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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech


2014

Vol-XX No X Month,

THE USE OF NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES


TO ANALYZE THE TRANSIENT RESPONSE
OF A RESERVOIR UNDERGOING MEOR
PROCESS
Nmegbu, C.G.J.#1, Somieari, A.*2, Ohazuruike, L.V.#3
#

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria
1

gnmegbu@gmail.com

lotanna.ohazuruike@yahoo.com

Abstract The development of a three-dimensional,


three-phase, multicomponent numerical model to
analyse the microbial transport and fluid flow
phenomena in a microbe-flooded reservoir is presented.
The multiphase flow equations are solved in multi cases
and in three-dimensional frameworks following the
implicit pressure explicit saturation (IMPES) procedure
in which the solution of the bacteria transport equations
is solved implicitly whereas the nutrient transport
equation is solved explicitly. The MEOR model was
incorporated into an existing chemical flooding
simulator (UTCHEM). The simulation results showed
that the sharp increase of pressure after the microbial
flooding is caused by pore plugging and the production
of biogenic gas. As the time increased and water
flooding continued, the permeability recovered slightly
with the declogging of microbes in the pore space,
resulting in a decrease in pressure drop.
KeywordsTransient Response, Nutrient transport,
Bacteria transport, Multiphase flow, MEOR Simulation

1.

Introduction

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) is a


family of processes that involves the use of selected
microbes to achieve enhancement of oil production.
The microbial system is carefully designed to
produce bioproducts capable of making positive
alterations to the inherent rock and fluid properties.
The usefulness of this technology lies in the broad
range of the bioproducts obtainable and the
consequent flexibility it offers the technology. Also
advantageous are the economic attractiveness and the
environmental friendliness of the process.
The first suggestion for using MEOR was made as
early as in 1926. The first detailed study of MEOR
was conducted by Zobell [1],[2],[3]. He observed that
sulfate-reducing bacteria led to gradual separation of
oil or tar from sand. Study in this area has been
extended by Beck [2] and Updegraff and Wren [3].
Modeling of these processes often rely on
conservation laws, incorporating growth and
retention kinetics of biomass. A simplified model of
this nature was presented by Knapp et al [4]. They

predicted porosity reduction as a function of distance


and time. Updegraff [3] used a filtration model in
order to express bacteria transport as a function of
pore entrance size. Similar models were used by Jang
et al [5]. In a recent work, Jenneman et al [6]
modified the filtration theory to relate permeability
with the rate of bacteria penetration. Some of these
models were found to show good agreement with
experimental results. However none of these models
incorporates fundamental laws of bacterial
deposition, entrainment or adsorption of bacteria to
the rock surface [7].
An early paper that covered all the core phenomena
of MEOR and in 3-dimensional formulations was
presented by Islam in 1990 [8]. It was based on a
conventional three phases black oil formulation and
additional equations to describe these processes [8].
The mathematical representation includes equation of
species transport, microbial growth kinetics,
empirical formula for permeability reduction and
continuity equations for pressure and saturation. He
also discussed the problem of scaling up of laboratory
experiments conducted on MEOR processes.
Another early work by Zhang et al [9] is a onedimensional model, therefore not suited for field
application but for core simulations, nevertheless it
has a more advanced formulation of pore-throat
plugging and pore surface retention plus a second
growth limiting substrate.
However, having a reliable simulation model is
very crucial in todays reservoir engineering for field
development, scenario runs and sensitivity studies
etc. For MEOR, it is more important because it is a
complex and interdisciplinary topic that cannot be
covered with analytical formulas, rules of thumb,
charts or whatsoever [10].
Maudgalya et al [10] in their recommendation have
identified an accurate simulation model as key
element for the broad success and acceptance of
MEOR. For recent, large MEOR pilot projects [11],

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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014

Vol-XX No X Month,

[12], the application of simulation technology was


limited to streamline simulation. The main task is to
identify the flow path between the injectors and
producers, combined with tracer test to provide the
basis for the selection of injector/producer pattern
that is used for the project. It is further a basis for
verification and analysis of process, later on which
can be done for every MEOR project.

2.

T wx

Model Development
Assumptions

The assumptions made include:


a) No mass transfer between oil and water
b) The gas produced as a metabolic by-product
can exist either as a free gas or dissolved gas
c) Isothermal reservoir conditions
d) Uniform gridblocks
e) The fluids are in thermodynamic equilibrium
in the reservoir
f) Multiphase flow, that is, simultaneous oil,
water and gas flow.

1
i , j ,k
2

A x C wn K x K rw w
x i , j ,k =( T wx C wn ) 1 [ wx
i+ ,j,k
x
w B w
x
2

A x C wn K x K rw
x w x i , j , k =( T wx C wn ) 1 [ wx
i+ , j , k
w B w
2

(7)
The finite difference approximation to the second
order differential term in y-direction, is derived with
similar procedure to the just presented approximation
for the x-direction term, but in this case, we consider
gridpoint (i,j,k) with its gridblock boundaries (i,j1/2,k) and (i,j+1/2,k) and its neighbouring gridblocks
(i, j-1,k) and (i,j+1,k) in the y-direction.
The approximation in the y-direction may be
expressed as:

]
]

A C K K
A y C wn K y K rw w
y i , j ,k y y wn y rw
y
w B w
y
w Bw
(8)

A y C wn K y K rw
y w y i , j ,k =( T wy C wn ) 1 [ wy
i , j+ , k
w Bw
2

(9)
And the approximation in the z-direction may be
expressed as:

]
]

A C K K
A z Cwn K z K rw w
z i , j ,k z z wn z rw
z
w Bw
z
w Bw

The nutrient transport equation in three-dimension is


given by:

Nutrient Transport Equation

A x C wn K x K rw
w Bw x

(6)
From Eq. (2), Eq. (6) can be written as:

The multiphase flow equations will be solved in multi


cases and in three-dimensional frameworks following
the implicit pressure explicit saturation (IMPES)
procedure. Also, the solution of the bacteria transport
equations will be solved implicitly whereas the
nutrient transport equation will be solved explicitly.
To achieve this, the equations are discretized in
space. This sequence is repeated until convergence is
achieved for each time step.

2.1.2

(5)
Hence, Eq. (3) becomes

Methodology

2.1
2.1.1

1
i , j,k
2

][

(10)

KzrwC wn K x K rw w
A x C wn K x K rw w
A y C wn K y K rw w A z C wnK z A

x+
z +q
z y +
z w z i , j ,k =(
T wz
C wnw C
wn =1 [ wz
)
x
w B w
x
y
w Bw
y

t
i , j ,k +
w B w
w w
2

(1)
Applying finite difference approximation to the
LHS second order partial differential equation in the
x, y and z directions at gridpoints i, j, k respectively
[13],

i, j

(11)
Let

A C wn K K rw
w
w Bw

i , j ,k

A x Cwn K x K rw
x w
w Bw

(12)
A C K K
A x C wn K x K rw w
x i , j ,k x x wn x rwSubstituting
x w xEq.
i , j , k(7), (9) and (11) gives:
x
w B w
x
w B w
A C wn K K rw
(2)

w
= ( T wx Cwn ) 1 [ wx
i+ , j ,k
w Bw
Also,
i , j ,k
2
A x C wn K x K rw
A x C wn K x K rw
(13)
A x C wn K x K rw w
x i , j ,k =
[ wx wx ] B x i 1 , j , k [ wx
1
x
w B w
x
w Bw x i+where
, j ,k
w w
2
2

(3)
Let

T wx
(4)

1
i+ , j,k
2

A x C wn K x K rw
w Bw x

1
i+ ,j,k
2

i+ 1, j ,k

i, j,k

w = water potential and is defined as:


w = Pw - wz
and
Pw = Po - Pcow

w = Po Pcow w z

i+ 1, j,k

(14)
(15)

(16)
Substituting Eq. (16) and rearranging Eq. (13)

i, j ,k

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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014

Vol-XX No X Month,

gives:

gridblocks associated with Gridblock (i,j,k) along the


x direction:

x = { (i1, j, k ) , ( i+ 1, j, k ) }

( Pox

i+1, j,k

(25)
Similarly,

Pox ) w ( Zi1, j ,k Z i , j ,k ) }+ ( T wy C wn ) 1
) w ( Z i+1, j ,k Z i , j ,k ) + ( T wx C wn )i 1 , j ,k [ (Pyox= {( i +, j1,
k ) , ( i, j +1, k ) }
i , j+

Pox

i , j,k

i1, j,k

i, j ,k

(26)

z ={ ( i , j, k 1 ) , ( i , j , k+ 1 ) }
(27)
Then,

i , j ,k = x y z

(28)
And

(17)
Consider the RHS of Eq. (1), we have:

Cwn 1
Sw C wn
Sw C wn r
+ ( 1 )
= t
t
Bw
w
t
t
Bw
(18)
Resolving the Equation gives:

Sw C wn r
1
1
1
t
+ ( 1 )
t C wn =
t
Bw
w
t
t
(19)
Let

N p=

1
t

[( )

' n
1
C wn + n+1
Cnwn S nw
n
B
Bw
w

( )

x = { ( n1 ) , ( n+1 ) }
n+1
Sw
1nx = 1 S w C wn
y=
r { ( nnx )1, ( n+n x ) }
for
+ ( 1 )
t [ Cwn ] i , j , k =

t
B
B
i , j , k =
w nn
nt , n+n n
for wn = i , j , k

[( )
'
Bnw

)(

[(

)}

n +1

( )

( )

( )

n +1
n+1
n+ 1
n
(T n+1
w C w ) n ,m ( m Po m Pcow w

[( )

m zn +1 )+q n+
w

(30)

C n+1
wn

The bacteria transport equation is given as:

n+1

S nw +

r
( 1 )
w

(22)

Hence, Eq. (19) becomes:

n,m

[(

Bw

2.1.3 Bacteria Transport Equation

(21)

Bw

) (

m n

1
N w=
t Bw
1
t

ny = 1
(29)
n+1 gridblock
The
variable
m nis the
value of at
1
n
n+1 1
n
Cm
+
C
S

P
+
C n+1
the
wn i , j , k . Thewncoefficient
w t o (TwCwn)(i,j,k),m
wn
t Sw +
is
Bw
Bw
t
(TwCwn) interactions between gridblock (i,j,k) and its
immediate neighboring gridblock m i , j , k
Using this notation, the implicit finite difference
equation in Gridblock n, in multidimensional space
becomes:

(20)

N n=

{(

C wb K K rw A

w +q w C wb = ( S w w C wb + )
w Bw
t

(30)
In three-dimensional coordinates:

Sw C wn r
C K x K rw A x w
1
1
C wb K y K rw A y w
t
+ ( 1 )
t C wn =N p t P o+ N w t S w +wb
N n t C w n
x+
t
Bw
w
t
x
w B w
x
y
w Bw
y

(23)
The finite difference equation for the nutrient
transport model is obtained by combining Eq. (17)
and Eq. (23):

( Pox

i+1, j,k

Pox

i , j,k

(31)
Applying a similar finite difference approximation
to that performed on the nutrient transport equation,
the bacteria transport equation given above can be
written as:

P ow (
P )o +
Zi1,mj P

Ct wn
[ T( Pwox C wb+ ]Pm ox, n [ )m
( T wy
) w ( Z i+1, j ,k Z i , j ,k ) + ( T w x C wn )i 1
cow
w )
mZ
p
,k Z
i , j ,k
}+]=B
, j ,k
i,
n+1

1
n '
n+1
n
w C wb ) + ] S w
(
[
t
1
B b= ( w ) n+1 S nw
t
B p=

(24)
If we define x as the set of neighbouring

n+1

i, j, k

(32)

where

N p t Po + N w t S w + N n t C wn

n+1

i1, j,k

n+1

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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014

B w=

Vol-XX No X Month,

1
n +1
( w C wb )
t

(41)
where

(33)

T w=

2.1.4 Multiphase flow equations


The model equations for oil, water and gas are given
as follows.

k k rw A
w Bw

(42)
From the definition of change in fluid potential, the
water equation becomes:

(a) Oil
The model equation for oil is given as:

n+1

[[

[] ]

AK K rw
A x K x K ro o
A y K y K ro o
A z K z K ro( Poo+ Pcow w Z ) S=
o ( C t Po +C w
w Bw
x+
y+
z+ qo =v b

i , j ,k
x
o Bo x
y
o Bo y
z
o Bo z
t Bo

(34)
Applying the finite difference approximation to the
second order partial differential term in the x, and z
directions at gridpoints (i,j,k) and simplifying results
in:

[ T o o ] ijk=T ox

1
i+ , j,k
2

( ox

i+ 1, j ,k

ox

i ,j ,k

) +T ox

1
i ,j , k
2

C =

( ox

i1, j,k

(35)

(36)
From the definition of change in fluid potential, the
oil equation becomes:

1
t Bo

i,j,k

m n

(c)

n
g

n
w

n, m

) +T o

(45)

n+1
osc i , j , k

{[(

) ( )] ( )

1
'

n+1 1
n
+
R so +
t Bo
Bo
Bo
n+1
t S w qosc
n

n +1

'

R so ( 1S gS

[( ) ( ) ]
[
]
[ ]

1
n+1
n+1 n+1

Rso
(48)
t Bg
Bo
w
KzK
w a control volume
S
A zEq.
finite
rw in
Writing
(44)
y+
z+ q wsc =v b
w
equation
y difference
z (CVFD)
w Bw method,
z the final water t
Bw
C =

A x K x K rw w
A y K y K rw
x+
x
w Bw x
y
w Bw

(40)
Applying the finite difference approximation to the
second order partial differential term in the x,y and z
directions at gridpoints (i,j,k) and simplifying results
in:

wx

AK K rg
AK K ro R so
Po + Pcog g Z ) +
(
( Po
g Bg
o Bo

C gp=

(39)

i+ 1, j,k

i , j,k

(47)

(b) Water
The model equation for water is given as:

( wx

oy

n ,m

Gas

T no +1 ( m Pno +1 no m Z )=C op t Po +C og t S g +C ow

1
i+ , j ,k
2

i , j1, k

where

Writing Eq. (37) in a control volume finite


difference (CVFD) method, the final oil equation
becomes:

[ T w w ]ijk=T wx

n ,m

(38)

( oy

(46)
From the definition of change in fluid potential, the
gas equation becomes:

n +1

1
i, j ,k
2

( )]( 1S S )

n ,m

) + T oy

A x K x K rg g A x K x K ro Rso o
Ay
+
x+
x
g Bg x
o B o
x
y

m n

i, j,k

The model equation for water is given as:

n+1

i , j+1, k

n+1
n
T nw+1 ( m Pn+1
o + m P cow w m Z ) =C t Po +C w

=( Cop t P o+C og t S g +C ow t S w q

( )
1
C =
t ( B )
og

1
i, j+ , k
2

n+1

1
1
C op=
+n +1
n
t Bo
Bo
C ow=

( )

i, j, k

(37)

( )]

ox ) +T oy ( oyn+1 oy
1
C ww=
t Bw

Where
'

1 '
1
+n +1
S nw
t Bnw
Bw

(44)
Writing Eq. (44) in a control volume finite
difference (CVFD) method, the final water equation
becomes:

kk A
T o= ro
o Bo

(43)

Where

where

AK K ro

( Po o Z )
o Bo

i, j ,k

) +T wx

1
i , j,k
2

becomes:

m n

n+1

n
T ng+1 ( m Pno +1+ m Pn+1
cog g m Z )+ ( T o R so ) n ,m ( m
n,m

n ,m

(49)
where

( wx

i1, j, k

n +1
n+1 n +1
n+1 n +1
qwxn+1
R swwy qwsc
)+Tfgswy+ R s( wyqosc +
) +T wy (50)( wy
gsc =q
i, nj,k

1 n
i , j+ ,k
2

i, j+1,n k

n i , j,k

1
i ,j ,k
2

i , j1, k

wy

i ,j ,k

)+

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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014

Vol-XX No X Month,

2.2 Experimental Data


The pressure response from the simulation was
observed based on the experimental parameters
obtained from the core flood test. In the experiment,
0.1 pore volume of microbial solution was introduced
into the core. This was followed by the injection of
0.2 pore volume of nutrient solution and incubated
for 2 days. After the incubation period, 0.2 pore
volume of nutrient solution was injected after which
the core was waterflooded at 1.5cm 3/min. the values
of the parameters used in the simulation are listed in
the table below.
Table 1. Core properties, fluid and microbial
system parameters used in the simulation
Parameters
Value
Core
Length, cm
14
Width, cm
14
Thickness, cm
9
Porosity, %
15
Permeability
[kx,ky,kz],
410, 410, 200
md
Grid size (x, y, z),
1,1,1
cm
Number of grid (x,y,z)
14,14,9
axis
Fluid
Initial oil saturation, %
87
Residual water saturation,
13
%
Initial oil viscosity, cp
19
Oil compressibility, psi-1
0.00014
Initial pressure, psi
28
Water injection rate,
1.5
cm3/min
Oil
production
rate,
2
cm3/min
Water production rate,
0.53
cm3/min
Gas production rate,
1.0
cm3/min
Bacteria and nutrient
Bacteria injection rate,
0.5
cm3/min
Injected microbial conc.
0.1
% pore volume
Injected nutrient conc. %
0.2
pore volume
Diffusion coefficient for
5.1
bacteria, cm3/day
Diffusion coefficient for
7.4
nutrients, cm3/day
Maximum growth rate,
5.3
day-1
Decay rate, day-1
34
Nutrient solution
Beef extract, g/c
1.0
Yeast extract, g/c
2.0

Peptone, g/c
Sodium Chloride, g/c

3.

5.0
5.0

Results

The simulator used in this project is known as


UTCHEM [14]. UTCHEM is a three dimensional
chemical flooding simulator that incorporates the
MEOR model. The solution scheme is analogous to
the implicit pressure explicit hrs saturation (IMPES)
where the pressure was solved implicitly and
saturations were solved explicitly. A time step of 2
hours was considered and a no-flow boundary of the
core was implemented by setting pressure gradient at
the boundary interfaces to zero.
Table 2. Pressure and Pressure drop response
during continuous waterflooding
Pressure,
Pressure
Time
P (psi)
drop p = step
t,
(P-Pi), psi
hr
28.00
0
0
36.00
8
2
43.00
15
4
45.50
17.5
6
49.30
21.3
8
50.60
22.6
10
52.20
24.2
12
49.30
21.3
14
47.00
19.0
16
48.00
20.0
18
46.80
18.8
20
45.70
17.7
22
45.60
17.6
24
44.50
16.5
26
43.70
15.7
28
42.80
14.8
30
40.80
12.8
32
40.70
12.7
34
40.60
12.6
36
40.30
12.3
38
40.20
12.2
40
40.10
12.10
42
40.05
12.05
44
40.02
12.02
46
40.01
12.01
48
The graphical plots of the simulation result is
presented below.

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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech
2014

Vol-XX No X Month,

Since MEOR reduces or eliminates the need to use


harsh chemicals during oil recovery, it is an
environmentally friendly and economically feasible
method of carrying out enhanced oil recovery, amidst
recent growing concerns of certain methods like
fracturing. Therefore, there is need for special skills
and logical steps to incorporate MEOR into a
simulator that will describe or analyze the transient
response of a reservoir during microbial enhanced oil
recovery processes.

60
50
40
Pressure (psi)

30
20
10

Nomenclature

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (hrs)
Figure 1. Pressure in core with time
30
25
20
Pressure drop, psi

15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 4050 60
Time (hrs)

Figure 2. Pressure drop in core with time


The simulation results showed that the sharp
increase of pressure after the microbial flooding is
caused by pore plugging and the production of
biogenic gas. The pore plugging reduces the rock
permeability and the increase of gas saturation
decreases the relative permeability of the oil and
water phase. As the time increases and water flooding
proceeds, the permeability recovered slightly with the
declogging of microbes in the pore space.
Consequently, a decrease in pressure drop was
observed from the core flood.

4.

Conclusion

Numerical models of pressure transient response


during MEOR have been presented. It was a logical
step to incorporate a MEOR model into an existing
chemical flooding simulator. The simulator was run
based on the experimental data and in a three
dimensional framework to determine the effects of
pressure drop as water flooding continued, describing
the transient response of the core during the MEOR
process. In addition, UTCHEM can accommodate a
number of substrates accepters, biotic decay, biomass
growth, and biomass attachment which are all
microbial enhanced oil recovery processes.

A = Cross sectional area, ft2


Ax,Ay,Az = Cross sectional area normal to the x, y and
z directions, ft2
B = Formation volume factor (FVF), bbl/STB
Cwn = Concentration of nutrient in the injected water,
lb/ft3
Cwb = Concentration of bacteria in the injected water,
lb/ft3
Kr = relative permeability to gas, dimensionless
Kx,Ky,Kz = Permeability in the x,y and z directions
respectively, mD
m = a member of gridblock set n
n = number of gridblocks
nx,ny,nz = number of gridblocks in the x, y and z
directions
P = Pressure, psi
Pon = Oil pressure for gridblock n, psi
Pcgo = Gas/Oil capillary pressure, psi
Pcow =Oil/water capillary pressure,psi
q = production rate, scf/D
Ron = Oil residual in gridblock n, STB/D
Rs = Solution GOR, scf/STB
S = saturation, fraction
t = time, days
t = time step (= tn+1- tn), days
Uf = Darcy flux
= gravity, psi/ft
= difference operator
n = difference operator in the gridblock domain
t = difference operator in the time domain
= viscosity, cp
= density, lb/ft3
Tg = Transmissibility
= Fluid potential, psi
= porosity, fraction
n = set of gridblocks associated with but excluding
gridblock n in natural ordering
Subscripts
g = gas
o = oil
w = water
p = phase
i = index for blocks in the x direction
j = index for blocks in the y direction
m = neighbouring gridblock to gridblock n
n = gridblock

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sc = standard conditions
t = time

pp.159 Sept 1990


[9]
Zhang, X., Knapp, R.M., McInerney, M.J.,
A Mathematical Model for Microbially Enhanced
Oil Recovery Process, Paper SPE 24202, Presented
at the SPE/DOE 8th Symposium on Enhanced Oil
Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, April 22-24, 1992
[10]
Maudgalya, S., Knapp, R.M. and
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