GATAG Proiect

MARITIME UNIVERSITY OF CONSTANTA
FACULTY: NAVAL ELECTROMECHANICS

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME: ELECTROMECHANICS
DEPARTMENT: ELECTROMECHANICS
STEAM GENERATORS, STEAM AND

GAS TURBINES I, II
PROJECT - APPLICATION
Ph.D. Student Eng. Daniela Elena MITU
1
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DESIGNING AN AUXILIARY BOILER
PROJECT REQUIREMENT
To achieve thermal and fluid-dynamic calculation of an auxiliary boiler that has the following
parameters:
- Boiler flow:
F ..............kg / h ;
- Pressure boiler:
P ............bar ;
- Saturated steam temperature: t ............o C ;

- Feed water temperature:
t fw .......... ..o C ;
- Boiler efficiency
........... ;
- Coefficient of excess air:
........... .
Percentage composition of the fuel is:

-
carbon: c i .........% ;
hydrogen:
h i .........% ;
sulphur:
s i .........% ;
nitrogen:
n i .........%
water:
wi .........%
c i h i s i n i wi 100%
2
CHAPTER 1.
THERMAL CALCULATION
To achieve the thermal design calculations of marine boiler shall be determined the
furnace size and the evaporator surface, so as to achieve a certain steam production at the
specify parameters.
1. Calculate the amount of air and combustion gases
1.1.
Fuel lower caloric power:
kJ / kg
Qi 339 c i 1030 h i 109 o i s i 25,12 wi

1.2.
Theoretical volume of dry air needed for combustion:
Vao
1.3.
1
ci
hi
si oi
1,867
5,6
0,7
0,21
100
100
100
/ kg.comb
Theoretical mass of air needed for combustion:
1
ci
hi
si
oi
2,667
8
G
0,232
100
100 100 100
kg / kg.comb
o
a
1.4.
3
N
Theoretical volume of moist air:
Vao um 1 0,00161 x Vao
3
N
/ kg.comb
x 0,07
1.5.
Real volume of dry air needed for combustion:
Va Vao
1.6.
/ kg.comb
o
1,867
VSO
2
/ kg.comb
ci
100
0,375 s i
100
o
o
o
VRO
VCO
VSO
2
2
2
3
N
/ kg.comb
3
N
3
N
/ kg.comb
/ kg.comb
Theoretical volume of gas diatomic:

VNo2 0,79 Vao 0,8
1.9.
3
N
Theoretical volume of gas triatomic:

o
VCO
1,867
2
1.8.
Real volume of moist air needed for combustion:
Va um Vao um
1.7.
3
N
ni
100
3
N
/ kg.comb
Theoretical volume of dry flue gas:
3
o
Vguo VRO
VNo2
2
3
N
/ kg .comb
1.10. Theoretical volume of water vapor from flue gases:

VHo2O 1,244
9 h i wi
0,00161 x Vao
100
1.11. Theoretical volume of moist gas:
Vgao Vguo VHo2O

1.12. Real volume of dry flue gas:
3
N
/ kg.comb
Vgu Vguo 1Vao

1.13. Real volume of flue gas:
3
N
3
N
/ kg.comb
/ kg.comb
Vga Vgao 1Vao um
3
N
/ kg.comb
1.14. Real mass of gas resulted from combustion:
kg / kg.comb
M ga 1 1,306 x Vao
1.15. Density of moist gas content:
kg / m
M ga
3
N
Vga
1.16. The percentage composition of the anhydrous flue gas:

o
VCO
2
CO2
SO2
O2
N2
Vgu
o
VSO
2
Vgu
100
100
0,21 1Vao
100
Vgu
VNo2 0,79 1Vao

Vgu
%
%
100
1.17. The percentage composition of moist flue gas:

um
2
CO
SO2um
O2um
o
VCO
2
Vga
o
VSO
2
Vga
100
100
0,21 1Vao
100
Vga
4
H 2O
um
2
um
VNo2 0,79 1Vao

Vga
100
VHo2O 0,00161 1Vao

Vga
100
Verification: CO2um SO2um O2um N 2um H 2 O um 100%
CHAPTER 2.
CALCULATION OF THE GASES ENTHALPY AND DRAWING
DIAGRAMS IG - T
2.1. Enthalpy of combustion gases:

o
I ga ( , t ) I ga
(t ) ( 1) I ao um (t )
kJ / kg
where:
o
I ga
(t ) - enthalpy of combustion gases from the theoretical combustion;
I ao um (t ) - Enthalpy of air excess;
o
o
o
I ga
(t ) C RO
VRO
C No 2 VNo2 C Ho 2O VHo2O t
2
2
o
o
I ga
(t ) iRO2 VRO
i N 2 VNo2 iH 2O VHo2O
2
[kJ / kg ]
where:
C RO2 , C N 2 , C H 2O
[kJ / m N3 ] - Medium heat capacity of the triatomic and water vapour are
between 0 and 2000, the values will be taken from the Annex.
I ao um C a um Vao um t
I ao um ia um Vao um
[kJ / kg ]
where:
C a um
[ kJ / m N3 k ] - heat capacity of humid air;
ia um
[ kJ / mN3 ] - specific enthalpy of humid air
5
CHAPTER 3.
CALCULATION OF THE EFFICIENCY AND FUEL CONSUMPTION
3.1. Variation of the excess air coefficient along the gas channels:
It is choose: 0,02 0,03
ev
3.2. Boiler efficiency:
100 qev qch qex

where:
qev Heat loss with flue gases discharged;
qch Heat loss by incomplete chemical combustion;
qex heat loss through exterior walls of the boiler.
qev
qev
Qev
100
Qi
I ga t ev , ev I ga t o , ev
Qi
100
where:
I ga t ev , ev .......... [ kJ / kg ] - enthalpy of combustion gases after the last heat exchange;
I ga t o , ev .......... ... [ kJ / kg ] - Flue gas enthalpy at the reference temperature and excess
air ratio in the exhaust; Their values will be read from the Annex by t ev , t o ( t o 20 o C the
ambient temperature).
Qi [kJ / kg ] - lower caloric power of fuel;
t ev [ o C ] - exhaust gas temperature.

3.3. Transmitted useful heat to the boiler water:
Qu
D
i 'iaa
3600
[kJ / s]
where:
i '[kJ / kg ] - enthalpy of saturated steam;
i ' ..............[kJ / kg ]
6
iaa ............[kJ / kg ]
iaa [kJ / kg ] - enthalpy of feedwater;

3.4. Fuel consumption:
B
Qu
Qi
100
[kg / s ]
CHAPTER 4.
FURNACE CALCULATION
4.1. Theoretical temperature of the furnace:

I ga (t t , ) Qi
100 qch
I ao (t o )
100
[kJ / kg ]
where:
I ga (t t , ) - combustion gases enthalpy, which corresponds to the theoretical temperature
excess air ratio;

Qi - Fuel lower caloric power;
qch - Heat loss percentage by incomplete chemical burning ;
I ao (t o ) - enthalpy of air theoretically required for burn a fuel unit at ambient temperature;
I ao (t o ) 1 0,00161 x Vao Ca t o
[kJ / kg ]
where:
Vao um - Theoretical volume of moist air;
C a .........[kJ / m N3 k ] - medium heat capacity at p=ct of air;

t o 20 o C - ambiant temperature when t t .........[o C ] it is determined from the diagram I-t.
4.2. Flue gas temperature at the outlet of furnace:
I ga (t t , ) I ga (t f , )
qevf
Qi
100
[kJ / kg ]
qevf 0,4 qev

7
t f - it is choose from the I-t Diagram.
4.3. Heat quantity carried out through the cooling gas from t t to t f :
qf
Q1 B I ga (t t , ) I ga (t f , ) ev Qi
100
[kJ / s ]
4.4. Heat quantity carried out through the cooling gas from t t to t ev :
q qevf
Qi
Q2 B I ga (t f , ) I ga (t ev , ) ev
100
[kJ / s ]
The condition:
Qu Q1 Q2
4.5. Radiant flame thickness:
S 3,6
Vf
Af
[ m]
4.6. Radiation intensity attenuation coefficient caused by soot particles:
tf
ci
K f 0,03 2 1,6
0,5 i
1000
h
[1 / bar m]
4.7. Attenuation coefficient of radiation intensity due to flue gas triatomic:
0,78 1,6 r
tf
H 2O
rRO2 rH 2O
Kg
0,1 1 0,37
s

p p
1000
RO2
H 2O
[1 / bar m]
p H 2O p rH 2O 10,8[bari ]
p RO2 p rRO2 11,8[bari ]
s 1,8
p 1
4.8. Emission factor of the flame bright side:
fl 1 1 e
( K g K f ) ps
4. 9. Emission factor darkened part of the flame:
fl 2 1 e
K g p s
4.10. Emission factor of the flame:
fl fl 1 (1 ) fl 2
8
4.11. Position coefficient of maximum temperature of the furnace:

M a b
a 0,54
b 0,2
1
h1
H
where:
H .........[m] - furnace height ;
h1 .........[m] - burner height positioning.
4.12. Dirt coefficient that depends on the furnace refractory weight:
0,55 - for heavy fuel

4.13. Coefficient that takes into account the heat exchange between the furnace
and flue gases: 0,65
4.14. Furnace technical efficiency coefficient:

4.15. Furnace emision factor:
f1
f 1 1 f 1
4.16. Heat quantity by cooling gas from the theoretical temperature to the outlet
temperature of the furnace:
Q1calc
A f 5,76 10 8 f t f t t3 M 10 3
3
1
M2
t 1
t
4.17. Calculation error:
Q1 Q1calc
Q1
100
3%
9
CHAPTER 5
EVAPORATOR CALCULATION
5.1. Convection heat:
qev qevf
Qi
Q2 B I ga (t f , ) I ga (t ev , ev )
100
[kJ / s]
5.2. Temperature medium logaritmic difference:

Tmax t f
Tmin t ev
Tm
Tmax Tmin
T
ln max
Tmin
5.3. Convective heat transfer coefficient from the flue gases from pipe walls, from
the longitudinal flow:
d ech
Tm
4S
u
T f Tev
[K ]
ce f (
l
d ech
W 10[m / s ]
c c c
W d ech
c 0,023
Pr t d e
d ech
V
5.4. Heat transfer coefficient by radiation from combustion gases to the walls of the
pipe:
r c f n
c 0,95
n f (t f , t o )
f 0,952
n 265[W / m 2 K ]
5.5. Heat transfer coefficient from flue gases to the metal wall:
1 c r
10
5.6. Global heat transfer coefficient:
K real
1
1
1
1 2
2 0[W / m 2 K ]
1
1

1
2
5.7. Exchange heat surface:
A
Q2
K Tm
[m 2 ]
5.8. Pipe number:

N
A
A'
A' d l
[m 2 ]
CHAPTER 6
HYDRODYNAMIC CALCULATION
6.1. Hydrodynamic calculation

6.1.1. The pressure drop due to frictional resistance:
Pf f
e Wm2
m
di 2
[N / m2 ]
m 4,062[kg / m 3 ] - fluid medium density

Re
W d ech
- Reynolds number
v
0,316
- friction coefficient
4
Re
Pf loc
W2
[ N / m2 ]
loc 1 - local resistance coefficient

11
6.1.3. The pressure drop due to fluid acceleration:
Pacc 0
[N / m2 ]
6.1.4. The pressure drop due to the level difference:

Psh H m g [ N / m 2 ]
6.2. Gas-dynamic calculation

2
2
e W
h
d ech 2
Tp
T 1
c
Tc
[bar ]
T f Tev
2
T p Tc T
12

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MARITIME UNIVERSITY OF CONSTANTA

FACULTY: NAVAL ELECTROMECHANICS

STEAM GENERATORS, STEAM AND

Ph.D. Student Eng. Daniela Elena MITU

DESIGNING AN AUXILIARY BOILER

- Saturated steam temperature: t ............o C ;

- Coefficient of excess air:

Percentage composition of the fuel is:

Fuel lower caloric power:

Qi 339 c i 1030 h i 109 o i s i 25,12 wi

Theoretical volume of dry air needed for combustion:

Theoretical mass of air needed for combustion:

Theoretical volume of moist air:

Vao um 1 0,00161 x Vao

Real volume of dry air needed for combustion:

Theoretical volume of gas diatomic:

Theoretical volume of gas triatomic:

Real volume of moist air needed for combustion:

Theoretical volume of dry flue gas:

1.10. Theoretical volume of water vapor from flue gases:

1.11. Theoretical volume of moist gas:

Vgao Vguo VHo2O

Vgu Vguo 1Vao

Vga Vgao 1Vao um

1.14. Real mass of gas resulted from combustion:

1.16. The percentage composition of the anhydrous flue gas:

VNo2 0,79 1Vao

1.17. The percentage composition of moist flue gas:

VNo2 0,79 1Vao

VHo2O 0,00161 1Vao

Verification: CO2um SO2um O2um N 2um H 2 O um 100%

2.1. Enthalpy of combustion gases:

I ao um (t ) - Enthalpy of air excess;

[ kJ / m N3 k ] - heat capacity of humid air;

[ kJ / mN3 ] - specific enthalpy of humid air

100 qev qch qex

t ev [ o C ] - exhaust gas temperature.

iaa [kJ / kg ] - enthalpy of feedwater;

4.1. Theoretical temperature of the furnace:

excess air ratio;

C a .........[kJ / m N3 k ] - medium heat capacity at p=ct of air;

qevf 0,4 qev

t f - it is choose from the I-t Diagram.

4.5. Radiant flame thickness:

4.6. Radiation intensity attenuation coefficient caused by soot particles:

4.7. Attenuation coefficient of radiation intensity due to flue gas triatomic:

4.8. Emission factor of the flame bright side:

4. 9. Emission factor darkened part of the flame:

4.10. Emission factor of the flame:

4.11. Position coefficient of maximum temperature of the furnace:

h1 .........[m] - burner height positioning.

4.12. Dirt coefficient that depends on the furnace refractory weight:

0,55 - for heavy fuel

4.17. Calculation error:

5.2. Temperature medium logaritmic difference:

5.6. Global heat transfer coefficient:

5.8. Pipe number:

6.1. Hydrodynamic calculation

m 4,062[kg / m 3 ] - fluid medium density

6.1.2. The pressure drop due to frictional resistance:

loc 1 - local resistance coefficient

6.1.3. The pressure drop due to fluid acceleration:

6.1.4. The pressure drop due to the level difference: