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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Saturated Oil Reservoirs

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Saturated Oil Reservoirs


Saturated reservoir: (Two phase region)
< pb and / or pwf < pb
IPR approximation Methods: (present)
-

Vogel Equation
Generalized Vogel Equation
Composite Model
Multi-rate Fetkovich Method
Multi-rate Jones Model

IPR approximation Methods: (future - change of reservoir properties)


-

Standing Method
Multi-rate Fetkovich Method (future)
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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel Equation

Empirical relationship, based on a number of history matching simulations.


(1968)
-

< pb and pwf < pb

Works best for solution gas drive reservoirs!

Does not work properly for gas wells, high viscosities and excessive skin

Use of the properties of only oil in a two-phase system possible

, Bo must be taken at p

Only for oil and gas production (no water!)

Depleted reservoirs can be analyzed


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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation
Simplifying assumptions for the simulation:
1. reservoir is circular and completely bounded with a completely
penetrating well at its center
2. porous medium is uniform and isotropic with a constant water saturation
at all points
3. gravity effects are be neglected
4. compressibility of rock and water can be neglected
5. composition and equilibrium are constant for oil and gas
6. the same pressure exists in both the oil and gas phases
7. the pseudo steady-state assumption that the tank-oil desaturation rate
is the same at all points at a given instant

J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation

J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation

J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation

J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation

IPR Saturated Reservoir


IPR Undersaturated Reservoir

qomax (saturated)

J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

qomax (undersaturated)

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation

= .

Solution 1: Well Test Information - one test point is required

Solution 2: Use of AOF /qomax from undersaturated IPR

qo max (saturated) =

qo max (undersaturated)
1,8

qo max (undersaturated) Oil rate from undersaturated IPR with pwf = 0 (bbl/day, m/s)
(e.g. steady state, pseudo steady state)
qo
Actual oil flow-rate (bpd, m/s, )
pwf
Well flowing pressure (psi, Pa)
p
Average reservoir pressure (psi, Pa)
J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Vogel equation
Example
Vogel equation
Develop an IPR curve for the given saturated reservoir. A well test was
performed at a pressure of 3000 psi.
p = 4350 psi
pb = 5210 psi
qo = 680 bpd

J.V.Vogel, Inflow Performance Relationship for Solution-Gas Drive Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Generalized Vogel Equation


Combination undersaturated and saturated reservoir: > pb but pwf < pb

= +
.
.
.

qb

Flow rate, where pwf = pb (with undersaturated IPR eq.)


qb
ppb

PI Index above pb :

J=

Vogel flow qV :

qV =

pb J
1,8

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Generalized Vogel Equation

Bubble
point


=
,

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Generalized Vogel Equation


Example
Generalized Vogel Equation
Develop an IPR curve for the following data.
p = 4000 psi
pb = 2000 psi
pwf = 1200 psi
qo@1200 psi = 532 bpd

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Composite Model
Extension of the Vogel inflow solution that accounts for water cut.

K.Brown, Technology of Artificial Lift Methods, Volume 4

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method

Saturated reservoir: < pb and pwf < pb


-

Also called Back Pressure Equation


Assuming p is known, at least two tests are required to determine C, n
It can be used for high rate oil/gas wells and gas wells
More accurate and flexible than Vogel-Equation
Plotting (pr-pwf) vs. q on a log- log paper and drawing a best fit line
results in a slope, equal to 1/n
qo = C. p pwf

C
n

qo
qo max

= 1

n
pwf 2
p

Curve coefficient (rock properties) (bpd/psi)


Curve exponent (flow region, 0.5 (turbulent) < n < 1 (laminar))

M.J.Fetkovich, The Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method

M.J.Fetkovich, The Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Comparison IPR - curves

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method


Example
Fetkovich Method
Develop Calculate and plot the IPR using the Fetkovich Approximation /
compare with the Vogel equation!

Flow rate (bpd)

(psi)

Testpoint 1

383

2897

Testpoint 2

640

2150

p= 3600 psi

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Jones Model

Saturated reservoir: < pb


-

Applicable in high-rate oil wells

Provides an indication of perforation effectiveness in normally


completed wells. An abnormal high turbulence coefficient indicates too
few openings

The laminar flow coefficient includes skin effect

Two or more stabilized flow tests are required

Based on the Forchheimers equation

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Jones Method


p pwf
= C + Dq
q

q
C
D

Oil flow rate (bbl/day)


Laminar flow coefficient
Turbulence coefficient
C=

hp

141,2.B
kh

0,472.re
ln
rw

+S

D=

9,08.1013 B
4.hp .rw

...... Perforation length (ft)


...... Turbulence factor (1/ft)
...... Fluid density (lb/ft)
D1 hp2
=
D2 hp1
Page 22

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Jones Method


Example
Two flow tests were performed on a high rate oil well. Develop the PI
plot and compare the IPR curve for the given data and for a 20%
increased perforation length
Flow rate (bpd)

(psi)

Testpoint 1

6199

5410

Testpoint 2

8115

5383

p = 5448 psi

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Jones Method

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Jones Method

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Standing Method
Three parameter change as a result of the declining average reservoir
pressure: k ro , o and Bo
f pp =

kro
Bo 0 P

f pf =

qo,max,F = qo,max,P .
qo,F
q0,max,F

p
F

= 1 0.2

pwf,F
pF

kro
Bo 0 F

f pF pF
f pp pp

0.8

pwf,F 2
pF

present value
future value
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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Standing Method
Example
Standing Method
Calculate the IPR for both, the present and the future for the following
parameters: (draw the graphs)
Pressure test: qo = 400 [STB/day]
pwf = 1815 [psig]
p
o
Bo
So
kro

Present Time
2250 [psig]
3.11 [cP]
1.173
0.768
0.815

Future Time
1800 [psig]
3.59 [cP]
1.150
0.741
0.685
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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method (future)


This approach assumes a linear relationship between the average
reservoir pressure and the coefficient C.

CF = Cp .

pF
pp

qo,F = CF pF pwf,F

p
F

present value
future value

Page 28

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method (future)


Example
Fetkovich Method (future)
Calculate the future IPR curve for the following parameters: (use the
properties from the Fetkovich example)

Flow rate (bpd)

(psi)

Testpoint 1

383

2897

Testpoint 2

640

2150

p = 3600 psi
pF = 2950 psi

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Summary
Model
PI - Method

Fluids

Conditions

Oil

Above pb

Vogel Equation

Oil, Gas

Below pb

Generalized Vogel Equation

Oil, Gas

Above and below pb

Multi-rate Fetkovich Method

Oil, Gas

Below pb

Multi-rate Jones Model

Oil, Gas

Below pb

Standing Method

Oil, Gas

Below pb

Oil, Water

Above pb

Darcy Equation
Composite Model

Oil, Gas, Water

Above and below pb

Page 30

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery


Deadline: 26.08.2015 09:00

Homework

1) Draw the IPR curve for the given reservoir and calculate the surface
quantities (oil, water and gas) for a well flowing pressure of 3 MPa!
Vogels Method
p = 7,5 MPa
Bw = 1,04
re = 200 m
rw = 0,083 m

pb = 7,6 MPa
Sw = 55 %
h = 10 m
k = 200 mD

o = 1,5. 10-3 Pas


w = 1. 10-3 Pas
S=0

Page 31

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery


Deadline: 26.08.2015 09:00

Homework

2) Use the Fetkovich equation to generate the IPR curve for the following
reservoir data! p= 3600 psi
Calculate the future IPR for a new average reservoir pressure of 3000 psi!

Flow rate (bpd)

(psi)

Testpoint 1

383

2897

Testpoint 2

640

2150

Testpoint 3

263

3200

Testpoint 4

497

2530

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery


Deadline: 26.08.2015 09:00

Homework

3) You are give 3 test points from an oil well. Use the Jones Method to
evaluate the average reservoir pressure and the skin factor S.
k = 10 mD
h = 50 ft

= 1,7 cp
B = 1,1

rw = 0,328 ft
re = 2500 ft

Flow rate (bpd)

(psi)

Testpoint 1

6599

6610

Testpoint 2

8515

6583

Testpoint 3

21400

6256

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Reservoirs

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Properties
Specifics of gas:
-

and the isothermal compressibility of real gas are highly pressure


dependent

Gas flow equations using surface rates at standard conditions in field


units

Z Factor:
ppr =
Tpr =

p
ppc
T
Tpc

ppc

Critical pressure of the gas (psi, Pa)

Tpc

Critical temperature of the gas (R, C)

ppr

Pseudo-reduced pressure (-)

Tpr
p
T

Pseudo-reduced temperature (-)


Pressure of interest (psi, Pa)
Temperature of interest (R, C)
Page 35

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Properties
know gas composition:
ppc =

N
i=1 yi . pci

Tpc =

N
i=1 yi . Tci

unknown gas composition:

ppc = 709,6 58. g


Tpc = 170,5 + 307,3. g
y Mole fraction (-)
g Gas gravity (-)
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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Properties

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Properties
Viscosity Approximation:

B.C.Craft, Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Properties

B.C.Craft, Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Russell and Goodrich Solution

Pseudo-steady State Solution:


p pwf =

Q
k
h, r
Z
T
p

p+pwf
2

1422.QZT
kh

ln

0,472.re
rw

+S

Z=Z

p+pwf
2

Gas flow rate (Mscf/day, at 60F and 14,7 psi)


Permeability (mD)
Distances (ft)
Factor (-)
Temperature (R = 460 + F)
Pressure (psi)
Viscosity (cp)
Page 40

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Russell and Goodrich Solution

Page 41

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Russell and Goodrich Solution


Example
Gas IPR
Generate the IPR curve for the following gas reservoir:

g = 0,9
T = 240F (700R)
k = 10 mD
rw = 0,3125 ft

p = 4000 psi
S=3
h = 5 ft
re = 500 ft

Page 42

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Russell and Goodrich Solution

4000

3500

3750

5,7

0,86

0,0244

932

3000

3500

5,3

0,84

0,0232

1876

2500

3250

4,9

0,825

0,0226

2732

2000

3000

4,6

0,815

0,0220

3498

1500

2750

4,2

0,805

0,0201

4247

1000

2500

3,8

0,795

0,0195

5043

500

2250

3,4

0,79

0,0183

5684

2000

3,0

0,8

0,0177

5899

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Russell and Goodrich Solution

Page 44

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution

Pseudo-steady State Solution:


real gas pseudo pressure: m p m pwf = 2.
m p m pwf
Q
k
h, r
Z
T
p

p p.dp
pwf Z

1422. QT
0,472. re
=
ln
+S
kh
rw

Gas flow rate (Mscf/day, at 60F and 14,7 psi)


Permeability (mD)
Distances (ft)
Factor (-)
Temperature (R = 460 + F)
Pressure (psi)
Viscosity (cp)
Page 45

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution

Page 46

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution


Example
Gas IPR
Create the IPR curve and evaluate pwf for a production rate of Q = 3865
Mscf/day for the following gas reservoir:
g = 0,85
T = 200F (660R)
k = 10 mD
rw = 0,3125 ft

p = 3600 psi
S = 2,5
h = 5 ft
re = 1000 ft

Page 47

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution


p

*106

*106

400

0,61

1,05

0,0122

0,937

200

34898

400

14,0

14,0

800

1,21

1,13

0,0132

0,890

600

102420

41,0

54,9

1200

1,82

1,25

0,0146

0,840

1000

163499

65,4

120,3

1600

2,42

1,35

0,0157

0,795

1400

223940

89,6

209,9

2000

3,03

1,50

0,0175

0,770

1800

267544

107,0

316,9

2400

3,63

1,72

0,0200

0,763

2200

287789

115,1

432,0

2800

4,24

1,88

0,0219

0,780

2600

304386

121,8

553,8

3200

4,85

1,98

0,0231

0,805

3000

323120

129,2

683,0

3600

5,45

2,15

0,0250

0,835

3400

325131

130,1

813,1

4000

6,06

2,20

0,0256

0,870

3800

340836

136,3

949,4

4400

6,66

2,35

0,0274

0,900

4200

340913

136,4

1085,8
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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Al Hussainy, Ramey and Crawford Solution

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Gas Reservoirs

Page 51

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