1

Question Bank
Computer Simulation and Modeling
Class :-BEIT(A/B)
Chapter1
Introduction to Simulation
1] Important definitions
1. Define Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over
time.
2. Define model?
A model is defined as a representation of a system for the purpose of studying the system.
2] Short Answer Questions
1. What is system, system environment?
A system is defined as a group of objects that are joined together in some regular
interaction or interdependence toward the accomplishment of some purpose .
2. What are the different components of the system?
Different components of the system are as follows: Entity, Attribute, Activity,
3. Which is the most important step in the simulation study?
Validation i.e. step no. 7 is the most important step in the simulation study.
4. What are the different types of model?
We have Mathematical, Physical, Static, Dynamic, Deterministic, Stochastic, discrete,
continuous models.
5. What is the difference between verification and validation?
In verification we check the correctness of working of the system i.e. the computer
program and in validation model is measured for correctness of its performance against
the real world for its behavior
6. Give three advantages of simulation?
A) No need to disrupt the ongoing operations of real system.
B) Hypothesis can be tested for feasibility.
C) Saves cost in many cases.

2
7. Give three disadvantages of simulation?
A) Model building requires special training.
B) Simulation results are difficult to interpret.
C) Time consuming and costly.
8. Give difference between deterministic and stochastic model.

In deterministic model the input and output is known, while in stochastic

model the input and output are random in nature.

3] Subjective Questions
1. What is simulation? When it is appropriate? When it is inappropriate?
Pg.no.3, 4
2. What are the advantages and disadvantage of simulation?
Pg.no. 5
3. What are the areas of application of simulation?
Pg.no. 7
4. What is system? Explain different components of system with example?
Pg.no.9
5. Name several entities, attributes, activities, events and state variables for the
following system: (a) A cafeteria (b) A grocery Store (c) A Fast food restaurant
(d) A hospital Emergency room (e) Automobile assembly room
Pg.no. 10
6. What is model? Explain different types of model with suitable example?
Pg.no. 13
7. Explain different steps in simulation study.
Pg.no. 14

3
8. Explain different phases of simulation.
Pg.no. 18

4] Objective Questions
1. Simulation of bank is which of the following model?
A) static
B) dynamic
C) stochastic
D) deterministic
Ans. Dynamic
2. Simulation is used in
A) Manufacturing__
B) Semiconductors_
C) Both A) and B)
these industries.
3. Mathematical models have____________
In them .a) equations b) diagrams c) graphs d) descriptions
Ans. Equations
4. Video games are a kind of simulation .(True/False)
True.
5. _______ is the example of event for Production system.
Ans. Breakdown
5] Numerical Problems
None
6] Abbreviations
1.
2.
3.
4.

WSC : Winter Simulation Conference

ASA : American Statistical Association
NIST : National Institute of Standards and Technology
ACM/SIGSIM : Association for Computing Machine/Special Interest Group on
Simulation

4
5. IEEE/SMCS: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: Systems, Man and
Cybernetics Society
6. IEEE/CS: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: Computers Society
7. IIE: Institute of Industrial Engineers
8. INFORMS/CS: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences: College
on Simulation
9. SCS: Society for Computer Simulation
10. AMHS: automated material handling systems

Chapter 2
Simulation Examples
1] Important definitions
1. Define Event?

An instantaneous occurrence that changes the state of a system. (Such as an

arrival of a new customer).

2. Define system capacity?

The number of customers that may be in the waiting line or system is known
as system capacity.

3. Define lead time?

The time gap between the review of the inventory and the receipt of an order
is known as lead time.

2] Short Answer Questions

1. What is meant by queuing system?
A queuing system includes calling population, nature of arrivals, service
mechanism, system capacity and queuing discipline.

2. What is calling population?

The population of potential customers is referred to as the calling population.

3. What are the different types of calling populations, give examples?

Infinite calling population & finite calling population.

4. Give types of queuing system?

Single server and multi- server queuing system.

5. What do you mean by inventory?

It is the storage of items for use and this storage is reviewed after a fixed
duration of time and then a basic level no of items is maintained by making
a order.

3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain simulation of single server queuing system for grocery store checkout
Counter.
Pg.no. 27

2. What are the different events in queuing system? Explain with flow diagram.
Pg.no. 23
3. Explain simulation of multi-server queuing system.
Pg.no. 35
4. Explain simulation of inventory system.
Pg.no. 45
5. Explain simulation of queuing system with relevant flow diagram.
Pg.no. 23
4] Objective Questions
1. Able baker is an example of
A) single channel queue
B) multi channel queue
C) inventory system
D) none of the above
Ans. B
2. Railway reservation counter has
A) finite calling population
B) infinite calling population
Ans. B
3. For arrival event when server status is busy and queue status non empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) Impossible
C) Enter service
Ans. A
4. For arrival event when server status is busy and queue status empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) impossible

7
C) Enter service
Ans. A
5. For arrival event when server status is idle and queue status non empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) impossible
C) Enter service
Ans. B
6. For arrival event when server status is idle and queue status empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) impossible
C) Enter service
Ans. C
5] Numerical Problems
1. Baker is trying to determine how many Dozens of bagels to bake each day. The
Probability distribution of the number of bagels customer is as follows:
No. of customers per day:
Probability

10

12

14

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.10

Customers order 1, 2, 3 or 4 dozen bagels according to the following probability

Distribution:

No. of Dozen ordered/customer:

Probability

6] Abbreviations
1. FIFO: First in first out

1
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Chapter 3
General Principles
1] Important definitions
1. Define Event notice
A record of an event to occur at the current or some future time, along with any
associated data necessary to execute the event; at a minimum, the record includes the
event type and the event time.
2. Define Delay.
Duration of time of unspecified indefinite length, which is not known until it ends.
3. Define Future Event list
A record of an event to occur at the current or some future time, along with any
associated data necessary to execute the event; at a minimum the record includes the
event type and the event time.
4. Define clock
A variable representing simulated time, called CLOCK.
5. Define activity
Duration of time of specified length, which is known when it begins
6. Define system state
A collection of variables that contain all the information necessary to describe

2] Short Answer Questions

1. What is imminent event?

9
The event that is next to happen is called imminent event.
2. How events are placed in FEL?
Events are placed in FEL by time advance algorithm
3. What is Terminating event?
The event which makes defines how long the simulation will run is known as
Terminating event.
4. How terminating event is specified?
It is specified by using notation Te.
5. Give different types of world views.
Event- scheduling, Process interaction, activity scanning
6. What is Bootstrapping?
The method of generating an external arrival stream of is called bootstrapping.

3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain all the concepts in discrete event system simulation.
Pg.no. 69
2. Explain event scheduling time advance algorithm.
Pg.no. 71
3. What are the components of single channel queue for grocery store example?
Pg.no. 10
4. How would you describe queuing system? Give the event scheduling algorithm

10
along With the snapshot showing clock system state and FEL.
Pg.no. 71
5. Define model. System state, activity event, event list delay, clock for Able,
Baker problem and Dump truck problem.
Pg.no. 81
6. Explain data structures used in maintaining future event list.
Pg.no.87
7. Explain dump truck problem with time advance algorithm.
Pg.no. 84
8. What is the different world views used in simulation?
Pg.no. 75

4] Objective Questions
1. Delay is conditional wait: True / False.
True
2. Activity is unconditional wait: True/False.
True
3. LQ(t) and LS(t) are ______
A) Event
B) System state
C) Activity
Ans. B

11
4. All primary events and unconditional activities are
A) B activity
B) C activity
C) Phase A
Ans. A
5. Activities or events that is conditional upon certain conditions being true are
A) B activity
B) C activity
C) Phase A
Ans. B
5] Numerical Problems
1. Small grocery store has only one checkout counter. Customers arrive at this
checkout counter at random from 1 to 8 minutes apart. Each possible value of
interarrival time has the same probability of occurrence. The service time
distribution is as follows:
Service time (minutes): 1

Probability

0.10

0.05

3
0.20

4
0.30

5
0.25

6
0.10

Perform the simulation for 10 customers. Obtain average writing time in the
Queue and average idle time of the server.

2. A dentist schedules all his patients for 30-minute appointments. Some of the
patients take more or less than 30 minutes depending on the type of dental work
to be done. The following summary shows the various categories of work, their
Probabilities and time actually needed to complete the work:

12

Category of service

Time Required Probability of

(minutes)
Category
45
0.40
60
0.15

Filling
Crown
Cleaning

15

Extraction

45

Checkup

15

0.15
0.10
0.20

3. Simulate the dentists clinic for four hours and determine the average waiting
time for the Patients as well as the idleness of the doctor. Assume that all
the patients show up at the clinic exactly their scheduled arrival time starting
at 8.00 a.m. Use the following Random numbers for handling the above
problem:
40 82

11 34

25

66

17

79

Observations of past data show the following patterns in respect of interarrival

durations and service durations in a single channel queuing system. Using the
random number table below, simulate the queue behavior for a period of 60
minutes and estimate the probability of the service being idle and the mean time
spent by a customer waiting for service.
Inter-arrival Time
Minutes
Probability
2
0.15
4
0.23
6
0.35
8
0.17
10
0.10

Service Time
Minutes
Probability
1
0.10
3
0.22
5
0.35
7
0.23
9
0.10

Random no (start at North- West corner and proceed along the row)
93
81

14
87

72
90

10
38

13
29
51

17
40

11
30

6] Abbreviations
1. FEL: Future event list

Chapter 4
Simulation Software
1] Important definitions

68
52

14

None
2] Short Answer Questions
1. Give names of few simulation packages.
Arena, Automod, GPSS
2. What is GPSS?
General purpose system simulation.
3. Give two criteria for selection of simulation soft wares?
A) Do not focus on single issue.
B) Execution speed
4. Name few GPSS blocks.
GENERATE, QUEUE, SEIZE

3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain the history of simulation software.
Pg.no. 96
2. What are the criteria used for selection of simulation software.
Pg.no. 99
3. Write short note on: (i) Extend (ii) Automod (iii) Simula (iv) GPSS
(v) Simscript
Pg.no. 124, 123, 127,112
4. What are the common features found in most simulation software?
Pg.no. 100

15
5. With reference to GPSS explain operation of all the blocks used in simulation.
Pg.no. 114
6. Write a program for single server queue using any one of the simulation language
You know. Give comments for each statement.
Pg.no. 115

4] Objective Questions
1.

SIMUL8 is introduced by
A) SIMUL8 Corporation
B) Brooks automation
Ans. A

2. SimRunner is developed by
A. PROMODEL
B. flexim software
C. Brooks automation
Ans. A
3.
A)
B)
C)

Flexsim simulation is used for

Discrete event
Continuous event
Both A) & B)

Ans. A
4. GPSS is based on _____
A) Activity oriented approach
B) Process oriented approach
C) Event oriented approach
Ans. B
5. RELEASE is a GPSS block : True/ False
Ans. True

16

5] Numerical Problems
None
6] Abbreviations
1. SPL: Simulation Programming languages
2. CSL: Control and Simulation Language
3. SSF: Scalable Simulation Framework
4. API: Application Program Interface

Chapter 5
Statistical Models in Simulation
1] Important definitions

17
1. Define expectation?
The mean (expectation) is a measure of the central tendency of a random variable.
2. Define variance?
The variance is a measure of the spread of variation of the possible values of random
variable around the mean.

2] Short Answer Questions

1. Name types of distributions.
There are two types of distributions discrete distributions and continuous distributions
2. What is meant by Bernoulli trial?
For an experiment consisting of n trials, each of which can be a success or failure. We
assign fixed value of 1 for success and 0 for failure.
3. What is pmf?
Probability mass function
4. What is pdf?
Probability density function
5. What is cdf?
Cumulative distribution function
6. Name properties of Poisson process.
These are the properties of Poisson process
I. Random splitting
II. Pooled process

18

3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain useful statistical models in inventory, queuing, reliability and maintenance
system.
Pg.no. 157
2. Explain different types of distribution.
Pg.no. 160
3. What are the different types of distribution used in simulation?
Pg.no. 160
4] Objective Questions
1. For discrete distributions which of the following will be preferred
A) Summation
B) Integration
Ans. A
2. For continuous distributions which of the following will be preferred
A) Summation
B) Integration
Ans. B
3. Bernoulli distribution is
A) discrete
B) continuous
Ans. A
4. Which of the following is not a discrete distribution
A) Bernoulli
B) Poisson
C) Binomial
D) Gamma
Ans. D

19
5. Which of the following is not a continuous distribution
A) Gamma
B) Beta
C) Normal
D) Bernoulli
Ans. D
5] Numerical Problems
1. An industrial chemical that will retard the spread of fire in paint has been
Developed the local sales representative has determined, from past
experience, that 48% of the sales calls will result in an order.
(a) What is the probability that the first order will come on the fourth sales call of the
day?
(b) If eight sales calls are made in a day, what is the probability of receiving exactly
Six orders?
(c) If four sales calls are made before lunch, what is the probability that one or less
results in an order?

'

2. The Hawks are currently winning 0.55 of their games. There are 5 games in the next
two weeks. What is the probability that they will win more games than they lose?
3. Arrivals at a bank teller's cage are Poisson distributed at the rate of 1.2 per minute
(a) What is the probability of zero arrivals in the next minute?
(b) What is the probability of zero arrivals in the next 2 minutes?
4. The lifetime, in years of a satellite placed in orbit is given by the following PDF:
F(x) =0.4e-0.4x x>=0
F(x) = 0

otherwise

(a) What is the probability that this satellite is still "alive" after 5 years?
(b) What is the probability that the satellite dies between 3 and 6 years from the
time it is placed in orbit?

20
6] Abbreviations
None

Chapter 6
Queuing Models

21
1] Important definitions
1. Define Queue behavior
Queue behavior refers to the actions of customers while in a queue waiting for service to; begin.

2. Define Queue discipline.

Queue discipline refers to the logical ordering of customers in a queue and determines which
customer will be chosen for service when a server becomes free.

2] Short Answer Questions

1. What is Kendall notation?
A/B/c/N/K
A: inter arrival time distribution.
B: service-time distribution
c: number of parallel servers
N: system capacity
K: size of calling population

2. Give long run measures of Queuing system.

Long run measures of Queuing system are as follows.
Time-Average Number in System (L)
Average Time Spent in system Per Customer (w)
The Conservation Equation
Server Utilization

A)
B)
C)
D)

3. Give conservation equation.

L= w
3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain all the characteristic of queuing system.
Pg.no. 202
2. What are the long run measures of performance of queuing system?
Pg.no. 208
3. Explain steady state behavior of infinite population Morkovian model represented by
M/G/1 and M/M/1.
Pg.no. 221
4. How would you determine cost in queuing system?
Pg.no. 218
5. Explain steady state behavior of finite population model.

22
Pg.no. 235
6. Explain Network of queues.
Pg.no. 239
4] Objective Questions
1. A in Kendall notation indicates
A) Service time
B) Inter arrival time
C) No of parallel servers
D) Calling population
E) System capacity
Ans: B
2. K in Kendall notation indicates
A) Service time
B) Inter arrival time
C) No of parallel servers
D) Calling population
E) System capacity
Ans: D
3. B in Kendall notation indicates
A) Service time
B) Inter arrival time
C) No of parallel servers
D) Calling population
E) System capacity
Ans: A
4. N in Kendall notation indicates
A) Service time
B) Inter arrival time
C) No of parallel servers
D) Calling population
E) System capacity
Ans: E
5.

C in Kendall notation indicates

A) Service time
B) Inter arrival time
C) No of parallel servers
D) Calling population

23
E) System capacity
Ans. C
6. In M/M/1 Queue calling population is
A) Finite B) Infinite
Ans. B
5] Numerical Problems
1. Arrivals to an airport are all directed to the same, runway, at a certain time of. the
day, these arrivals form a Poisson process with rate 30 per hour. The time to land
an Aircraft is a constant 90 seconds. Determine LQ, WQ, L and w for this airport. If
a delayed aircraft bums $5000 worth of fuel per hour on the average, determine
the average cost per aircraft of delay waiting to land.
.
6] Abbreviations
None

Chapter 7
Random Number Generation

24

1] Important definitions
1. Define Run.
A run is defined as a succession of similar events, preceded and followed by a different event.

2] Short Answer Questions

2. Give properties of random numbers.
Random numbers have two statistical properties: uniformity and independence.

3. Name two techniques of generating random numbers.

A) Linear Congruential Method
B) Combined linear congruential generator
4. What are the tests for random numbers?
Frequency tests
Poker test
Autocorrelation test
3] Subjective Questions
1. What is random number? State the properties of random nos. What are the problems or
errors that can occur when generating random no.
Pg.no.251
2. Mention properties of random nos. and give the methods of generating Pseudo
Random nos.
Pg.no. 254
3. Explain are the test used for checking Uniformity of random no.?
Pg.no. 261
4] Objective Questions
1. Uniformity is the property of the random nos.
A) True
B) False
Ans. True
2. Which of the following is the test for independence?
A) Frequency test
B) Poker test

25
C) Runs test
D) None of the above.
Ans. C
3. Which of the following is the test for uniformity?
A) Frequency test
B) Poker test
C) Runs test
D) None of the above.
Ans. A
4. Which test is used when no. of observations are less than 50?
A) Chi square test
B) K-S test
C) Run length test
Ans. B
5. The value of Variance for uniformly distributed is
A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/6
D) 1/12
Ans. D
5] Numerical Problems
1. Consider the following sequence of random no-show would you test it for
independence.
0.12

0.01 0.23 0.28 0.89 0.31 0.64 0.28 0.33 0.93

0.39 0.15

0.33 0.35 0.91 0.41 0.60 0.25 0.55 0.88

2. Use the chi-square test with a = 0.05, to test whether the data shown below are
uniformly distributed.
0.34 0.90 0.25 0.89 0.87 0.44
0.83 0.76 0.79 0.64 0.70 0.81
0.96 0.99 0.77 0.67 0.56 0.41
0.47 0.30 0.17 0.82 0.56 0.05

0.12 0.21 0.46 0.67

0.94 0.74 0.22 0.74
0.52 0.73 0.99 0.02
0.45 0.31 0.78 0.05

26
0.79

0.71

0.23

0.19

0.82

0.93

0.65 0.37 0.39

0.42

3. Use the linear congruential. method to generate a sequence of three two-digit random
integers. Let Xo = 27, a = 8 ,c =47 and m =100.
4. Use the multiplicative congruential method to generate a sequence of four three-digit
random integers. Let Xo = 117, a = 43 and m = 1000.
5. The sequence of numbers 0.54, 0.73, 0.98, 0.11 and 0.68 has been generated. Use the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with = 0.05 to determine if the hypothesis that the
numbers are uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1] can be rejected.
Generate enough values in each case to complete a cycle.
6. consider the, first 10 two digit .values in Example 5. Based on runs up and runs down,
determine whether the hypothesis of independence can be rejected, where = 0.05.

6] Abbreviations
None

Chapter 8
Random Variate Generation

27

1] Important definitions
None
2] Short Answer Questions
1. Name different techniques of generating random variate.
A) Inverse- Transform Technique
B) Acceptance- Rejection Technique
2. What do you mean by random variate?
Random variate is used to generate many of the important continuous and discrete
distributions.
3] Subjective Questions
1. How would you generate random variates for the exponential distribution?
Pg.no. 273
2 How would you generate random variates from Triangular Distribution?
Pg.no. 278
3. Explain different techniques of generating random variates.
Pg.no. 289
4. What is Poisson process? Explain characteristics of Poison process.
Pg.no. 293
5. State the distributions which can be sampled using "Inverse transform technique, write
the procedure for sampling.
Pg.no. 273
6. Explain Acceptance rejection technique.
Pg.no. 289

4] Objective Questions

28

1. Random variate for exponential distribution is

A) Xi=ln (1- Ri)
B) Xi= -1/(ln (1- Ri))
Ans. B
2. Acceptance Rejection Technique is used for
A) Generating random number
B) Generating random variate
C) Testing random variate generator
Ans. B
3. Random variate for Uniform distribution is
A) Xi=ln (1- Ri)
B) Xi= -1/(ln (1- Ri))
C) X = a + (b-a)R
Ans. C
5] Numerical Problems
1. Develop random variate for exponential distribution and uniform distribution using
inverse transform technique.
2. Develop random variate for Poisson distribution using acceptance rejection technique
6] Abbreviations
1. NSPP: Non stationary Poisson Process
2. ITT: Inverse Transform Technique

29

Chapter 9
Input Modeling
1] Important definitions
None
2] Short Answer Questions
1. Name the techniques used for identifying the distribution with data.
A) Histograms
B) Quantile Quantile Plot
2. Name the techniques used for identifying the distribution without data.
A) Engineering data
B) Expert option
C) Physical or conventional limitations
D) The nature of the process
3. Give example of Multivariate input model.
Inventory system
4. Give example of Time- series input model.
Stock market transactions
5. Why goodness of fit test is used.
Goodness of fit tests provide helpful guidance for evaluating the suitability of a potential
input model.
3] Subjective Questions
1. Discuss steps involved in development of a model of input data.
Pg. no. 307
2. How would you select input model without data.
Pg. no. 335
3. Explain multivariate and time series input model.
Pg. no. 337
4. Site an example where lead time and demand are not independent random variables

30
develop a suitable model for such a case.
Pg. no. 339
5 .How would you collect data which is to be used as input to simulation model.
Pg. no. 308
6. In case there is no data but the distribution is known then, how would you generate
samples to be used as input to simulation model? Generate one set of samples inputs
using each of the method.
Pg. no. 335
7. Discuss the methods by which chosen distribution is evaluated for goodness of fit test.
Pg. no. 327
4] Objective Questions
1. Test used for evaluation of chosen distribution is
A) Frequency test
B) Runs test
C) Goodness of fit test
Ans. C
2. Distribution used to model the number of independent event that occur in a fixed
amount of time is
A) Poisson
B) Normal
C) Binomial
Ans. A
3.

Distribution used to model processes that can be viewed as sum of several

exponentially distributed processes.
A) Poisson
B) Normal
C) Binomial
D) Erlang
Ans. D

31

4.

Distribution used to model the time to failure for components

A) Normal
B) Binomial
C) Erlang
D) Weibull
Ans. D

5.

Which of the following is the example of Multivariate input model

A) Inventory system
B) Stock market transactions
Ans. A

5] Numerical Problems
1. Records pertaining to the monthly number of job related injuries at an underground
coal mine were being studied by a federal agency .The values for the past 100
months are as follows:
Injuries per month:

Frequency of occurrence: 35 40 13 6

5 6

4 1

Apply Chi square test to test these data to test the hypothesis that the underlying
Distribution is Poisson (use =0.05 X2=5.99)

6] Abbreviations
1. AR(1): Autoregressive order- 1 model
2. EAR(1): Exponential Autoregressive order- 1 model
3. NORTA: Normal to anything transformation
1.

32

Chapter 10
Verification and Validation of simulation model
1] Important definitions
1. Define verification.
Verification is the process of building the model correctly and implementing it with good
input and structure.
2. Define validation.
It is the process of building the correct model, and accurate representation of the real
system.

2] Short Answer Questions

1. Give difference between verification and validation.
Verification involves correctness of model while validation checks the behavior of the
system compared with the real world system.
2. What is Calibration?
Calibration is the iterative process that adjusts or alters the models and its parameters to
best fit real system behavior.
3. Give Nyler-Finger 3 step approach.
Step 1-Build a model that has high face validity.
Step 2-Validate model assumptions.
Step 3-Compare the model input output transformations to corresponding input- output
Transformations for the real system.

3] Subjective Questions
1 How would you validate simulation model?
Pg .no.361
2. Explain the difference between verification and validation of simulation model.
Pg .no. 355

33
3. Explain 3 step Nylor and Finger approach for validation.
Pg .no. 362
4. Discuss causes of errors in simulation. How will you carry out verification of
simulation?
Pg .no. 356

4] Objective Questions
1. Testing whether Conceptual model is reflected accurately in operational model or
not is known as
A) verification
B) validation
C) calibration
Ans. A
2. The process of comparing the model and its behavior to the real system and its
behavior is known as
A) verification
B) validation
C) calibration
Ans. B
3. Nylor and Finger approach is used for
A) verification
B) validation
C) calibration
Ans. B
5] Numerical Problems
None
6] Abbreviations
1. AGV: Automated guided vehicles
2. IRC: Interactive Run Controller

34

Chapter 11
Output Analysis for a Single Model
1] Important definitions
None
2] Short Answer Questions
1. Name types of simulation with respect to output analysis.
Terminating and Steady-state simulation.

2. What are the measures of performance?

Point estimation and interval estimation.
3. What is Quantile?
Quantiles describes the level of performance that can be delivered with a given probability p.

3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain types of simulation with respect to output analysis.
Pg .no. 399
2. Explain point estimator and interval estimator.
Pg .no. 407
3. What are the measures of performance and interval estimation for output analysis?
Pg .no. 409
4. Explain output analysis for steady state simulation.
Pg .no. 418

4] Objective Questions
1. Steady state simulation is also known as
A) Terminating simulations
B) Non- Terminating simulations

35
C) Both of the above.
D) None of the above.
Ans. B
2. Other name for Quantile is
A) Interval
B) Delay
C) Replication
D) Percentile
Ans. D
3. Replication method can be used for Steady- State simulations. True/ False.
Ans. True.
5] Numerical Problems
1. Consider an (M, L) inventory system, in which the procurement quantity, Q, is defined by
Q = M-I, if I<L
= 0 , if I>=L
where I is the level of inventory on hand plus on order at the end of a month , M is the maximum
inventory level , and L is the reorder point. Since M and L are under management control, the pair (M, L)
is called the inventory policy. Under certain conditions, the analytical solution of such a model is
possible, but the computational effort may be prohibitive. Use simulation to investigate an (M, L)
inventory system with the following properties. The inventory status is checked at the end of each month.
Backordering is allowed at a cost of $4 per item short per month. When an order arrives, it will first be
used to relieve the backorder. The lead time is given by a uniform distribution on the interval (0.25, 1.25)
months. Let the beginning inventory level stand at 50 units, with no orders outstanding. Let the holding
cost be $1 per unit in inventory per month. Assume that the inventory position is reviewed each month. If
an order is placed, its cost is $60+$5Q, where $60 is the ordering cost and $5 is the cost of each item. The
time between demands is exponentially distributed with a mean of 1/15 month. the sizes of the demands
follow the distribution:

36

Demand Probability
1
1/2
2

1/4

1/8

1/8

(a) Make four independent replications, each of run length 100 months preceded by a 12-month
initialization period. for the (M, L) = (50, 30) policy. Estimate long run mean monthly cost with a 90%
confidence interval.
(b) Using the results of part (a), estimate the total number of replications needed to estimate mean
monthly cost within $5.

6] Abbreviations
None

37

Chapter 12
Comparison and Evaluation of Alternative System Design
1] Important definitions
1. Define Monotonicity.
The increasing and decreasing nature of the response variables with respect to
the input random variables is known as monotonicity.
2. Define sequential sampling scheme.
A Sequential sampling scheme is one in which more and more data are
collected until an estimator with a prespecified precision is achieved , or until
one of several alternative hypothesis is selected., with the probability of
correct selection being larger than a prespecified value.

2] Short Answer Questions

1. Disadvantages of Bonferroni approach.
Bonferroni approach gives the increased width of each individual interval for large number of
comparisons

2. Advantages of Bonferroni approach.

Bonferroni approach holds whether the models for the alternative designs are run with
independent sampling or with common random numbers.

3. What is Correlated Sampling

When same data is used to simulate both alternative system designs it is known as
Correlated Sampling.
4. What is other name of Correlated Sampling?
Correlated Sampling is also known as the common random- number technique.

3] Subjective Questions
1 Explain Bonferroni approach to multiple comparisons.

38
Pg .no. 468
2. What is meta modeling? Explain simple linear regression method.
Pg .no. 476
3. Explain the test of significance of regression .
Pg .no. 481
4. What does optimization via simulation mean?
Pg .no. 485
5. Why is optimization via simulation difficult?
Pg .no. 488
6. Write short note on (a) Verification of simulation model (b) Optimization via simulation
Pg .no. 485
4] Objective Questions
1. Correlated sampling is also known as common random technique: True/False.
5] Numerical Problems
1.Suppose that demand for a certain product has a Poisson distribution with mean 10 units. Use
optimization via-simulation software(or the random-search algorithm, if you do not have access
to such software ) to determine the order size x that maximizes the probability that demand
equals x units, assuming that 0<= x<= 100, and x is an integer. [Hint : On each replication of
the simulation for a trial value of x, a random demand is generated from the Poisson distribution
with mean 10. if this random demand equals x , then the response is Y(x) =1; otherwise it is
Y(x)=0.]
6] Abbreviations
1. CRN: Common random numbers
2. MHS: Materials handling system
3. LNG: Liquified Natural Gas

39

Chapter 13
Case studies
1] Important definitions
None

2] Short Answer Questions

None

3] Subjective Questions
1. Discuss various issues in manufacturing and material handling system.
Pg .no. 508
2. What are the objectives in material handling simulation?
Pg .no. 507
3. Give Block diagram and explain sequence of operations.
Pg .no. 505
4. Explain simulation of computer system (CPU and Memory simulation).
Pg .no. 529
5. Explain simulation of supermarket.
Pg .no. 515
6. Explain simulation of manufacturing and material handling system.
Pg .no. 508
4] Objective Questions
None
5] Numerical Problems
1. Using any simulator or language you like, model some aspect of your local computingsystem environment e.g., the print queue for a network printer. Carefully describe your
workload model.
6] Abbreviations
1. AS/RS: Automated storage and retrieval systems
2. WIP: work in process
3. SRM: storage retrieval machines

40
4. TTF: time to failure
5. TTR: time to repair
6. MTTF: mean time to failure
7. MTTR: mean time to repair
8. ALU: Arithmetic logic unit
9. CTMC: continuous Markov chain
10. CPU: central processing unit
11. MPP: Modulated Poisson Process
12. ILP: Instruction level parallelism
13. LRU: Least Recently Used
14. TCP: Transmission control protocol
15. MAC: media access control
16. CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection
17. RED: Random Early Detection
18. RTT: round trip time
19. DML: Domain Modeling Language
20. NHI: Network- Host- Interface

41

References
1) Discrete-event system simulation; jerry banks, Carson, john s., fourth edition. ,PHI
2) www.wintersim.org.
3) www.informs-cs.org/wscpapers.html.