HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib

A. About the Author
1. Introduction
Background
Rules of Thumb
Codes and Standards
2. Definitions
General
Systems
Contract Documents
Contractors/Manufacturers/Authorities
3. Equations
Airside System Equations and Derivations
Waterside System Equations and Derivations
Air Change Rate Equations
English/Metric Airside System Equations Comparison
English/Metric Waterside System Equation Comparison
English/Metric Air Change Rate Equation Comparison
English/Metric Temperature and Other Conversions
Steam and Condensate Equations
Building Envelope Heating Equation and R-Values/U-Values
Fan Laws
Pump L.ws
Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)Calculations
Mixed Air Temperature
Psychrometric Equations
Ductwork Equations
Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork
Steel Pipe Equations
Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations
Air Conditioning Condensate
Humidification
Humidifier Sensible Heat Gain
Expansion Tanks
Air Balance Equations
Efficiencies
Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers
Cooling Tower/Evaporative Cooler Blowdown Equations
Electricity
Moisture Condensation on Glass
Calculating Heating Loads for Loading Docks, Heavily Used Vestibules and Similar Spaces
Ventilation of Mechanical Rooms with Refrigeration Equipment
Pipe Expansion Equations
Relief Valve Vent Line Maximum Length
Relief Valve Sizing
Motor Drive Formulas
Domestic Water Heater Sizing
Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Pump/Supply Sizing
Swimming Pools
4. Conversion Factors
Length

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
Weight
Area
Volume
Velocity
Speed of Sound in Air
Pressure
Density
Energy
Flow
HVAC Metric Conversions
Fuel Conversion Factors
5. Cooling Load Rules of Thumb
Offices, Commercial
Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
Precision Manufacturing
Computer Rooms
Restaurants
Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment)
Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs
Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms
Buildings w/100 percent OA Systems (e.g., Laboratories, Hospitals)
Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices
Residential
Apartments (Eff., One-Room, Two-Room)
Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories
School Classrooms
Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes
Libraries, Museums
Retail, Department Stores
Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops
Supermarkets
Malls, Shopping Centers
Jails
Auditoriums, Theaters
Churches
Bowling Alleys
All Spaces
Cooling Load Calculation Procedure
Cooling Load Peak Time Estimate (for Calculating Cooling Loads by Hand)
6. Heating Load Rules of Thumb
All Buildings and Spaces
Buildings w/100-Percent OA Systems (i.e., Laboratories, Hospitals)
Buildings w/Ample Insulation, Few Windows
Buildings w/Limited Insulation, Many Windows
Walls Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outsid Air Design Condition)
Floors Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outside Air Design Condition)
Heating System Selection Guidelines
Heating Load Calculation Procedure

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
7. Infiltration Rules of Thumb
General
Heating Infiltration (15-mph wind)
Cooling Infiltration (7.5-mph wind)
8. Ventilation Rules of Thumb
Minimum Outdoor Air Requirements 2003 IMC, 2006 IMC, andASHRAE Standard 62.1-2001
Enclosed Parking Garages
Outside Air Intake and Exhaust Locations
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Effects of Carbon Monoxide
Toilet Rooms
Electrical Rooms
Mechanical Rooms
Combustion Air
Hazardous Locations
9. Humidification Rules of Thumb
Window Types and Space Humidity Values
Proper Vapor Barriers
Human Comfort
Electrical Equipment, Computers
Winter Design Relative Humidities
Optimum Relative Humidity Ranges for Health
Moisture Condensation on Glass
10. People/ Occupancy Rules of Thumb
Offices, Commercial
Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
Precision Manufacturing
Computer Rooms
Restaurants
Kitchens
Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs
Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms
Hospital General Areas
Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices
Residential
Apartments (Eff., One-Room, Two-Room)
Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories
School Classrooms
Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes
Libraries, Museums
Retail, Department Stores
Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops
Supermarkets
Malls, Shopping Centers
Jails
Auditoriums, Theaters
Churches
Bowling Alleys

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
2003 IMC, 2006 IMC, and ASHRAE Standard 62-2001
ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
11. Lighting Rules of Thumb
Offices, Commercial
Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
Precision Manufacturing
Computer Rooms
Restaurants
Kitchens
Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs
Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms
Hospital General Areas
Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices
Residential
Apartments (Eff., One-Room, Two-Room)
Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories
School Classrooms
Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes
Libraries, Museums
Retail, Department Stores
Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops
Supermarkets
Malls, Shopping Centers
Jails
Auditoriums, Theaters
Churches
Bowling Alleys
Code Lighting Power Level RequirementsBuilding Area Method
Code Lighting Power Level RequirementsSpace-by-Space Method
12. Appliance/ Equipment Rules of Thumb
Offices and Commercial Spaces
Computer Rooms, Data Centers, and Internet Host Sites
Telecommunication Rooms
Electrical Equipment Heat Gain
Motor Heat Gain
Miscellaneous Guidelines
13. Cooling Load Factors
Diversity Factors
Safety Factors
Cooling Load Factors
14. Heating Load Factors
Safety Factors
Heating Load Credits
Heating System Selection Guidelines
15. Design Conditions and Energy Conservation
Design Conditions
General Energy Conservation Requirements
2003 IECC

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
2006 IECC
ASHRAE Standard 90.12001
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004
ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2001
ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2004
16. HVAC System Selection Criteria
HVAC System Selection Criteria
Heating System Selection Guidelines
17. Air Distribution Systems
Ductwork Systems
Duct Construction
Kitchen Exhaust Ducts and Hoods
Louvers
Volume Dampers (Manual or Balancing Dampers)/ Motor Operated Dampers (Control Dampers)
Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers, and Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers
HVAC Smoke Detection Systems Control
Sound Attenuators
Terminal Units
Process Exhaust Systems
Hazardous Exhaust Systems
Galvanized Rectangular Ductwork WeightsPound per Lineal Foot
Galvanized Round Ductwork WeightsPound per Lineal Foot
Galvanized Flat Oval Ductwork Weights-Pounds per Lineal Foot
Ductwork Cost Ratios
Friction Loss Correction Factors for Ducts
Velocity Pressures
Equivalent Round/Rectangular Ducts
18. Piping Systems, General
Piping Materials and Properties
Pipe Support and Pipe Spacing
Pipe Expansion
ASME B31 Piping CodeComparison
Galvanic Action
Piping System Installa (Easiest to Hardest to Install) tion Hierarchy
Valves
Strainers
19. Hydronic (Water) Piping Systems
Hydronic Pipe Sizing
Friction Loss Estimate
Pipe Testing
Hydronic System Pipe Sizing Tables
Hydronic System Designs and Terminology
Hydronic System Design and Piping Installation Guidelines
Chilled Water Systems
Low-Temperature Chilled Water Systems (Glycol or Ice Water Systems)
Heating Water Systems General
Low-Temperature Heating Water Systems
Medium-and High-Temperature Heating Water Systems
Boiler Warming Techniques

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
Dual Temperature Water Systems
Condenser Water Systems
Water Source Heat Pump Loop
Hydronic System Equation Factors
Hydronic System Design Temperatures and Pressures
Piping Materials
Expansion Tanks and Air Separators
20. Glycol Piping Systems
Glycol System Piping
Glycol System Design Considerations
Glycol System Equation Factors and Derivations
21. Steam Piping Systems
2. Steam Piping Systems: Steam System Design
3. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Tables
4. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Flow through Orifices
5. Steam Piping Systems: Flash Steam
6. Steam Piping Systems: Warm-up Loads
7. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Operating Loads
8. Steam Piping Systems: Boiling Points of Water
9. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Heating Units of Measure
10. Steam Piping Systems: Low Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (15 psig and Less)
11. Steam Piping Systems: Medium Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (20100 psig)
12. Steam Piping Systems: High Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (120300 psig)
22. Steam Condensate Piping Systems
Steam Condensate Piping
Steam Condensate System Design Criteria
Low-Pressure Steam Condensate System Pipe Sizing Tables (15 psig and Less)
Medium Pressure Steam Condensate System Pipe Sizing Tables (20100 psig)
High Pressure Steam Condensate System Pipe Sizing Tables (120300 psig)
23. AC Condensate Piping
Air Conditioning (AC) Condensate Piping
24. Refrigerant Piping Systems
Refrigerant Systems and Piping
25. Air Handling Units
Air Handling Units, Air Conditioning Units, Heat Pumps
Coils
26. Fans
Fans Types and Size Ranges
Fan Construction Classes
Fan Selection Criteria
Fan Terms
AMCA Spark Resistant Construction
Centrifugal Fans
Axial Fans
Installation and Clearance Requirements
Fan Rotation and Discharge Positions
Fan Motor Positions
Fan Drive Arrangements
Centrifugal Fan Inlet Box Positions
Centrifugal Fan Damper Arrangements for Reversible Flow

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
27. Pumps
Pumps Types and Size Ranges
Pump Layout and Design Criteria
Pump Selection Criteria
Pump Terms
Installation and Clearance Requirements
28. Chillers
Chiller Types and Manufacturer Offerings
Chiller Motor Types
Code Required Chiller Efficiencies
Chiller Terms
Basic Refrigeration Cycle Terminology
Chiller Energy Saving Techniques
Cooler (Evaporator) / Chilled-Water System
Condenser / Condenser Water Systems
Chilled Water Storage Systems
Ice Storage Systems
Water-Cooled Condensers
Refrigerant EstimateSplit Systems
Chilled Water System Makeup Connection
Chiller Operating Sequence
Chiller Design, Layout, and Clearance Requirements/Considerations
29. Cooling Towers and Condenser
Cooling Tower Types (CTs)
Definitions
Condenser Water
Power
TONS COND
Condenser Water Makeup to Cooling Tower
Cooling Tower Drains
Cycles of Concentration
Evaporation
Drift
Blowdown or Bleed (Based on 108F Range)
Installation Location
Air Cooled Condensers and Condensing Units (ACCs and ACCUs)
Evaporative Condensers and Condensing Units (ECs and ECUs)
Installation of CTs, ACCs, ACCUs, ECs, and ECUs
30. Heat Exchangers
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers
Definitions
Clearance and Design Requirements
31. Boilers
Boilers, General
Hot Water Boilers
Steam Boilers
Fuel Systems and Types
32. Motors and Motor Controllers
Motors

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

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Starters, Disconnect Switches, and Motor Control Centers
Variable Frequency Drives
NEMA Enclosures
33. Humidifiers
Humidifiers
34. Filters
Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV)
Flat or Panel Filters
Pleated Media Filters
Bag Filters
HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) Filters
ULPA (Ultra Low Penetrating Air) Filters
Roll Filters
Carbon Filters
Electronic Air Cleaners
Filter Characteristics
35. Insulation
Insulation Materials and Properties
Pipe Insulation
Duct Insulation
Insulation Protection
36. Fire-Stopping and Through-Penetration Systems
Fire-stopping and Through-Penetration Protection Systems
37. Makeup Water
Makeup Water Requirements
38. Water Treatment and Chemical Feed Systems
Water Treatment and Chemical Feed Systems
Closed System Chemical Treatment (Chilled-Water Systems, Heating Water Systems)
Open System Chemical Treatment (Condenser Water Systems)
Steam Systems
39. Automatic Controls Building Automation Systems
Automatic Controls and Building Automation Systems
Control Definitions
Types of Control Systems
Control System Objectives
Building Automation and Control Networks (BACnet)
Control Points List
DDC Control System Specification Outline
40. Equipment Schedules
General
Air Balance Schedule
Air Compressors
Air-Cooled Condensers
Air-Coofed Condensing Units
Air Conditioning Units
Air Filtres (Pr-Filters, Filters, Final-Filters)
Air Handling UnitCustom, Factory Assembled Factory Packaged, or Field Fabricated
Air Handling Units-Packaged, Central Station
Boilers, Hot Water
Boilers, Steam

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
Cabinet Unit Heaters
Chemical Feed System
Chillers, Absorption
Chillers, Air Cooled
Chillers, Water Cooled
Coils, Direct Expansion (DX)
Coils, Electric
Coils, Steam
Coils, Water
Condensate Pump and Receiver Sets
Convectors
Cooling Towers
Deaerators
Design ConditionsAirside
Design Conditions-Waterside
Electric Baseboard Radiation
Electric Radiant Heaters
Evaporative Condensers
Expansion Tanks
Fans (Supply, Return, Exhaust, Relief)
Fan Coil Units
Finned Tube Radiation
Flash Tanks
Fluid CircuitCoolers/Closed Circuit Evaporative Coolers
Fuel Oil Tanks
Gas Pressure Regulators
Gravity Ventilaters
Heat Exchangers, Plate and Frame, Steam to Water
Heat Exchangers, Plate and Frame, Water to Water
Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Stream to Water (Converter)
Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Water to Water
Heat Pumps, Air Source
Heat Pumps, Water Source
Humidifiers
Motor Control_Centere
Packaged Terminal AC Systems
Pumps
Radiant Heaters
Radiant Celling Panels
Steam Pressure Reducing Valves
Steam Pressure Relief Valve
Sound Attenuators (Duct Silencers, Traps)
Terminal Units, Constant Volume Rehead
Terminal Units, Dual Duct Mixing Box
Terminal Units, Fan Powered
Terminal Units, Variable Air Volume (VAV)
Unit Heaters
Water Softners
41. Equipment Manufacturers
General

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

Prepared and uploaded by Engr. Hady Habib
Section 230500-Common Work Results for HVAC
Section 230513-Common Motor Requirements for Equipment
Section 230516-Expansion Fittings and Loops for HVAC Piping
Section 230519Meters and Gages for HVAC Piping
Section 230523General-Duty for
Section 230529Hangers and Supports for HVAC Piping and Equipment
Section 230533Heat Tracing fo HVAC Pipingr
Section 230548Vibration and Seismic Controls for HVAC Piping and Equipment
Section 230553Identification for HVAC Piping and Equipment
Section 230700HVAC Insulation
Section 230900Instrumentation and Control for HVAC
Section 231113Facility Fuel-Oil Piping
41.14 Section 231123Facility Natural-Gas Piping
Section 231126Facility Liquefied-Petroleum Gas Piping
Section 232113Hydronic Piping
Section 232123Hydronic Pumps
Section 232213Steam and Condensate Heating Piping
Section 232223Steam Condensate Pumps
Section 232300Refrigerant Piping
Section 232500HVAC Water Treatment
Section 233113Metal Ducts
Section 233116Nonmetal Ducts
Section 233119HVAC Casings
Section 233300Air Duct Accessories
Section 233413Axial HVAC Fans
Section 233416Centrifugal HVAC Fans
Section 233423HVAC Power Ventilators
Section 233433Air Curtains
Section 233600Air Terminal Units
Section 233713Diffusers, Registers, and Grilles
Section 233723HVAC Gravity Ventilators
Section 233813Commercial-Kitchen Hoods
Section 234100Particulate Air Filtration
Section 235100Breechings, Chimneys, and Stacks
Section 235113Draft Control Devices
Section 235213Electric Boilers
Section 235216Condensing Boilers
Section 235223Cast-Iron Boilers
Section 235233Water-Tube Boilers
Section 235239Fire-Tube Boilers
Section 235313Boiler Feedwater Pumps
Section 235316Deaerators and Feedwater Heaters
Section 235400Furnaces
Section 235513Fuel-Fired Duct Heaters
Section 235523Gas-Fired Radiant Heaters
Section 235533Fuel-Fired Unit Heaters
Section 235700Heat Exchangers for HVAC
Section 236200Packaged Compressor and Condenser Units
Section 236313Air-Cooled Refrigerant Condensers
Section 236333Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

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Section 236413.13Direct-Fired Absorption Water Chillers
Section 236413.16Indirect-Fired Absorption Water Chillers
Section 236416Centrifugal Water Chillers
Section 236419Reciprocating Water Chillers
Section 236423Scroll Water Chillers
Section 236426Rotary-Screw Water Chillers
Section 236427Medical, Laboratory, and Process Chillers
Section 236500Cooling Towers
Section 237200Air-To-Air Energy Recovery Equipment
Section 237313Modular Indoor Central Station Air Handling Units
Section 237314Custom Indoor Air Handling Units
Section 237333Indoor Indirect-Fuel-Fired Heating and Ventilating Units
Section 237339Indoor, Direct Gas-Fired Heating and Ventilating Units
Section 237413Packaged, Outdoor, Central-Station Air-Handling Units
Section 237414Custom Outdoor Air Handling Units
Section 237433Packaged, Outdoor, Heating and Cooling Makeup Air-Conditioners
Section 238113Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners
Section 238119Self-Contained Air-Conditioners
Section 238123Computer-Room Air-Conditioners
Section 238126Split-System Air-Conditioners
Section 238146Water-Source Unitary Heat Pumps
Section 238213Valance Heating and Cooling Units
Section 238216Air Coils
Section 238219Fan Coil Units
Section 238223Unit Ventilators
Section 238233Convectors
Section 238239Unit Heaters
Section 238313Radiant-Heating Electric Cables
Section 238316Radiant-Heating Hydronic Piping
Section 238323Radiant-Heating Electric Panels
Section 238413Humidifiers
Section 238416Dehumidifiers
Section 262419Motor-Control Centers
Section 262816Enclosed Switches and Circuit Breakers
Section 262913Enclosed Controllers
Section 262923Variable-Frequency Motor Controllers
42. Building Construction Business Fundamentals
Engineering/Construction Contracts
Building Construction Business Players
43. Architectural, Structural, and Electrical Information
Ceiling Plenum Space Requirements
Building Structural Systems
Architectural and Structural Information
Electrical Information
Mechanical/Electrical Equipment Space Requirements
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
44. Properties of Air
Thermodynamic Properties of Air/Water Vapor Mixtures
Barometric Properties of Air
Properties of AirAffects on Standard HVAC Air Equations

HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

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Physical Properties of GasesComparison with Air
45. Properties of Water
Thermodynamic Properties of Water
Properties of WaterAffects on Standard HVAC Water Equations
46. Cleanroom Criteria
Airborne Contaminants
Cleanroom Class Designations: FED-STD-209E
Cleanroom Class Designations: ISO Standard 14644-1
Cleanroom Design Criteria
47. Wind Chill and Heat Index
Wind Chill Index
Heat Index
48. Miscellaneous
Area and Circumferences of Circles
Fraction/Decimal Equivalents
Physical Properties of Fuels and Oils
Sound Information
U.S. Postal Service Abbreviations
49. General Notes
General
Piping
Plumbing
HVAC/Sheet Metal
Fire Protection
50.DesignersChecklist
Boilers, Chillers, Cooling Towers, Heat Exchangers, and Other Central Plant Equipment
Air Handling EquipmentMakeup, Recirculation, and General Air Handling Equipment
Piping SystemsGeneral
Steam and Condensate Piping
Low Temperature Hot Water and Dual Temperature Systems
Chilled Water and Condenser Water Systems
Air Systems
Process Exhaust Systems
Refrigeration
Controls
Sanitary and Storm Water Systems
Domestic Water Systems
Fire Protection
Natural Gas Systems
Fuel Oil Systems
Laboratory and Medical Gas Systems
General
Architect and/or Owner Coordination
Structural Engineer Coordination
Electrical Engineer Coordination
51. Professional Societies and Trade Organizations
Professional Societies and Trade Organizations
52. References and Design Manuals
References and Design Manuals
Building Codes