Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Vol-XX No X Month,
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria
1
gnmegbu@gmail.com
lotanna.ohazuruike@yahoo.com
1.
Introduction
2
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014
Vol-XX No X Month,
2.
T wx
Model Development
Assumptions
1
i , j ,k
2
A x C wn K x K rw w
x i , j ,k =( T wx C wn ) 1 [ wx
i+ ,j,k
x
w B w
x
2
A x C wn K x K rw
x w x i , j , k =( T wx C wn ) 1 [ wx
i+ , j , k
w B w
2
(7)
The finite difference approximation to the second
order differential term in y-direction, is derived with
similar procedure to the just presented approximation
for the x-direction term, but in this case, we consider
gridpoint (i,j,k) with its gridblock boundaries (i,j1/2,k) and (i,j+1/2,k) and its neighbouring gridblocks
(i, j-1,k) and (i,j+1,k) in the y-direction.
The approximation in the y-direction may be
expressed as:
]
]
A C K K
A y C wn K y K rw w
y i , j ,k y y wn y rw
y
w B w
y
w Bw
(8)
A y C wn K y K rw
y w y i , j ,k =( T wy C wn ) 1 [ wy
i , j+ , k
w Bw
2
(9)
And the approximation in the z-direction may be
expressed as:
]
]
A C K K
A z Cwn K z K rw w
z i , j ,k z z wn z rw
z
w Bw
z
w Bw
A x C wn K x K rw
w Bw x
(6)
From Eq. (2), Eq. (6) can be written as:
2.1.2
(5)
Hence, Eq. (3) becomes
Methodology
2.1
2.1.1
1
i , j,k
2
][
(10)
KzrwC wn K x K rw w
A x C wn K x K rw w
A y C wn K y K rw w A z C wnK z A
x+
z +q
z y +
z w z i , j ,k =(
T wz
C wnw C
wn =1 [ wz
)
x
w B w
x
y
w Bw
y
t
i , j ,k +
w B w
w w
2
(1)
Applying finite difference approximation to the
LHS second order partial differential equation in the
x, y and z directions at gridpoints i, j, k respectively
[13],
i, j
(11)
Let
A C wn K K rw
w
w Bw
i , j ,k
A x Cwn K x K rw
x w
w Bw
(12)
A C K K
A x C wn K x K rw w
x i , j ,k x x wn x rwSubstituting
x w xEq.
i , j , k(7), (9) and (11) gives:
x
w B w
x
w B w
A C wn K K rw
(2)
w
= ( T wx Cwn ) 1 [ wx
i+ , j ,k
w Bw
Also,
i , j ,k
2
A x C wn K x K rw
A x C wn K x K rw
(13)
A x C wn K x K rw w
x i , j ,k =
[ wx wx ] B x i 1 , j , k [ wx
1
x
w B w
x
w Bw x i+where
, j ,k
w w
2
2
(3)
Let
T wx
(4)
1
i+ , j,k
2
A x C wn K x K rw
w Bw x
1
i+ ,j,k
2
i+ 1, j ,k
i, j,k
w = Po Pcow w z
i+ 1, j,k
(14)
(15)
(16)
Substituting Eq. (16) and rearranging Eq. (13)
i, j ,k
3
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014
Vol-XX No X Month,
gives:
x = { (i1, j, k ) , ( i+ 1, j, k ) }
( Pox
i+1, j,k
(25)
Similarly,
Pox ) w ( Zi1, j ,k Z i , j ,k ) }+ ( T wy C wn ) 1
) w ( Z i+1, j ,k Z i , j ,k ) + ( T wx C wn )i 1 , j ,k [ (Pyox= {( i +, j1,
k ) , ( i, j +1, k ) }
i , j+
Pox
i , j,k
i1, j,k
i, j ,k
(26)
z ={ ( i , j, k 1 ) , ( i , j , k+ 1 ) }
(27)
Then,
i , j ,k = x y z
(28)
And
(17)
Consider the RHS of Eq. (1), we have:
Cwn 1
Sw C wn
Sw C wn r
+ ( 1 )
= t
t
Bw
w
t
t
Bw
(18)
Resolving the Equation gives:
Sw C wn r
1
1
1
t
+ ( 1 )
t C wn =
t
Bw
w
t
t
(19)
Let
N p=
1
t
[( )
' n
1
C wn + n+1
Cnwn S nw
n
B
Bw
w
( )
x = { ( n1 ) , ( n+1 ) }
n+1
Sw
1nx = 1 S w C wn
y=
r { ( nnx )1, ( n+n x ) }
for
+ ( 1 )
t [ Cwn ] i , j , k =
t
B
B
i , j , k =
w nn
nt , n+n n
for wn = i , j , k
[( )
'
Bnw
)(
[(
)}
n +1
( )
( )
( )
n +1
n+1
n+ 1
n
(T n+1
w C w ) n ,m ( m Po m Pcow w
[( )
m zn +1 )+q n+
w
(30)
C n+1
wn
n+1
S nw +
r
( 1 )
w
(22)
n,m
[(
Bw
(21)
Bw
) (
m n
1
N w=
t Bw
1
t
ny = 1
(29)
n+1 gridblock
The
variable
m nis the
value of at
1
n
n+1 1
n
Cm
+
C
S
P
+
C n+1
the
wn i , j , k . Thewncoefficient
w t o (TwCwn)(i,j,k),m
wn
t Sw +
is
Bw
Bw
t
(TwCwn) interactions between gridblock (i,j,k) and its
immediate neighboring gridblock m i , j , k
Using this notation, the implicit finite difference
equation in Gridblock n, in multidimensional space
becomes:
(20)
N n=
{(
C wb K K rw A
w +q w C wb = ( S w w C wb + )
w Bw
t
(30)
In three-dimensional coordinates:
Sw C wn r
C K x K rw A x w
1
1
C wb K y K rw A y w
t
+ ( 1 )
t C wn =N p t P o+ N w t S w +wb
N n t C w n
x+
t
Bw
w
t
x
w B w
x
y
w Bw
y
(23)
The finite difference equation for the nutrient
transport model is obtained by combining Eq. (17)
and Eq. (23):
( Pox
i+1, j,k
Pox
i , j,k
(31)
Applying a similar finite difference approximation
to that performed on the nutrient transport equation,
the bacteria transport equation given above can be
written as:
P ow (
P )o +
Zi1,mj P
Ct wn
[ T( Pwox C wb+ ]Pm ox, n [ )m
( T wy
) w ( Z i+1, j ,k Z i , j ,k ) + ( T w x C wn )i 1
cow
w )
mZ
p
,k Z
i , j ,k
}+]=B
, j ,k
i,
n+1
1
n '
n+1
n
w C wb ) + ] S w
(
[
t
1
B b= ( w ) n+1 S nw
t
B p=
(24)
If we define x as the set of neighbouring
n+1
i, j, k
(32)
where
N p t Po + N w t S w + N n t C wn
n+1
i1, j,k
n+1
4
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014
B w=
Vol-XX No X Month,
1
n +1
( w C wb )
t
(41)
where
(33)
T w=
k k rw A
w Bw
(42)
From the definition of change in fluid potential, the
water equation becomes:
(a) Oil
The model equation for oil is given as:
n+1
[[
[] ]
AK K rw
A x K x K ro o
A y K y K ro o
A z K z K ro( Poo+ Pcow w Z ) S=
o ( C t Po +C w
w Bw
x+
y+
z+ qo =v b
i , j ,k
x
o Bo x
y
o Bo y
z
o Bo z
t Bo
(34)
Applying the finite difference approximation to the
second order partial differential term in the x, and z
directions at gridpoints (i,j,k) and simplifying results
in:
[ T o o ] ijk=T ox
1
i+ , j,k
2
( ox
i+ 1, j ,k
ox
i ,j ,k
) +T ox
1
i ,j , k
2
C =
( ox
i1, j,k
(35)
(36)
From the definition of change in fluid potential, the
oil equation becomes:
1
t Bo
i,j,k
m n
(c)
n
g
n
w
n, m
) +T o
(45)
n+1
osc i , j , k
{[(
) ( )] ( )
1
'
n+1 1
n
+
R so +
t Bo
Bo
Bo
n+1
t S w qosc
n
n +1
'
R so ( 1S gS
[( ) ( ) ]
[
]
[ ]
1
n+1
n+1 n+1
Rso
(48)
t Bg
Bo
w
KzK
w a control volume
S
A zEq.
finite
rw in
Writing
(44)
y+
z+ q wsc =v b
w
equation
y difference
z (CVFD)
w Bw method,
z the final water t
Bw
C =
A x K x K rw w
A y K y K rw
x+
x
w Bw x
y
w Bw
(40)
Applying the finite difference approximation to the
second order partial differential term in the x,y and z
directions at gridpoints (i,j,k) and simplifying results
in:
wx
AK K rg
AK K ro R so
Po + Pcog g Z ) +
(
( Po
g Bg
o Bo
C gp=
(39)
i+ 1, j,k
i , j,k
(47)
(b) Water
The model equation for water is given as:
( wx
oy
n ,m
Gas
T no +1 ( m Pno +1 no m Z )=C op t Po +C og t S g +C ow
1
i+ , j ,k
2
i , j1, k
where
[ T w w ]ijk=T wx
n ,m
(38)
( oy
(46)
From the definition of change in fluid potential, the
gas equation becomes:
n +1
1
i, j ,k
2
( )]( 1S S )
n ,m
) + T oy
A x K x K rg g A x K x K ro Rso o
Ay
+
x+
x
g Bg x
o B o
x
y
m n
i, j,k
n+1
i , j+1, k
n+1
n
T nw+1 ( m Pn+1
o + m P cow w m Z ) =C t Po +C w
=( Cop t P o+C og t S g +C ow t S w q
( )
1
C =
t ( B )
og
1
i, j+ , k
2
n+1
1
1
C op=
+n +1
n
t Bo
Bo
C ow=
( )
i, j, k
(37)
( )]
ox ) +T oy ( oyn+1 oy
1
C ww=
t Bw
Where
'
1 '
1
+n +1
S nw
t Bnw
Bw
(44)
Writing Eq. (44) in a control volume finite
difference (CVFD) method, the final water equation
becomes:
kk A
T o= ro
o Bo
(43)
Where
where
AK K ro
( Po o Z )
o Bo
i, j ,k
) +T wx
1
i , j,k
2
becomes:
m n
n+1
n
T ng+1 ( m Pno +1+ m Pn+1
cog g m Z )+ ( T o R so ) n ,m ( m
n,m
n ,m
(49)
where
( wx
i1, j, k
n +1
n+1 n +1
n+1 n +1
qwxn+1
R swwy qwsc
)+Tfgswy+ R s( wyqosc +
) +T wy (50)( wy
gsc =q
i, nj,k
1 n
i , j+ ,k
2
i, j+1,n k
n i , j,k
1
i ,j ,k
2
i , j1, k
wy
i ,j ,k
)+
5
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014
Vol-XX No X Month,
Peptone, g/c
Sodium Chloride, g/c
3.
5.0
5.0
Results
6
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014
Vol-XX No X Month,
60
50
40
Pressure (psi)
30
20
10
Nomenclature
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (hrs)
Figure 1. Pressure in core with time
30
25
20
Pressure drop, psi
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 4050 60
Time (hrs)
4.
Conclusion
7
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014
Vol-XX No X Month,
sc = standard conditions
t = time
References
[1]
Zobell, CE., Bacterial Release of Oil from
Sedimentary Materials, Oil and Gas J., vol. 46, no.
13, pp. 62-65, 1974
[2]
Beck, JV., Penn Grade Progress on use of
Bacteria for Releasing Oil from Sands, Producers
Monthly, Sept.13-19, 1947.
[3]
Updegraff, DM and Wren, GB., The
release of Oil from Petroleum Bearing Materials by
Sulfate-reducing Bacteria, Appl. Microbial., Vol.12,
pp.309-322, 1954
[4]
Knapp, RM, McInerney, MJ, Menzie, DE,
Jennemen, GE., The Use of Microorganisms in
Enhanced Oil Recovery, Status Report of US DOE
Contract, 1982
[5]
Jang, KL, Sharma, MM, Findley, JE, Chang,
P. and Yen, TF., An Investigation of the Transport of
Bacteria through Porous media, Proc. Int. Conf. on
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, Afton, USA,
pp.60-70, 1982
[6]
Jenneman, GE, Knapp, RM, Menzie, DE,
McInerney, MJ, Revus, DE, Clark, JB, Munnecke,
D.M., Transport Phenomena and Plugging in Berea
Sandstone Using Microorganisms, Proc. Int. Conf.
on Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, Afton, USA,
pp.71-75, 1982
[7]
Gruesbeck,
C.
and
Collins,
RE.,
Entrainment Deposition of Fine Particles in Porous
Media, SPE J., pp.847-856, Dec. 1982
[8]
Islam, MR., Mathematical Modeling of
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, SPE Res.,