive
Electrode
External
Components
Embedded
Transimpedance
Amplifier
Embedded
ADC
electrode (WE), reference electrode (RE) and

counter electrode (CE).
36

AN4364: Glucose Meter
Fundamentals and Design
Figure 9-8 Kinetis K50 Family
This application note shows a basic glucometer
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
implementing Freescale K53, S08MM128 and
MCF51MM MCUs. The application uses the

MED-GLU board, which is a development
board to enable the rapid prototyping of
glucose meters by connecting it to the
Freescale Tower System through the medical
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA
connector on medical-oriented MCU modules.

Security
and Integrity
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Timers
FlexTimer
I2C
I2 S
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
6-bit
DAC
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)
Voltage
Reference

segments. Devices start from 128 KB of flash
Programmable
Delay Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
12-bit
DAC
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
16-bit
ADC
Analog
Comparator
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
Analog
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Clocks
Phase-Locked
Loop
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
in 64-pin QFN packages extending up to
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
Low-Power
Timer
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
USB Voltage
Regulator
Optional Feature
Standard Feature
512 KB in a 144-pin MAPBGA package.
Features
Kinetis K50 MCU features and peripherals in
the integrated measurement engine:
2 x opamp
2 x triamp
2 x 12-bit DAC
2 x 16-bit SAR ADC, up to 31 channels with
programmable gain amplifiers
Figure 6-6: Kinetis KL2 MCU Family Block Diagram

Kinetis KL2 MCU Family: Block Diagram
ARM Cortex-M0+ Core
System
Debug Interfaces
Internal
Watchdog
Interrupt Controller
DMA
Micro Trace Buffer
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators

I C
USB connectivity
Kinetis KL2x USB MCUs
Analog
16-bit
ADC
Analog
Comparator
12-bit
DAC

Clocks
SRAM
(4 to 32 KB)
Bit Manipulation
Engine
48 MHz
Memories
Program
Flash (32 to 256 KB)
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Unique ID
Timers
HMI
PWM
2x I2C
GPIO
Low-Power UART
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
Periodic
Interrupt
Timers
Phase-Locked
Loop
2x UART
Low-Power
Timer
2x SPI
Secure RealTime Clock
I2 S
USB OTG (LS/FS)

Standard
Optional

processor), providing a migration path to
higher performance and feature integration.
37

Devices start from 32 KB of flash in a smallfootprint 5 x 5 mm 32 QFN package extending
up to 256 KB in a 121 MBGA package. Each

combines ultra-low-power performance with
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
a rich suite of analog, communication, timing

and control peripherals.
Features
ARM Cortex-M0+ core, 48 MHz core
frequency over full voltage and temperature
2 x KBI
MCG
Multiple flexible low power modes
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
128 KB Flash
Up to 16-bit ADC with configurable resolution,

sample time and conversion speed/power
USB
Device
2 x SCI
range (40 C to +105 C)
12 KB SRAM
Capacitive touch sense interface supports

up to 16 external electrodes and DMA
data transfer
integrated USB low-voltage regulator supplies
up to 120 mA off chip at 3.3 V to power
external components from 5 V input
Figure 6-8: Chip Schematic
Figure 6-8: Chip Schematic
S08MM: Flexis 8-bit MCUs

The 9S08MM128/64/32 provides ultra-lowpower operation, USB connectivity, graphic
2
display support and unparalleled measurement

accuracy, all in a single 8-bit MCU, allowing
device designers to create more fully featured
products at a lower cost. It is ideal for
applications requiring a significant amount of
precision analog. The 9S08MM128/64/32 is

part of the Flexis MCU series.
1) WE, 2) CE, 3) Ag/AgCI RE, 4) Conductive lines, 5) Pads
Features
Figure 6-9: MED GLU Block Diagram
Figure 6-5: MED GLU Block Diagram
low-power stop 2 current: 450 nA

Triamp
Opamp
2 x triamp
Test Strip
Vref
(-0.4 V)
Triamp

2 x serial peripheral interface
2 x serial communications interface
and 1 x I2C
38
Voltage
Inverter
ADC
Low-Pass
Filter
ADC
Vref
(1.2 V)
Analog comparator
Low-Pass
Filter
Opamp
Current to Voltage
Converter
3.3 V
MM/K5x Internal

6.3
Wired and Wireless

Communication
Figure 6-10: Example of Communication Interface for Blood Glucose Monitor
Figure 6-10: Example of Communication Interface for Blood Glucose Monitor

Antenna
Antenna
ZigBee
Transceiver
ZigBee
Transceiver
The functionality of a blood glucose meter

can be expanded to allow wired or wireless
communication with other devices such as
PDAs, smartphones, insulin dispensers or
Blood Glucose
Monitor
calorimeters. This can be useful for telehealth
Remote
Monitoring System
applications and remote patient monitoring.

Freescale offers several cost-effective, lowpower MCUs with integrated USB interfaces
Patient
for wired communication. For wireless options,

Freescale offers ZigBee solutions and
examples in its own BeeKit toolkit. Figure 6-10
is an example of ZigBee implementation.
Figure 6-11: LCD Connection
Figure 6-11: LCD Connection
See Chapter 3.10, Wireless Communication,
Twisted Nematic Display
for more details.

Frontplanes
6.4
LCD Module
The LCD module shows the glucose level.
Charge
Pump
VLL
Freescale provides an application note titled
Backplanes
MCU with
LCD Controller
LCD Driver Specification (document AN3796)

about how to implement an LCD controller
and the driver software. The application note
is available at freescale.com.
The capacity of digits is determined by the
LCD used. It must be supported by the
number of segments that can drive the LCD
controller. The MC9S08LL16 processor
supports up to 4 x 28 or 8 x 24 segments.
LCD driver pins are mixed with GPIO and

other functions
Up to 64 KB flash read, program and erase
over full operating voltage and temperature
S08LL: S08 Ultra-Low-Power

MCU with LCD Driver
ADC10-channel, 12-bit resolution
Features
Two serial communications interface
Up to 20 MHZ HCS08 CPU from 1.8 to
Analog comparator with selectable
3.6 V and across a temperature range of

40 C to +85 C
Two ultra low power stop modes
Advanced low power run and wait modes
Internal clock source
Integrated LCD driver supports both 3 V
and 5 V LCD glass standards
Configurable display for 8 x 36 or 4 x 28
segment display
TimerTwo 2-channel
interrupt on rising, falling or either edge of
With the increasing consumer focus in the

design of medical devices, inertial sensors
are also being used for simple portrait and
landscape functionality to improve the enduser experience. This is especially applicable
for high-end blood glucose meters with
graphical displays. For more information on
Freescale inertial sensors, see Chapter 8,
Activity Monitor.
comparator output
Serial peripheral interface (SPI)
One module with full-duplex or singlewire bidirectional
IC with up to 100 Kb/s
38 general-purpose input and output, two
output-only pins
Single-wire background debug interface
39
Pulse Oximetry
7.1
Overview
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is defined as the ratio of oxyhemoglobin
(HbO2) to the total concentration of hemoglobin (HbO2 +
deoxyhemoglobin). The percentage is calculated by multiplying this
ratio by 100. Two different light wavelengths are used to measure
the actual difference in the absorption spectra of HbO2 and Hb.
The bloodstream is affected by the concentration of HbO2 and Hb
and their absorption coefficients are measured at two measurement
wavelengths. The light intensity decreases logarithmically with the path
length according to the Beer-Lambert Law. When the light attenuated
by body tissue is measured, DC components and AC components
indicate artery absorption.
40

7.2
Signal Acquisition
Figure 7-1: Spectrum of Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin
Figure 7-1: Spectrum of Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin
This application is non-invasive because the
10
optical sensor is composed of two LEDs
(Infrared)
940 nm
Extinction Coeffiecient
that transmit light through the skin (finger
(Red)
660 nm
or earlobe) to a photodiode. One LED is red

with a wavelength of 660 nm and the other is
infrared with a wavelength of 910 nm. The skin
absorbs the light received by the photodiode.
Each wavelength provides different data to
calculate the percentage of hemoglobin.
Deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin
HbO2
Hb
absorb different wavelengths. Deoxygenated

hemoglobin has absorption of around
0.1
660 nm and oxygenated hemoglobin has
600
700
higher absorption at 910 nm. These signals
800
900
1000
Wavelength (nm)
depend on the actual blood pressure,

therefore the heart rate can also be measured.
R

SaO2 as R
log10(Iac)1
log10(Iac)2
Figure
Pulse
Oximetry
Analog
Interface
Figure
7-2:7-2:
Pulse
Oximetry
Analog
Interface
LED Red On/Off
Iac= Light intensity at 1 or 2, where only AC level

is present 1 or 2 are the wavelengths used.
External
LED and Driver
7.3
LED Red and

Infrared Sensors
LED Red On/Off

LED Red Brightness
Infrared Brightness
Circuit Design Overview
LED On/Off
MCU Pins
Select 0/1
Photodiode
This application starts with an optical

sensor that is composed of two LEDs
and a photodiode. The two LEDs must be
Signal Conditioning
AC Components
DAC_0
DAC_1
Demultiplexer
Transimpedance
Amplifier
LED Range
Control
Pseudo Analog
Ground
multiplexed to turn on. The photodiode detects

when light is present by detecting current that
is proportional to the intensity of the light,
then the application uses a transimpedance
Differential
Amplifier
RBF
(4060 Hz)
Multiplexer
ADC
amplifier to convert this current into voltage.

Automatic gain control controls the intensity
of LEDs depending on each patient. A digital
filter then extracts the DC component. The
signal is passed to a digital band-pass
filter (0.55 Hz) to get the AC component,
then through a zero-crossing application to
Hear Rate
Monitor
Zero
Crossing
SaO2
Digital Band
Pass Filter
Display
DC Tracking
LPF (Below
0.5 Hz)
measure every heartbeat. Finally, this signal is

passed as a voltage reference to the second
differential amplifier to extract only the DC
component and separate the AC and DC
components. After this, the following ratio
formula to obtain the oxygenated hemoglobin
(SaO2) levels is used:
R = [log (RMS value) x 660 nm] / [log (RMS
value) x 940 nm]
41
7.4
Circuit LED Driver
Figure
Optical
Sensor
Figure7-3:
7-3:
Optical
Sensor
LEDs
The circuit is used for both red and infrared

LEDs. When the LEDs are placed in parallel
Finger or Earlobe
they can be multiplexed. Two ports of the

DAC_0 control the brightness of the LEDs.
The MCU controls brightness and multiplexing
frequency of the LEDs depending on the
designers specifications. The LEDs are turned
on and off to calculate the ratio between both
Figure 7-4:
Circuit
Figure
7-4:LED
LEDDrive
Drive
Circuit
signals and compute the amount of oxygen

saturation.
7.5
Signal Processing
The current proportioned by the photodiode
depends on the intensity of the light. This
signal has to be changed to voltage and
amplified by the transimpedance amplifier.
The signal generated is around 1 V for DC
and 10 mV for AC. The S08MM and Kinetis
K50 MCUs have four integrated opamps.
Both of the transimpedance and non-inverting
Figure
DC/AC
Tracking
Figure7-5:
7-5:
DC/AC
Tracking
amplifiers shown in figure 7-5, as well as more

active filters, can be developed using these
MCUs. The AC component is generated by
the oxygen present in the blood; to process
the signal it is only necessary to obtain the AC
component. A digital filter is placed to remove
the DC component and this filter is taken as a
voltage reference for the second amplifier.
The DC tracking filter allows the system to
separate the DC and AC components. The AC
The extracted DC is composed of ADC-DC tracking-DAC
component is used to calculate oxygen levels

and to detect zero crossing to detect the
heartbeat. The digital filter can be developed
using the MC56F8006 DSC. The information
Figure 7-6: MED-SP02 Block Diagram

Figure 7-6: MED-SP02 Block Diagram
can be shown on any kind of display.

Red
PWM
1 Red
Red LED
LED
Driver
1 Red LED
Red Amplifier
SP02
Sensor
1 Red Amplifier

Current to Voltage Converter
Using K53 Triamp
R/IR Control
Red Amplifier
Red Baseline
GPIO
1 Red Amplifier
1 Red Baseline
implementation, see Chapter 3, Introduction.
Vref
ADC
R/IR Control
Filter and Amplification
42
R/IR Control
K53 Measurement Engine
Filter
Amplifier
Vref Generator
User Guide
Multiplexer
Circuit

AN4327 Pulse Oximeter
Fundamentals and Design
Figure 7-7: Pulse Oximeter Block Diagram
Figure 0-2: Baseline Correction Using DAC
This application note demonstrates the

implementation of a pulse oximeter using
the medical-oriented Kinetis K50 MCU
Band-Reject filter
together with the MED-SPO2 pulse oximeter
ADC
High-Pass filter
development board. Basic principles of

implantation and example code are included,
enabling developers with an easy and
effective pulse oximeter solution.
Kinetis K40 MCU
ADC
Baseline
Kinetis K40 72 MHz MCUs are pin, peripheral

and software compatible with the K10 MCU
family, featuring Full-Speed USB 2.0 On-The-
DAC
Baseline
Correction
Go with device charge detect capability and

a flexible low-power segment LCD controller
supporting up to 288 segments.
Features
72 MHz, single cycle MAC, single
instruction multiple data extensions
64256 KB flash. Fast access, high
reliability with 4-level security protection

and 1664 KB of SRAM

USB 2.0 On-The-Go (Full-Speed). Device
charge detect optimizes charging current/
time for portable USB devices, enabling
longer battery life. Low-voltage regulator
supplies up to 120 mA off chip at 3.3 V to
power external components from 5 V input
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA
Flexible low-power LCD controller with
power while remaining in low power

mode. Segment fail detect guards against
erroneous readouts and reduces LCD
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
test costs
Analog
Timers
16-bit
ADC
Flex
Timer
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
Analog
Comparator
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference
Standard Feature
Clocks
Program Flash
(64 to 512 KB)
SRAM
(16 to 128 KB)
Phase-Locked
Loop
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EzPort)
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Low-Leakage
Wake Up Unit
up to 288 segments (38 x 8 or 42 x 4).

LCD blink mode enables low average
Memories
Programmable
Delay Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timers
Low-Power
Timer
HMI
I2 C
I2S
GPIO
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic LowPower
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS/HS)
Segment
LCD Controller
CAN
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
USB Voltage
Regulator
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (RTC)
Optional Feature
43
Activity Monitor
8.1
Introduction
An activity monitor is an auxiliary device for the management of sports and fitness activities. It
keeps a record of the user activities, calories burned, energy consumed in food as well as other
useful features for diet control and exercise performance.
An activity monitor registers heart rate for improved management of exercise efficacy. It
also monitors physical performance using auxiliary modules such as a pedometer, timer and
chronometer. A personal data record including age, height and weight provides a more accurate
calculation of caloric consumption.
By monitoring individual parameters of the user, a health and fitness ecosystem can be built
online so data can be utilized for individual performance. This goes beyond simply tracking
calories and other data to create more personalization and behavior modification.
The information is often stored in a microSD memory card and may be transferred to a
computer via a wired or wireless connection.
44

8.2
Electrocardiography
(ECG) Acquisition
The heart rate calculation is performed using
Figure 8-1: Activity Monitor Block Diagram
Magnetic Sensor:
E-Compass
the ECG signal. The heartbeat frequency is
Inertial
Sensor:
Pedometer
I2C
determined by measuring the time between

QRS complex intervals. The ECG signal is
acquired using two finger sensors, one on
each side of the device. The first takes the
Pressure
Sensor
Altimeter
Heart Rate
Monitor
USB
Mini-AB
from the right index finger, the other works
I2C
SPI 1
SPI 2
VREF
GPIO
Touch Sensing
MCU/MPU
USB
PWM
as reference.
The signal is amplified using an
Wireless Communication:
ZigBee
Opamps
Triamps
signal from the left index finger. The second

is divided in two parts: one takes the signal
MicroSD
Card
Buzzer
External
Bus/GPIO
Power Management:
Battery Charger
instrumentation amplifier built by using
Li-Polymer
Battery
the internal opamps of the Flexis MM MCU
Display
or the Kinetis K50 MCU, which has a high

common-mode rejection ratio that allows it
Optional
to work as an initial filter. Then, the signal

must go through a 0.1150 Hz band-pass
filter to remove environmental noise. A
second filter must be applied. In this case,
a 5060 Hz notch filter, depending on the
countrys electrical service frequency.
This second filter is intended to remove
Figure 8-2: ECG Acquisition Block Diagram
Figure 10-3: Block Diagram ECG Acquisition Block Diagram
the power line noise, which equals 50 Hz

or 60 Hz, depending on the region. Finally,
the signal must be acquired by an MCU
using an ADC. Optionally, the MCU can
LA
MCU
perform digital filtering algorithms for a

more reliable signal.
0.1150 Hz
Band Pass
RA
8.3
Pedometer
5060 Hz
Band Reject
Ref
Finger Electrodes
Instrumentation Amplifier
The pedometer counts the quantity of steps

taken by the user while the activity monitor
is activated. Accelerometers can be used
to determine the overall activity level of the
user. This module uses an accelerometer to
determine device movement and it must be
Figure 8-3: Implementation of the Digital Accelerometer
Figure 6-12: Implementation of the Digital Accelerometer
able to detect when a step has been taken

or whether the user starts running. The
2/4 Wire IC/SPI Bus
acceleration measurements recorded by the

accelerometer are sent to an MCU either
by using analog voltages to represent the
movement, or by using digital methods such
Digital Output
Accelerometer
MCU
as I2C to send previously processed signals.
45

MMA845xQ Accelerometers
The Xtrinsic MMA845xQ accelerometer
Figure 8-4: MMA845xQ Block Diagram

MMA8451Q Block Diagram
family offers extremely low power and pin

compatibility with a broad range of resolution
(14-, 12- and 10-bit) and embedded features
for configurable, accurate motion analysis.
To operate with extremely low power, the
MMA845xQ accelerometers have six user-
Internal
OSC
X Axis
Transducer
Vdd
VddIO
Y Axis
Transducer
VSS
Clock
GEN
C to V
Converter
INT1
INT2
14-bit
ADC
Embedded
DSP
Functions
I2 C
SDA
SCL
Z Axis
Transducer
configurable sample rates that can be set over

a wide range of 1.5 to 800 Hz. The power
scheme contains four different power modes
Configurable Embedded DSP Functions
from high resolution to lower power, offering

32 Data Point
Configurable
FIFO Buffer
with Watermark
best-in-class savings in supply current and

extremely high resolution for very small
Freefall and
Motion
Detection
motion detection.
Transient
Detection
(i.e., Fast
Motion, Jolt)
Enhanced
Orientation with
Hysteresis
and Z Lockout
Shake
Detection
through Motion
Threshold
Single, Double
and Directional
Tap Detection
Auto-wake/auto-sleep Configurable with Debounce Counter and Multiple Motion Interrupts for Control
Features
Low power current consumption
Mode Options
Low Power
Low Noise + Power
High Resolution
Normal
Off mode: 50 nA
Standby mode: 2 uA
Mode Options
Active Mode
Wake
Auto-Wake/Sleep
Active Mode
Sleep
Low Power
Low Noise + Power
High Resolution
Normal
Active mode: 6166 uA

Low-voltage operation: 1.953.6 volts
Embedded features include:
Freefall detection
Orientation detection
Tap detect
Shake detect
Auto-wake sleep
MMA9553L Intelligent MotionSensing Platform
Features
8.4
The Xtrinsic MMA9550L intelligent motion-
Communication protocols: I2C/SPI
sensing platform is an industry first with
User Interface
Low-voltage operation: 1.711.89 V
integration of a MEMS accelerometer, a

32-bit embedded ColdFire MCU, flash
memory and a dedicated architecture to
manage other sensors. Freescale has now
expanded the MMA9550L offering with the
MMA9553L to enable pedometer functionality.
The MMA9553L intelligent motion-sensing
platform performs activity monitoring
Embedded smart FIFO for data processing

while apps processor is asleep
Configurable sample rate: 11024
samples/sec
Auto-wake monitors change in activity/
position
Embedded features include:
beyond step counting. This entails recognition
Orientation detection
of motion such as rest, walking, jogging
Single, double and directional tap detect
and running.
Single, double and directional shake

Threshold detection
Linear and rotational freefall
Flick detection
Tilt angle
46
The user interface is an essential part in the

activity monitor development. It must be
simple, intuitive and attractive for the user.
The use of graphic displays makes the activity
monitor easier and more intuitive to use, and it
also adds aesthetics to the design. MCUs with
external bus interface reduce the processors
load, allowing for improved graphics with
reduced processor intervention.
The touch-sensing interfaces (TSI) make the
design an attractive and functional application
by removing the need for mechanic buttons.
In addition, the TSI is easier to clean and
more hygienic.

Xtrinsic Touch-Sensing Software
Xtrinsic touch-sensing software (TSS)
transforms any standard MCU into a touch
Figure 8-5: Xtrinsic MMA9553L Intelligent Motion-Sensing Block Diagram

Xtrinsic MMA9550L Block Diagram
sensor with the ability to manage multiple

MMA9550L Sensor
configurations of touchpads, sliders, rotary

positions and mechanical keys, all while
maintaining standard MCU functionality.
Power
Management
8.5
Sensing Software
ColdFire V1
32-bit Processor
16 KB Flash,
8 KB User Programmable,
2 KB RAM,
1 KB User RAM
Reference Designs
Freescale provides ready-to-develop
applications intended to reduce development
Customer/Third-Party
Innovation
Applications
Software Libraries
Inertial
Sensor
Connectivity:
I2 C/SPI
Basic OS
time, time to market and cost. The following
Drivers
documents include useful information on the

development of activity monitor applications:
DRM125 Activity Monitor
AN4323 Freescale Solutions for
Gyro
Pressure
Touch
Magnetics
Up to 12
Sensor Components
Electrocardiograph and Heart Rate Monitor

Applications
AN4519 Data Manipulation and Basic
Settings of the MPL3115A2 Command
Line Interface Driver Code
Figure9-10:
8-6:MC9S08MM128
MC9S08MM128
Block
Diagram
Figure
Block
Diagram

more fully featured products at a lower
cost. It is ideal for applications requiring a
MCU series.
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
2 x SCI

MCG
128 KB Flash
2 x KBI
USB
Device
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
12 KB SRAM
47

Features


2 x triamp
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
2 x 12-bit DAC
16-bit high resolution SAR ADC
Analog comparator
and 1 x I2C
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)

Clocks
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Phase-Locked
Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Analog
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
IC
IS
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Analog
Comparator
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
Programmable
Delay Block
2
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator

Standard Feature
Optional Feature

segments. Devices start from 128 KB of
flash in 64-pin QFN packages extending up to
Features
2 x opamp
2 x triamp
2 x 12-bit DAC
I2C
USB connectivity
48
Hearing Aid
9.1
Introduction
A hearing aid is a small electronic device worn in or behind the ear that
amplifies incoming sounds. A hearing aid can help people with hearing
loss hear better in both quiet and noisy situations. Low power, digital
and adaptative filtering are key design elements for battery-operated
hearing aids to reduce the environmental noise so that only the desired
signals are amplified and sent to the speaker. An inertial sensor can be
used for gesture recognition in high-end units where a shake motion
could turn the hearing aid on or change volume.
49

9.2
Microphone Amplifier
Figure 9-1: Hearing Aid General Block Diagram
Hearing Aid
The microphone and amplifier are used to
Non-Volatile
Memory
Microphone
convert sound into electrical signals. The

microphone is a transducer that converts
Loudspeaker
SPI/I2C
vibrations in the air to electrical signals. The

microphone can be connected to a preamplifier
to couple the impedances and normalize the
AC Mains
Class D Amplifier
Amplifier
audio levels. The preamplifier output is

connected to the amplifier input to condition
Wireless
Comm
the signal-in voltage levels used by the ADC.

The ADC converter transforms the continuous
Li-Ion Battery
Charger Circuit
Power
Management
DSP/DSC
Keypad
audio signal into digital samples to be

processed and filtered by a DSP.
Inertial
Sensor
Voltage
Regulation
9.3
Class D Amplifier
Optional
There are several available technologies for

audio amplification applications. Analog Class
AB has been the predominant technology
for these applications, however, the industry
uses Class D amplifier technology. Class D
amplification offers many advantages over
Figure 9-2: Signal Acquisition Block Diagram
Figure 8-2: Signal Acquisition Block Diagram
other technologies. Pulse width modulation

is often used to improve power performance.
Pre-Amplifier
This results in lower heat dissipation that

allows more audio channels and higher
wattage in smaller form factors.
High-Speed
Analog-to-Digitial
Converter
Amplifier
Microphone
DSP
Freescale MC56F825x devices offer a

combination of peripherals and software to
enable Class D amplifiers to operate at peak
performance.
MC56F825x Architecture
Figure8-4:
9-3:
General
Diagram
of Class
D Amplifier
Implementation
Figure
General
Diagram
of Class
D Amplifier
Implementation
The architecture of the MC56F825x device

combines, on a single chip, DSP processing
power and MCU functionality with a flexible

set of peripherals:
eFlexPWM with up to nine channels,
Amplifier
H Bridge
PWM Signals
DSP
Speaker
including six channels with high-resolution

NanoEdge placement
Two 8-channel, 12-bit ADCs with dynamic
x2 and x4 programmable amplifier
Two 16-bit quad timers (2 x 4 16-bit timers)
50

On-chip relaxation oscillator: 8 MHz (400 kHz
at standby mode)
Figure 9-4: Principle of PWM Modulation
Figure 8-5: Principle of PWM Modulation
Three analog comparators with integrated

5-bit DAC references
Vin
Amplitude
On-board power conversion and

management
9.4
DSP
DSP performs the signals digital filtering. The
Time
Vin
Amplitude
JTAG/OnCE debug programming interface
Vmod
Vmod
Time
Amplitude
audio signal samples taken from the ADC are

stored in memory. A filter algorithm is applied
to the sampled signal.
The Freescale MC56F84xx DSC can take the
place of an amplifier, ADC and PWM/timers.
Low Pass
fvin
See Figure 9-6. The advantages to replacing
Frequency
fmod
these discrete devices with one DSC include

board real estate savings (critical for small
hearing aids), increased reliability by reducing
the number of failure points and a reduced
cost.
Figure 9-5: DSP Audio Application
Figure 8-6: DSP Audio Application
The Freescale MC56F84xx DSC provides the

following features:
100 MHz/100 MIPS 32-bit DSP core
Input
Audio
Channels
Audio
Codec
MC56F825x
SPI
Programmable gain amplifier connected to
GPIO
Buttons
GPIO
Display
PWM
Power
Stage
ADC inputs
2 x 12-bit High-Speed ADCs with 3.3 Ms/s
resolution
Digital
Input
SPI
Up to 24 channel high-res PWMs with 312
Low-Pass
Filter
pico-second resolution
implementation, see Chapter 3 Introduction.
Figure 9-6: Simplified Application Using a DSC
Figure 8-7: Simplified Application Using Digital Signal Controller

Digital Signal Controller
Pre-Amplifier
Microphone
Amplifier
Embedded
ADC
Embedded
Timers
(PWN function)
Pre-Amplifier
H Bridge
PWN
signals
Speaker
51

MC56F800x: MC56F8006 and
MCF56F8002 DSCs
MC56F84xx
Figure 9-7: MC56F84xx Block Diagram
Features of these DSCs include:

Single-cycle 16 16-bit parallel
multiplier-accumulator
Core
System
Communication
56800EX
100 MHz
4-ch. DMA
3x UART
Memory Resource
Protection Unit
3x SPI
Four 36-bit accumulators including

extension bits
Memory
Two 2x-16x programmable gain amplifiers

Three analog comparators
Two 12-bit ADCs
Six output PWMs with programmable fault
capability
CAN
Quadrature Decoder
256 KB Flash
2x I2C/SMBus
CRC
FlexMemory
32 KB Flash or
2 KB EEPROM
Internal Watchdog
32 KB SRAM
External Watchdog
EOnCE (Debug Module)
Voltage Regulator
JTAG
Clocks and Timer
Two 16-bit timers, one 16-bit periodic

interval timer and a programmable
Inter-Module Cross Bar
delay timer
Ultra-low-power operation (nine different
power modes)
DAC
1-ch./12-bit
Application Notes
High-Res MC
PWM
PWM
8-ch. +
12-ch.
PWM 4-ch.
2x HS ADC
8-ch./12-bit
with PGA
4x Analog
CMP
+ 6-bit DAC
Timers
SAR ADC
16-ch./16-bit
Static Serial Bootloader for

MC56F800x/801x/802x/803x (document
AN3814)
Figure
9-8: MC56F800x
Diagram
Figure 8-8:
MC56F800x
BlockBlock
Diagram
Three Analog
Comparators
Power
Supervisor
Two 16-bit Timers
Two 2x-16x
Wideband PGAs
16-bit Periodic
Interval Timer
Voltage
Regulators
High-Speed SCI
Programmable
Delay Block
Interrupt
Controller
System Clock Control

(COSC, ROSC, PLL)
Six Output PWM
System Integration
Module
Two 12-bit
ADCs
6 KB
8 KB
SPI
PC
Flash
COP
2 KB SRAM
Memory
Options
56800E Core/32MIPS
Peripherals
52
Flash
RAM
Core Plus Features
Table 9-1: Freescale Technologies for Home Portable Medical

Device
Description
Features
Alternate Options
Blood Glucose Monitor

i.MX28x
ARM9TM-Based Applications
Processor
454 MHz ARM9 core, power management, LCD controller, touch screen, DDR2/mDDR/NAND,
Ethernet, USB PHY x2, CAN<1W
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM CortexTM-A9
Single core, up to 1 GHz, DDR3 display, graphics, video, 10/100/1000 Ethernet, USB PHY x2, CAN, PCIe
i.MX 6 series
MCF51MM
Flexis 32-bit ColdFire V1 MCU
50 MHz ColdFire V1 core MCU with analog measurement engine, USB 2.0 On-The-Go
MCF51QE/JE
MK53/MK51
Kinetis MCU Built on the ARM

CortexTM-M4 Core
Ultra-low-power Kinetis MCU built on the ARM Cortex-M4 core with integrated opamps, triamps, ADC,
USB, Ethernet and segment LCD controller
MK40/MK30/MK20
MC9S08LH
S08 8-bit MCU
40 MHz S08 8-bit MCU with integrated LCD and high-resolution ADC
MC9S08LL
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
2- or 3-pad touch sensor
Xtrinsic TSS
MC13234C
2.4 GHz RF Transciever
2.4 GHz transceiver, 128 KB flash, 8 KB RAM
MC13233C
MC13213
2.4 GHz RF Transceiver
2.4 GHz SiP, sensing and control
MC13233
ARM9 Applications Processor
i.MX 6Solo
Heart Rate Monitor

i.MX28x
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
i.MX 6 series
MCF51MM
MCF51QE/JE
MK53/MK51

Cortex-M4 Core
MK40/MK30/MK20
MC9S08LH
S08 8-bit MCU
MC9S08LL
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
Xtrinsic TSS
MMA8450Q
Xtrinsic 3-Axis Accelerometer
Low-noise, low-power accelerometer
MMA8415Q or MMA9550L
MC13234C
2.4 GHz transceiver, 128 KB flash, 8KB RAM
MC13233C
MC13213
MC13233
i.MX 6Solo

i.MX28x
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
i.MX 6 series
MCF51JE
50 MHz low-power ColdFire V1 core MCU, USB 2.0 On-The-Go
MCF51QE/MM
MK40/MK30

Cortex-M4 Core
Ultra-low-power Kinetis MCU built on the ARM Cortex-M4 core with integrated opamps, triamps,
ADC, USB, Ethernet and segment LCD controller
MK50/MK20/MK10
MC9S08LH
S08 8-bit MCU
MC9S08LL
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
Xtrinsic TSS
MPXx5004
0 to 3.92 kPa Integrated Pressure

Sensor
Temperature compensated and calibrated
MPL3115A2, MPL115A
MMA8450Q
MC13234C
MC13233C
MC13213
MC13233
i.MX28
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
i.MX 6 series
MCF51MM
MCF51QE/JE
MK53/MK51

Cortex-M4 Core
Integrated opamps, triamps, ADC, USB, Ethernet and segment LCD controller
MK40/MK30/MK20
Pulse Oximeter
MC9S08LH
S08 8-bit MCU
MC9S08LL
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
Xtrinsic TSS
MC13234C
MC13233C
MC13213
MC13213
CRTOUCHB10VFM
Xtrinsic Capacitive and Resistive

Capacitive and resistive touch-sensing with gesture recognition to allow zoom and rotation
VF3xx
Vybrid Controller Solutions
Single-chip solution with dual XiP quad SPI, Dual Ethernet and L2 switch
VF4xx, VF5xx
53
Table 9-1: Freescale Technologies for Home Portable Medical

Device
(continued)
Description
Features
Alternate Options
MPC5121e
32-bit MCU Built on the Power

Architecture Core
400 MHz e300 core and 760 MIPS built on Power Architecture core
MPC8536E, MPC5125,
MPC83xx
i.MX28x
ARM9TM Applications Processor
454 MHz ARM9 core, power management, LCD controller, touch screen,DDR2/mDDR/NAND,
i.MX 6Solo, i.MX 6DualLite,

i.MX 6Dual, i.MX 6Quad
Telehealth Gateway
i.MX 6Solo, i.MX

ARM CortexTM-A9 Applications
6DualLite, i.MX 6Dual, Processors
i.MX 6Quad
Single-, dual- and quad-core options, up to 1 GHz on Solo, DualLite and 1.2 GHz on dual, quad
DDR3, multiple LCD controllers, 2D/3D graphics, video encode/decode, camera sensor, USB PHY,
10/100/1000 Ethernet, CAN, PCIe, 64-bit memory bus (dual and quad core versions)
MPC8313E
PowerQUICC II Pro Processor
400 MHz e300 Power Architecture core with FPU, DMA, DDR2, USB 2.0 OTG, 2x FEC 10/100/1000
MCF5445x
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
Xtrinsic TSS
MC13234C
MC13233C
MC13213
MC13233
i.MX28x
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
Single core, up to 1 GHz, DDR3 display, graphics, video, 10/100/1000 Ethernet, USB PHY x2,
CAN, PCIe
i.MX 6 series
MCF51MM
MCF51QE/JE
MK53/MK51

CortexTM-M4 Core
MK40/MK30/MK20
MC9S08LH
S08 8-bit MCU
MC9S08LL
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
Xtrinsic TSS
MMA8450Q
MC13234C
2.4 GHz transceiver, 128 KB flash, 8KB RAM
MC13233C
MC13213
MC13233
MC56F825
DSC
60 MHz 56800E core, up to 64 KB flash, 2 x 12-bit ADC with programmable gain amplifier, high
resolution PWM, 3 x analog comparators with integrated DAC
MC56F84xx, MC56F8006
MC56F84xx
DSC
100 MHz/100 MIPS 32-bit DSP core, up to 256 KB flash, 2 x high-speed 12-bit ADC with
programmable gain amplifier, high-resolution PWM, 4 x analog comparators with integrated DAC
MC56F825, MC56F8006
MC56F8006
DSC
32 MHz 56800E core, up to 16 KB flash, 2 x 12-bit ADC with programmable gain amplifier, highresolution PWM, 3 x analog comparators with integrated DAC
MC56F825, MC56F84xx
Activity Monitor
Hearing Aid
54

10.1
Introduction
Reliability and accuracy are key considerations for diagnostics and
Diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices can be positioned for
therapy devices. These devices are used in critical situations when
both the home and clinical market. The Freescale Controller Continuum
physiological events need to be recognized quickly and addressed
enables development on an 8-bit platform for simple home devices,
appropriately. These medical devices need a processing core that is
which can be upgraded to 32-bit platforms as new application needs
powerful enough to acquire, process and interpret several parameters
arise for the clinical market. The Controller Continuum serves as
at once.
a powerful resource for building fully integrated, scalable medical
A full spectrum of 32-bit processors (Vybrid, Kinetis, ColdFire, i.MX and
solutions for the home or the clinic.
Power Architecture technology) offers performance and integration.

Integrated USB and Ethernet drivers facilitate convenient data transfer
from a device to a PC for processing or long-term storage. LCD
interfaces common across ARM-based product portfolios (Vybrid,
Kinetis and the i.MX family) as well as graphics and video capabilities
(Vybrid and i.MX) provide clinicians and patients a meaningful way to
visualize clinical data in real time.
55
Electrocardiograph
11.1
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a graph produced by recording
the electrical activity of the heart over time. This allows healthcare
providers to diagnose a wide range of heart conditions.
A portable ECG is a device that plots the electrical activity generated
in the heart against time. It is the test most used to measure the
functionality and pathologies of the heart, such as arrhythmias. The
function of the electrocardiograph is based on the electrical activity of
heart cells due to the depolarization that contracts the heart and creates
heartbeats. The obtained signal is called a QRS complex.
56
11.2
QRS Complex
Figure 11-1: Electrocardiograph Block Diagram

Electrocardiograph (ECG)
12-Lead EKG System
A typical ECG period consists of P, Q, R,

Monitor). Each wave represents something
and helps in diagnosis. Sometimes the signal
is represented as QRS complex and P and T
waves. The QRS complex is separated from
the signal to receive specific information.
To obtain the QRS complex, a digital highpass filter is implemented to remove noise
and drift. A differential is used to emphasize R
Electrical
Protection
and Mux
Precordial
S and T waves (see Chapter 5, Heart Rate
RA
LA
ADC
In
Amp
FPO
Use updated version
with CR Touch
added. Currently in
progress with Alle.
Inverted
Common
Mode Voltage
Feedback
MCU/MPU/DSC
JTAG
RL LL
Display Driver
and smooth T, square the signal and integrate

it to smooth noise. This is done over a short
USB and/or
Ethernet
Power
Management
period so as not to smooth the R wave.
Wireless
Comm
Keypad or
Touch Screen
The beating heart generates an electric

signal that helps to diagnose or examine the
heart. This signal can be represented as a
vector quantity. Therefore, the location of the
Optional
Portable
ECG Block
Diagram
Figure 11-2:
Portable
ECG Block Diagram
electrical signal that is being detected needs

to be known. To obtain a typical signal it is
Power
Management
necessary to place three electrodes: one on

the patients left arm, the other on the right
arm, and the ground electrode on the patients
11.3
Display with
Touch Screen
Keypad
stomach or left leg.

Electrodes
Signal
Conditioning
Filtering ECG
ADC
MCU
The ECG has three common noise sources:
SPI/I C
2
Wireless
Comm
Baseline wander
Power line interference
Muscle noise
Non-Volatile
Memory
Speaker/Piezo
USB and/or
Ethernet
PWM
The baseline wander is caused by electrode

impedance, respiration, body movements and
low- and high-frequency noise. This makes
it necessary to use a band-pass filter as
described in Chapter 5, Heart Rate Monitor. To
Optional
Figure9-3:
11-3:
Digital
Signal
Processing
to Obtain
theComplex
QRS Complex
Figure
Digital
Signal
Processing
to Obtain
the QRS
eliminate the low-frequency noise, a high-pass

filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.67 Hz is used,
X(n)
because this corresponds to the slowest heart

rate of around 40 beats per minute. However,
Raw ECG
because this is not an absolute data point, it

is better to use a cut-off frequency of 0.5 Hz.
Figure 11-5 shows a basic implementation
LPF
Integrate
S
circuit that detects the electrical currents

through the electrodes.
HPF
Differentiate
Y(n)
Square
57
Figure 11-4: Einthoven Triangle
Figure 9-4: Einthoven Triangle

11.4
Electrodes Interface
Right
Arm
The amplitude of the signals detected by
the electrodes is too small. The signals are

connected to operational amplifier inputs
Left
Arm
through series limiter resistors (typically 100K),

X
and slightly amplified. The feedback network

helps to stabilize the system at the beginning
of the capture time, reducing fluctuations.
Finally, the signal is sent to an active low-pass
filter. The filter eliminates the high-frequency
noise that might be induced by the AC line.
II
III
Other noise sources such as respiration and
muscular movement (low-frequency noise) are
+
Left
Leg
filtered using a high-pass filter. These noise

sources require a band-pass filter and not just
a low-pass filter.
AN4323: Freescale Solutions for

Electrocardiograph and Heart Rate
Monitor Applications
Figure 11-5: Electrodes Connection Circuit and Signal Conditioning
Figure 9-5: Electrodes Connection Circuit and Signal Conditioning
This application note describes how to use

the MED-EKG development board, a highly
efficient board that can be connected to
the Freescale Tower System to obtain an
Analog
Frond End
electrocardiogram signal and measure

heart rate.
The application is implemented using
Right Hand
Left Hand
Electrodes
Multiplexer
and Isolator
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Band-Pass
Filter
To MCU
ADC input
either the MK53N512, MC9S08MM128 or

MCF51MM256 MCUs.

Right Leg
Left Leg

Figure 11-6: ECG Analog Front End
Figure 9-6: ECG Analog Front End

Filter Network

Left
Electrode
100K
Differential Amplifier
Feedback Network

Output
Right
Electrode
58
100K
in 64-pin QFN packages extending up to 512

KB in a 144-pin MAPBGA package.
Features
2 x opamp
2 x triamp
Figure
11-7:
MED
EKG
Block
Diagram
Figure 9-7:
MED
EKG
Block
Diagram
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Low-Pass Filter
Host PC
with GUI
PWM
DSC
Band-Pass Filter
USB
MC56F8006
I 2C
MCU
ADC
Operational
Amplifier
2 x 12-bit DAC
Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass Filter
MK53N512
or
MCF51MM256
or
MC9S08MM128
ADC
Operational
Amplifier

I2C
Notch Filter
USB connectivity
High-Pass Filter
DAC
ADC
MCF51MM: Flexis 32-bit

ColdFire V1 MCUs
Triamp
Internal
Opamp
Opamp
The MCF51MM256/128 provides ultralow-power operation, USB connectivity,

Band-Pass Filter
Electrodes
On-Board
External
Triamp
MCU, allowing designers to create more
MCU Internal Configuration

(Instrumentation Amplifier)
fully featured products at lower cost. The

MCF51MM256/128 is ideal for medical
User Selectable
applications or other applications requiring a

significant amount of precision analog such as
instrumentation and industrial control.
The MCF51MM256/128 is part of the Flexis

MCU series.
Features
ColdFire V1 core delivering a 50 MHz core
speed and 25 MHz bus speed
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA

2 x triamp
Analog comparator with 5-bit DAC
USB: device/host/on-the-go controller
2 x serial communication interface
and 1 x I2C
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)
Included in the Freescale product

longevity program
Standard Feature
Clocks
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Phase-Locked
Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Analog
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
I2C
I2 S
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Analog
Comparator
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference
Mini FlexBus external bus interface
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
Programmable
Delay Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator
Optional Feature
59

Figure
MCF51MM256
BlockBlock
Diagram
Figure9-9:
11-9:
MCF51MM256
Diagram
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO/
16 RGPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
MiniBus External
2 x SPI
USB
Device/Host/
OTG

MCU series.
Features

2 x KBI
MCG
Bootloader
USB ROM
256 KB
2 x SCI
32 KB SRAM
32-bit ColdFire V1 50 MHz Core with MAC

2 x triamp
Figure9-10:
11-10:
MC9S08MM128
Diagram
Figure
MC9S08MM128
BlockBlock
Diagram

Analog comparator
and 1 x I2C
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
2 x SCI
VF6xx: Vybrid VF6xx Dual

Heterogeneous Core Solution
with XGA Display, Dual USB, Dual
Ethernet and L2 Switch
MCG
2 x KBI
Features
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
128 KB Flash
USB
Device
12 KB SRAM
Dual heterogeneous core: ARM Cortex-A5

and ARM Cortex-M4
Dual USB 2.0 OTG with integrated PHY
Dual Ethernet 10/100 MAC with L2 switch
Video/camera interface unit with optional
OpenVG accelerator
Display controller supporting resolutions up
to XGA (1024 x 768)
High-assurance boot with crypto
acceleration
60
Up to 1.5 MB on-chip SRAM and dual SDIO
Power management and wireless
800 MHz DDR3 and LPDDR2 support
communication blocks are explained in
NAND flash controller and dual quad SPI
Chapter 3, Telehealth Systems.
with eXecute-In-Place (XIP)

Dual 12-bit ADC and DAC
11.5
Display Driver and Touch

Screen Controller
An LCD screen shows graphically the hearts
electrical signals and allows for a diagnosis of
any cardiac anomalies or other problems. A
touch screen offers developers an easy way to
enhance their applications with touch-based
user interfaces.
Figure 11-11: Vybrid VF6xx Block Diagram

Vybrid VF6xx Block Diagram
Debug and Trace
Timers
controller solution is shown in Figure 11-12.

For more information about these
connections, see the Vybrid VF6xx reference
manual and application notes about touch
screens and LCD memory, available at
freescale.com.
11.6
Enhanced MultiplyAccumulate (eMAC)

Module
A Freescale 32-bit MCU can process the
Internal and
External Watchdog
DP-FPU
FlexTimer (8-ch.)
FlexTimer (2-ch.)
NEON
FlexTimer (2-ch.)
FlexTimer (8-ch.)
L1 I/D-Cache
DMA
Up to 64-ch.
DSP
Power
Management
Regulators
Trace/Debug
Clocks
Clock
Monitors
I/D-Cache
Internal Reference
Clocks
NVIC
Low/High Frequency
Oscillators
Memory
Protection Unit
GIC
Low Power Timers
12-bit DAC x2
PLL
SP-FPU
Trace/Debug
12-bit ADC x2
ARM Cortex-M4
Up to 167 MHz
Interrupt Router
L2 Cache
IEEE 1588 Timers
Analog
Core
AMBA NIC
ARM Cortex-A5
Up to 500 MHz
Periodic Interrupt Timers
Connecting screens to the Vybrid VF6xx
System
Core
JTAG
Trace
Memory
Display
Security
Boot ROM
TFT LCD
Crypytography Module
UART x6
CAN x2
1 MB SRAM
Video
Tamper Detect
DSPI x4
I2C x4
Memory Interfaces
DDR Controller
Secure RTC
OpenVG GPU
Secure RTIC
L2Switch
Secure RAM
USB Host + PHY

LS/FS/HS
USB OTG + PHY
LS/FS/HS
Secure Fuses
ASRC
SAI x4
ESAI
SPDIF
Quad SPI x2
External Bus Interface
IEEE 1588
Ethernet x2
Video Interface w/Camera
Audio
NAND Flash Controller
Communication
Secure WDOG
Secure Digital x2
Secure JTAG
141 GPIO
(with Interrupt)
Figure9-12:
11-12:
Screen
Connection
on Vybrid VF6xx Controller Solution
Figure
Screen
Connection
on MCF5227x
digital signals of the heartbeat, avoiding the

need to use a separate DSP or DSC.
The eMAC design provides a set of DSP
operations that can improve the performance
of embedded code while supporting the
MPU
integer multiply instructions of the baseline

32-bit architecture.
Red bus
Green bus
Blue bus
Horizontal Sync
Vertical Sync
RGB Screen
with Touch Screen
Pixel Clock
Output Enable
I2C/ADC Channel
Touch Screen Controller
Freescale supports two MAC implementations

with different performance levels and
capabilities. The original MAC features a threestage execution pipeline optimized for 16-bit
operands with a 16 x 16 multiply array and a
single 32-bit accumulator. The eMAC features a
four-stage pipeline optimized for 32-bit operands
Figure9-13:
11-13:
Typical
Chain
Figure
Typical
DSPDSP
Chain
with a fully pipelined 32 32 multiply array and

four 48-bit accumulators.
The eMAC improvements target three
primary areas:
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
Sample
and Hold
ADC
DC/PWM
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
DC/PWM
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
Digital
Filters
Improved performance of 32 32
multiply operation
SW/HW
61
Addition of three more accumulators to

minimize MAC pipeline stalls caused by
Figure
Multiply-Accumulate
Functionality
Diagram
Figure9-14:
11-14:
Multiply-Accumulate
Functionality
Diagram
exchanges between the accumulator and
Operand Y
the pipelines general-purpose registers
Operand X
A 48-bit accumulation data path to allow a
40-bit product plus eight extension bits to

increase the dynamic number range when
Shift 0, 1, -1
implementing signal processing algorithms
+/-
The logic required to support this functionality

is contained in a MAC module (Figure 10-14).
Accumulator(s)
Figure 11-15 is a typical implementation of

digital signal processing.
Freescale MPUs can perform digital signal
Figure9-15:
11-15:
DSP
Library
Structure
Figure
DSP
Library
Structure
processing using the enhanced multiplyaccumulate module. This allows medical
eMAC Library
applications such as an electrocardiograph to

perform heart signal filtering more efficiently.
11.7
USB Connection
The USB connection allows the EGC to
communicate with other devices such as
hospital servers, remote monitoring systems
and computers. This can be implemented
using the USB On-the-Go module found in
FFT
FIR
FFT 16 Bits
IIR
FIR 16 Bits
IIR 16 Bits
MAC
MAC
MAC
eMAC
eMAC
eMAC
FFT 32 Bits
FIR 32 Bits
IIR 32 Bits
MAC
MAC
MAC
eMAC
eMAC
eMAC
many Freescale products.
Figure9-16:
11-16:
Hardware
Configuration
in Mode
Host Mode
Figure
Hardware
Configuration
in Host
VDD
VBUS D- D+
DD+
MCU with
USB Module
Pull-Down Resistors
Figure9-17:
11-17:
Hardware
Configuration
in Device
Figure
Hardware
Configuration
in Device
ModeMode
VDD
USB Power
Pull-Up Resistor
D+
62
MCU with
USB Module
VBUS D- D+
D-
Defibrillator
12.1
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

An AED is a portable device used to restore normal heart rhythm
An MCU or MPU calculates whether defibrillation is needed and a
to patients in cardiac arrest by delivering an electrical shock to a
recorded voice indicates whether to press the shock button on the
patient through the chest wall. Cardiac arrest is an abrupt loss
AED. This shock momentarily stuns the heart and stops all activity,
of heart function. This medical emergency occurs mainly due to
giving the heart an opportunity to resume beating effectively.
ventricular fibrillation.
The charge is generated by high-voltage generation circuits from
Ventricular fibrillation is a condition where there is an uncoordinated
energy stored in a capacitor bank in the control box. The capacitor
contraction of the ventricles in the heart, making them tremble rather
bank can hold up to 7 kV of electricity. The shock delivered from this
than contract properly. The urgency of ventricular fibrillation requires
system can be anywhere from 30 to 400 joules.
that the heart must be defibrillated quickly, as a victims chance of

surviving drops by seven to 10 percent for every minute a normal
heartbeat is not restored.
63

Debrillator
Debrillator
Figure 12-1: Defibrillators General Block Diagram
Circuit for Capacitive

Discharge Defibrillators
Syncronization
Circuit
Syncronization
Circuit
Discharge
Circuit
Discharge
Circuit
ECG
Amplier
ECG
Amplier
In Figure 11-2, a step-up transformer (T2)

drives a half-wave rectifier and charges
the capacitor (C1). The voltage where C1
is charged is determined by a variable
autotransformer (T1) in the primary circuit.
Signal
Conditioning
Signal
Conditioning
Electrical Isolation
Electrical Isolation
12.2
USB
MCU/MPU
USB
MCU/MPU
Wireless
Comm
Wireless
Comm
A series resistor (R1) limits the charging

current to protect the circuit components and
determines the time constant Tao (T = R x C).
Display
Electrodes
Five times the time constant for the circuit is
Display
Electrodes
required to reach 99 percent of a full charge.
Power
Management
Power
Management
Keypad or
Touch Screen
Keypad or
Touch Screen
The time constant must be less than two

seconds to allow a complete charge in less
than 10 seconds.
Optional
Optional
Figure 10-2: Basic Circuit Diagram for a Capacitive Discharge Defibrillator
12.3
Circuit for RectangularWave Defibrillators
Figure 12-2: Basic Circuit Diagram for a Capacitive Discharge Defibrillator
In a rectangular-wave defibrillator, the

capacitor is discharged through the patient
by turning on a series of silicon-controlled
rectifiers (SCR). When sufficient energy has
been delivered to the patient, a shunt SCR
short circuits the capacitor and terminates
the pulse. This eliminates the long discharge
tail of the waveform. The output may be
controlled by varying either the voltage on the
Figure10-3:
12-3:
Block
Diagram
a Rectangular Wave
Defibrillator
Figure
Block
Diagram
for for
a Rectangular-Wave
Defibrillator
capacitor or the duration of discharge. Figure

11-3 shows a general diagram of circuit
Charge
Control A
implementation.
Monitor
Circuit
Charge
Circuit A
Capacitor
Bank A
Charge
Circuit B
Capacitor
Bank B
Bipolar defibrillators are more efficient

because they need less energy while
providing the same results as unipolar
Charge
Control B
defibrillators. A bipolar defibrillator needs just
Monitor
Circuit
120 J to discharge. It has the same efficiency

as the 200 J of discharge used by a unipolar
defibrillator.
An ECG unit must be included in the
Figure 12-4: Unipolar and Bipolar Defibrillator Waveforms
Figure 10-5: Bipolar Defibrillator Waveform
Figure 10-4: Unipolar Defibrillator Waveform
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
the discharge can be applied to the patient.

The electrodes perform both functions,
capturing the patients ECG and delivering
a high current.
Volts
2500
activity and to control the moment when

Volts
defibrillators system to monitor heart
1000
10
12
Time (ms)
64
1000
500
500
Unipolar
14
16
18
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time (ms)
Bipolar
Ventilator and Respirator

13.1
Introduction
A ventilator is a machine designed to mechanically move air in and
This system requires a set of sensors for pressure, volume and flow.
out of the lungs to intermittently or continuously assist or control
The information from the sensors modulates the operations in the
pulmonary ventilation. This apparatus is principally used in intensive
MCU/MPU. This MCU/MPU receives information from the airways,
therapy to help improve the patients breathing by regulating the
lungs and chest wall through the sensors and decides how the
flow of gas in the lungs. The most common indices of the ventilation
ventilator pump responds.
apparatus are the absolute volume and changes of volume of the gas
space in the lungs achieved during a few breathing maneuvers. The
ventilator is constantly monitored and adjusted to maintain appropriate
arterial pH and PaO2.
65

13.2
System Sensors
Figure 12-1: Ventilation/Respiration General Block Diagram

Ventilation/Respiration
AIR
The signal that shows lung volume is a

differential signal, but this is not the signal
PWR
PWR
Accumulator/
Compressor
Blender
measured directly from the lungs. To obtain

this signal, it is necessary to transduce the
pressure to voltage. This is done by using a
pneumotachometer that contains a pressure
sensor.
Freescale provides a variety of sensors that
use integrated circuits for signal conditioning.
This is an advantage because external
components are not necessary. However, it
PWF
Sensor
Nebulizer
O2
Display
Pressure
Sensor
Wireless
Comm
Volume
Sensor
AMP
MCU/MPU
Flow
Sensor
USB
Power
Management
is necessary to check the resolution of the

sensor and the ADC. If the resolution of the
Keypad or
Touch Screen
Alarm
ADC is greater than the sensor, amplifying

the signal is recommended. Some sensors
provide differential outputs for when it is
necessary to pass the signal through an
Optional
instrument amplifier. The sensor used is a

differential pressure sensor that can accept
two sources of pressure simultaneously. The
output is proportional to the difference of the
two sources. It is important to mention that
the normal pipeline gas source of a hospital
Ventilation/Respiration
Figure 13-2: Spirometer

is 50 PSI, a measurement that can be taken Figure 11-2: Spirometer
AIR
by Freescale pressure sensors, including the

MPX2300DT1, MPX2301DT1, MPXC2011DT1,
PWR
MPXC2012DT1, MPX2050 and MPX5050.
13.3
Spirometer
Spirometers measure static pulmonary
volumes, except the functional residual
capacity and total pulmonary capacity. The
measurement is done after a maximum
inspiration that requires the patient to expel
PWF
Sensor
O2
PWR
MPX2300DT1
Accumulator/
MPX2301DT1
Nebulizer
Compressor
MPXC2011DT1
MPXC2012DT1
MPX5050
Pressure
Sensor
MPX2050
Volume
Sensor
Flow
Sensor
Power
Management
Blender
Display
Wireless
Comm
AMP
MCU/MPU
Amplification
Circuit
USB
the entire volume of air that he or she can.

The results are interpreted and compared with
Alarm
the values for age, height, sex and race of
Keypad or
Touch Screen
the patient. Due to variations among normal

individuals, normal values can fall between 80
Optional
to 120 percent of the expected volume. Figure

12-2 illustrates how to configure a spirometer
using a pressure sensor. The next two figures
observe the different volumes of lungs.
Lung volume measurements include:
Tidal volume (TV)The amount of gas
inspired or expired with each breath (500 ml)
66
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)Maximum

amount of additional air that can be inspired
Figure
SPI
Block
Diagram
Figure11-3:
13-3:MED
MED
SPI
Block
Diagram
at the end of a normal inspiration (2500 ml)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)The
MCU
Mouthpiece
maximum volume of additional air that can

be expired at the end of a normal expiration
(1500 ml)
MK53N512
or
MCF51MM256
or
MC9S08MM128
ADC
MPXV7025DP
(Pressure Sensor)
Residual volume (RV)The volume of air

remaining in the lungs after a maximum
expiration (1500 ml)
These measurements can be used in the
following equations to express lung capacities:
USB
Host PC
with GUI
Total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC=RV+IRV+TV+ERV (6000 ml)
Vital capacity (VC)
VC=IRV+TV+ERV=TLC-RV (4500 ml)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Figure
NormalSpirometer
Spirometer
Figure 13-4:
11-4: Normal
FRC=RV+ERV (3000 ml)

Inspiratory capacity (IC)
IC=TV+IRV (3000 ml)
AN4325: Spirometer Demo

with Freescale MCUs
how it is possible to use the Kinetis K50,
Flexis S08MM and Flexis MCF51MM MCUs
along with the Freescale Tower System to
implement a device capable to quantify
human respiration capacities by measuring
volumes and flow rates. It uses the MED-SPI
development board, which is an analog front
end designed to enable the prototyping of
7
6
FFF
The contents of this application note show
Volume (L)
8
FEV1
FVC
4
3
2
1
0
spirometry devices.
2
Time (sec)
13.4
Graphic LCD MPU

Freescale offers the following devices that
displays using external memory. Supported
on the ARM Cortex-A class core and an
generate graphics. These devices can be used
by the Freescale Portable Embedded GUI
RTOS like MQX on the ARM Cortex-M class
to illustrate lung volume.
(PEG) Library with simple WindowBuilder
core optimized power-performance core
Kinetis MCUs
interface for powerful GUI development.
with very high integration. VF7xx devices
The Kinetis K70 MCU family includes

512 KB to 1 MB of flash memory, a single
have been designed to replace at least
Part of the Vybrid platform, the VF7xx family
the MPU and MCU products on a system
precision floating point unit and a graphic
of devices includes dual heterogeneous
LCD controller that supports color QVGA
core SoCs meant for solutions that want
displays as single chip or up to 24-bit SVGA
to concurrently run Linux or Android
that requires rich HMI and real-time control

simultaneously.
67

i.MX Processors
The most versatile platform for multimedia
Figure11-5:
13-5:Normal
Normal
Lung
Volume
Figure
Lung
Volume
and display applications, Freescale ARM-
TLC
based i.MX processors deliver an optimal

balance of power, performance and
IRV
integration to enable next-generation smart

devices. i.MX solutions include processors
IC
VC
based on ARM9, ARM11 , ARM Cortex -A8
and ARM Cortex-A9 core technologies,
ERV
and are powering applications across a
FRC
rapidly growing number of consumer,

automotive and industrial markets. These
solutions bring interactivity to a whole
RV
new world of products. The i.MX 6 series is
a truly scalable multicore platform of
Time
devices based on the ARM Cortex-A9 core

for flexibility in design and re-use of a
platform across multiple tiers of products or
different products.
13.5
Alarm System
Figure 13-6: Blender Configuration
Figure 11-8: Blender Configuration
An important part of this application is an
AIR
alarm that can indicate different patient
O2
parameters such as exhaled volume or airway

pressure. The ventilation system must be able
PWR
PWR
Accumulator/
Compressor
Blender
to detect whether a breath has been taken.

The MCU measures changes in aspiratory
flow and pressure by using sensors. If no
inspiration is detected within a certain
period of time, the monitor sounds an alarm.
The conditions to be programmed depend
on each system. PWM cycles can be
MCU/MPU
programmed to sound the alarms. Sometimes,

the ventilation system uses different alarms
for different situations. For more information
on the alarm circuit, refer to Chapter 3,
Telehealth Systems.
13.6
Air and Oxygen Blender

and Mix Control
The air and oxygen blender provides a precise
oxygen concentration by mixing air and
oxygen. The concentration may be adjusted
to any value from controlled air to 100 percent
oxygen. Internally, a proportioning valve mixes
the incoming air and oxygen as the oxygen
percentage dial is adjusted. Variation in line
pressure, flow or pressure requirements for
any attached device will not affect the oxygen
concentration.
68
FigureFigure
11-9:13-7:
Kinetis
K20K20
Block
Diagram
Kinetis
Block
Diagram
The preparation of an air and oxygen blender
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
50/72/100/120 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
generally consists of attaching a 50 PSI air

and oxygen source to the device. After the
source gases are attached, inlet pressures
may be checked on some blenders by
checking the pressure-attached pressure
gauge. After the inlet gases are attached and
the air and oxygen blender is well secured
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
Floating Point
Unit (FPU)
Early ventilator designs relied on mechanical

blenders to provide premixed gas to a single
flow control valve. With the availability of
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
high-quality flow sensors and processing
Phase-Locked
Loop
FlexMemory
(32 to 512 KB)
(2 to 16 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EzPort)
Cache
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
DMA
possible by using separate flow valves for
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
I2C
I2 S
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB On-the-Go
(LS/FS)
CAN
USB On-the-Go
(HS)
6-bit
DAC
air and oxygen. Because air already contains

about 21 percent oxygen, the total flow
12-bit
DAC
control command between the oxygen and air

valve is divided ratiometrically. For extreme
Voltage
Reference
mix settings, the valve that supplies the minor

flow at low total flow requirements may fall
below the resolution limits that either flow
Standard Feature
Internal
Reference
Clocks
NAND Flash
Controller
Analog
Analog
Comparator
capabilities, accurate mixing becomes
delivery or measurement can provide. An
SRAM
(8 to 128 KB)
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
The MCU uses a PWM to control the blender
Clocks
Program Flash
(32 KB to 1 MB)
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
Debug
Interfaces
to a stand or wall mount, it is ready for use.

electro valves through a motor control design.
Memories
Programmable
Delay Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timers
Low-Power
Timer
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (RTC)
HMI
USB Device
Charger Detect
(DCD)
USB Voltage
Regulator
Optional Feature
accurate delivered mix depends on accurate

flow delivery, but if accurate and reliable
oxygen sensors are used, improved mix
accuracy may be possible by feeding back a
Table 12-1: MPXx2050 Packaging Information
measured concentration for mix correction.
Device Type
Packing Options
Case
Then, if the patient needs more pressure, the
MPX2050D
Differential
344
MPX2050DP
Differential, Dual Port
423 A
For more information on how to build a
MPX2050GP
Gauge
344B
ventilator/respirator, download Ventilator/
MPX2050GSX
Gauge Axial PC Mount
344F
MCU activates the compressor.
Respirator Hardware and Software Design

Specification (document DRM127) from
freescale.com.
Kinetis K20 MCUs

software compatible with the K10 MCU family
and adds Full-Speed USB 2.0 On-The-Go
with device charge detect capability. Devices
start from 128 KB of flash in 80-pin LQFP
packages extending up to 512 KB in a
144-pin MAPBGA package with a rich suite
of analog, communication, timing and control
peripherals.
69
Features
ARM Cortex-M4 core with DSP,
100 MHz clock, single cycle MAC,

Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
and single instruction multiple data

extensions
128512 KB flash. Fast access, high
reliability with four-level security protection
Debug
Interfaces
Hardware touch-sensing interface with up
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
to 16 inputs. Operates in all low power
DMA
modes (minimum current adder when
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
enabled). Hardware implementation

avoids software polling method. High
sensitivity level allows use of overlay
surfaces up to 5 mm thick
Memory protection unit provides memory
protection for all masters on the cross bar
switch, increasing software reliability
Cyclic redundancy check engine validates
memory contents and communication
data, increasing system reliability
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)
MPX230xDT1: High Volume

Pressure Sensor
Cost effectiveness
Clocks
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Phase-Locked
Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Analog
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
IC
IS
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Analog
Comparator
Programmable
Delay Block
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference
Features
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
2
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator
Integrated temperature compensation and

calibration
Standard Feature
Optional Feature
Ratiometric to supply voltage

Polysulfone case material (ISO 10993)
Provided in tape and reel
MPL3115A2: Xtrinsic Smart

Pressure Sensor
Features
Less than 1 foot/0.3 m resolution
Pressure range: 20110 kPa
Compensated, direct reading (software is
not needed):
20-bit pressure measurement (Pascals)
20-bit altitude measurement (meters)
12-bit temperature measurement
On-board intelligence
Flexible sampling rate up to 128 Hz
70
MPXx5050: 50 to 0 kPa and 0 to

50 kPa Integrated Silicon Pressure
Sensor, On-Chip Signal Conditioned,
Temperature Compensated and
Calibrated
Features
2.5% maximum error over 0 C to 85 C
Ideally suited for MPU- or MCU-based
systems
Temperature compensated from over
40 C to +125 C
Patented silicon shear stress strain gauge
MPXx2050: 50 kPa Pressure Sensor,

On-Chip Signal Conditioned
Figure
Block
Diagram
Figure11-11:
13-9:MCF51MM256
MCF51MM256
Block
Diagram
Features
Temperature compensated over 0 C to 85 C
Silicon shear stress strain gauge
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO/
16 RGPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
MiniBus External
2 x SPI
USB
Device/Host/
OTG
Available in rails or tape-in-reel shipping

options
Ratiometric to supply voltage
Differential and gauge options

0.25% linearity
2 x KBI
MCG
Integrated Peripherals
Bootloader
USB ROM
256 KB
Flexible 16-bit DDR/32-bit SDR SDRAM
2 x SCI
32 KB SRAM
memory controller
Four channels, 32-bit timers with DMA support

16 channels, DMA controller
16-bit DDR /32-bit SDR SDRAM controller
50 general-purpose I/O
Features

ColdFire V1 MCUs
The MCF51MM256/128 provides ultra-
low-power operation, USB connectivity,


applications or other applications requiring


2 x triamp
a significant amount of precision analog
such as instrumentation and industrial
control.
USB device/host/on-the-go controller
MCU series.

and 1 x I 2C
Features
Included in the Freescale product
longevity program
2 x opamp
2 x triamp
2 x 12-bit DAC
I2C
USB connectivity
71

The 9S08MM128/64/32 provides ultra-
Figure
13-10:
MC9S08MM128
Diagram
Figure
11-12:
MC9S08MM128
BlockBlock
Diagram

2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT

MCU series.
Features
2 x SCI

MCG
128 KB Flash
2 x KBI
USB
Device
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
12 KB SRAM


2 x triamp
Analog comparator
1 x I2C
72
Anesthesia Monitor
14.1
Introduction
An anesthesia monitor is a machine that administers anesthesia to
patients intravenously or via inhaled gas.
It exchanges respiratory gases and administers anesthetic
gases, maintaining a balance of gases through the respiratory
and cardiovascular system. During a surgical intervention, an
anesthesiologist administers the infusion of anesthetics based on drug
models and drug distribution over time.
The basic design of an anesthesia machine is as follows: pressurized
gases are supplied by cylinders or pipelines to the machine, which
controls the flow of gases before passing them through a vaporizer and
delivering the resulting mixture to the patient via the breathing circuit.
73

14.2
Brief Theory
As mentioned in Chapter 12, Ventilation
and Spirometry, the hospital pipeline is the
primary gas source at 50 PSI. This is the
normal working pressure of gas machines.
Oxygen is supplied at approximately 2000
PSI. Anesthesia flow is composed of different
sections. The first is the gas supply and
substance delivery (Halotane, O2, and N2O)
system. Here, the O2 and the N2O are mixed
Figure
14-1:
Anesthesia
Unit
Monitor
Figure
12-1:
Anesthesia
Monitor
Anesthesia
Unit
MonitorUnit
Valves
Valve
Controls
Controls
Mass Flow Controller
Alarm
Alarm
Signal
Conditioning
Signal
Halotane
Halotane
Conditioning
Pressure
Sensor
O2
SPI/I2C
Pressure
Sensor
O2
N2O
SPI/I C
Infrared
Sensor
Infrared
N2O
MCU/MPU
SPI/I2C
MCU/MPU
Wireless
Comm
Power
Management
Spectometer
Spectometer
Sensor
Sensor
controller indicates the amount of anesthetic
USB
Wireless
Comm
SPI/I2C
Sensor
to the desired proportion. The mass flow
USB
2
Power
Management
substance delivered to the patient. The MCU

controls the electromechanical valve that
Display
adjusts the flow rate and the volume of the
Display
gases (Halotane, O2, and N2O).
14.3
Pressure Sensor
This sensor helps the principal MCU take the
pressure of the O2 and N2O. This measurement
MCU
Optional
To see the configuration of the pressure

sensor and the Freescale portfolio, see
Chapter 12, Ventilation and Spirometry.
14.4
Valve Control
Using a sensor, the MCU takes the
Peripherals
Sensors
Figure 14-2: Anesthesia Application General Overview
Figure 12-2: Anesthesia Application General Overview

Valve
Controls
O2
N2O
Alarm
Signal
Conditioning
Halotane
Pressure
Sensor
Infrared
Sensor
SPI/I2C
Valves Controls
Infrared
Sensor
SPI/I2C
Spectometer
Sensor
MCU/MPU
MCU/MPU
MC9S08QG4
USB
Wireless
Comm
Power
Management
Spectometer
Sensor
Halotane
With these parameters, the MCU knows how
Display
much drug/air/oxygen needs to be delivered
O2
Keypad or
Touch Screen
N2O
to the patient and the required power to apply
74
Analog
Anesthesia Unit Monitor
concentration of the substances in the blood.
to the valves.
Keyboard
Optional
and the concentration of the substance are the

variables that control the valves.
Keypad or
Touch Screen
Optional

14.5
Principal MCU
Figure
12-3:
Kinetis
K60
Family
Block
Diagram
Figure
12-3:
Kinetis
K60
Family
Block
Diagram
Figure
14-3:
Kinetis
K60
Family
Block
Diagram
Core
The remainder of the process occurs in the

vaporizer (there is a special apparatus to
make this). Here, Halotane, O2 and N2O are
mixed. These substances must be vaporized
to provide the necessary anesthesia.
Therefore the principal MCU must control
Core
ARM Cortex-M4
Cortex-M4
ARM
100/120/150
MHz
100/120/150 MHz
Debug
Interrupt
Memory
DSP
Floating Point
Unit (FPU)
Floating
Point
Unit (FPU)
concentrations in the patient.

Finally, the patient breathes the anesthesia
mixed through the mass flow controller.
The Freescale Kinetis MCUs are
recommended for this application.
Kinetis K60 MCUs

The Kinetis K60 MCU family includes
512 KB1 MB of flash memory, a single
precision floating point unit, IEEE 1588
DMA
DMA
Wake-Up Unit
Security
and Integrity
Security
and Integrity
Analog
Analog
16-bit
ADC
Cyclic
Redundancy
Cyclic(CRC)
Check
16-bit
ADC
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
PGA
Analog
Comparator
6-bit
DAC
Acceleration
6-bit
12-bit
DAC
Detection
Unit
12-bit
Voltage
DAC
Unit (CAU)
Cryptographic
Acceleration
H/W
Tamper
Unit
(CAU)
H/W Tamper
Detection
Unit
DAC
Reference
Voltage
Reference
On-The-Go with device charge detect,

Standard Feature
(256 KB to 1 MB)
Clocks
(64 to 128 KB)
External
FlexMemory
FlexMemory
Interface
(256
to 512 KB) BusExternal
Interface
(256
to 512
KB) Bus
(FlexBus)
(4
to 16
KB EE)
(4 to 16 KB EE)
(FlexBus)
(EzPort)
DDR Controller
Serial
Cache
Programming
Serial
Cache
Interface
Programming
DDR Controller
(EzPort)
Interface
NAND Flash
Controller
NAND
Flash
FlexTimer
Modulator
Transmitter
Programmable
Delay Block
Programmable
Delay
Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timers
Periodic
Interrupt
Low-Power
Timers
IC
2
I2 C
UART
(ISO 7816)
UART
(ISO 7816)
SPI
SPI
CAN
Timer
CAN
IEEE
1588
Ethernet MAC
Low-Power
Independent
Timer
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
Real-Time
Clock (RTC)
Independent
Real-Time
IEEE 1588
Clock
(RTC)
Timer
Phase-Locked
Phase-Locked
Loop
Loop
FrequencyFrequencyLocked
Loop
Locked Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Low/HighOscillators
Frequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Internal
Clocks
Reference
Clocks
Controller
Timers
Carrier
Modulator
Carrier
Transmitter
Analog
Comparator
Clocks
Memories
Timers
FlexTimer
PGA
Ethernet, Full- and High-Speed USB 2.0

hardware encryption, tamper detection
MemoryUnit
Protection
(MPU) Unit
Protection
(MPU)
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
Low-Leakage
the rate by adjusting valves, depending on

the pressure of the substances and their
Memories
Program Flash
SRAM
Program
(256
KB to 1Flash
MB) (64 toSRAM
128 KB)
Watchdogs
DSP
Debug
Interfaces
Interfaces
Controller
Interrupt
Controller
System
Internal and
Internal
and
External
External
Watchdogs
System
IS
2
I2S
Secure
Digital Host
Secure
Controller
(SDHC)Host
Digital
Controller
(SDHC)
USB On-the-Go
(LS/FS)
HMI
HMI
GPIO
GPIO
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Xtrinsic
Touch-Sensing
Interface
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
USB On-the-Go
USB On-the-Go
(LS/FS)
(HS)
USB On-the-Go
USB Device
(HS)
Charger Detect
(DCD)
USB Device
Charger Detect
USB (DCD)
Voltage
Regulator
USB Voltage
Regulator
IEEE 1588
Timer
Optional Feature
capabilities and a NAND flash controller.

256-pin devices include a DRAM controller
Standard Feature
Optional Feature
for system expansion. The Kinetis K60 family

is available in 144 LQFP, 144 MAPBGA and
256-pin MAPBGA packages.
Features
ARM Cortex-M4 core + DSP. 120150 MHz,
single cycle MAC, single instruction multiple
data (SIMD) extensions, single precision
floating point unit
512 KB1 MB flash. Fast access, high
reliability with four-level security protection
Up to four high-speed 16-bit analogto-digital converter with configurable
resolution. Single or differential output mode
operation for improved noise rejection.
500 ns conversion time achievable with
programmable delay block triggering
System security and tamper detect with
secure real-time clock with independent
battery supply. Secure key storage with
internal/external tamper detect for unsecure
flash, temperature, clock and supply voltage
variations and physical attack detection
75
Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor

15.1
Introduction
A multi-parameter patient monitor is a device that measures blood
pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation and heart electrical activity to
provide a clear view of patient information.
This application constantly monitors measurements from the ECG,
pulse oximetry, blood pressure and temperature of the patient. For this
application, Freescale offers medical solutions that use our product
expertise in MCUs, sensors, analog and wireless technology for home
portable medical devices, diagnostic and therapy devices and medical
imaging devices. Freescale is dedicated to helping patients live a better
life by driving innovation and enabling medical device manufacturers to
leverage the latest available technology.
76

15.2
Measuring Temperature
Figure 15-1: Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor General Block Diagram

Vital Signs Monitor
The Freescale S08QG family includes a
Temp
Sensor
temperature with an ouput connected to an

ADC analog channel input. The approximate
transfer function of the temperature sensor
12 Leads
can be expressed by this equation:

Temp = 25 ((VTEMP VTEMP25)/m)
Finger
Clamp
sensor, see the document MC9S08QG8/QG4
with a 10-bit resolution
Electrical
Protection and Mux
Signal
Conditioning
MCU/MPU
Red and
Infrared LEDs
Signal
Conditioning
Receptor Diode
Device Data Sheet, available at freescale.com.
Linear successive approximation algorithm
ADC
Switching Module
For more information about the temperature
ADC Module Features
Amp
Arm Valve
Pressure Sensor
Pump Motor
Motor Control
Sensor Amp
PWM
USB
Output formatted in 10- or 8-bit

right-justified format
Keypad or
Touch Screen
Single or continuous conversion

(automatic return to idle after a single
Power
Management
conversion)
Configurable sample time, conversion
Wireless
Comm
Optional
speed and power

Conversion complete flag and interrupt
Input clock selectable from up to four
sources
Operation in wait or Stop3 modes for
low-noise operation
Figure13-2:
15-2:
General
Overview
of Temperature
Measurement
Figure
General
Overview
of Temperature
Measurement
For more information about how to send

the ADC values to the main MCU, see the
AD26
ADC Channel
application note titled Analog-to-Digital
Principal
MCU/MPU
I2C
Converter on an I2C Bus Using

MC9S08QG8 (document AN3048),
available at freescale.com.
15.3
15.4
15.5
ECG Monitoring
Pulse Oximetry Monitoring
Blood Pressure Monitoring
An ECG is a graph produced by recording the
A pulse oximeter is a device that measures
A blood pressure monitor is a device that
electrical activity of the heart over time. This
the amount of oxygen saturation in the blood.
measures the systolic and diastolic blood
allows healthcare providers to diagnose a wide
This parameter is useful for patients with
pressure by inflating a cuff until it equals
range of heart conditions.
metabolic disorders like respiratory acidosis,
the systolic ressure, then deflating until
alcalosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary
the diastolic pressure is bypassed. Other
disease and restrictive pulmonary disease.
parameters can be measured such as mean

arterial pressure and heart rate.
77
Figure13-4:
15-3:
Signal
Conditioning
to ECG
Monitoring
Figure
Signal
Conditioning
to ECG
Monitoring
15.6
Motor Control with

Freescale Devices
The Freescale MPC17C724 is a 0.4 amp
dual H bridge motor driver IC with the
Analog
Frond End
following features:
Built-in 2-channel H bridge driver
Provides four driving modes
Right Hand
Left Hand
Electrodes
Multiplexer
and Isolator
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Band Pass
Filter
To MCU
ADC input
Forward
Reverse
Break
High impedance
Direct interface to the MCU
Low ON-resistance, RDS(ON) = 1.0
Right Leg
Left Leg
(typical)
PWM control frequency 200 kHz (max)
To design keypad, power management,
wireless communications and USB
Figure 15-4: General Overview of Pulse Oximetry Monitoring
Figure 13-5: General Overview of Pulse Oximetry Monitoring
modules, see Chapter 3, Telehealth Systems

Introduction. For a display with a touch
screen, see Chapter 11.2, Electrocardiograph
Switching Module
Finger
Clamp
Red and
Infrared LEDs
Signal
Conditioning
To Principal
MCU/MPU
and Portable ECG.

Receptor Diode

Telehealth Systems Introduction.
Table 15-1. S08QG MCU Family
Features
S08QG
Core
HCS08
Flash
8/4 KB
RAM
512/257 KB
Bus frequency
10 MHz
ADC
Up to 8 channels (10 bits)
Analog comparator
Yes
Keyboard interrupt
Up to 8 pins
Timers (up to)
1- to 16-bit timer (2 channels),

one 16-bit timer
SCI
SPI
I2C
Operational voltage
1.8 to 3.6 V
Figure 15-5: Signal Conditioning for Pulse Oximetry Monitoring
Figure 13-6: Signal Conditioning for Pulse Oximetry Monitoring
Figure 15-6: General Overview of Pressure Monitoring
Figure 13-7: General Overview of Pressure Monitoring

Arm
Valve
Pressure
Sensor
Sensor
Amp
To Principal
MCU/MPU
Pump
Motor
78
Motor
Control
PWM
15.7
Applications Processor
Figure 15-7: i.MX 6 Block Diagram

i.MX 6Solo Multimedia Processor Block Diagram
CPU Platform
Secure JTAG
ARM Cortex-A9 Core
PLL, Osc.
Multi-parameter patient monitors require a

versatile platform for multimedia and display
Smart DMA
on ARM technology deliver an optimal balance
IOMUX
of power, performance and integration to
first truly scalable multicore platform that

includes single-, dual- and quad-core families
based on the ARM Cortex-A9 architecture.
Together with a robust ecosystem, i.MX 6
series provides the ideal platform to develop
a portfolio of end devices based on a single
hardware design.
NEON
PTM
USB2 HSIC
Host x2
MMC 4.4/
SDXC
MIPI HSI
Multimedia
Watch Dog x2
Internal Memory
RAM
Video Codecs
Security Cntrl.
TrustZone
Secure RTC
Ciphers
eFuses
Audio: ASRC
ESAI, I2S/SSI
x3
SM Bus, GPIO,
Keypad
Imaging Processing Unit

Resizing and Blending Image Enhancement
Inversion/Rotation
Security
RNG
I2C x3, SPI x4
2D
1080p30 Enc/Dec
Temperature
Monitor
S/PDIF Tx/Rx
PCIe 2.0
3D
Power Management
ROM
MMC 4.4/
SD 3.0 x3
UART x5
Hardware Graphics Accelerators
PWM x4
DCDC,
LDO
32 KB D-Cache
512 KB L2-Cache
Timer x3
enable next-generation smart devices.
32 KB I-Cache
Clock and Reset
applications. Freescale i.MX processors based
The i.MX 6 series unleashes the industrys
Connectivity
System Control
Display and Camera Interface

HDMI and PHY
24-bit RGB, LVDS (x2)
MIPI DSI
20-bit CSI
MIPI CSI2
EPDC
USB2 OTG
and PHY
USB2 Host
and PHY
FlexCAN x2
MLB150
1 Gb Ethernet
+ IEEE 1588
NAND Cntrl.
(BCH40)
External Memory
x32 LP-DDR2/
DDR3/LV-DDR3
79
Hospital Admission Machine

16.1
Introduction
With the increasing prevalance of technology in the medical market,
administrators are open to infusing that technology into hospitals to
help increase the quality of service.
Automated hospital admission machines, tracking devices/bracelets and
automatic inventory control are just some of the applications the medical
team is working on at Freescale. By leveraging our strengths in Vybrid
controller solutions, Kinetis MCUs, ColdFire MCUs and i.MX processors,
wireless communications and PowerQUICC network processing,
Freescale strives to bring connected intelligence to hospitals.
80

16.2
Hospital Admission
Machine
A hospital admission machine helps patients
Figure 16-1: Hospital Admission Machine General Block Diagram

Height
Ultrasonic
Sensor
and doctors increase the efficiency of a

hospital through automating procedures that
Pulse Oximetry/
Heart Rate/
Glucometer
require time from nurses and administrative
Ethernet
PHY(100 Mbps)
Electronic Wireless
Patient Chart
Blood Pressure
Monitoring
USB
USB
Power
Switch
Display
4x5
Keypad
Matrix
RS-232
Xcvr
employees.
Digital Weight
Backlight Wireless
Comm
Inverter
MCU/MPU
Power
Management
ITO Glass
Secondary
MCU
These solutions need to integrate a broad

range of medical devices in order to perform
necessary functions for the physician and
LEDs
Electrodes
Buzzer
BDM
Keypad
or
Touch
Screen
32 MB
DDR
SDRAM
Level
Shift
Xcvr
NonVolatile
Memory
increase the range of early diagnosis/

symptoms and signs that can alert medical
staff to acute complications in patients being
monitored at home (using portable mode) or in
Optional
specific strategic places such as malls (using

medical kiosks).
State-of-the-art technologyincluding
Figure 16-2: Analog Configuration for LEDs and Buzzer
Figure 14-2: Analog Configuration for LEDs and Buzzer
integrated MCUs such as the Kinetis

MK53N512allows the designer to achieve
A
portability for touch-sensing interfaces and

medical-grade communication (following
o.1 uF
Continua Health Alliance guidelines)
with libraries that are downloadable from
330
120
1k
freescale.com/medical. These elements

enable solutions focused on preventive
medicine, which ultimately reduce a patients
acute complications and costs related to their
treatment. This can help health institutions
redirect money used for treatment toward
prevention and can help insurance companies
reduce costs.
The hospital kiosk includes a touch-sensing
interface that allows the user to navigate the
machines interface. This flat surface makes
the machine easier to disinfect after each use,
as a machine with mechanical buttons can
hold pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
in the edge of the buttons.
kidney disease, asthma, neurological

disorders, etc.
Personal medical history: Medicines,
surgeries, diseases, etc.
Non-pathological personal history: Blood
type, alcohol and tobacco use, drug abuse,
allergies, etc.
flow peak
Inspiratory and expiratory lung volume
After this information is entered, a test result
paper is printed and a remote database is
updated with these readings. If the kiosk
detects a critical problem, it sends the report
Once the patient is identified through the
to a mobile device that could report the
magnetic card, the machine can take the
finding to a physician or healthcare provider.
following measurements:
The kiosk includes a magnetic card reader
Capillary blood glucose levels
used to identify the patient and to keep a
Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial
record of the patients abbreviated e-chart.
Maximum expiratory and inspiratory
pressure
A step-by-step video shows how to perform

these tests so that the user can perform
the tests without help from a healthcare
professional. With language support in
The e-chart contains the following data:
Weight, height and body mass index
English, Spanish and Japanese, the user
ID fields: First name, last name, birth date,
Temperature
sees and hears how to perform these tests.
Heart rate
As users become more familiar with the
gender, contact information

Family medical history: Cancer,
cardiovascular disease, chronic
degenerative diseases such as arthritis,
EKG DI
Oxygen saturation level (SaO2)
device, they may pay less attention to the

instructions. This is why we also offer the
patient monitor interface.
81

For an easy-to-use mode, the main core of
the kiosk can be separated. This creates a
Figure
Portable
Monitoring
System
Figure14-3:
16-3:
Portable
Monitoring
System
USB-powered portable device for home use

or use at remote facilities when a physician is
not nearby.
The following sections describe the parts of
the system (some of them have already been
described in previous chapters):
Weight scale
Ultrasonic height sensor
Thermometer
Blood pressure monitor (systolic, diastolic,
mean arterial pressure)
Heart rate monitor
Figure
Measuring
Patient
Height
Figure14-4:
16-4:
Measuring
Patient
Height
One-lead EKG (DI)

Pulse oximeter
Ultrasonic
Height
Sensor
Blood glucose meter

Spirometer (air flow and lung volume)
16.3
Patient Height and Weight

The patients height is taken by an ultrasonic
sensor that measures the distance between
the head and the sensor. An MCU takes the
data produced by the transducer and uses an
equation to calculate the distance between
the sensor and the head, then calculates the
difference between this distance and the total
distance to the floor.
The patients weight is taken by a pressure
sensor. This operation is explained in the
Ventilation and Respiration application
article. In general, after signal conditioning
Transmitter
Receptor
D=1/2Vt
Anesthesia Unit Monitor

Valve
Controls
Signal
Conditioning
Halotane
O2
Alarm
Pressure
Sensor
SPI/I2C
Figure 16-5: Configuration to Measure Patient Weight
USB
Figure 14-5: Configuration to Measure Patient Weight

N2O
Infrared
Sensor
SPI/I2C
Freescale Pressure Sensors

MPXx5004
MPXx5004
MPXC2011DT1
Spectometer
MPXx12
Sensor
MPXx5010
MPXx2010
MPXV 2053GVO
MPXV5100
MCU/MPU
Optional Instrument
Amplifier
produces a voltage, this voltage is passed
SCI
Power
Management
ADC
Display
Wireless
Comm
MAX232
Keypad or
Touch Screen
through the ADC of a MCU to be processed

and then passed by RS-232 or USB to the
principal MPU. The general block diagram
Optional
shows that the weight of the patient is passed

through RS-232, although you can transmit
by USB (optional). If RS-232 is used, it is
necessary to add a MAX232 device according
to the protocol (see Figure 16-4).
82

16.4
Patient Interface
Figure 16-6: USB Port Connections
Figure 14-6: USB Port Connections
The patient has an interface to communicate

with the admission machine. This interface is
composed of a touch screen display, LEDs
Power
Source
MC33730
and a buzzer to warn if a decision must be

made or if a process is finished. This module
is developed with a secondary MCU, such as
those in the Freescale Kinetis L series.
16.5
Communication Interface
USB Power Switch
When the patient arrives at the hospital,
special devices take the principal vital signs of
height, weight and heart rate. These devices
are connected to the principal system. When
Figure 16-7: USB General Configuration
Figure 14-7: USB General Configuration
the devices are connected by USB, the

devices are powered on and the principal
Power Distribution
Chip or Circuit
MPU starts the communication as host.

The USB port is implemented in a regulator
USB A or Mini-A
Receptacle
(MC33730) that provides 5 V at 2 A out.

However, the devices only support 500 mA.
Therefore, it is necessary to add a 500 mA
fuse to limit the current. The USB module of
Optional ESD Circuit
the principal MPU is configured as a host that

can turn on the external devices and start
communication between the external devices
and the principal MPU.
The MPUs recommended for this application
integrate two or more hosts, allowing more
than one USB device without using a hub.
Place Resistors Close

to the Processor
Optional Ferrite Bead
For a list of recommended MPUs, visit

freescale.com/medical.
Serial Communications Interface (SCI)

SCI is an asynchronous serial communications
bus that an MCU uses to communicate with
other MCUs or external devices using SCI.
Two signal lines are used with SCI: TXD
(transmit) and RXD (receive). The two-wire SCI
bus operates in full-duplex mode (transmitting
and receiving simultaneously). SCI uses either
an 8- or 9-bit data format, with data sent
using non-return-to-zero. The SCI bus may
also be set up as a single wire interface, using
the TXD pin to both send and receive data.
The SCI is a generic controller that allows the
integration of RS232, RS422 and RS485 serial
transceivers.
83

Data can be sent as 8- or 9-bit words (a
least significant bit). A START bit marks the
beginning of the frame and is active low.
Figure 16-8: SCI Tram

Figure 14-8: SCI Tram
Figure 16-8 shows a framed 8-bit data word.

The data word follows the start bit. A parity
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
bit may follow the data word after the most

significant bit depending on the protocol
used. A mark parity bit (always set high), a
space parity bit (always set low) or an even/
odd parity bit may be used. The even parity
bit will be a one if the number of ones/zeros is
even or a zero if there is an odd number. The
odd parity bit will be high if there are an odd
number of ones/zeros in the data field. A stop
Figure14-9:
16-9:Serial
Serial
Communication
Interface
General
Configuration
Figure
Communication
Interface
General
Configuration
bit will normally follow the data field. The stop

bit is used to bring the signal rests at logic
high following the end of the frame, so when
ADC
SCI
the next start bit arrives it will bring the bus
Rx
MPU/
SCI
Tx
Rx
Tx
from high to low. Idle characters are sent as

all ones with no start or stop bits. Freescale
MCUs provide 13-bit baud. The SCI modules

can operate in low power modes.
+
Ethernet PHY (100 Mb/s)

An Ethernet communication interface may
16
15
14
13
be implemented to connect the MCU to the
Internet or to control the system remotely.
MAX 232
16
15
14
MAX 232
13
12
11
11
This requires coupling impedance for the
10
10
RJ-45 connection.
16.6
12
+
+
Backlight Inverter
A backlight is a form of illumination used in
LCDs to illuminate the side or back of the
display panel, unlike front lights, which are
placed in front of the LCD.
84
Figure
16-10:
Ethernet
Interface
Circuitry
Figure
14-10:
Ethernet
Interface
Circuitry

16.7
Multimedia Applications
with the i.MX 6 Series
Figure 16-11: i.MX 6 Series Block Diagram

Connectivity
System Control
CPU Platform
The i.MX 6 series of applications processors
Secure JTAG
ARM Cortex-A9 Core
unleashes a scalable multicore platform that
PLL, Osc.

based on the ARM Cortex-A9 architecture
power-efficient processing capabilities of
PWM x4
provides a new level of multimedia

performance to enable an unbounded nextgeneration user experience.
centric, touch-based devices is increasing

exponentially. Tomorrows battery-powered
smart devices need to present data and
MMC 4.4/
SDXC
MIPI HSI
S/PDIF Tx/Rx
PCIe 2.0
3D
Internal Memory
RAM
RNG
Security Cntrl.
TrustZone
Secure RTC
Ciphers
eFuses
Audio: ASRC
ESAI, I2S/SSI
x3
Video Codecs
1080p30 Enc/Dec
Temperature
Monitor
I2C x3, SPI x4
2D
SM Bus, GPIO,
Keypad

Inversion/Rotation
Security
The market for intelligent, multimedia-
USB2 HSIC
Host x2
Multimedia
Power Management
ROM
MMC 4.4/
SD 3.0 x3
UART x5
Watch Dog x2
DCDC,
LDO
PTM
512 KB L2-Cache
IOMUX
Timer x3
high-definition video, the i.MX 6 series
32 KB D-Cache
NEON
Smart DMA
automotive applications. By combining the
edge 3D and 2D graphics, as well as
32 KB I-Cache
Clock and Reset
for next-generation consumer, industrial and
the ARM Cortex-A9 architecture with bleeding
USB2 OTG
and PHY
USB2 Host
and PHY

HDMI and PHY
MIPI DSI
20-bit CSI
MIPI CSI2
EPDC
FlexCAN x2
MLB150
1 Gb Ethernet
+ IEEE 1588
NAND Cntrl.
(BCH40)
External Memory
x32 LP-DDR2/
DDR3/LV-DDR3
user interface choices to the end user

primarily through rich sound, video, voice,
pictures and touch, rather than keyboards
and mice. The need for manufacturers to
quickly provide multiple devices to fit specific
market segments or niches and provide their
customers with a broader range of choices is
increasing just as quickly.
Exceptional 3D graphics performance with

up to quad shaders performing 200 Mt/s
The i.MX 6 series was designed specifically to

enable this new market by bringing together
high-performance scalable multimedia
processing, a software-compatible family
of five processors and pin-compatible
(i.MX 6SoloLite is not pin compatible)
processor solutions with integrated power
management that allow manufacturers to
deploy a full portfolio of products with a
single hardware design.
and OpenCL support

Separate 2D and/or Vertex acceleration
engines for an optimal user interface
experience
Stereoscopic image sensor support for 3D
imaging
Integrated market-specific I/Os, which
32 KB instruction and data L1 caches and

256 KB to 1 MB of L2 cache
Multi-stream-capable HD video engine
delivering 1080p60 decode, 1080p30
next-generation products
Ultra-realistic and richer user interfaces
enabled by an integrated 3D graphics
engine in high-performance families
Aggressive power management enables
performance families
integrated PHY, Gigabit Ethernet with
Scalable single-, dual- and quad-core
and Trustzone support
easy design of a broad portfolio of
HD multi-stream video playback in high
PHY, PCI Express with integrated PHY,
dual- and quad-core families enable
PHY, SD3.0, multiple USB 2.0 ports with

integrated PHY, SATA-II with integrated
1.2 GHz, with ARMv7, Neon, VFPv3
Pin- and software-compatible single-,
may include HDMI v1.4 with integrated
Features
offerings based on ARM Cortex-A9 up to
Benefits
MIPI CSI, MIPI DSI, MIPI HSI and FlexCAN
Highly integrated family with a broad

range of integrated I/Os to reduce design
complexity and time to market
Comprehensive security features include

cryptographic accelerators, high-assurance
boot and tamper protection
Optional integration of an EPD display
controller for e-readers and similar
applications
encode and 3D video playback in HD in

high-performance families
85
Digital Stethoscope
17.1
Introduction
A digital stethoscope is a device that uses ultrasound waves to detect
With a digital stethoscope, a source sends acoustic waves to the
different types of tissue and movements within the body, such as
heart. While a portion of the energy bounces back, the heartbeat
those produced by heart contractions and relaxation or even blood
changes the frequency of the returning waves via the Doppler effect.
flow through the arteries via an ultrasonic probe.
Simple algorithms are then used to detect and measure the patients
heartbeat via these returning signals.
This functionality is based on the Doppler effect, which consists of the

wavelength variation sent or received by a moving object.

86
17.2
Ultrasonic Probe
Figure 17-1: Digital Stethoscope General Block Diagram

Digital Stethoscope
The ultrasonic probe may consist of an
Core
oscillator (X1 in Figure 16-2) that generates an
HMI
ARM Cortex-M4
Core 72/100 MHz
DSP
ultrasound frequency (for these applications,
LCD
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
the range is 13 MHz) followed by an amplifier

(U2 in Figure 16-2) to condition the sine
MCU
waveform in volts.
Signal Conditioning
This waveform is applied to the transmitter
Ultrasound Transducer
transducer to send vibrations through the
ADC
ADC
DAC
DAC
Opamp
Opamp
Triamp
Triamp
body and bounce back when the density of

the medium changes. Another transducer is
Active
Speaker
Audio Power
Amplier
used to receive the bounced vibrations and

convert them to electrical signals. This signal
is amplified using an instrumental amplifier
Potentiometer
Volume
and is sent to a band-pass filter. The filtered

signal is sent to a phase-locked loop to
generate a voltage signal, which depends on

the frequency applied.
For implementations of the instrumentation
amplifier and band-pass filter, see the
Figure15-3:
17-2:
Transmitter
Ultrasonic
Probe
Example
Figure
Transmitter
Ultrasonic
Probe
Example
Appendix of this document.
R2
U1
17.3
R1
Electrical Protection
U2
R3
Any time an AC-powered medical device
T1
Transducer
X1
comes into contact with a patient, the system

must be designed with electrical protection in
mind. Electrical protection limits the current to
a non-harmful range of 6 10 mA maximum,
C1
C2
avoiding the probability of electrical discharge.

This also should provide isolation between the
power source of the device and the sensor
that is in contact with the person.
In the transmitter ultrasound probe example
(Figure 16-2) the resistor R3 limits the current
Figure 17-3: Receiver Ultrasonic Probe Example
Figure 15-4: Receiver Ultrasonic Probe Example
to transformer T1. Transformer T2 provides

isolation between the circuit and the patients
body. Transformers T1 and T2 must have a
1:1 relationship, and should not be affected by
the operational frequency of the transducers.
Phase-Locked Loop
Transducer
T2
fin
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Band-Pass
Filter
Vout
To MCU
ADC Input
feedback
87

17.4
Signal Conditioning
Figure 17-4: Ultrasonic Probe Elements Block Diagram
Figure 15-5: Ultrasonic Probe Elements Block Diagram
Signal conditioning can be implemented using
Signal Sent
a band-pass filter to reject noise. Using an

active filter, the signal can be conditioned
Oscillator
Transmitter
Transducer
Current
Limiter
Amplifier
to determine values. For details about filter

design, refer to the Appendix.
Electrical
Isolation
The signal at the output of the band-pass filter

is sent to a phase-locked loop to generate
a frequency-dependent voltage. The phase-
Phase-Locked
Loop
Band-Pass
Filter
Receiver
Transducer
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Signal
Bounced
locked loop must be configured so that the

frequency of the look-in range matches the
band-pass filter bandwidth. This signal is
to MCU
ADC input
applied to an input of the ADC embedded on

the MCU.
Probe
Electrical Protection
Amplifier
Signal Conditioning
17.5
LCD Display
The MCU is responsible for processing
the information acquired according to an
algorithm and displaying the data on an LCD
Figure15-2:
17-5:
Doppler
Effect
Example
Figure
Doppler
Effect
Example
screen. Freescale provides a wide range of

MCUs with embedded LCD controllers.
Ultra-low-power MCUs with segment LCD
drivers can be found in the S08 L family and
the Kinetis L series. Freescale also features
segment LCD and graphical display options in
the Kinetis K series of MCUs.
For more information about LCD devices
and connections, see Chapter 6, Blood
Glucose Meter.
Waves Emitted
by a Static Object
Waves Emitted
by a Moving Object
For information about a digital stethoscope

reference design, download DRM132 Medical
Stethoscope Design Reference Manual.


in 64-pin QFN packages extending up to 512
KB in a 144-pin MAPBGA package.
88

Features
The Kinetis K50 MCU has the next features and
peripherals in its integrated measurement engine:

Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
2 x opamp
2 x triamp
2 x 12-bit DAC
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit

I2C
USB connectivity

ColdFire V1 MCUs
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
FlexTimer
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference

Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
Standard Feature
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Phase-Locked
Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
HMI
IC
I2 S
GPIO
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Clocks
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
Programmable
Delay Block
6-bit
DAC
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)
Timers
16-bit
ADC
Analog
Comparator
Analog
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator
Optional Feature

MCU series.
Figure 16-7: MCF51MM256 Block Diagram
Features
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO/
16 RGPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
MiniBus External
2 x SPI
USB
Device/Host/
OTG

2 x triamp

MCG
2 x KBI
2 x SCI

256 KB
Bootloader
USB ROM
32 KB SRAM


and 1 x I2C
Mini FlexBus external bus interface EBI
Included in the Freescale product longevity
program
89

The 9S08MM128/64/32 provides ultra-

2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT

2 x SCI
MCU series.
Features
2 x KBI
MCG
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
128 KB Flash
USB
Device
12 KB SRAM

2 x triamp
Analog comparator
Figure 17-9: Fetal Heart Rate Monitor General Block Diagram
Fetal Heart Rate Monitor General
Power
Management
Keypad

and 1 x I2C
17.6
Fetal Heart Rate Monitor

A fetal heart rate monitor is a target
application of digital stethoscopes. It provides
Signal
Conditioning
Amplifier
Segment LCD
ADC
MCU
Electrical
Protection
Pressure Sensor
Wireless Comm
an audible simulation of the heartbeat of a

fetus inside the mothers womb and displays
Ultrasonic Probe
PWM
the number of beats per minute. Fetal heart

rate monitors are increasingly being used in
the home, allowing parents to listen to their
babys heartbeat.
Optional
Figure 17-9 shows the basic block diagram of

a fetal heart rate monitor.
90
Powered Patient Bed

18.1
Introduction
A simple hospital bed has evolved into a highly networked appliance
that integrates sophisticated processors to monitor patient status
and control the beds power-assisted functions. The result is a more
comfortable bed and one that is easier for healthcare professionals to
move and adjust.
91

18.2
Using Motors for Patient

Positioning
Figure 18-1: Powered Patient Bed General Block Diagram
Powered Patient Bed
SPI
Power
Management
Pressure ulcers or decubitus ulcers (bedsores)

are one of the most common complications of
patients who cannot change position in a bed.
USB
Infusion
Pump
Motor
Driver
Infusion
Pump
Control
Patient
Monitor
UART
Patient
Monitor
Control UART
Bedsores can be caused by sweat, humidity

and temperature but are mainly the result
of unrelieved pressure applied by the bones
MII
UART
MCU/MPU
IEEE 802.11x Wi-Fi

10/100 Ethernet PHY
CAN
XSCVR
to the skin and tissue. This is why the most

common places for bedsores are the sacrum,
Other
Devices
elbows, knees and ankles.

To avoid bedsores, hospitals and healthcare
LCD
Controller
Keypad or
Touch
Screen
LCD
Display
providers use irregular bed surfaces to
Nursing
Station
Wireless Comm
Wired
Network
VoIP
Gateway to
Public Phone
Network
CAN Bus
CAN
XSCVR
CAN
XSCVR
CAN
XSCVR
Bed Tilt
Control
Wheel Motor
Control
Pump
Control
Accelerometer
Motor
Driver
Motor
Driver
Bed Tilt
Motors
Wheel
Motors
Pressure
Sensor
Motor
Driver
distribute pressure along the whole body while

electric motors allow the patient easily switch
positions with just the push of a few buttons.
Electric motors are clean and relatively
Pump
Motors
Optional
efficient. This makes them a much better fit

for use in hospital beds rather than pneumatic
or hydraulic alternatives. An electronic motor
system can be used to adjust the height of
the bed and provide movement to the beds
18.3
18.4
wheels. A typical system containing an MCU,
Integrated Real-Time
Patient Monitoring
Integrated Tilt Control
A powered patient bed must be equipped to
safety and comfort of the patient. Although
an H bridge and a motor is shown in Figure 18-2.

The requirements for an MCU vary based
on the size of the motor and the required
efficiency. Most patient bed applications
require 32 to 100 MHz, 16 to 156 KB of
flash memory, 2 to 64 KB of SRAM, a highly
accurate timer and the ability to synchronize
the timer with the ADC. The requirements for
an H bridge also vary, but most beds require a
monolithic power IC comprising control logic,
charge pump, gate drive and low RDS(ON)
MOSFET output H bridge circuitry in a small
surface mount package.
Freescale offers a wide variety of products
specifically for motor control systems ranging
from DSCs to MCUs and H bridges. An
ideal MCU and H bridge solution for a bed
is a Kinetis K series MCU paired with the
flexible, low-power MC33926. In some cases,
depending on the complexity of the motor
system, a single DSC may be sufficient to
monitor the status of the patient and transmit

the data remotely to a nurse station. Typical
patient monitoring functions consist of blood
pressure monitoring, heart rate monitoring,
a pulse oximetry unit, ECG, blood glucose
The tilt control module is used mainly for the

hospital beds are often maneuvered in many
directions and in some cases, in an urgent
manner, the safety of the patient must remain
paramount. Electronic sensors can be used
to monitor the tilt of the bed and provide
meters and an infusion pump.
an alarm if the bed is at an unsafe angle.
The modules shown in Figure 18-1 provide
often used to position the patient in the bed at
extra features allowing healthcare providers
the ideal angle for the patients comfort.
and relatives to offer comfort to the patient.

Some of these modules include a tilt
accelerometer and motor driver to control
the beds tilt, powered wheels to facilitate
movement of the patient to different areas
of the hospital, USB and Ethernet ports to
provide connection with a PC or the hospital
network, VoIP gateway to provide direct
communication to the nurses station, and an
LCD screen and keypad for user interface.
Furthermore, the tilt control module is most
Accelerometers can be used to measure

both dynamic and static acceleration. Tilt is
a static measurement where gravity is the
acceleration being measured. Therefore, to
achieve the highest degree of resolution of
a tilt measurement, a low-g, high-sensitivity
accelerometer is required. The Freescale
MMA845xQ series accelerometers are ideal
solutions for XY and XYZ tilt sensing.
control the motor. The MC56F8xxx family is

an alternative cost-optimized solution for realtime motor control.
92
A simple tilt application can be implemented
Figure 18-2: Electronic Motor System
using an MCU that has one or two ADC

channels to read the analog output voltage of
the accelerometers. For a safety application,
an I/O channel can be used to send a signal
to the MCU to turn power a particular medical
device at a determined angle.
Selecting the right accelerometer depends on
the angle of reference and how the device is
mounted. This allows the designer to achieve
a high degree of resolution for a given solution
due to the nonlinearity of the technology.
To obtain the most resolution per degree
of change, the sensor must be mounted
with the sensitive axis parallel to the plane
of movement where the most sensitivity is
desired. For example, if the degree range
that an application is measuring is 0 to 45,
then the printed circuit board (PCB) would be
mounted perpendicular to gravity. An X-axis
device would be the best solution.
18.5
Integrated Intercom
Using VoIP
VoIP intercom applications can improve
enough processing performance and network
communication throughout a facility across
bandwidth to simultaneously transfer data
either wired or wireless networks. Maintaining
from many sources, including a keypad, touch
support resources for only one network can
screen display panel and voice inputs and
lead to substantial cost savings, however,
outputs.
the greatest opportunity lies in the ability

to deploy and integrate new productivity
Freescale offers a comprehensive hardware
applications and enhanced voice services.
and software solution for commercial
A VoIP gateway, for instance, can help
VoIP applications that meet these specific
seamlessly integrate a patients monitored
requirements. The i.MX product family
data into the underlying hospital network.
contains processors up to 800 MHz with the

proper mix of memory and peripherals for
A VoIP intercom application should deliver
creating the VoIP solution.
an attractive and intuitive user interface and

maintain good audio quality from end to
end with options for video connectivity. No
additional switching equipment is required to
implement these systems across an existing
network. To meet these needs, the system
MPU must feature a high level of integration
to simplify a design for seamless video,
voice and network connectivity. It must have
93
Table 18-1: Freescale Technologies for Diagnostic and Therapy

Device
Description
Features
Alternate Options
Electrocardiograph (ECG)
i.MX28x
454 MHz ARM9 core, power management, LCD controller, touch screen,
DDR2/mDDR/NAND, Ethernet, USB PHY x2, CAN, <1W
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
Single core, up to 1 GHz, DDR3 display, graphics, video, 10/100/1000

Ethernet, USB PHY x2, CAN, PCIe
i.MX 6 SoloLite
MCF51MM
50 MHz ColdFire V1 core MCU with analog measurement engine,

USB 2.0 On-The-Go
MCF51QE
MK50
Kinetis ARM Cortex-M4 MCU
Integrated opamps, triamps, ADC, USB, Ethernet and segment LCD

controller
MK20
CRTOUCHB10VFM

Capacitive and resistive touch sensing with gesture recognition to allow

zoom and rotation
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
MC13213
MC13233
VF5xx
Single-core solution with dual Ethernet and L2 switch
VF6xx
i.MX28x
DDR2/mDDR/NAND, Ethernet, USB PHY x2, <1W
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9

i.MX 6 SoloLite
MK50
Defibrillator
MK60
1 MB flash, Ethernet, floating point, and security
CRTOUCHB10VFM


zoom and rotation
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
2- or 3-pad touch sensors
MC13224V
Platform in a Package
MC13213
VF6xx
Dual heterogeneous core solution with XGA display, dual USB, dual Ethernet
and L2 switch
VF7xx
i.MX28, i.MX 6SoloLite, i.MX

6Solo
Ventilators and Respirators

i.MX53x
ARM Cortex-A8 Applications

Processor
MK20
1 MB flash and USB connectivity
MK50
MC13213
Integrated 8-bit MCU with 60 KB flash
MC13224V Platform in Package
MPXx5050
Pressure Sensor/Flow Sensor
Temperature compensated
MPX2300DT1, MPX2301DT1,
MPXC2011DT1, MPXC2012DT1,
MPX2050
VF3xx
Single-chip solution with dual XiP quad SPI, dual Ethernet and L2 switch
VF4xx, VF5xx
CRTOUCHB10VFM


zoom and rotation
i.MX28
ARM Cortex-A8 Mulitmedia Processor
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
Single core, up to 1 GHz, DDR3 display, graphics, video, 10/100/1000 ETH,

USB PHY x2, CAN, PCIe
i.MX 6 Series
MK20
Anesthesia Monitor
MK60
1 MB flash, Ethernet, floating point, and security
CRTOUCHB10VFM


zoom and rotation
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
MPXx5004
0 to 3.92 kPa (0 to 400 mm H2O), OnChip Signal Conditioned, Integrated

Pressure Sensor
Temperature compensated and calibrated
MPX2050, MPX5050
MC13213
VF6xx
and L2 switch
VF7xx
94
Table 18-1: Freescale Technologies for Diagnostic and Therapy continued

Device
Description
Features
Alternate Options
Ultra-low-power MCU, analog measurement engine, USB
Flexis S08JE
MC13213
Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor

S08MM
Flexis 8-bit MCU
MC13224V
CRTOUCHB10VFM


zoom and rotation
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
MPC17C724
H Bridge Motor Drive
0.4 amp, dual H bridge
MPXx5050
Integrated Pressure Sensor
0 to 50 kPa (0 to 7.25 psi), on-chip signal conditioned, compensated and

calibrated pressure sensor
MPX2050
VF3xx
VF4xx, VF5xx

S08JE
Flexis 8-bit HCS08 MCU
8-bit ultra-low-power MCU with USB
S08JS
i.MX28x
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9

i.MX 6 SoloLite Series
CRTOUCHB10VFM


zoom and rotation
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
MC13213
VF3xx
VF4xx, VF5xx
General-purpose MCU
MK20, MK30, MK40
Digital Stethoscope
MK10
MK40
ADC, USB, Ethernet and segment LCD controller
MK10, MK20, MK30
MK50
Integrated opamps, triamps, ADC, USB, Ethernet and segment LCD

controller
MK20
ARM Cortex-A8 Mulitmedia Processor
Display(s), graphics, video, USB, 10/100/1000 Ethernet, power management
i.MX28, i.MX 6Solo Lite

MCF51QE or MCF51MM
Powered Patient Bed

i.MX 6Solo
S08AC
Flexis 8-bit MCU
8-bit low-cost MCU
MC33880
Eight Output Switch/Motor Driver
Configurable 8-output switch with SPI control (LSS /HSS)
MC33886, MC33887 or MC33879
MC33926
H Bridge
H Bridge for low-voltage DC servo motor control
MC33931, MC33932, MC33887,

MC33886
MC13213
CRTOUCHB10VFM


zoom and rotation
MMA8450Q
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
MC33903/904/905
System Basis Chip
System basis chip with CAN/LIN MC33897 or MC33742
VF6xx
and L2 switch
VF7xx
95
Medical Imaging
19.1
Introduction
The complexities of medical imaging require extraordinary processing
The Power Architecture-based processor family is designed for
and RF power. Modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging
applications that require a rich user interface with complex displays
(MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans and ultrasound all push
and connectivity options with various standard protocols. StarCore
the performance limits for advanced integrated I/O, rigorous
DSPs offer unprecedented high-processing capacity to support
data processing, powerful display capabilities and high levels of
data-intensive applications, such as medical imaging reconstruction.
connectivity. Many of these needs are addressed by our portfolio of
Freescale RF power amplifiers provide the high output power required
Power Architecture-based multicore processors, StarCore DSPs and
to achieve the desired frequency of resonance.
high-power RF devices.
96
Medical Imaging
19.2
Figure 19-1: Ultrasound General Block Diagram
Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is a non-invasive medical imaging
HV Pulse
Generator
Transducer
technique used to visualize muscles, tendons,
DAC
TX Beamformer
RX Beamformer
pathological lesions and many internal organs
Beamforming
Control
DAC
and other structures. It plays an important role
Signal Conditioning
RF
Demodulation
during prenatal care and is commonly used as

Tx/Rx
Switches
a diagnostic tool.
LNA
VGA
ADC
AAF
One of the most common uses of ultrasound

is for fetal monitoring. Ultrasound uses sound
a uterus. Because it uses sound waves
instead of radiation, ultrasound is safer than
Spectral
Doppler
Processing
(D Mode)
CW (Analog)
Beamformer
ADC
Power
Management
User Interface
waves to create images of a fetus inside
DSP/DSC
B-Mode
Processing
Scan
Conversion
Color
Doppler
(PW)
Processing
(F Mode)
X-rays. Gradually, ultrasound has become an

increasingly important part of prenatal care,
USB
providing information that can help the doctor
Keypad
to plan the monitoring of a pregnant woman,

thus improving the chances of a successful
pregnancy.
19.3
How Ultrasound Works
Display
Memory
Wireless
Comm
Audio
Output
Optional
Figure17-2:
19-2:
Ultrasound
Transducer
Diagram
Figure
Ultrasound
Transducer
Diagram
Ultrasound is based on bouncing sound

waves into the body of the developing fetus.
TX
The echoes produced by these waves are
RX
converted into a picture called a sonogram,
TX
also often referred to as sonography or sonar.
RX
Propagation and reflection rules that govern
TX
electric signals are also applied to ultrasound.
Patient
which appears on a monitor. This technique is
RX
A transmission line must be terminated in its

characteristic impedance to avoid reflections.
TX
In the equation below, acoustic impedance
RX
Z is a fundamental property of matter and

is related to the density and the velocity
of sound v : Z = v. The fraction of energy
R refracted at the normal interface of two
different tissue types is:
R=
(Z2- Z1)
(Z2+Z1)
19.4
Transducer
The transducer is the element that converts
The blocks needed for signal conditioning/
electrical signals into ultrasound waves. It
pulse generator blocks are shown in
consists of a set of transmitter and receiver
Figure 19-3.
transducers arranged in a linear array. A

unique transducer is explained in Chapter
16.6, Fetal Heart Rate Monitor. Pulse trains
are sent by transmitter transducers and
receiver transducers receive bounced waves.
The operating frequency for this kind of device
ranges from 5 to 8 MHz.
97
Medical Imaging
This block may be implemented using analog

gates controlled by the MCU/MPU. This
allows the use of transducers as transmitters,
and later the ability to switch the multiplexer
Figure17-3:
19-3:
Ultrasound
Probe
Block
Diagram
Figure
Ultrasound
Probe
Block
Diagram
Multiplexer
for TX/RX
Transducers
Instrumentation
Amplifier
Variable Gain
Amplifier
High-Speed
High-Resolution
ADC
RX
Beamformer
TX
Beamformer
Beamformer
Control
System
for use as receivers. Multiplexing reduces the

High-Voltage
TX Amplifier
number of connections needed, because the

transducers array can range from eight to
High-Speed
DAC
To DSP Blocks
Multiplexer for Tx/Rx

Transducers
Transducer Array
19.5
more than 256.
19.6
and Variable Gain
Amplifier
Figure 19-4: Variable Gain Amplifier Function
Figure 17-4: Variable Gain Amplifier Function
Ultrasonic wave energy sent though a
processing information, the instrumentation

amplifier conditions the signal to adequate
levels and eliminates common-mode noise.
Amplitude
medium, inverse square law, etc.). Before
Gain
factors (absorbing, attenuation due to the
Amplitude
patients body is very attenuated by multiple
Fixed
Gain
Time
Time
A variable gain amplifier is used due to

exponential attenuation of the bounced
waves. Applying an exponential gain reduces
the effect of the attenuation. Figure 18-4
shows the behavior of this element.
Figure 18-5 shows a simple analog
Figure 19-5: Analog Implementation of Variable Gain Amplifier
implementation of the circuit (left side). At the

right side, a block diagram of a control system
is shown. This can be implemented by an
MPU using software.
19.7
Beamformer
A beamformer is a device that directs waves
in a specific direction by means of algorithms
that control the transducer array to form
a wave front that generates constructive
interference. This is used to generate the
sweep required to build the image to be
shown. Figure 18-7 is a diagram of the
direction of propagation of waves controlled
by a beamformer.
98
Medical Imaging
19.8
Ultrasound Software
Library
Figure 19-6: i.MX 6 Block Diagram

The ultrasound software library produces an
CPU Platform
Secure JTAG
ARM Cortex-A9 Core
PLL, Osc.
ultrasound image from a beamforming signal.

through the ultrasound library algorithms to
Smart DMA
generate an output image with the specified
IOMUX
darkest. The output image from the MSC8156
Internal Memory
DSP is stored in the DDR0 memory.
ROM
The MSC8156 DSP is used throughout the

to it. This library is suitable to develop
embedded software for the MSC8156 DSP
MIPI HSI
RAM
RNG
Security Cntrl.
TrustZone
Secure RTC
Ciphers
eFuses
S/PDIF Tx/Rx
I2C x3, SPI x4

Audio: ASRC
2D
Video Codecs
ESAI, I2S/SSI
x3
SM Bus, GPIO,
Keypad

Inversion/Rotation
Security
document because the library adapts perfectly
MMC 4.4/
SDXC
UART x5
1080p30 Enc/Dec
Temperature
Monitor
DCDC,
LDO
USB2 HSIC
Host x2
PCIe 2.0
3D
Power Management
the brightest point and 255 represents the
PTM
MMC 4.4/
SD 3.0 x3
Multimedia
Watch Dog x2
runs from 0 to 255, where 0 represents
NEON
PWM x4
The depth in color used in the final image
32 KB D-Cache
512 KB L2-Cache
Timer x3
height and width.
32 KB I-Cache
Clock and Reset
The beam is stored in the memory and passes
Connectivity
System Control

HDMI and PHY
MIPI DSI
20-bit CSI
MIPI CSI2
EPDC
USB2 OTG
and PHY
USB2 Host
and PHY
FlexCAN x2
MLB150
1 Gb Ethernet
+ IEEE 1588
NAND Cntrl.
(BCH40)
External Memory
x32 LP-DDR2/
DDR3/LV-DDR3
that involves working with a beamforming

signal or grayscale output images. Knowledge
in CW IDE and C programming language
is necessary.
The library uses different algorithms to
generate the final output image:
FIR filter
Envelope detection
Log compression
Histogram equalization
Speckle noise reduction
Scan conversion
Target Applications
19.9
Digital stethoscope
MPUs
Medical ultrasonography
i.MX 6 Series
Ultrasonic lithotripsy
The i.MX 6 series unleashes the industrys

first truly scalable multicore platform that
Ultrasound Software Library

Reference Design
For more information on how to use the
Ultrasound Software Library, download
Ultrasound Software Library (document
MEDIMGLIBUG) from freescale.com

based on the ARM Cortex-A9 architecture.
Together with a robust ecosystem, i.MX 6
series provides the ideal platform to develop
a portfolio of end devices based on a single
hardware design.
99
Medical Imaging
Figure 19-8: Ultrasound Library Flow
Figure 17-8: Ultrasound Library Block Diagram

B-Mode Ultrasound

Beamforming Process
2D Image Forming

Digital Signal
Filter
Envelope
Detection
Log
Compression
Brightness

Image Enhancement

Histogram
Equalization
Noise Filter
(Speckle)
Scan
Convention
Features
2 x opamp
2 x triamp
2 x 12-bit DAC

I2C
USB connectivity
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit

ColdFire V1 MCUs
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)

Clocks
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Phase-Locked
Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Analog
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
IC
IS
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Analog
Comparator
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
Programmable
Delay Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
2
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator

MCU series.
100
Standard Feature
Optional Feature
Medical Imaging
Features

2 x triamp
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO/
16 RGPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
MiniBus External
2 x SPI
USB
Device/Host/
OTG
16-bit SAR high resolution ADC


2 x KBI
MCG
Bootloader
USB ROM
256 KB
and 1 x I2C
2 x SCI
32 KB SRAM

Included in the Freescale product longevity
program

The 9S08MM128/64/32 provides ultra-lowpower operation, USB connectivity, graphic
display support and unparalleled measurement
accuracy, all in a single 8-bit MCU, allowing

device designers to create more fully featured
products at a lower cost. It is ideal for
applications requiring a significant amount of
precision analog.
2 x Opamp
2 x Triamp
VREF
TOD
Up to 68 GPIO
16-bit SAR ADC
12-bit DAC
LVI
I2C
PDB
PRACMP
CMT
MCU series.
Features
2 x SCI

MCG
128 KB Flash
2 x KBI
USB
Device
2 x SPI
Bootloader
USB ROM
12 KB SRAM
2 x triamp
Analog comparator
1 x I2C
101
Medical Imaging
DSPs
Image reconstruction and processing can
be best realized on Freescale single- or
Table 19.1: Freescale StarCore SC3850-Based DSPs

MSC8151
Single-core DSP, 8 GMAC, FFT/DFT

accelerator
MSC8152
Dual-core DSP, 16 GMAC, FFT/DFT

accelerator
MSC8154
Quad-core DSP, 32 GMAC, FFT/DFT

accelerator
MSC8156
processing functions, such as filtering,
Six-core DSP, 48 GMAC, FFT/DFT

accelerator
MSC8251
Single-core DSP, 8 GMAC, PCIe, <3W
demodulation and scan conversion, to achieve
MSC8252
Dual-core DSP, 16 GMAC, PCIe, <4W
the desired output image.
MSC8254
Quad-core DSP, 32 GMAC, SRIO, PCIe
MSC815x and MSC825x StarCore-based,
MSC8256
Six-core DSP, 48 GMAC, SRIO, PCIe
multicore DSPs. These devices are capable of

performing the data-intensive B mode image
reconstruction and the different modes of
Doppler processing, all of which are integral
parts of any ultrasound system. In addition,
these DSPs are ideal for running other signal
DSP families feature the SC3850 core running

at 1 GHz and delivering up to 48 GMACs
per device. All the devices featured are pin
compatible, allowing system scalability from
one to six cores.
Freescale multicore DSP devices offer
unprecedented I/O and memory bandwidth
with the ability to combine Serial RapidIO,
Gigabit Ethernet and/or PCI Express typically
used for high bandwidth FPGA connectivity.
One or two 64-bit DDR2/3 interfaces will
support the most data-intensive applications,
such as medical image reconstruction.
MSC815x device family also features a
dedicated DFT/FFT hardware accelerator
capable of running up to 350 Mega samples/
sec. Offloading these functions from the
cores leaves ample processing headroom for
additional system requirements or enables the
use of single- or dual-core devices (MSC8151
and MSC8152).
102
Digital X-Ray
20.1
Introduction
Digital X-ray is a form of X-ray imaging where digital sensors are used
instead of traditional photographic film. It revolutionized the classical
X-ray by providing more information, reducing diagnostic time, lowering
cost and opening access to a broader range of post-processing tools.
Freescale DSPs with high-processing capacity of up to 48 GMACS,
built-in FFT HW accelerators, low power consumption and competitive
pricing provide a realistic solution for replacing FPGAs and ASICs.
Combined with the i.MX ARM-based MPU family and 2D/3D built-in
accelerators and rich connectivity, they are the perfect combination for
your next-generation design.
103
Medical Imaging
20.2
Analog Front End
Figure 20.1: Digital X-Ray General Block Diagram

Digital X-Ray
The analog part is composed of a cathode
Power
Management
ray tube and a grid of photo detectors.

Because these generate current, it is
necessary for each photo detector to have a
transimpedance amplifier. It is also necessary
X-Ray
Emissor
Photo
Transimp
Detector Grid
Amp
to have an analog multiplexer to allow
ADC
different measurements depending on the
Capacitive
Sensing
and
Touch Screen
Display
DSP/DSC
radiography.
20.3
SPI/SCI
Photo Detector Grid

The X-ray emitter generates cathode rays
USB
that pass through the body. A grid of photo
MCU/MPU
MUX
detectors receives the light, providing

information and signals to be processed
before the system shows a result.
Optional
20.4
Signal Processing
The signal processing and conditioning
technology required to generate radiography
typically involves the transformation of signals
from spatial domain to frequency domainFigure
by use of Fourier Transform, performing
convolutions on the transformed data and

inverse transform back to spatial domain. The
MSC815x StarCore-based DSP family with the
Figure 20-2: General Analog Configuration
17-13: General Analog Configuration

X-Ray
Emissor
Photo
Detector Grid
Transimp
Amp
dedicated DFT/FFT hardware accelerator is ideal
ADC
for implementing these functions and other

image processing techniques used in X-ray
applications.
These devices are based on the SC3850 core
running at 1 GHz and delivering up to
48 GMACs per device.
All the devices featured are pin compatible,
MUX
allowing system scalability from one to

six cores.
Freescale multicore DSP devices offer
unprecedented I/O and memory bandwidth with
the ability to combine Serial RapidIO, Gigabit
Ethernet and/or PCI Express, typically used for
high bandwidth FPGA connectivity. One or two
64-bit DDR2/3 interfaces will support the most
data-intensive applications, such as medical
image reconstruction.
104
Medical Imaging
The MSC815x device family features the MAPLE

hardware accelerator with dedicated DFT/FFT
Figure 20-3: Photo Detector Configuration
functions capable of running up to 350 Mega

samples/sec. Offloading these functions from
the cores leaves ample processing headroom
for additional system requirements or enables
the use of single- or dual-core devices (such as
the MSC8151 and MSC8152 DSPs).
The MSC825x family features one to six
DSP SC3850 cores without the hardware
accelerator for maximum flexibility in algorithm
implementation and improved power efficiency.
DSP Products
16-bit StarCore-based DSPs
StarCore SC3850 (MSC815x)
StarCore SC3400 (MSC8144)
StarCore SC140 (MSC811x, MSC812x)
StarCore SC1400 (MSC711x, MSC712x)
24-bit general-purpose DSPs
Figure 20-4: MC56F84xx DSC
MC56F84xx
Core
System
Communication
56800EX
100 MHz
4-ch. DMA
3 x UART
Memory Resource
Protection Unit
3 x SPI
MC56F81xx/83xx
MC56F80xx
DSCs
Memory
256 KB Flash
Quadrature Decoder
CRC
MC56F82xx
FlexMemory
32 KB Flash or
2 KB EEPROM
Internal Watchdog
MC56F84xx
32 KB SRAM
External Watchdog
56800/E
Voltage Regulator
CAN
2 x I C/SMBus
2
EOnCE (Debug Module)

JTAG
Clocks and Timer
Inter-Module Cross Bar
DAC
1-ch./12-bit
High-Res
PWM
PWM
12-ch.
8-ch. +
PWM 4-ch.
4 x Analog
CMP
+ 6-bit DAC
2 x HS ADC
8-ch./12-bit
with PGA
Timers
SAR ADC
16-ch./16-bit
105
Medical Imaging
20.4
Capacitive Sensing and

Touch Screen Display
The MC34940 is intended for cost-sensitive
applications where non-contact sensing
Table 20.1: FFT/DFT Hardware Accelerator Features

Standard Compliance
Data Rates
Comments
FFT sizes: 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048

points
FFT2048: Up to 280 Mega samples/sec

FFT1024: Up to 350 Mega samples/sec
Advanced scaling options

Guard bands insertion in iFFT
DFT sizes: Variable lengths DFT/IDFT

processing of the form 2k3m5n12, up
to 1536 points
DFT: Up to 175 Mega samples/sec
of objects is desired. When connected to

external electrodes, an electric field is created.
The MC34940 detects objects in this electric
Table 20.2: MSC815x and MSC825x Family Comparison Chart

8156
8154
8152
8151
8256
8254
8252
field. The IC generates a low-frequency sine
Device
SC8350 DSP cores
wave that is adjustable by using an external
Core speed (MHz)
1 GHz
1 GHz
1 GHz
1 GHz
1 GHz
800 MHz
1 GHz
800 MHz
1 GHz
1 GHz
Core performance (16-bit

MMACs)
Up to
48000
Up to
32000
Up to
16000
Up to
8000
Up to
48000
Up to
32000
Up to
16000
Up to
8000
resistor and is optimized for 120 kHz. The

sine wave has very low harmonic content
to reduce harmonic interference. The
MC34940 also contains support circuits
Shared M3 memory
1 MB
1 MB
for an MCU to allow the construction of a
I cache (per core)
32 KB
32 KB
two-chip e-field system.
D cache (per core)
32 KB
32 KB
512 KB
512 KB
2 (800 MHz)
2 (800 MHz)
PCIe
GEMAC (RGMII, SGMII)
sRIO
TDM
SPI
UART
IC
Telehealth Systems Introduction.
FFT/DFT accelerators
For more information about touch panel

applications, see the application note titled
Touch Panel Applications Using the MC34940/
MC33794 E-Field IC (document AN1985),
available at freescale.com.
L2 I cache (per core)

DDR2/3
Proc. tech.
45 nm SOI
45 nm SOI
Package
783 Ball
FC-PBGA
783 Ball
FC-PBGA
8251
Table 20-3: Freescale Technologies for Medical Imaging

Device
Description
Features
Alternate Options
MPC5121e
32-bit Power Architecture MCU
400 MHz e300 core and 760 MIPS built on

Power Architecture
MPC8536E, MPC5125, MPC83xx
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A8 Applications Processor
i.MX53 ARM Cortex-A8 applications processor

1 GHz ARM Cortex-A8, DDR3, Ethernet, 720P
encode/1080P decode, 2D/3D graphics
i.MX28x, i.MX 6 DualLite, i.MX 6Dual
MSC8156
Six-Core High-Performance DSP
DSC built on multicore StarCore DSP
MSC8154, MSC8152
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
2 or 3-Pad touch sensors
MC13224V
MC13213
i.MX28x
454 MHz ARM9 core, power management, LCD

controller, touch screen, DDR2/mDDR/NAND,
Ethernet, USB PHY x2, <1W
i.MX 6Solo
i.MX 6Solo
ARM Cortex-A9
Single core, up to 1 GHz, DDR3 display,

graphics, video, 10/100/1000 Ethernet, USB PHY
x2, CAN, PCIe
i.MX 6SoloLite, i.MX 6DualLite
MPC5121e
32-bit Power Architecture MCU
400 MHz e300 core and 760 MIPS built on

Power Architecture
MPC8536E
MSC8156
Six-Core High-Performance DSP
DSC built on multicore StarCore DSP
MSC8154, MSC8152
MPR03x
Touch Sensor
2- or 3-pad touch sensors
MC13224V
MC13213
Ultrasound Imaging
Digital X-Ray
106
Summary
Summary
Applications
Freescale Products
Freescale Differentiators
Flexis families (8- and 32-bit)

- MC9S08MM, MCF51MM: Medical-oriented MCUs
- MC9S08QE, MCF51QE: General purpose, low power
- MC9S08JM, MCF51JM: USB, low power
- MC9S08AC, MCF51AC: FlexTimer
8-bit MCUs
- MC9S08LL: Low power, segment LCD
- MC9S08JS: Low power, USB
Ultra-low-end 8-bit MCUs
- MC9RS08KA: General purpose
- MC9RS908LA, MC9RS08LE: Segment LCD controllers
ColdFire technology
- MCF5225x: 32-bit, USB, Ethernet
Kinetis ARM Cortex-M0+ family: MKL10, MKL20, MKL30, MKL40
Kinetis ARM Cortex-M4 family: MK10, MK20, MK40, MK50
i.MX series (ARM core, 32-bit)
- i.MX 6 series: Multicore, display(s), graphics, video, USB, 10/100/1000 Ethernet,
power management
- i.MX28x: Power management, LCD controller with touch screen, USB, Ethernet
Wireless: MC1322x (IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee technology)
Pressure sensors: MPL3115A2, MPX2300DT1, MPXV5050GC6, MPXM2053GS
(blood pressure monitoring)
Touch sensors: MPR03x, MPR121QR2, touch-sensing software IP
Accelerometers: MMA8451Q, MMA8452Q, MMA8453Q (arm angle detection for blood
pressure monitoring), MMA8451Q, MMA8452Q, MMA8453Q (portrait/landscape)
Power management: MC34671, MC34673, MC34674, MC34704, MC13892
Motor drivers (H bridge): MC33887, MPC17C724, MC33931, MC33932, MC33926
LED backlight: MC34844
Product differentiators
Highest quality standards
Product life: 15-year longevity
MC9S08QE, MC9S08LL: Low power consumption to enable
longer battery life
- 370 nA, 1.8 V, 6 usec wake up in lowest power mode
MC9S08LL: Superior LCD controller IP
Connectivity: USB, ZigBee
Pressure sensors: Packaged specifically for medical applications
High-end MPUs with graphics acceleration
Home Portable
Diabetes Care (Blood
Glucose Monitor and
Insulin Pumps)
Digital Scale
Digital Thermometer
Heart Rate Monitor
Pulse Oximetry
Telehealth/Telemonitoring
Solution differentiators
Solutions that enable a lower system cost
Touch U/I suited for sterile hand-held monitors
Cost-effective, amplified, small form factor sensors with high
sensitivity
USB for medical: Continua ready, IEEE-compliant PHDC USB
software stack available
Diagnostics and Therapy

Ablation Laser
Anesthesia Unit Monitors
Clinical Patient Monitoring
Clinical/Surgical Equipment
Defibrillators/AEDS
Dialysis Equipment
Electrocardiogram
Electromyograph
Fetal Heart Rate Monitor
Fitness/Wellness
Hospital Admission Machines
Implantable Devices
Infusion Pumps
RF Ablation
Ventilator/Respirators
Wound Management
Flexis family: Low-end to high-end pin-to-pin compatibility, 8- and 32-bit

DSCs: MC56F82xx, MC56F84xx
Kinetis ARM Cortex M4 family: MK40, MK50, MK60
i.MX 6 series: Multicore, display(s), graphics, video, camera, USB, 10/100/1000
Ethernet, power management
i.MX series (ARM core, 32-bit)
- i.MX287: power management, LCD controller with touch screen, USB, Dual Ethernet
High-performance 32-bit MPUs: MPC5121e, MPC8377, MPC8641, MPC8535,
P1022, P1013
Wireless: MC1322x (IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee technology)
Pressure sensors: MPXx5050, MPX2300DT1, MPX2301DT1, MPXC2011DT1,
MPXC2012DT1, MPX2050
Touch sensors: MPR03x, MPR121QR2
Accelerometers: MMA8451Q, MMA8452Q, MMA8453Q
Power management: MC13892, MC34712, MC34713, MC34716, MC34717
Motor drivers (H bridge): MC33887, MPC17C724
Radio frequency (RF) LDMOS power transistors: MRF6VP41KH, MRF6S24140H,
MRF6P24190H
E series high-power enhanced ruggedness RF amplifiers: MRFE6VP100H,
MRFE6VS25N, MRFE6VP5600H, MRFE6VP6300H, MRFE6VP61K25H, MRF6VP8600H
Breadth and scalability of portfolio
Low-power solutions
i.MX series, Flexis, ColdFire: High level of integration
- Connectivity (USB and Ethernet)
- LCD control (graphic and segment)
- Internal memory
- High precision analog
ColdFire: Embedded high-performance DSP functionality with
integrated MAC
i.MX series: Video and graphics acceleration
Strong/comprehensive RF power LDMOS portfolio
- Best ruggedness in the market
- Broadest line of enhanced ruggedness devices
- Exceptional efficiency
- Highest gain
High performance: MPC837x, MPC831x, MPC85xx, P2020

High-end image processing: MPC512x, MPC8610, MSC8122, MSC8144,
MPC8536, MPC8315, MSC8144, MAC8154, MSC8156, P1022
i.MX series (ARM core)
- i.MX 6 series: Multicore, display(s), graphics, video, camera, USB, 10/100/1000
Ethernet, power management
- i.MX53: 32-bit, video, graphics, Ethernet, LCD with touch screen, USB
Wireless: MC132xx ZigBee technology
Accelerometers: MMA8451Q, MMA8452Q, MMA8453Q (vibration sensing)
Touch sensors: MPR03x, MPR121QR2
Power management: MC13892, MC34704, MC34712, MC34713, MC34716, MC34717
General-purpose amplifiers
High-power RF amplifiers: MRF6VP41KH, MRF6S24140H, MRF6P24190H
E series high-power enhanced ruggedness RF amplifiers: MRFE6VP100H,
MRFE6VS25N, MRFE6VP5600H, MRFE6VP6300H, MRFE6VP61K25H,
MRF6VP8600H
Breadth and scalability of portfolio
Low-power solutions
i.MX series, Flexis, ColdFire: High level of integration
- Connectivity (USB and Ethernet)
- LCD control
- Internal memory
- High precision analog
ColdFire: Embedded high-performance DSP functionality with
integrated MAC
i.MX series: video and graphics acceleration
Strong/comprehensive RF power LDMOS portfolio
- Best ruggedness in the market
- Broadest line of enhanced ruggedness devices
- Highest gain
- Exceptional efficiency
High-performance processors: PCI Express support and Serial
ATA for storing images
Touch U/I suited for sterile clinical equipment
Cost-effective, amplified, small form factor sensors with
high sensitivity
USB for medical: Continua ready, IEEE-compliant PHDC
USB software stack available
Imaging
Bone Densitometer
Computed Tomography
Fluoroscopy, Angiography
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
Positron Emission
Tomographer
Ultrasound
X-Ray and Related
Applications
Touch U/I suited for sterile clinical equipment
Cost-effective, amplified, small form factor sensors with high
sensitivity
AltiVec engine for image processing
107
Application Notes
Application Notes
Application Notes
AN2975: IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Applications
AN3231: SMAC Based Demonstration Applications
AN3761: Using Freescale Devices for Contactless Touch Applications
AN3583: Using Low-Power Mode on the MPR083 and MPR084
AN3796: LCD Driver Specification
AN4223: Connecting Low-Cost External Electrodes to MED-EKG
AN4115: IrDA Driver and SD Card File System on the MM/JE Flexis Families
AN3460: Low Power Enabled by QE128 (S08 and MCF51)
AN3465: Migrating within the Controller Continuum
AN1326: Barometric Pressure Measurement Using Semiconductor Pressure Sensors
AN1097: Calibration-Free Pressure Sensor System
AN3870: Developing an Application for the i.MX Devices on Linux
AN3552: Analog Comparator Tips and Tricks
AN4153: Using Freescale eGUI with TWR-LCD on MCF51MM Family
ANPERIPHQRUG: Quick Reference User Guide for Analog Peripherals on the MM and JE Family
AN3827: Differences Between Controller Continuum ADC Modules
AN3412: Dynamic LCD Driver Using GPIO Pins
AN3949: ADC16 Calibration Procedure and Programmable Delay Block Synchronization
AN2731: Compact Integrated Antennas
AN4318: Histogram Equalization
AN4323: Freescale Solutions for Electrocardiograph and Heart Rate Monitor Applications
AN4325: Spirometer Demo with Freescale MCUs
AN4327: Pulse Oximeter Fundamentals and Design
AN4328: Blood Pressure Monitor Fundamentals and Design
AN4364: Glucose Meter Fundamentals and Design
AN4496: Pulse Oximeter Using USB PHDC
108
Appendix
Appendix
Figure A-1: Signal Responses
Figure A-1: Signal Responses
A digital filter is characterized by its transfer

function, or equivalently, its difference
function can describe how it will respond to
2500
of developing specifications appropriate to

the problem, and then producing a transfer
function that meets the specifications.
Signal Amplitude
3000
30
3000 Hz Sample Rate
20
2000
1500
10
0
-10
1000
Time
500
0
0
Signal Spectrum
40
3500
equation. Mathematical analysis of the transfer

any input. As such, designing a filter consists
Input Signal
4000
Log(Meg)
Digital Signal Processing

Concepts
1000
2000
3000
4000
Sample Number
2500
5000
-20
-30
6000
500
1000
Sample Number
1500
Low-, High- and Band-Pass
2000
Low-Pass Filtered Signal
1500
High-Pass Filtered Signal
Signal Amplitude
1000
500
0
-500
Time
-1000
-1500
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Sample Number
Figure A-2: Signal Processing for HRM and Pulse Oximetry
Figure A-2: Signal Processing for HRM and Pulse Oximetry
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
Sample
and Hold
ADC
DC/PWM
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
DC/PWM
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
Digital
Filters
109
Appendix
Digital Filter Examples
Figure A-3: Anti-Aliasing Filter and Sampling
Figure A-3: Anti-Aliasing Filter and Sampling
Digital FIR vs. IIR Filters

A digital finite impulse response (FIR) filter can
implement non-realizable analog functions,
Signal + Noise
LPF (Signal + Noise)
Volts
Volts
with many more multiplies, adds and data
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
moves.
y(n)
Numbers That We Can

Use in DSP techniques
N-1
a(i)x(n-i)
i=0
1.6060e+000
2.4394e+000
2.2457e+000
1.4378e+000
7.7448e-001
7.9937e-001
1.4447e+000
2.0849e+000
2.0000e+000
9.1704e-001
-7.6317e-001
-2.2173e+000
Sample
and Hold
ADC
Time
Time
Sample Rate
A digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filter

provides a digital imitation of analog filters.
It generally has the fewest operations, but is
Figure A-4: Low- and High-Pass Filters
Figure A-4: Low- and High-Pass Filters
often 10x more efficient.
y(n)
N-1
=
M
a(i)x(n-i) +
i=0
Numbers That We Can

Use in DSP techniques
b(j)y(n-j), M>N
j=1
1.6060e+000
2.4394e+000
2.2457e+000
1.4378e+000
7.7448e-001
7.9937e-001
1.4447e+000
2.0849e+000
2.0000e+000
9.1704e-001
-7.6317e-001
-2.2173e+000
Signal Reconstruction
To reconstruct the signal to the original, we
use the digital signal reconstructed by the
Sample
and Hold
ADC
DAC and then use passive filters to shape it in

a smooth manner. See Figure A-5.
1.6060e+000
2.4394e+000
2.2457e+000
1.4378e+000
7.7448e-001
7.9937e-001
1.4447e+000
2.0849e+000
2.0000e+000
9.1704e-001
-7.6317e-001
-2.2173e+000
Low Pass
Digital Filters
1.6060e+000
2.4394e+000
2.2457e+000
1.4378e+000
7.7448e-001
7.9937e-001
1.4447e+000
2.0849e+000
2.0000e+000
9.1704e-001
-7.6317e-001
-2.2173e+000
High Pass
Sample Rate
y(n)+0.0732x(n)=0.1464x(n-1)+0.0732x(n-2)
+1.099y(n-1)-0.3984y(n-2)
DAC
Sample Rate
Figure A-5: Signal Reconstruction

Figure A-5: Signal Reconstruction
1.6060e+000
2.4394e+000
2.2457e+000
1.4378e+000
7.7448e-001
7.9937e-001
1.4447e+000
2.0849e+000
2.0000e+000
9.1704e-001
-7.6317e-001
-2.2173e+000
1.6060e+000
2.4394e+000
2.2457e+000
1.4378e+000
7.7448e-001
7.9937e-001
1.4447e+000
2.0849e+000
2.0000e+000
9.1704e-001
-7.6317e-001
-2.2173e+000
110
Volts
Volts
Time
DAC
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
Time
Reconstruction Filters
Analog
Low-Pass
Filter
Volts
Sample Rate
Time
Volts
Time
Appendix
Freescale Technologies
Figure A-6: ColdFire Demo Board (M52221 DEMO)
Figure A-6: ColdFire Demo Board (M52221DEMO)
ColdFire MAC architecture enables DSP

algorithms
IIR and FIR filters gain performance with
ADC
MAC instructions
Single instruction: Multiply-accumulate
Filter 2
Accelerometer
with load
Multiply two 16-bit word or 32-bit
longword operands
Lab View
Filter 1
USB
Timers
Mechanical
Oscillator
Debug
Laptop Host
ColdFire V2 MCU
Add 32-bit product to 32-bit accumulator

(ACC) register
Load 32-bit longword for next instruction
and increment address register (ptr)
Sample analog accelerometer data with
ADC (3 kHz)
Execute two parallel digital filters
Send via USB: Raw and filtered data,
timestamp, filter execution cycles
Figure A-7: Instrumentation Amplifier Design Diagram
Figure A-7: Instrumentation Amplifier Design Diagram

Vi1
R4
For more information, download the PDF
R2
ColdFire Technology and DSP from

freescale.com/files/dsp/doc/ref_manual/
CFDSPTechnology_DSP.pdf.
Vid=
(Vi1-Vi2 )
2R1
R3
Vid/2R1
Vid(1+2R2 /2R1)
R2
Vo=R4 /R3( 1+R2 /R1)Vid
R3
A=Vo/Vid
In medical instrumentation it is common
R4
Vi2
to process signals with a lot of noise and

small amplitude. For these reasons, an
instrumentation amplifier, which has high
entrance impedance and high common-mode
R2
R1
rejection ratio, is often used. This device can
A1 = 1+
be built with discrete elements or can be
R +R
A1 = 1 2
R1
obtained pre-built. The amplifier obtains the

differential between the signal and amplifier
depending on the gain, which determines the
A2 =
R4
R3
A1 = A1 A2
R4 = A2R3
R2 = (A1 R1)-R1
signal amplitude.
The gain recommended for medical
Values to obtain a signal around 1 V: Low gain: 10, high gain: 100, total gain: 1000
applications is 1000 because the signal

oscillates around 1 mV, and with this gain
the signal can be amplified up to 1 V. It is
also recommended that for the first part you
generate a gain of only 10 to avoid amplifier
common-mode signals. Only filter the noise
signals with this part and amplify the rest of
the signal with the differential amplifier.
111
Appendix
Analog Measurement
Engine
Some of the analog modules are commonly
used in most of the medical applications.
Figure A-8: Test Strip Basic Block Diagram Using Flexis MM
Figure A-8: Test Strip Basic Block Diagram Using Flexis MM

Blood
Sample
MCU/MPU
Therefore, it is necessary to add them in the

design separately, which increases the
PCB size and increases the cost. Freescale
Reactive
Electrode
External
Components
medical-oriented solutions embed these
Embedded
Transimpedance
Amplifier
Embedded
ADC
modulesreducing PCB size, cost and

increasing the design performance. Modules
included in the analog measurement engine
are opamp, triamp, ADC, DAC, ACMP, VREF
and PDB. These modules are explained below.
Opamp
Figure A-9: Kinetis K50 Family Block Diagram

Figure A-9: Kinetis K50 Family
Opamps have several purposes. They can be

configured as simple as a buffer circuit or as
complex as an N order filter, opamps have a
huge application field in the medical industry.
Freescale medical-oriented MCUs integrate
Core
System
ARM Cortex-M4
72/100 MHz
Internal and
External
Watchdogs
Debug
Interfaces
Memory
Protection Unit
(MPU)
DSP
Interrupt
Controller
DMA
opamps on chip. These opamps can be
Low-Leakage
Wake-Up Unit
configured to work as general-purpose opamps,

buffer circuit or configurable gain inverting and
non-inverting amplifiers.
Triamps
Triamps are special general-purpose opamps
with reduced input offset voltage and bias
current, ideal for applications that require low
amounts of voltage and current. Triamps can
be also used as general-purpose opamps to
Security
and Integrity
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check (CRC)
Random
Number
Generator
Cryptographic
Acceleration
Unit (CAU)
reduce BOM and PCB size.
ACMP compare two analog inputs and

generate a high or low state depending on
the input values. Output is high when the
Standard Feature
Clocks
SRAM
(32 to 128 KB)
FlexMemory
(32 to 256 KB)
(2 to 4 KB EE)
External
Bus Interface
(FlexBus)
Serial
Programming
Interface
(EZPort)
Phase-Locked
Loop
Low/HighFrequency
Oscillators
Internal
Reference
Clocks
Analog
Timers
16-bit
ADC
FlexTimer
I2C
I2 S
GPIO
PGA
Carrier
Modulator
Transmitter
UART
(ISO 7816)
Secure
Digital Host
Controller
(SDHC)
Xtrinsic
Low-Power
Touch-Sensing
Interface
SPI
USB OTG
(LS/FS)
Segment
LCD Controller
Analog
Comparator
6-bit
DAC
12-bit
DAC
Voltage
Reference
Analog Comparators (ACMP)
Memories
Program
Flash
(128 to 512 KB)
Programmable
Delay Block
Periodic
Interrupt
Timer
Low-Power
Timer
Opamp
Independent
Real-Time
Clock (IRTC)
Triamp
IEEE 1588
Timer
HMI
USB Charger
Detect (DCD)
IEEE 1588
Ethernet MAC
USB Voltage
Regulator
Optional Feature
positive input is greater than the negative

input and low when the negative input is
greater than the positive input. Analog
Kinetis K50 family MCUs can provide up to 31 16-bit ADC channels
comparators can constantly check the value

of both inputs and generate an interrupt
when a change occurs.
112
Appendix
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
Table A-1: Filters for Medical Applications
ADCs are one of the most important modules

in the medical and overall electronics field.
This module allows the conversion of an
analog input into a digital value that can be
Type
Circuit
Cut frequency
Band-pass
passive
0.1150 Hz
Heart operating range
Reject-band
passive
4060 Hz
Noise signal
from the line
Band-pass active
400 Hz4 KHz

Sound wave
bounced (range
depends of the
transducer)
Low-pass active
150 Hz
Heart operating range (if
the passive filter is not
enough, use an active
filter)
High-pass filter
active
Some medical applications

Not specific
Equation
processed by an MCU or MPU. ADCs output a

bit value as a result of the conversion, and can
significantly offset the PCB size. Embedded
ADCs reduce PCB size and processing efforts,
reducing the access time to the result value.
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

The DAC generates an analog voltage
depending on the value of its input register
and the module resolution. DACs are useful
in the generation of reference voltages or as
waveform generators. Electrocardiography
uses DACs for ECG baseline adjustment.
Programmable Delay Block (PDB)

The PDB provides controllable delays from
either an internal or an external trigger, or a
programmable interval tick, to the hardware
trigger inputs of ADCs or generates the
interval triggers to DACs, so that the precise
timing between ADC conversions and/or
DAC updates can be achieved. The PDB can
optionally provide pulse outputs (pulse-outs)
Filter Design
that are used as the sample window in the
A lot of noise is present in biophysical signals.
analog comparator.
To attenuate this noise, low-pass filters and

high-pass filters are used to amplify the small
VREF
AC components and reject DC components.
The VREF module generates a static voltage
The filters allow only the useful signals, which
that can be used as a reference on an opamp,
helps to attain a more accurate diagnosis.
DAC, ACMP or other application without the
These filters can be built with passives
need for external regulators. Embedded VREF
or actives (opamps) depending on the
modules are programmable and can reduce
application, although active filters are more
the amount of external components on a PCB,
effective at rejecting noise. Passive filters are
eliminating the need for external regulators or
more suitable in some cases due to their cost
voltage dividers for VREF applications.
effectiveness. An MCU does not always have

a DAC. This can be built by the PWM module
and external low-pass filter to convert digital
data to analog data.
113
Appendix
Figure A-10: Applications Based on Medical Specialties
114
As a practicing surgeon,
my first-hand exposure to the
devices and the industry as a
whole is instrumental in driving
the innovative, high-quality
medical solutions that we
develop here at Freescale.
Dr. Jos Fernndez Villaseor
Freescale healthcare marketing
manager, electrical engineer and
practicing neurosurgeon
M e d i c a l
For additional information about Freescale medical solutions,

please visit freescale.com/medical
Information in this document is provided solely to enable system and software implementers to use Freescale Semiconductor products.
There are no express or implied copyright licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated circuits or integrated circuits
based on the information in this document.
Freescale reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Freescale makes no warranty, representation
or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Freescale assume any liability arising out of
the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or
incidental damages. Typical parameters which may be provided in Freescale data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in
different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including Typicals must be validated for
each customer application by customers technical experts. Freescale does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights
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For additional information about Freescale medical solutions,

Document Number: MDAPPUSGDRM118 REV 5

Freescale Offers Technology for Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Home Portable Medical

Diagnostic and Therapy Devices

12.1 Automated External Defibrillator (AED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Freescale Technologies for Medical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

1See freescale.com/productlongevity for details, terms and conditions

Medical Applications User Guide

Freescale Offers Technology for Life

1 World Health Organization who.int/research/en/

Welcome to Freescale Medical Solutions

Medical Applications User Guide

Home Portable Medical

Medical-Specific Reference Designs

Development Tools and Software. Learn Once, Use Everywhere.

CodeWarrior Development Studio

Medical Applications User Guide

Processor Expert Software

Multimedia Alliance Network

Leadership and Longevity

Home Portable Medical

Freescale micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based pressure

market segments in the medical device industry. Portable home

and acceleration sensors and magnetometers can be used to acquire

physical parameters. User interfaces embedded with touch sensors

processing and a wired or wireless communication interface. Freescale

enable medical-friendly buttons and touch screens that can be

sanitized quickly and easily.

consumption and analog content. For this sub-segment, the 8-bit

Freescale also offers a focused, integrated analog portfolio that

pioneer in the communications market, Freescale offers solutions

Medical Applications User Guide

This telemonitoring hub connects home portable devices used

to healthcare. These systems use technology to more effectively

to measure vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, body

monitor people with chronic diseases, whether in the hospital,

temperature and other measurements depending on their needs. This

clinic or at home. In a clinical environment, systems must monitor

information is then relayed to the healthcare provider and caregivers

all the patients vitals on a single system that is easily accessed by

to allow appropriate action to be taken.

healthcare professionals. The data captured by this system must be

Home Portable Medical

Home Health Hub (HHH)

Figure 3-1: HHH Reference Platform

The Freescale HHH reference platform aids

Figure 3-2: HHH Platform Demonstration

The HHH reference platform consists of an

low-power i.MX28 applications processor

connectivity interfaces to healthcare end

a remote user interface. Also included is a

MC12311 sub-1 GHz radio, providing personal

HHH Panic Alarm

reference platform comes complete with the

The HHH reference platform, adhering

enhanced online data repository that lets users

to Continua device profiles, provides

organize, store and share their health

The iDigi Telehealth Application Kit enables

comprehensive functionality and can be used

the creation of secure, highly scalable cloud-

as the foundation for connected medical

1See freescale.com/productlongevity for details, terms and conditions