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Teora de Emulsiones)
Emulsines
Combinacin de dos lquidos inmiscibles, uno disperso en otro.
Teora de Emulsiones)
Emulsin
Combinacin de dos lquidos inmiscibles, uno disperso en otro.
Las partculas dispersas pueden ser muy pequeas
Emulsin estable: Se rompe solo con tratamiento
Emulsin Inversa: Partculas de aceite dispersas en fase contnua agua
Teora de Emulsiones)
Teora de Emulsiones)
Tratamiento de crudo
Tratamiento de crudo
Tratamiento de crudo
Tratamiento de crudo
Procedimiento para establecer proceso de tratamiento
Determinar :
Tiempo y cantidad de qumicos
Temperatura a calentar
Dimensiones de equipo para asentamiento
Pruebas de Botella
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Pruebas de Botella
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Inyeccin de reactivos qumicos
Mecanismo: Floculacin
(Romper y desplazar pelcula emulsificante que rodea gota de agua)
Tratamiento de crudo
Inconvenientes:
Equipo caro
Consumo de combustible
Personal especializado
Cierto grado de peligrosidad
Encogimiento del crudo
Mayor velocidad de corrosin
Mayor tendencia a depositacin de incrustaciones
Tratamiento de crudo
Temperature Effects
Reduces the viscosity of the oil phase allowing more rapid settling
velocities.
Can cause a significant loss of the lower boiling point hydrocarbons (light
ends). This results in a "shrinkage" of the oil, or loss of volume.
It make the crude oil recovered in the storage tank heavier, and thus
decreasing its value.
It takes fuel to provide heat and the cost of fuel must be considered.
Tratamiento de crudo
Viscosity-temperature graph for crude oils
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Percent loss by volume vs. temperature
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API gravity loss vs. temperature
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Relationship of specific gravity with temperature
Fig.6-7 Arnold
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Gravity Loss 0API vs Per Cent Loss by Volume
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Viscosity vs Temperature for various API gravity oils
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Heat Input Equations
The heat input and thus the fuel required for treating depend on the
temperature rise, amount of water in the oil, and flow rate.
It requires about twice as much energy to heat water as it does to heat oil. For
this reason, it is beneficial to separate any free water from the emulsion to be
treated.
q = heat (Btu/hr)
W = flow rate (Ib/hr)
c = specific heat (Btu/lb-0F) (approximately 0.5 for oil and 1.0 for water)
AT = temperature increase (0F)
Since water weighs 350 Ib/bbl,
Ql = liquid flow rate (bpd)
Tratamiento de crudo
Heat Input Equations
The total energy required to heat the stream is determined from:
Assuming that the free water has been separated from the emulsion, the water
remaining is less than 10% of the oil, and the treater is insulated to minimize heat
losses, the required heat input can be determined from
Tratamiento de crudo
Tratamiento de crudo
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Water Droplet Size and Retention Time
Droplet size could be expected to decrease with oil viscosity, which inhibits
the movement of the particles and decreases the force of the collision.
Tratamiento de crudo
Tratadores de emulsin
Secciones dependiendo de requerimientos del proceso
Tratamiento de crudo
Dispositivos de calentamiento directo
Aplicaciones:
Emulsiones no corrosivas
Baja presin
Gasto constante
Tipos:
Hornos de calentamiento
Calentadores con tubos concntricos
Calentadores con cmara de combustin interna
Tanques calentadores/de asentamiento