Boiling Point Newsletter 51

BoilingPoint51/Inside 11/2/05 11:18 AM Page 2
1111 In this edition . . .

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TECHNICAL ENQUIRY SERVICE This edition moves on from the theme of scaling up to one com-
ponent of it that is often overlooked during the life of a project. If
4 we know something, how do we share it? A colleague once said
5 Technical Enquiry Service that ‘knowledge is power, so people often keep knowledge
6 Do you have a practical problem? We may have an because giving it away makes them less powerful’ – an interesting
7 answer. point. As the world of household energy becomes more commer-
8 Drawing on our international experience of working with cialised, will it be driven solely by profit, or by sharing
9 knowledge for the common good; can the two approaches live
small-scale technologies we provide practical information
10 side by side? Somewhere the line between intellectual property
and advice. Our service is free of charge to individuals, rights and the common good must be drawn. We are very pleased
1 businesses and development practitioners working in the that our authors, in this, and previous editions, have
2 South. We aim to supply useful information directly rele- chosen to share their knowledge so that our aim to reduce poverty
3 vant to your needs so please be clear and specific when can be advanced through sharing this vital resource.
4 making your enquiry. We have access to expertise in
5 energy, agro-processing, food production, building materi- Contributions to Boiling Point
6 als and shelter, transport and small-scale manufacturing. ● BP52: Health, safety and household energy Boiling Point
7 last looked at health in BP40, and much has happened since
If you can use the internet then you can access a range
8 this edition. What have we learnt? What can we tell policy-
of Technical Briefs – http://www.practicalaction.org/ makers when they ask how to remove smoke from millions of
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technicalinformationservice or send your enquiry by email households in their country? What are the dangers associated
20111
to infoserv@practicalaction.org.uk otherwise please con- with fuel-gathering, particularly in crisis situations – assault,
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tact us at: land-mines – we need to hear from anyone taking positive
2 action to reduce these risks. Safety of children – what can be
3 Technical Information Service (Boiling Point) done to reduce the number of burns for children – and also
4 Practical Action women? If you can share your knowledge, this is a vitally
5 Schumacher Centre for Technology Development important issue.
6 Bourton Hall
● BP53: Technologies that really work In the last five years,
7 Bourton on Dunsmore many effective new technologies have been developed. This
8 Warwickshire CV23 9QZ edition is the first for some time that is unashamedly technol-
9 Tel: +44 (0) 1926 634468 ogy-oriented. We would like to include a wide range of
30 +44 (0) 1926 634400 proven technologies. Ideally, they should have been used in
1 households successfully for at least several months/years, and
Fax: +44 (0) 1926 634401
also tested to ensure that they do what they are intended to do
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– reducing fuel use, reducing smoke, costing less etc. What
3 Editorial Team sort of technologies? – stoves (all fuel types – that both
4 Elizabeth Bates – Editor reduce fuel consumption and smoke); lighting – using
5 Agnes Klingshirn – GTZ Editor electricity, kerosene, solar, LPG; heating stoves; institutional
6 Andrea Wells – Administrator stoves; stoves for cooking/heating in emergency situations;
7 other cooking technologies – such as hot boxes. Ideally, each
8 As you may have noticed, we have changed our name from article to include: a good description; how and where it has
ITDG to Practical Action . . . but don’t worry – we are still been tested; the cost of the technology; the level of complex-
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keen to send you Boiling Point ity for construction and maintenance; a couple of
40111 photographs; information on where people can get more
1 details – drawings, support, further information, and
2 Back issues of Boiling Point permission to use the design; please include non-web ways of
3 50 – Scaling up and commer- 41 – Household energy; the accessing technical drawings (if at all possible).
4 cialisation of household urban dimension We're on the Practical Action website too www.practical
5 energy initiatives 40 – Household energy action.org/boilingpoint.The good news is that the journal is visited
6 49 – Forests, fuel and food and health by around 200 people per month, with over a third to a half of
7 48 – Promoting household 39 – Using biomass those people downloading articles, in addition to the 2000 copies
8 energy for poverty residues for energy which we send out each edition.
reduction 38 – Household energy in Articles should be no more than 1500 words in length.
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47 – Household energy high cold regions Illustrations, such as drawings, photographs, graphs and bar
50 charts, are essential. Articles can be submitted as typeseripts, on
and enterprise 37 – Household energy
1 disc, or by email.
46 – Household energy in emergency
2 All correspondence should be addressed to: Boiling Point
and the vulnerable situations
3 45 – Low cost electrification 36 – Solar energy in the home
editor, Practical Action, Schumacher Centre for Technology &
4 Development, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby CV23 9QZ, UK or by
for household energy 35 – How much can email to Boiling.Point@practicalaction.org.uk
5 44 – Linking household NGOs achieve? Boiling Point is the journal of Practical Action’s energy pro-
6 energy with other 34 – Smoke removal gramme. Typesetting by The Studio Publishing Services, Exeter,
7 development objectives 33 – Household energy printing by Latimer Trend, Plymouth.
8 43 – Fuel options for house- developments in Opinions expressed in contributory articles are those of the
9 hold energy Asia authors, and not necessarily those of Practical Action. We do not
60 42 – Household energy and 32 – Energy for the charge a subscription to Boiling Point, but would welcome dona-
6111 the environment household tions to cover the cost of production and dispatch.
Cover photo: ‘Smoke is bad for you’ – theatre group in Kisumu, Kenya (photo Practical Action – East Africa)
Boiling Point 51/correx 11/16/05 11:58 AM Page 1
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THEME EDITORIAL
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6 The gift of knowledge
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9 Lucky Lowe, Director of Operations, Circles Network, Potford’s Dam Farm, Coventry Road, Rugby, CV23 9JP, UK
10 Email: lucky.circles@btconnect.com
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2 The primary importance of building generate economic wealth. Know- trust and reciprocal exchange, teach us
3 on what people know and helping ledge is the glue that holds together to share what we know with family,
4 them to do it better is well accepted. everything we do from cooking on a friends and work colleagues. There are
5 Yet we still struggle to grasp how we traditional stove to manufacturing many knowledge sharing methods
6 can best create and share knowledge. solar panels. highlighted by the initiatives in this
7 So when human existence and pros- edition that build on this premise –
8 perity relies so heavily on our individ- What’s the trick? building locally trusted sources, arti-
9 ual and collective ability to recognise There has been an explosion of inter- sans and community based organisa-
20111 existing and generate new knowledge est in recent years about the potential tions, theatre and entertainment to cre-
1 why is it often so hard to do well? of modern Information and Communi- ate awareness and understanding of
2 Data, information, knowledge, cations Technologies to connect us all new ways.
3 know-how, communication; these are in a global, virtual world of the Marketing professionals have
4 concepts influenced by the context in Internet. Millions of dollars have been taught us that after awareness and
5 which we think or talk about them. invested in pilot projects, infrastruc- interest we need to create desire and
6 Words are not only words, but much ture, ever changing hardware and soft- action. Knowledge sharing is clearly
7 more . . . they reflect personal values, ware but there is stll a ‘digital divide’ entwined in all aspects of doing busi-
8 cultural norms, commercial worth, that cuts off millions of people with- ness. The lessons from Kenya, India
Theme
9 intellectual property rights, emotions, out access to electricity let alone the and Sri Lanka show how producers
30 power and more . . . the variety of pur- computers required to link into the and promoters, professionals and poli-
1 poses for which we need knowledge Worldwide Web. Nonetheless, there is cymakers all need to be persuaded to
2 and ways we use it reflect the rich no denying the exciting potential of share an understanding and work
3 complexity of life. together to bring about change. Effec-
the Internet to cross boundaries and
4 tive use and knowledge creation play
empower people; it is a wonderful
5 It’s a feast thing to be in communication with a a key role in researching markets,
6 sourcing raw materials, enhancing
One recipe for success is to take the person (or millions of people) across
7 skills and combining processes, dis-
raw materials of existing, indigenous the globe. The articles on HEDON and
8 tributing products and reaching out to
knowledge, mix with it information Microhydro.net demonstrate how such
9 customers. The imaginative and effec-
from elsewhere, let it ferment with resources can be harnessed to capture
40111 tive use of many media has shown to
new learning, bake in the hot oven of diverse strands of knowledge to
1 be effective in conveying messages,
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risk taking and experimentation and enable others to retrieve it when they
sprinkle it generously with imagina- need. changing behaviours and creating
3 new markets. People are showing that
4 tion and care. The result is sure to be We all favour certain approaches to
a tasty dish fit for the palettes, and sharing and learning. Some people the challenges and constraints can
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nutritious enough to sate the appetites, thrive in formal educational settings be overcome and the immediate cost
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of all those seated at the table. and have the opportunity to study for of investing in effective knowledge
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Knowledge is categorised into years, going from school to university. sharing can lead to long-term bene-
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implicit and tacit. There is know-how Many millions more people rely on fits. It is true that many people suffer
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that may be evident for anyone to see, the informal exchange and practical from information poverty but most are
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but also the less tangible knowing we experiences that life throws at them to rich and have much to share: for
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hold in our heads and hands. This is grow their understanding and develop- knowledge to grow we have to give it
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the know-‘who, when and where’ ment new skills. The success of away.
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4 which is built into processes and pro- demonstration projects, pilot schemes
Lucky developed a passion for international
5 duction practices. It is what we use and incentive schemes that engage
development within the building materials
6 everyday to live, and to safeguard people in the opportunity to try it out and shelter sector of ITDG, later running
7 future generations; to produce plants, for themselves highlights that seeing the Knowledge and Information Services
8 nurture and harvest; to prepare, store may be believing but doing results in Unit. She now works for Circles Network,
9 and cook food; to care for ourselves, learning. http://www.circlesnetwork.org.uk/ which
60 families and social networks; to People trust face-to-face communi- strives for social inclusion, promoting com-
6111 organise collective productivity and cations. Our relationships, based on munity spirit and acceptance of difference.
Boiling Point No 51 2005 1

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The Upesi rural stoves project
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4 Vincent Okello, Practical Action Kisumu Office, P O Box 2260, Kisumu 40100
5 Tel 057-2022486, Fax 057-2022125. Email: itkisumu@africaonline.co.ke
6
7 The Upesi project, supported by
8 Intermediate Technology Develop-
9 ment Group (ITDG), was initiated in
10 1995 to improve the living and work-
1 ing conditions of women in rural
2 households by enabling a significant
3 and increasing number of women and
4 their families to benefit from fuel-
5 saving wood burning stoves.
6 The project’s aim was to test and
7 demonstrate the effectiveness of new
8 approaches and technologies for com-
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mercialisation of Upesi stoves in five
20111
districts in Western Kenya. By work-
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ing with women’s group and involving
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them in the design and field-testing of
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the stoves, the project was able to take
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advantage of women potters’ know-
ledge and experience. Besides training
the women in stove production, distri-
bution and installation, the project
Theme
focused on improving their marketing

skills. This has been a critical element
in enhancing the ability of women to
earn income from stove-related activi-
ties.
Women and children suffer the
most from over reliance on limited
6 biomass energy resources in rural
7 areas (Figure 1). They are the main
8 procurers and consumers of wood
9 for domestic use and generally have
30 very limited access to modern, clean
1 and efficient energy technologies.
2 Consequently they spend considerable Figure 1 A woman fetching firewood in Kakamega forest (photo: Practical Action)
3 amounts of time and energy involved
4 in the daily tasks, and are exposed to
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Energy and Environment Organisation ducers who were initially offered free
high levels of air pollution and associ- (KENGO), United Nations Children’s training and marketing support by
6 ated illnesses related to smoke from
7 Fund, Maendeleo Ya Wanawake, KENGO, working with the ministries
wood fuel fires. CARE-Kenya, the Intermediate Tech- of Energy, Agriculture, and Environ-
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9 nology Development Group and GTZ, ment and Natural resources. Although
Improved cook-stoves
40111 the German Technical Cooperation most producers and dealers of the jiko
development organization. Among the more popular stove have been men, many women in
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2 Following the 1980 United Nations stoves introduced were the charcoal- small urban areas have benefited
3 Conference on New and Renewable burning ‘Kenya Ceramic Jiko’ (KCJ), immensely from the technology, sig-
4 Sources of Energy, many organisa- and the wood-burning ‘kuni mbili’ and nificantly improved their standards of
5 tions began to work individually and ‘maendeleo jiko’ – known also as the living through gains in the time and
6 collaboratively on improved stove ‘Upesi’ stove. income.
7 development and dissemination. The The KCJ (Figure 2) stove was
8 organisations involved in the early developed through a design process Rural stoves programmes
9 1980s include the newly created spearheaded by the Ministry of Over the years, improved stoves have
50 Kenya Ministry of Energy, the Appro- Energy. The jiko stove easily found been more difficult to introduce in rural
1 priate Technology Centre, the Kenya acceptance among urban stove pro- areas because stoves cost money and
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Figure 2 The Kenya Ceramic Stove (photo: Practical Action) Figure 3 The Upesi Liner (photo: Practical Action)
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20111 the traditional three-stone cooking sys- was based on an estimate of what rural The Upesi project
1 tem is free. Rural people are generally women would be willing to pay. Thus
In 1995, ITDG’s Rural Stoves West
2 very poor, and women and children was established a secure marketing
Kenya project ended and a new phase
3 mostly cook using fuel wood which is channel for women’s groups, a steady
4 focusing on commercialisation was
collected for free, so there is less incen- but small income from stove pro-
5 tive than in urban areas to spend money duction, irrespective of the quality of initiated; called the Upesi project. The
6 on a stove for reasons of fuel conserva- the stoves. After about eight years, new project launched an intensive
7 tion. Promotions and sales of the stove however, support from GTZ ended campaign to improve the sustainabil-
8 have been difficult because women’s and the government’s home econom- ity of the stove-related income gener-
Theme
9 groups with little or no experience in ics officers were unable to continue ating activities. The project worked
30 competitive marketing have conducted their marketing services on a large primarily with eight women’s groups,
1 production and distribution of rural scale. with differing level of marketing
2 stoves. skills and knowledge. Some were in
3 In 1986 ITDG joined with KENGO villages where fuel wood could be
4 to initiate a new project focusing on collected free, while others were in
5 the stove needs of households in rural wood-buying areas. The women, who
Case study: Income
6 areas. The study found that the most generation through previously had been involved in vari-
7 acceptable and efficient stove was the stoves liner production ous agricultural and pottery activities
8 Maendeleo or Upesi stove (Figure 3) Mrs L. A. is the person in charge of for income generation, took the initia-
9 designed and tested by GTZ and the liner production in the group. She tive to approach development agen-
40111 Appropriate Technology Centre as
grew up without formal education, cies working in energy and they
1 learning basic literacy and numer-
part of the Women and Energy project acy through an adult education sought technical support in developing
2 alternative income-generating activi-
of Maendeleo Ya Wanawake organisa- programme. At the start of her
3 involvement with stoves, she was a ties.
tion. Groups of women potters around
4 peasant farmer with a jobless hus-
Kisumu were trained to produce the The Upesi stove was selected for
5 band, barely able to make ends
already successful Kenya ceramics meet, providing her own farm production through field trial that
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jiko as well as the Upesi stoves. The labour. Today Mrs L is a qualified showed it could provide fuel wood
7 production trainer and has visited
same group were also involved in tree savings of up to 43 per cent compared
8 Tanzania and Malawi on a training
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planting and agricultural activities for mission. She is able to pay over to a three-stone fire, and appeared to
50 income generation. KShs 7,000/= per year for farm have a life span of four years. Some
1 In many rural areas, the Ministry of labour and inputs, and school fees stoves have reportedly been used for
Agriculture extension officers in home amounting to KShs 2,500/=. She up to ten years. During the field tests,
2 also employs labourers to work
3 economics and agriculture were clay for her liners. At the start of the affordability of the stove was
4 already engaged in ‘kitchen improve- the stove business her neighbours determined on the basis that if an ordi-
5 ment’ and nutrition projects. They and in-laws despised her choice nary lady can sell bananas or chicken
became key promoters of improved of occupation saying it was play-
6 ing with clay like children. Now
to afford a stove, then the price is
7 stoves because of the health and Lucia is a respected member of acceptable. Thus KShs 70/- was con-
8 hygiene benefits of the stoves. the community and several previ- sidered an acceptable price for an
9 Through funds from GTZ, the officers ous detractors have joined the installed stove. Later the Upesi project
bought and distributed stoves at a group.
60 raised price to KShs 120/= to reflect
6111 nominal controlled price. The price actual production costs.

1111 Keyo women’s group marketing activities needed to fit with actors; intermediaries (who act as a
2 existing responsibilities. link between manufacturers and retail-
This group, which began with five
3 ers) retailers, promoters and installers.
4
members, got involved with stoves in Commercialisation These intermediaries typically became
1986, after seeking technical assis-
5 strategies involved in the project after seeing a
6 tance from a CARE Kenya project
The marketing approach for the Upesi stove demonstration or through others
7 operating in the area. Their stoves
project was developed over a period of already producing or selling stoves.
8 were initially marketed through home
five years. The producers’ groups rep- Producers were trained in group
9 economics officers with GTZ funding.
resented isolated focal points in vast dynamics, stove production, costing
10 Today, the group has approximately
rural areas. Most of the potential users and pricing, record keeping, building
1 28 members producing, selling and
were far from the producers, the road marketing links and responding to
2 installing stoves. They have links with
network was poor and motorised trans- consumer demands. For retailers there
3 artisans in Kisumu town who buy
port was generally unavailable. A strat- was in depth training in customer rela-
4 their stoves in bulk. Some members
egy was needed to ease the transition tions and sales promotion as well as
5 have benefited from bicycle loans,
from a controlled market to a relatively costing and pricing.
6 which have eased their marketing
free market where the prices reflected Promoters and installers were
7 efforts.
the full costs of production marketing trained in stove promotion messages,
8 Women’s participation was enhanced
by having been in contact with women and provided a reasonable profit mar- carrying out successful demonstra-
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in the field; the home economics offi- gin. The new strategy was piloted with tions, and establishing linkages with
20111
1 cers. These government extension offi- the Keyo Women’s Group after which communities. The idea was to have as
2 cers may have distorted the earlier stove it was adapted to the very different many people as possible spreading
3 market trough subsidised distribution, conditions of each producer group. information and carrying out demon-
4 but they were certainly key agents in The strategy was based on insights strations of the stoves. Thus a team of
5 the areas. gained from a visit to an ITDG stove promoters was identified to visit
One of the primary barriers to par- project in Sri Lanka, as well as a mar- homes, churches, market places, grain
ticipation by women was that they did keting study in the project area. milling centres, schools and other pub-
not have enough time and could not be Identification of key stakeholders lic places. Other organisations such
Theme
away from home for long periods. for support was an important part of as the Anglican church of Kenya in
Because of women’s many domestic the strategy. The relevant government Eldoret Diocese, the Maranatha
and community responsibilities, it was departments, major NGOs, and exist- Mission of Kenya and the Ministry of
important to ensure that any new ing stove producers in the area were Energy were involved in creating
activity was compatible with their informed of the project’s intentions awareness and providing potential
ongoing duties. Many women became and its interest in developing market- linkages. Figure 4 illustrates typical
involved in the stove production activ- ing plans. market linkages and distribution net-
6 ities, but needed training in marketing Training was seen to be critical as works for Ichingo Women’s group,
7 skills, yet any new training and there were a number of different Mumias, West Kenya.
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1 Figure 4 Market linkages and distribution networks for Ichingo Women’s group, Mumias, West Kenya.
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1111 ITDG sponsored radio promotion project. Others trained comprised at Environmental conservation
2 in local languages which added value least 23 promoters, eight retailers and
The issue of fuel wood shortage in
3 to the stoves image. Drama and songs five distributors. On average, stove
Kenya cannot be overemphasised.
4 were used for awareness creation. producers devoted two to three days a
5
Any technologies that improve the
ITDG also provided advertising bill week to stove production. Every
6 efficiency of fuel wood use have real
boards. Posters, banners and flyers active group could sell 510 stove lin-
7 benefits to society. In West Kenya the
were produced in collaboration with ers and earn KShs 115 300 in a year or
8 Upesi project has introduced an
intermediaries to ensure that the sell- KShs 12750 per month. If producers
9 awareness of the need to conserve
ing messages were appropriate. The sold directly to users then they could
10 energy, not only among those house-
promotion was aimed at creating an make an extra KShs 50 per stove for
1 holds that bought the stoves, but also
awareness of its benefits. installation. Stove promoters made an
2 in many others exposed to stove
Stove producers and distributors average of KShs 15 000 per year. As a
3 demonstrations and promotional talks
were encouraged to use non-motorised result of stove-related activities these
4 in public gathering and at show
transport to link up to major roads. women were able to enjoy a signifi-
5 grounds.
Over 40 bicycles were provided cantly higher standard of living.
6 In much of the project area fuel-
through mutually agreed repayment Acquired production and marketing
7 wood is harvested from live trees
schemes. All the transport equip- skills also enabled women to travel to
8 and sold in the market. The project
ment carried Upesi promotional mes- distant places to provide training to
9 evaluation revealed fuel savings of
sages. others. Women from the Keyo
20111 90 kilograms per month for each
Marketing incentives included pro- Women’s group have trained produc-
1 household using Upesi stoves, repre-
viding quality stamps for producers ers in Tanzania on a fee basis. Active
2 senting 40 per cent savings in fuel use,
and promotion signs for distributors women in the producers group have
3 which can have a positive environ-
with over 150 stoves. Promoters sell- also learned new skills useful for other
4 mental effect in terms of less felling
ing 100 stoves per month were given business ventures. With increased con-
5 of trees. The Upesi project has also
a bicycle loan and a certificate. Other fidence and social status several
6 influenced an international research
incentives included tee shirts and women have since became active in
7 institute to support improved stoves as
trophies. community development committees.
8 part of an effort to replenish and con-
Theme
9 Thus stove production has also pro- serve the Kakamega forest in West
Benefits to women vided a launching pad for realising
30 Kenya.
1 The primary intended beneficiaries of other ambitions. Equally important is the tree plant-
2 the Upesi project were women and The active producer groups have ing encouraged as part of the project,
3 their families in rural households of also recently convened a network, to replenish the wood used for manu-
4 Western Kenya. At the final project West Kenya Energy Network, which facturing the stoves.
5 evaluation, 16 000 stoves had been has been instrumental in the setting up
6 manufactured, purchased and of other production centres and groups Vincent Okello works with Practical Action
7 installed. Although some of these fig- in West Kenya, as well as dissemina- (formerly ITDG) as an Energy Projects
8 ures are anecdotal, users of the Upesi tion of other improved energy tech- Officer in Kisumu, Kenya, on its current
9 stove have described the following project in scaling up pathways to sustain-
nologies.
benefits: able interventions for reducing kitchen
40111 Over all, wider commercialisation smoke. Vincent holds a bachelor of arts
1 ● Saving of up to KShs 7200 per of stoves can have a significant impact degree in sociology and economics, and
2 year (rural wages average KShs on community poverty alleviation. has worked in the household energy,
3 8000 per month) With increased income, women are stoves and indoor air pollution NGO
4 able to help support their families and sector since 1994, with a bias towards
● Perceived health cost savings of
5 pay for their children’s school fees, social science aspects of the work. The
KShs 260 per year current work draws its improved stove
6 thus reducing school drop out rate.
● Time savings of about 10 hours interventions from the previous stoves’
7 This is particularly significant for girls
per month work in West Kenya, which has been
8
● Substantial reductions in levels of as they are always the first casualties variously documented and disseminated
9
smoke when parents cannot afford school nationally and internationally.
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● Reduction of acute respiratory fees. Children of stove producers are
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infections and conjunctivitis in also learning important skills for
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children and mothers income generation and acquiring
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● Women have begun to venture into knowledge about energy and environ-
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male-dominated artisanal work, mental conservation as they observe
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which diversifies their income- and help their mothers. In addition,
6
generating potential. women producers provide employ-
7
8 ment opportunities to others to work
Income generation as labourers in the procurement pro-
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60 A total of eight groups, or at least 50 cessing or transporting clay liners and
6111 women, were trained directly by the fuel wood for firing the liners.

1111
2
HEDON – the household energy
3 network
4 www.hedon.info
5
6 Grant Ballard-Tremeer PhD, CEng MIMechE, MEI, Managing Director – Eco Ltd., 64C Fairholme Road, W14 9JY,
7 London, UK Tel +44-(0)20 7386 7930 Fax +44-(0)870 137 2360 and +44-(0)70 9236 7695
8 Email: grant@ecoharmony.com Eco ltd website: www.ecoharmony.com
9
10 What is HEDON? and useful; particularly special interest network. Up to that point, HEDON
1 groups to link HEDON with specific had been almost completely dependent
HEDON Household Energy Network
2 communities of practice. These are on contributions of Eco Ltd and other
is a long-established and well-
3 likely to include: clean indoor air; car- voluntary contributions. Ideally,
respected grassroots organization of
4 bon and cookstoves (CDM); scaling around ten sponsors are needed, each
almost 600 household energy practi-
5 up household energy programmes; and providing sustaining funding of a par-
tioners, the majority of whom are
6 one on alcohol-based fuels or bio- ticular area that is of interest to them,
based in the South. Established in
7 diesel. These key topics, will allow with a modest budget over the next
1992, the network has grown rapidly,
8 sharing of ideas through the specialist five years. This would allow special
bringing together key players in
9 websites and through linkages to other interest groups to be set up, meetings
household energy to create a powerful
20111 household energy sectors through to be facilitated, resources to be
tool for change. If you have access to
1 HEDON. Other thematic, regional, or improved, and provide funding for
the Web, you can join HEDON – at no
2 language groups will also be encour- facilitation of the network and inter-
cost.
3 aged. national activities.
4 What can HEDON do for The benefits of special interest
5 groups being part of HEDON are How do I join?
you?
many: Go to www.hedon.info and click
HEDON will put you in touch with all ‘Join’ – you will be asked for your
the most up-to-date information ● strengthening existing links and
infrastructure for wide dissemina- name and email, and will receive a
Theme
worldwide. It gives you names of spe- ‘password’ to log in to the website in

cialists, key documents, links to other tion from specialists to the wider
community (including the non- the future – it is all very easy.
organisations and websites.
online knowledge) HEDON will take you into a world
What can you do for ● sharing resources, such as Boiling full of colleagues who all share the
Point, to disseminate key messages same desire to improve the quality of
HEDON? life for people living in poverty
to those not able to access the web
HEDON lets you tell other people of ● having a reliable technical through improved household energy
6 your successes (or failures!) reaching provision.
7 ‘toolbox’ which can be used by
everyone on the network, reducing anyone with only limited computer
8 replication and saving time and A network that lasts
9 knowledge
money, and a regular newsletter values HEDON has been in existence for
30 your contributions. Each member gets
1
What is needed? around 13 years, and grown from
a personal webpage, which is simple strength to strength. It is now a world-
2 to create, linking to an existing web- Writers
3 wide forum which provides the perfect
page or giving your organisation its HEDON needs people close to the hub for the various networks and
4 first website.
5 action to feed key information into the organisations that spring up, linking
6 network. For example, if you go to them with the wider body of house-
HEDON at the present time market and buy kerosene in Kenya,
7 hold energy practitioners. If you’ve
8 All members renew their membership the cost is really easy to feed into the not been there before, why not pay
9 each 6 months, keeping it up-to-date. system – but it takes someone from a HEDON a visit?
40111 There are over 100 organisational pro- different country hours to find that If you would like to know more,
1 files, about the same number of out. If we all put in this sort of data, please contact Erin Boyd at:
2 ‘active’ personal profiles. There are then it will build up rapidly. We are erin@ecoharmony.com
3 even people who update their profile keen to hear local news, events, event
4 every week! The profiles are more reports, etc. However, if you do not
5 popular for Southern partners – per- live close to this information, then
6 haps HEDON satisfies a need that is maybe you have . . .
7 more acute in developing countries.
8 Funds!
9
Exciting plans for the future HEDON is delighted that GTZ has
50 There are real opportunities now for recently generously committed to
1 making HEDON even more vibrant funding the development of the
2
1111
2
Locally-made solar panels for small appliances
3
4 John Keane c/o Boiling Point, Practical Action, Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development, Bourton on
5 Dunsmore, CV23 9QZ, UK or Tel: ++ 254 735 28 56 93 Email: johnnykeane@gmail.com
6
7 inventor Graham Knight, was to intro-
8 duce the concept that small solar pan-
9 els, which last for many, many years,
10 can be used to power radios in place of
1 batteries. Once the batteries have been
2 used, they are useless and only serve
3 to pollute local environments and
4 endanger young children if they are
5 not disposed of carefully.
6 When the sun is shining, these small
7 solar panels can be used instead of bat-
8 teries. This means less costs and less
9 pollution. Furthermore, the panels can
20111 be assembled in Africa, for people liv-
1 (a) (b) ing in Africa. This reverses the all too
2 common situation where materials are
3 Figure 1 Solar power used for (a) radio, and (b) telephone taken from Africa and then assembled
4 elsewhere in the world for people to
5 In June 2004, members of the Kibera A few simple training sessions make profits outside of the continent.
6 Community Youth Programme showed the group how to make solar Since his arrival in Kenya, John has
7 (KCYP) in Nairobi, Kenya began panels using special solar glass and trained many individuals and groups
8 learning how to assemble small Solar locally available materials such as in East Africa and has recently
Theme
9 Panels which could be used to power wire and plywood; KCYP were ready returned from four months in West
30 small appliances such as radios, cas- to start production. The group man- Africa where he was contracted by the
1 sette players and even certain types of aged to raise the money for the materi- NGO, Environmental Foundation for
2 mobile phones. als, and the solar trainer helped out by Africa (With IUCN funding) to run
3 The idea was simple. Solar panels, loaning some of his tools to the group. a series of solar workshops in Sierra
4 when placed in the sunlight, are capa- Today, KCYP have produced many Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Benin and
5 ble of generating electricity. While solar panels and Fred Ouko, the leader Senegal; all designed to raise solar
6 this idea was not new in itself, what of KCYP, is hoping that the venture awareness.
7 was new was that the group was learn- will be able to produce more and more John is currently in preliminary
8 ing that solar panels do not always panels in the coming year. John Keane discussions with the Kenyan
9 have to be expensive and that it is pos- is also very optimistic as, following Organisation for Environmental Edu-
40111
sible to make a small solar panel for as time spent as a volunteer for the char- cation (KOEE), in a bid to introduce
1
little as a 1$US . . . a price quite simi- ity SPW in Tanzania, he arrived in the idea of Solar Power to school chil-
2
lar to that of an everyday torch battery. Kenya with a single goal. His goal was dren in the form of a series of lesson
3
The difference between a battery and a to spread the word about what he plans and teacher workshops. This
4
solar panel, however, is that while a thought was an excellent idea. The future project is, however, dependent
5
battery may only last a few days in idea, which he discovered by coming on funding.
6
constant use, a solar panel lasts for across a website set up by a British For more information on the above
7
many years, and the solar panels can article, John Keane can be contacted at
8
9
be used to recharge rechargeable bat- johnnykeane@gmail.com
50 teries during the day so that the users For more information on the solar
1 can enjoy power after dark too. technology being used, visit Graham
2 Because of the low costs involved, Knight’s website: http://www.biode-
3 the solar trainer, John Keane, felt that sign.org.uk
4 the technology offered groups like For more information on KCYP
5 KCYP an ideal opportunity to start a and their work in Kibera, visit: http://
6 small community business. The basic www.kcyp.kabissa.org
7 idea is that the group could use low
John Keane is from Newport in South
8 cost materials to assemble panels that
Wales and arrived in Kenya in 2004 after
9 could be sold at a low cost within the completing an Open University course in
60 local community, and earn a small Renewable Energy. He is currently based in
6111 profit. Figure 2 KCYP group making solar panels Nairobi.

1111
2
Sharing knowledge and spreading information
3 using the Internet. The case of the
4
5
microhydropower.net web portal
6
7 Wim Klunne, PO Box 420, 7500 AK Enschede, The Netherlands Email: wim.klunne@microhydropower.net
8 Website: http://microhydropower.net
9
10 While the general questions could micro hydropower together. Several
1 be referred to the new web site, for the definitions of microhydro exist, but
2 more specific technical questions for the purpose of the web site no
3 another solution had to be found. strict definition is being applied,
4 Several e-mail discussion groups did although in general it is related to
5 (and still do) exist for solar energy, hydro systems up to a rated capacity
6 Introduction wind energy and other sources of of approximately 300 kW. The limit is
7 renewables, but no such group existed set to 300 kW because this is about the
8 In this article Wim Jonker Klunne
for microhydro. Therefore, by the end maximum size for most stand alone
9 illustrates how the Internet can be
of 1998, I set up a discussion group hydro systems not connected to the
20111 used, by describing the role played by
related to microhydro using eGroups, grid, and suitable for ‘run-of-the-
1 the Microhydropower.Net Web Portal
which was later incorporated in the river’ installations.
2 And Discussion Forum in sharing
Yahoo! family of web services now The internet portal has the follow-
3 knowledge and spreading information.
called Yahoo! Groups (Figure 1). ing sections:
4
5 Background ● Events: this section gives an
The microhydropower.net
After having worked with ITDG overview of events dealing with
internet portal
Zimbabwe on the rehabilitation of a microhydro that will take place in
microhydro plant in the Eastern High- The main aim of the internet portal the near future. Typical examples
Theme
lands, I was approached quite often microhydropower.net (Figure 2) is to are, conferences, workshops and
with questions regarding microhydro bring the international community on training courses. Information for
and its applications. The questions dif-
fered from very broad requests for
general information, to very detailed
technical questions. The general ques-
tions could be answered most of the
6 time with a very general response,
7 while some of the technical queries
8 were really beyond my knowledge.
9
My first approach was to provide
30
the people that came to me with ques-
1
tions, with a list of preferred books to
2
read, as there are quite a number of
3
good resource books available on
4
microhydro (see Useful books at end
5
of this article). However, people kept
6
on coming back with small practical
7
8
questions. This made me prepare some
9 standard attachments that I could send
40111 to people in response to the more gen-
1 eral information requests. With the
2 Internet becoming more and more
3 available, I started my first web pages
4 on the web server of my employer.
5 Instead of sending people attachments,
6 I simply referred them to my web site.
7 Gradually this web site started to
8 grow, and with a move to a new
9 employer, the web site was transferred
50 to GeoCities, one of the free web
1 space providers on the Internet. Figure 1 Part of Yahoo! Groups page
2
1111 are displayed on the web site.

2 Unfortunately this results in a
3 delay before an entry is accessible
4 for visitors of the site, but proves
5 a necessary safeguard against
6 undesirable entries.
7 ● Downloads: a popular area of the
8 web site is the download corner in
9 which software, manuals and full
10 books can be downloaded. In par-
1 ticular, the Layman’s Guide on
2 Microhydro by Celse Peche and
3 the ITDG/ESMAP publication on
4
Best Practices for Microhydro
5
prove to be very popular.
6
● Literature overview: an overview
7
of titles on micro hydropower,
8
9
with a short description of the
20111 books and possible links to web
1 sites where the books can be
2 ordered (Amazon, ITDG publica-
3 tions and others).
4 ● Internet links: an overview of rel-
5 evant links to Internet sites that
6 deal with microhydro.
7 ● Case studies of microhydro
8 plants, that are described as best
Theme
9 practices from which visitors can
30 learn.
1 ● Basic theoretical background of
2 microhydro, describing all stages
3 from site survey to turbine selec-
4 tion and the electrical installations.
5 ● Country pages: for a number of
6 countries a special section of the
7 web site is being allocated that
Figure 2 Part of opening page of microhydropower.net
8 gives an overview of the state of
9 this section is either received prevent misuse of the database, the affairs regarding hydro in that spe-
40111 directly from the organisers or col- webmaster has to approve all new cific country, a selection of
1 lected through scanning through and modified entries before they companies and experts from the
2 renewable energy magazines and
3 web searches.
4
● News: providing an overview of
5
recent news related to micro
6
hydropower, either supplied
7
directly to me or collected from
8
9 other newsletters, web sites and
50 magazines.
● Databases: one of the main areas
1
2 of the web site is the database
3 with information on consultants,
4 suppliers and organisations in the
5 field of microhydro. Visitors to the
6 website can register their company
7 or organisation in the database and
8 add themselves to the expert direc-
9 tory. Through logging in on the
60 web site, visitors can manage their
6111 own entries on the database. To Figure 3 Monthly visitors to the web

1111 hosting service to a paid web hosting not unsolicited emails (SPAM). This
2 provider. This move allowed the web moderation process takes quite an
3 site to be redesigned using the php- effort from the moderator and might
4 web authoring language, which facili- result in some delay in delivering the
5 tate web site maintenance and allows messages to the group; however it has
6 the use of databases. proved very effective in keeping the
7 One of the main success factors in members at the Forum and the
8 the development of the web site has Discussion focused.
9 been the open nature of the site, allow-
10 ing visitors to add their contact details Future
1 and the ability to share information. As already described in the section on
2
the web site, continuously new content
3 The discussion forum is being provided, as well as new
4 Figure 4 Breakdown of visitors by continent
The microhydro Discussion Forum entries into the databases, making the
5
was set up by the end of 1998, using web site an excellent tool in spreading
6
country, as well as an overview of the free services of eGroups. The the word and disseminating informa-
7
the hydro stations in the country. Discussion Forum offers the opportu- tion on microhydro.
8
The section on country pages is nity to send emails to all associated Based on the success of the
9
still under development and only a members, who can either receive them Microhydropower.Net Web Site and
20111
few countries are available at the as individual emails, daily digests or Discussion Forum, Wim Jonker
1
2
moment (South Africa and the access them through a web site. Most Klunne is now setting up similar ini-
3 Netherlands). of the group members have opted for tiatives related to the use of renewable
4 the individual email service. To facili- energy in Africa at http://renew-
Approximately 400 visitors per day
5 tate participation of people with ables4africa.net
currently visit the web site. Figure 3
gives the growth of monthly visitors slower Internet connections, attach-
ments are not allowed at the Forum, Internet links
levels since the inception of the web
site. A clear dip in the increasing visi- but can be posted in the files section of Microhydropower portal: http://micro-
Theme
tors numbers was experienced when the message archive. An associated hydropower.net
the web site was relocated from my benefit is a lower risk of distribution Microhydro discussion forum: http://
previous employer’s site to GeoCities. of viruses through the forum as these microhydropower.net/mhp_group
Clear increases of visitor numbers can are normally transferred via attach-
be seen during the periods that I was ments. Useful books
more actively informing the partici- The group has currently over 1600 Harvey, Micro-hydro Design Manual,
pants of the microhydro forum of the members who have a personal and/or A guide to small-scale water power
6 availability of new resources on the professional interest in microhydro. schemes
7 web site. Issues discussed in the Forum vary Fraenkel, Paish, Bokalders, Harvey,
8 from very general ‘new person’ ques-
At the start, the web site attracted Brown, Edwards, Micro-hydro Power,
9 tions on how to assess the potential of
approximately 1000 visitors per A guide for development workers
30 a hydro site, to very high level techni-
month, which is now stabilising at
1 cal questions related to the operation Wim Jonker Klunne is working as an expert
around 12 000. Since its inception, the
2 of hydro installations. Nearly all on sustainable energy and climate change
web site has seen just over half a mil-
3 and has a background in Civil Engineering
lion visitors. A rough break down of issues tabled at the Forum will get an
4 and Management with specialisation into
the origin of visitors can be found in answer.
5 (renewable) energy in developing countries.
the Figure 4; it must be noted that the The Hydro Forum offers an ideal Wim has worked on education, research
6
measurements on origin may be medium for matching projects with and consultancy projects around the world.
7
inflated towards domains in the ‘.com’ potential suppliers, consultants and He has worked on implementation of
8
9 domain. contractors. renewable energy in southern Africa on
Although set up with the original The Forum not only offers the behalf of the Energy research Centre of the
40111 Netherlands (ECN), the World Bank,
1 intention of promoting the use of option of sending out emails to all
UNDP, GEF, Danida and the private
2 microhydro in developing countries, subscribers, but also features an
sector.
3 the site and discussion forum attract impressive archive in which all past Currently Wim is working with the
4 considerable attention from individu- messages can be found. Usually a African Development Bank as Principal
5 als in remote areas of the United search in the archive provides answers Renewable Energy Expert responsible for
6 States that look to the exploitation of to a large number of questions. the ADB FINESSE Africa project.
available hydropotential. In order to avoid the dilution of the Detailed information about Wim at:
7
Since April 2001 the web site can discussion at the Forum, all messages http://renewables4africa.com/klunne/.
8
9 be accessed through its unique domain are inspected by the moderator to
50 name, which also facilitated a migra- ensure that they really relate to the
1 tion from the free GeoCities web topic, do not include viruses, and are
2
1111
2
Promoting solar cookers through the Solar Cookers
3 International
4
5
Ramon Coyle, Information Exchange Specialist, Solar Cookers International, 1919 21st Street, Suite 101, Sacramento,
6
CA 95814, USA Tel: 916–455–4499, Fax: 916–455–4498, Email: ramon@solarcookers.org Website:
7
www.solarcookers.org
8
9
10 Guide to building and using
1 simple solar cookers
2 When Solar Cookers International
3 (SCI) formed in 1987, an early action
4
was to publish a simple, illustrated
5
guide to building and using simple
6
solar cookers (Figures 1 & 2). These
7
cookers require less than 16 Euro
8
worth of supplies to make. They
9
enable families in many countries to
20111
reduce their use of firewood, charcoal
1
and kerosene for cooking by 30 to 60
2
3
percent per year.
4 Now in its 10th edition, the booklet
5 includes diagrams of models that can
6 be built for less than 4 Euro in sup-
7 plies. Many thousands of copies of the
8 booklet have been sold. Free copies
Theme
9 have been sent on request to ten thou-
30 sand organizations worldwide – small
1 self-help organizations, schools,
2 women’s organizations, health and Figure 1 Solar box cooker (photo: SCI)
3 development groups, local govern-
4 ments, and national government agen-
5 cies in countries suffering the effects
6 of deforestation.
7
8 Cooker dissemination
9 Another booklet is being distributed to
40111 help people evaluate whether a given
1 community is likely to embrace solar
2 cooking. This booklet describes steps
3 to a successful programme to spread
4 solar cooking, potential obstacles and
5 ideas for recruiting allied organiza-
6 tions with needed skills and resources.
7 As thousands of requests for informa-
8 tion flow into our office, we sent out
9 the booklets – available in several lan-
50 guages – and provide additional
1 answers to specific questions.
2
Figure 2 Solar cookers can save valuable fuelwood (photo: SCI)
3 SCI newsletter
4
5 From its beginning, SCI has published Feedback providing them with self-help guides,
6 a newsletter three times per year. We and asking for feedback has enabled
7 began sending it to all the people in SCI repeatedly asked this growing SCI to identify hundreds of small- and
8 the developing world who contacted international audience for feedback, medium-scale solar cooking projects
9 us. We then began receiving reports of sometimes through formal surveys. worldwide. SCI also has made contact
60 new solar cooking activity started by Over time, the system of adding new with at least 50 other solar cooking
6111 people who had received our booklets. contacts to the newsletter mailing list, promoters in the developed world and

1111 with representatives of solar cooking Information exchange In addition to those 17 000 cookers
2 programs in China and India–two disseminated, more than 100 other
The newsletter, directory and Web site
3 countries in which more than 500,000 projects that have made use of our ser-
enable and encourage hundreds of
4 solar cookers have been distributed. vices have helped 10 to 20 thousand
promoters in developing countries to
5 additional families in developing
contact each other to share informa-
6 International directory countries to obtain solar cookers. (Our
tion. These promoters can serve as
7 information services account for
We added all these names to our independent sources of expertise for
8 another 20 000 or more cookers pro-
9
newsletter mailing list. From this large others in their district, country or
duced in the USA and some other
10 list, we extracted the names and con- region. They already do serve as
industrial countries.)
1 tact information for those who models for countless others – both in
2 reported solar cooking activity. This their communities and through their Financing dissemination
3 list of the world’s solar cooking pro- influence on our newsletter and web
moters was published and distributed page. This system has not cost much to run.
4 Most non-profit organizations in the
5 as an international directory. SCI has grown with time and pur-
sues other programs as well – includ- United States have newsletters, web
6 pages and someone to answer ques-
7 SCI archive on the web ing management of field projects in
eastern Africa and sponsorship of tions from the public. Much of our
8 In 1996, a volunteer established a Web information sharing system was
9 international and regional conferences
site – The Solar Cooking Archive at on solar cooking. Information sharing grafted on top of these basic services,
20111 www.solarcooking.org It posted key services, like the ones discussed in this raising costs only incrementally. The
1
resources from SCI’s expanding article, are being developed in a cost to SCI of these many thousands
2
library of international solar cooking regional centre in Nairobi, Kenya. of cookers disseminated in the devel-
3
information. Other solar activists were oping world has been under 15 Euro
4
encouraged to provide articles, project Impacts per cooker. This cost per cooker will
5
reports, studies relating to cooking continue to fall as more promotion
Our main information sharing system
fuel, deforestation (Figure 3), smoke- groups form and grow. The low cost to
– despite its simple nature – has
related lung disease, and global cli- SCI is explained by the fact that the
yielded profound results. For example,
work and funding for these projects
Theme
mate change, etc. Our international with SCI information, a group in

directory was added to this web page, are provided by a host of other people
Uganda helped 9000 families obtain
as were SCI’s newsletters. and organizations in many communi-
solar cookers. A project in Haiti, using
The Archive is a blend of voices ties. Yet the power of practical solar
SCI information, has helped 5000
from around the world in dialogue cooking information is proven.
families make their own cookers. A
about the promise and practice of solar Genius is found in the design of the
project in Madagascar has served
various solar cookers. The information
cooking. Information exchange is 2000 families, while one in Turkey has
system, however, is made up of sim-
6 multi-directional. Meanwhile, feed- passed the 1200 mark. One promoter
ple, obvious parts. The only slightly
7 back from the world of solar cooking in West Africa who borrowed the idea
difficult thing was the persistence – to
8 promoters appears in our newsletters of our lowest-cost cooker has spread
answer every request for information,
9 in ever-greater amounts. One recent the idea to several other organizations,
30
to add every appropriate name and
issue included updates from 20 differ- and one of these organizations in turn
1
address to our database, to gradually
ent countries. is spreading it to more groups.
2
add features and improve services and
3 to persist in gathering, studying and
4 sharing feedback.
5 Ramón maintains SCI’s database of
6 contacts, responds to inquiries, and
7 maintains relationships with solar
8 cooking practitioners from across the
9 globe. He puts individuals and groups
40111 working in the same region in touch
1 with one another. Ramón has an exten-
2 sive knowledge of the history, tech-
3 nical assistance and information
4 exchange functions of Solar Cookers
5 International.
6
Ramón has a Bachelor of Arts in English
7 Literature and a certificate in Teaching
8 English to Speakers of Other Languages.
9 He has travelled extensively and reads
50 and writes Spanish. He joined SCI in the
1 Figure 3 Collecting fuel becomes increasingly difficult with deforestation (photo: SCI) summer of 1990.
2
1111
2
Improved cookstove technology for rural
3 livelihoods for women: sharing experiences
4
5
from Haryana – India
6
7 R C Pal and K S Sethi, The Energy and Resources Institute,Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New
8 Delhi-110003, Tel: +91–11–24682100/24682111 Fax: +91–11–24682144, rcpal@teri.res.in
9
10 Background which provided for community know-
1 ledge sharing and helped in clarifying
In India, the State of Haryana com-
2 doubts and benefits, etc. This ensured
prises a total of 6759 villages, and an
3 that the community clearly understood
area of 44 000 km2. The majority of
4 the project rationale and improved
rural households in Haryana use fuels
5 their participation in implementation.
such as wood for cooking and heating,
6
and kerosene for lighting. In addition, Village meetings
7
fuels like dung cake and crop residues
8 Village meetings were seen as an entry
(mustard, Guar and cotton stalks) are
9 Figure1 Number of households and point to introduce the programme,
used widely. population in the villages
20111 interact with the households, develop
TERI has implemented an improved
1 rapport, and foster confidence among
2
cookstove project under the Haryana The need to involve local
Community Forestry Project to the local community. As a result of a
3 women
enhance the income level of the local meeting for village women, they were
4 In rural areas, women play a signifi- convinced that the use of improved
5 communities, to promote the use of
biomass in a sustainable manner and to cant role in procuring and processing cook stoves would result in efficient
6 fuel for domestic cooking. However, utilization of fuel wood and forest
7 mitigate the adverse affect of poor
indoor air quality. During this project, the men in the family make decisions conservation, would have a positive
8 regarding all financial matters such as impact on family health and result in
Theme
9 234 improved cookstoves were con-
construction or renovation of kitchen, more time for other activities (income
30 structed in four villages in two districts
installing of new devices such as generating as well as leisure).
1 of the State.
improved cook stoves, cattle, etc.,
2 while women are responsible for posi- Dissemination of pamphlets
3 Selection of villages
tioning the cook stove in the kitchen, Pamphlets in the local language were
4 The four villages selected (in consul- collection and selection of fuel wood
5 distributed in the villages, describing
tation with the sponsoring agency) species for use, cutting it in small
6 the basics of the improved stove, and
were Haluhera, Nathera, Bhojawas pieces and storing, etc. (2).
7 how it is used.
and Gudha, all situated about 60 km A shortage of fuel in the rural areas,
8 away from Delhi. The population and due to deforestation, increasing popu-
9
Demonstration and
the households of these villages are lation, and several other reasons, has
40111 dissemination of models
illustrated in Figure 1. encouraged participation of women,
1 who are experienced in the drawbacks A demonstration of different models of
2 Fuel consumption pattern of traditional stoves in terms of health improved stoves was carried out in the
3 and environment. The involvement of village. Under the programme, TERI
In the four villages, a mix of fuel was
4 women was expected to be advanta- trained 50 members of Women User
found to be in use for cooking in most
5 geous in two ways: Groups (WUGs) and 9 masons in con-
6
households, while for lighting,
kerosene was used. The study found struction, repair and mainten improved
7 ● improving their skills to maintain
that the maximum energy consump- stoves (1). Members of the groups were
8 their improved stoves and help
tion for cooking in villages Haluheda trained to conduct household surveys
9 other users
and Gudha was 182 MJ/day and 168 for assessing the potential of improved
50 ● providing them with an
MJ/day respectively. The lowest opportunity for enhancing their stoves, and fuel consumption patterns.
1
2 energy consumption for cooking was income level through installation
seen to be 122 MJ/day in the village of Building local institutions
3 and maintenance of improved
4 Bhojawas. Most people used dung- stoves in and across the villages. For building institutions that have the
5 cakes and crop residues as these are capacity to plan and manage an
6 available in abundance. Kerosene was improved stove programme, it was
used for lighting. In all the villages, Awareness generation necessary to encourage and involve
7
8 LPG was only used as an alternative Awareness generation comprised tech- those women who were to be more
9 fuel for cooking and for rapid heating, nology demonstrations, dissemination proactive and involved. Two women
60 e.g., preparing tea or refreshment for of pamphlets, sharing technical write- were selected who had prior experi-
6111 guests. ups, and open discussion forums, ence in community participation and

1111 formation of groups. These women Table 1 Comparison in energy consumption

2 were trained intensively to select suit-
Type of No. of Daily per capita Saving over
3 able locations for construction of cookstove households energy consumption conventional
4 improved stoves within the kitchen, (MJ) stove (%)
5 identify raw materials (quality and Traditional stoves 4 22.00 —
6 quantity check), construct improved Improved stoves 4 18.75 14.77
7 stoves, and motivate beneficiaries.
8
9 Formation of groups Table 2 Evaluation of stove by stove users
10 Women User Groups (WUGs) for Yes No Same as traditional stove
1 improved stoves were formed. These
2 Is the improved stove in use? 27 0 0
women benefited from co-operation, Ease in use 27 0 0
3 coordination and in planning the Fuel saving 27 0 0
4 future activities of the project. Within Time saving 26 1 0
5 the WUGs, only a few women were Smoke removed from kitchen 23 2 2
6 literate. A literate woman member was Cough 2 19 6
7 Eye burning 0 26 1
delegated responsibility for managing
8 Irritation 3 20 4
group activities and maintaining Usefulness of IC as against TC
9 records of meetings, etc. Activities Safety considerations 27 0
20111
focused around improved stove instal- Hand burning incident 18 9
1 Good food cooking efficiency 27 0
lation, which would generate income
2 Good roti baking 27 0
and ensure sustainability for the
3
group. The literate women in the An evaluation survey of improved establishing a mechanism to meet
4
group were trained to conduct village stoves, involving 27 interviewees, future demand.
5
and household surveys, while other gathered information related to the ● The study demonstrated that an
women assisted during the course of performance of the stove as well as its appropriate technology, backed by
survey. The involvement of all mem- impact, was gathered after five months local institutional mechanisms,
bers ensured that everyone had owner-
Theme
of installation. The responses are could open new avenues for

ship of the group activities. It also shown in Table 2. income generation activities for
helped control any bias among the
the trained WUG members.
group members. Conclusion
The project took into consideration References
the need to ensure that the stoves were ● The study indicated that users
properly used, and built local capacity required around 15% less fuel. 1. TERI report .2005. Introduction of
Significantly lower smoke improved cookstove technology in the
6
through the WUGs, so that the local villages of Haryana. TERI Report No.
community could address the issue of emissions were reported.
7 2004IP06, The Energy and Resources
repair and maintenance. ● The installation of 234 improved
8 Institute (TERI), New Delhi
Through this process, the group stoves reduced the burden for 2. Preeti Malhotra, et al. 1998. Partici-
9 collection of fuelwood; the
30 members learnt more about the project patory Rural Energy Planning – A
activities in the village and were paid estimated fuelwood saving is Handbook. TERI, New Delhi.
1
for conducting the survey. This activ- around 78 tonnes per annum for 3. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Inc.
2
ity built capacity within the group these households, which in Testing the Efficiency of Wood burning
3 Cookstoves: International Standards,
and infused confidence so that they economic terms amounts to about
4 Arlington, VA, 1985.
could help in any subsequent village Rs 117 000 (cost of wood ~
5
6 level activity in any future pro- Rs.1.5 per kg).
Mr R C Pal is working as a Field Manager
7 gramme. ● The ownership of cookstove tech-
in TERI (The Energy and Resources
8 nology lies with women. Hence, Institute), has more than 18 years of
Performance evaluation of the involvement of experienced experience in the field of specialisation
9
40111
improved stoves women who spoke the local dia- includes research & development and
1 To assess the performance of improved lect played an important role in dissemination of biomass and renewable
stoves, a kitchen performance test (3) rapid assimilation of the techn- energy technologies.
2
Mr K S Sethi has more than 15 years of
3 was conducted in the village of ology by the community.
experience in various aspects of forestry.
4 Nathera. The test compared fuel con- ● 50 WUG members and 9 masons He is working as a Fellow in TERI, where
5 sumption of traditional stoves with were trained to assess potential, his field of specialisation includes biomass
6 that of improved stoves in the same 4 construct, repair and maintain based energy technologies.
7 households. The results showed that improved stoves at the village
8 fuel saving through improved stoves level, increasing the capacity of
9 was about 15%, and a time saving of the stakeholders. This should
50 0.5–1.0 hour per day as indicated in assist the long-term sustainability
1 Table 1. of the technology and help in
2
1111
2
Improved cookstove dissemination: Experience
3 from Andhra Pradesh, India
4
5
C K Jalajakshi, Associate Fellow, Southern Regional Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Bangalore, India.
6
Email: ckjalaja@teri.res.in
7
8
Introduction Table 1 Improved cook stoves dissemination in Andhra Pradesh
9
10 The National Programme for NEDCAP KVIC
1 Improved Chulhas (NPIC) programme Year of initiation of IC dissemination 1984–85 1994–95
2 was launched in the year 1984–85 to Districts covered 22 8
3 help conserve fuelwood, check defor- Total improved cook stoves installed (by 2000) 2 385 500 162 478
4 estation, alleviate smoke in kitchens, Source: TERI 2001
5 reduce drudgery for women and chil-
6 dren, and create employment in the Overview of stove develop- the SEWs are entrepreneurs who have
7 rural areas. formed Chulha Development Agen-
ment in Andhra Pradesh
8 cies (CDA). The CDAs are the entre-
9 Background to the stove The design and development of the preneurs who invest in purchasing
20111 programme in Andhra improved stoves started with the material for construction of cook
1 establishment of the Technical Back stoves, have masons working under
Pradesh
2 Up Support Unit at the Regional them, and take responsibility for iden-
3 The main agencies disseminating Engineering College, Warangal in tifying the beneficiaries and installing
4 improved cook stoves in Andhra 1990–91. Before the establishment of the cook stoves.
5 Pradesh are NEDCAP and KVIC. The this unit, other models that had been There are about 5–10 Chulha
6 number of improved stoves dissemi- developed by other regional centres Development Agencies in each dis-
7 nated by APCOST is somewhat less. were being disseminated in the State. trict. The Khadi and Village Industries
8 In the State, more than 20 000 cook Commission depends on the Technical
Theme
9 stoves have been installed annually Method of implementation
Backup Support Unit at Warangal,
30 since 1993–94 (Table 1); NEDCAP NEDCAP identifies and trains self- which identifies the CDAs and SEWs
1 disseminates improved cook stoves in employed workers (SEWs) at the dis- and sends them to the Technical
2 all the 22 districts in Andhra Pradesh trict level and conducts user-training Backup Support Unit for training.
3 whilst KVIC has covered about eight programmes in each district. Some of The Khadi and Village Industries
4 districts. About 2.5 million improved
5
stoves were disseminated in the State
6 Table 2 Overview of NPIC programme in Andhra Pradesh
by the end of 2000.
7
Key stakeholders
8
9 Funding agency: Ministry of Non-conventional Energy
40111 Sources and the State government
1 Key organisations involved in Main nodal agencies: NEDCAP and KVIC
2 stove dissemination Technical support Technical Back Up Support Unit at the
3 Regional Engineering College, Warangal
NEDCAP: The Non-Conventional
4 Users: Traditional biomass stove users in rural and
Energy Development Corporation of
5 semi-urban settlements; low and middle
Andhra Pradesh is the nodal
agency implementing the NPIC income households
6
7 Programme since 1983–84. Suppliers Self-employed workers (SEWs) some of
KVIC: The Khadi and Village whom have formed themselves into Chulha
8 Industries Commission (KVIC) Development Agencies (CDAs)
9 started disseminating cook-stoves Stove type Fixed Portable
50 in Andhra Pradesh around Fuel efficiency 20–40% 25–29%
1 1989–90.
Stove life – Mud IC 2 years 5 years (metallic)
IREP: The Integrated Rural Energy
2 Cement 5 years
Programme, is a centrally spon-
3 sored Scheme of the Ministry of Primary benefit Reduced smoke in kitchen and wood saving
4 Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Artisans
5 Government of India. Fixed stoves Rural stove builders called masons
6 APCOST: The Andhra Pradesh Stove parts Urban based manufacturers of AC pipe
State Council of Science and Tech- Potters Traditional potters in rural areas
7 nology, Govt of Andhra Pradesh
8 Portable stove Local manufacturers urban based
also disseminates improved cook
9 stoves under the Integrated Rural Dissemination
60 Energy Programme. Stove installations from About 2.5 million improved stoves through
1984–2000 (cumulative) Chulha Development Agencies (CDAs)
6111

1111 Table 3 Improved stoves disseminated in Andhra Pradesh

2
Type of Efficiency Life Price* Yr No of Chimney Pottery Damper Grate Mud Cement Metal
3 Improved (%) (yrs) (Rs) installed pots liners & brick
4 stove
5
Aravali 22–24% 2 100 1991–93** 2 √ √ √
6 Sahyog >20% 2 NA 1984–89 2 √ √ √ √
7 Sukhad 20–22% 2 105 1989–2000 2 √ √ √
8 Gayathri 20–28% 5 230 2000– 2 √ √ √
9 Gayathri Jr. – 20–28% 5 172 2000– 2 √ √ √
10 see Figure 1
Gramalakshmi 25–28% 2 52 1996–98 2 √ √ √
1
Grihalakshmi 20–24% 2 60 1993–96 1 √ √ √
2 CPRI type I 25–30% 5 160–250 1983 1 √
3 and II***
4
*no subsidy **about 8000 improved cookstoves were installed *** portable
5 Source: Various annual reports of TBSU, Warangal
6
7 Commission also disseminates menting agency. The method of imple- prepared by the Technical Backup
8 through some NGOs. mentation is given in Figure 2. Support Unit are distributed in the vil-
9 lage. The stove builders play a key role
20111 Target beneficiaries Marketing of stoves as motivators by talking to people. It is
1 The Chulha Development Agencies part of their job since their income
2 The target beneficiaries are rural take initiative to promote the improved depends on the number of people who
3 households of whom 30% must be stoves among potential users. They install improved stoves.
4 communities with major social and identify the local leaders, local com- NEDCAP and the Technical Back-
5 economic problems (Schedule castes mittees such as women’s groups, up Support Unit conduct user training
and Schedule Tribes). The implement- watershed committees, panchayath sessions where the benefits and main-
ing agencies give the targets to the members etc. and engage their help to tenance requirements of improved
identified Chulha Development Agen- create awareness among potential stoves are explained. Women are
Theme
cies; the targets are based on the pre- buyers. The brochures and pamphlets encouraged to participate in such
vious year’s performance and their
ability to execute the programme.
Wherever the State subsidy is claimed,
NEDCAP identifies the villages com-
ing under these schemes and provides
the list to the Chulha Development
6
Agencies for dissemination of
7
8 improved stoves in these villages.
9 It is mandatory that the masons
30 constructing stoves should have
1 undergone training under NEDCAP or
2 with the Technical Backup Support
3 Unit, Warangal. The Chulha Develop-
4 ment Agencies claim subsidy from the
5 implementing agency after installation
6 of the stoves. The subsidy is released
7 after 100% checking by the imple-
8
9
40111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
50 Figure 1 Gayathri Junior Cookstove in Figure 2 Institutional structure of National Programme for Improved Chulhas in Andhra
1 Mahabubnagar district of Andhra Pradesh Pradesh
2
1111 meetings. Videocassettes explaining husbands or brothers accompany kitchen enables their children to study
2 the importance of improved stoves are them. even while they are cooking. The
3 played during such campaigns. How- In 1997–98, a woman-only entre- women expressed how removal of
4 ever, there are insufficient meetings preneurship-training programme was smoke in the kitchen has reduced the
5 for the number of districts and blocks conducted to encourage them to take burning of their eyes, and that there is
6 in the State. part in the National Programme for less coughing because they do not
7 The government is the sole pur- Improved Chulhas programme. have blow the improved stove to sup-
8 chaser of portable improved stoves. ply the primary air for burning. Over
9 NEDCAP purchases directly from the Increasing the market for 70 per cent of the respondents stated
10 manufacturer. Government bodies, improved stoves that there is time saving in cooking on
1 such as the Housing Corporation and an improved cook stove. The conveni-
A study conducted by The Energy and
2 the Forest Department purchase from ence of heating water or cooking veg-
3
Resources Institute (TERI) indicated
NEDCAP and disseminate the product that transition of poor households etables on the second pot with residual
4 to beneficiaries under their own heat was perceived as one of the ben-
5 from biomass to modern energy
schemes.Local manufacturers are sources (LPG and Kerosene) will take efits of the stove.
6 involved in the production of portable
7 many more years to achieve.
stoves. The Technical Backup Support Conclusion
8 Improved cook stoves are a better
Unit tests and certifies prototype option for poor households than tradi- The success of the improved stove
9 portable metallic cook stoves.
20111 tional stoves. Traditional stoves are programme in Andhra Pradesh was
1 constructed by women using locally- due to the institutional linkages devel-
Training and interaction oped between various stake holders
2 available material and at no cost, so
3 The Technical Backup Support Unit efforts should be made to create and the stress given on training and
4 and NEDCAP are involved in con- awareness among woman on the ben- stove development to meet the
5 ducting training programmes to differ- efits of improved cook stove usage to requirements of the user. The pro-
6 ent stakeholders involved in the NPIC encourage adoption. gramme has not been implemented on
7 programme. NEDCAP is involved in There are various players in the a large scale since 2003, since there is
8 conducting user training and SEW programme such as self-employed no subsidy towards the stove cost. The
Theme
9 training. The different types of train- workers, potters, chimney manufac- efforts so far in training skilled man-
30 ing given by the Technical Backup tures and entrepreneurs. Efforts can be power and the network created can be
1 Support Unit, such as SEW training, directed towards tapping the market used to commercialise the improved
2 provide ten-day skill development potential through commercialisation cookstoves. The entrepreneurs trained
3 training courses. User training and of improved cook stoves, by strength- over the years can be given initial sup-
4 entrepreneurship training is also given ening the existing stakeholders (support to take the programme forward
5 by the Technical Backup Support pliers such as potters and pipe manu- and the effort towards stove develop-
6 Unit. The funds for conducting train- facturers) and entrepreneurs. ment and availability of various mod-
7 ing are given by MNES. Since subsidy has sent out the els in the state can be utilised effec-
8 wrong signals to consumers in the tively to meet the demands of the rural
9 Training to women past, entrepreneurs can be given initial women.
40111 Women are encouraged to take part in support. Women self-help groups are
1 References
the training programmes conducted by doing well in the state; the programme
2 can be linked to micro-credit for 1. Barnes D F, Openshaw K, Smith K R, Van
NEDCAP and the Technical Backup
3 der plas R. 1994
Support Unit. In 1999–2000, 58 per access to improved stoves for very
4 What makes people cook with improved
cent of the participants were women, poor households. The improved stove stoves?
5 in the SEW training programme con- dissemination in the State is solely a A comparative international review of
6 ducted by the Technical Backup government programme. The large stove programme No 242
7 Support Unit (Table 4). Older women The World Bank, Washington DC
number of stoves disseminated is due
8 USA.44 pp
are willing to stay in the villages for to the subsidy towards stove cost. The
9 2. Annual Report 1991–92 to 1999–2000
15–20 days during construction of subsidy given under NPIC is 50%
50 TBSU, Regional Engineering College,
improved stoves. Younger women towards stove cost. This programme
1 Warangal
come from far off villages only if their has been effective in that it has man- 3. TERI.2001. Successful practices for
2
3
aged to reach the rural households for improved cookstoves in India: A case
Table 4 Training programmes – whom it is intended. study of Andhra Pradesh.
4 Technical Backup Support Unit,
5 1999–2000 Consumer satisfaction C K Jalajakshi has a Masters degree in
6 Agricultural Economics and working as an
7 Male Female Women have stated that walls in the Associate Fellow in The Energy and
8 SEW training 78 121 kitchen are their cooking vessels are Resources Instititute, India. She is involved
9 programme cleaner because of smoke removal. in research into natural resource manage-
60 Trainers training 14 25 Women living in one-room houses ment with a focus on rural and renewable
programme energy.
6111 described how reduced smoke in the

1111
2 HERA Household Energy Programme
3
4 Editor: Agnes Klingshirn
5
6
7 HERA – your GTZ support for
8
9
Household Energy
10 Verena Brinkmann – GTZ
1 They are evergreen topics: Household ject staff, and partners from other first to scale up household energy
2 Energy (HE) and energy efficient organisations, this workshop provided under the programme; it is envisaged
3
cooking stoves! the opportunity to exchange experi- that other countries will follow.
4
While technologies are developed, ences. Focus of the workshop was an HERA provides advice primarily to
5
tested and applied, the required strate- inventory of proven tools & instru- GTZ projects, co-funded by the Dutch
6
gies for large-scale implementation ments for sustainable HE management Directorate General for Development
7
and up-scaling have only been imple- and scaling-up. Over 30 participants Cooperation (DGIS).
8
mented in a few individual cases. defined their requirements for tools
9 ● Ethiopia: promotion of the Mirt
There is a need to further mainstream and instruments for support and large-
20111 Stove (for Injera baking). So far
these strategies. scale implementation of sustainable
1 more than 50 000 stoves have
2
HERA is the new Household HE measures.
been sold. The Shell Foundation
3 Energy Programme of the Deutsche HERA is working at four different
co-funds current scaling-up in
4 Gesellschaft für Technische Zusam- levels:
Tigray. With DGIS support, scal-
5 menarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, funded by
● Lobbying for HE ing up of production and market-
the German Ministry for Econo-
● advising on projects ing for another 220 000 stoves is
mic Cooperation and Development
● co-ordination of knowledge man- planned.
(BMZ). HERA formally started in
agement and networking ● Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique,
December 2003 and is scheduled to
● further development of HE Zimbabwe: promotion of clay
GTZ
end in November 2007. The pro-

concepts and strategies. stoves (Upesi type, portable or
gramme follows in HEP’s footsteps;
inbuilt). More than 30 000 stoves
the widely acknowledged former GTZ
HERA’s lobbying activities have been built so far. With
Household Energy Programme – with
current BMZ funding and co-
renewed energy! To highlight the relevance of HE, funding from DGIS, scaling up
HERA is promoting and lobbying this production and marketing for
6 HERA’s objectives topic, producing and distributing doc- another 50 000 stoves is envisaged
7 The main objective of HERA is to fur- uments such as fact sheets and presen- (more information at
8 ther mainstream sustainable HE man- tations. Topics include, among others, www.probec.org).
9 agement into relevant projects and HE and health effects, HE and envi- ● Uganda: promotion of rocket
30 programmes to ensure basic energy ronment/forestry, HE and the econ- stove (Lorena- type stove). More
1 security for households and small omy. The exchange of experiences and than 30 000 household stoves have
2 businesses. Basic energy security, in lessons learned with other energy-, been built. With co-funding from
3 the context of HERA, covers thermal health-, environment-related projects
4
DGIS scaling up production and
energy for cooking, baking, heating is facilitated. HERA also lobbies rele- marketing for another 60 000
5 and productive use. The beneficiaries vant international organisations such
6 stoves is scheduled.
of the project are households and as the World Health Organisation ● Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique,
7 small businesses – low-income groups (WHO) or US Nations Environment
8 Lesotho, Uganda: Rocket stoves
– with a special focus on Africa. The Protection Agency (USEPA). for large scale cooking are being
9 intermediaries for integration of basic
40111 promoted. More than 500 stoves
energy security are projects and part- HERA’s advisory activities
1 have been sold to schools and
ners in development, linked through At the end of 2004, GTZ was man- prisons; scaling up is planned
2
cooperative working in the areas of dated by DGIS to scale up household with DGIS co-funding.
3
energy, environment, rural develop- energy initiatives, especially in ● South Africa: more than 4000
4
ment, food security and health. selected African countries with a bud- solar cookers were sold over
5
6 get of approximately 18 million Euro a period of 3 years (visit
HERA workshop over four years. This partnership
7 www.solarcookers.co.za for
8 To further specify the role and respon- is coordinated by the GTZ project more information).
9 sibilities of HERA in a participatory ‘Energising Development’ (EnDev). ● In Burkina Faso, Mali, Benin,
50 way, an initial workshop was held in Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal and Bolivia the promotion
1 June 2005. For international GTZ pro- Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya are the of production and marketing of
2
1111 stoves with DGIS funding is in the Information for the support of inter- Successful strategies and best practice
2 initial phase. ventions is going to be provided along will be taken-up by other projects.
3 three pillars: HERA is a dynamic and interactive
HERA supports the conception and
4 project that really wants to make a dif-
design of new projects and plans, ● policy level
5 ference to the HE situation in its part-
6
implements and monitors on-going ● supply side management ner countries with concrete ideas and
7 projects. Guidance for HE-related ● demand side management strategic support. The programme aims
8 baseline development, project plan-
Networking activities have already at supporting the exchange around HE.
9 ning, implementation and monitoring
started with Practical Action (formerly Even though the webpage is still under
10 is in preparation.
ITDG), Gender and Energy Network construction, we hope it contributes to
1 facilitating this exchange.
2
HERA’s activities in Energia, Global Village Energy
Partnership (GVEP), WHO and Please contact us
3 coordinating knowledge HERA – Household Energy Pro-
4 management and HEDON as well as with the different
gramme, GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft
5 networking GTZ projects. In future, HERA meet- für Technische Zusammenarbeit
6 ings with all network partners will be GmbH, Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1–5,
Information on household energy tech- held on a regular basis.
7 65760 Eschborn
nologies, experiences as well as fuel Dr. Marlis Kees: marlis.kees@gtz.de;
8
types is provided by HEDON House- HERA’s development of HE tel: +49–6196–79–6430;
9
hold Energy Network. Therefore concepts and strategies fax: +49–6196–79–806430
20111
HERA supports HEDON as an impor- Verena Brinkmann: verena.brinkmann
1 Strategies and concepts used will be
tant information and knowledge @gtz.de; tel: +49 6196 79–1361
2 analysed through case studies.
source. fax: +49 6196 79–806430
3
4
5
The ROCKET is launched in Southern Africa!
6 Paul Mushamba, Ecosynchron plc, Energy and Environment Consultants, No. 1 Orange Grove Drive, Newlands,
7 P. O. Box GD 652, Greendale, Harare, Zimbabwe
8 Tel: ++263–4–496723 Fax: ++263–4–495628 Email: pmushamba@yahoo.co.uk
9
GTZ
30 Background strategies, as well as address chal- ● Affordable price for the intended
1 lenges that impede large scale dissem- target users.
With field tests confirming up to 90%
2 wood savings, coupled with a near ination. The workshop coincided with ● Durability. Should last 5 years
3 smoke-free kitchen environment, the the week long International Trade Fair before requiring major repairs or
4 rocket stove has revolutionalised cook- in the city of Blantyre, where the dif- replacement.
5 ing in schools, hospitals and other large ferent efficient stove designs were ● Efficiency. PHU of not less than
6 scale catering institutions in Southern exhibited and demonstrated to the 30%.
7 Africa. This is not so strange consider- public. ● Time and wood savings.
8 ing that an ideal rocket stove, which is ● Return on investment.
9 correctly dimensioned and constructed Criteria for a good fuel- ● After sales support.
40111 with suitable materials (including efficient institutional stove ● Guarantee/warranty.
1 proper insulation), is known to achieve ● Minimal maintenance
After presentations were made by dif-
2 energy transfer efficiencies of up to requirements.
ferent stove designers, builders and
3 35% or more (1). In July 2004, biomass ● Provision of user training package.
promoters, there was a long discussion
4 stove designers, builders and promot- ● Appropriate for intended pot sizes.
5 to consider basic criteria or guidelines
ers met in Mulanje, a small town in ● Stove capacity sufficient for num-
6 to which a good fuel-efficient institu-
southern Malawi to exchange experi- ber of people to be served.
7 tional cook stove that burns biomass
ences on efficient institutional stoves. ● Appropriate to the cooking
8 fuel should conform. These criteria
They toured and observed cooking requirements of the institution
9 were developed taking into account
practices at the tea estates where rocket in consideration of the types of
50 the requirements of key stakeholders
stoves have displaced the open fire in commonly cooked foods.
1 in institutional cooking, that is cooks,
the preparation of meals for thousands ● Appropriate for use with the com-
2 catering managers, financiers/buyers,
of workers. monly used/available fuels.
3 wood suppliers and stove producers.
● Standardisation of stove and
4 Objective of workshop The recommended criteria are listed
replacement parts for compatibility.
5 below (not in any order):
The major objective of the July work- ● Rocket stove design should have
6
shop was to bring representatives from ● User friendly, safe and easy to insulation of thickness not less
7
8 different stove projects in East and handle. than 5 cm.
9 Southern Africa to exchange experi- ● Effective smoke removal.
ences on fuel-efficient institutional ● Should conform with proper Rocket stove takes the lead
60
6111 cooking technologies and marketing kitchen design, plan or layout. Over the past year, the rocket stove

1111 has taken the lead among competing cal capacity and financial resources. At rocket stove to other districts in the
2 designs of efficient biomass stoves the technical level, the identification of existing project countries and to
3 and has taken root in several projects suitable materials, especially insula- new countries in the region. This
4 supported by ProBEC/GTZ in tion which are locally available, have constitutes a major challenge for
5 Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique and good thermal properties and are not too the training function and more
6 Zimbabwe. An expert stove builder expensive still remains a challenge. experts need to be qualified to cope
7 from APPROVECHO is now attached with the increased scope of work.
8 to ProBEC/GTZ and is training inter- Recommendations and Already participants from new pro-
9 ested stove builders (see article by future plans ject countries (Zambia and Tan-
10 Peter Scott, BP50, p. 7). zania) undertook to go back and
At the end of the workshop, partici-
1 Priced at about US$100 for a 100 immediately do baseline surveys to
pants identified 3 key areas of activity
2 litre-pot stove (which is far below that judge the level of interest in the
3
requiring follow-up.
of competing technologies) hundreds rocket stove and at the same time
4 of units have been marketed in the dif- ● The first one (which was gather relevant information, e.g.
5 ferent countries, mainly in schools. considered to be very critical for common pot sizes in catering insti-
6 For example, the World Food the further promotion of efficient tutions and businesses, and assess-
7 Programme has financially supported stoves to catering institutions) ment of available materials for
8 a number of schools in the region to involves increased support to arti- stove construction and insulation.
9 purchase stoves under the School sans/stove producers in technical ● Finally, participants recommended
20111 Feeding Programme. skills as well as business and mar- concerted efforts to search for suit-
1 Stove production and marketing is keting know-how. A strong recom- able insulation material within the
2 mendation was made to assist
in the hands of trained artisans, with activities of the different projects.
3 stove producers in doing market
ProBEC/GTZ playing a vital role in This would entail doing trials of
4 assessments, followed by the
supporting these functions. Suitable insulation materials and compiling
5 development of realistic business
mentoring organisations were identi- a shortlist of recommended or
fied in each country to offer technical plans and marketing strategies. proven ones. Thereafter, the short-
and management advice to the stove Whereas it is envisaged that list should be circulated to inter-
artisans. For example, ITDG plays organisations such ProBEC/GTZ ested projects & individuals. A dis-
GTZ
such an advisory role in Zimbabwe, and others have a role to play by cussion forum of the rocket stove
while in Lesotho and Mozambique, availing or leveraging funding for has been started on the ProBEC/
structures of the German Develop- such activities, raising of seed GTZ website and all are welcome
ment Service (DED) offer support to money from in-country sources is to give their contributions on this
the technicians. strongly recommended. The men- topic.
Despite the large strides made so far toring organisations should help in
however, a number of challenges of linking artisans to relevant support References
6
both technical as well as related to busi- organisations in their respective
7 Scott Peter, The Rocket Stove Principle – A
8 ness administration need to be countries. Presentation at the Stove Designers’
9 addressed. Most of the artisans still ● The second major activity for fol- APPROVECHO/GTZ, Johannesburg,
30 need strengthening in terms of techni- low-up is the expansion of the 2003.
1
2
3 New Rocket stove design from Uganda
4
Peter Scott 78590 Echo Hollow Lane, Cottage Grove, Or 97424, USA Email: apropeter@hotmail.com
5
6 This article contains some photos and bustion chamber and the top plate are
The skirt
7
a little update regarding this beautiful One fixed skirt with a 1 cm gap main- made from used oil drum lids (0.5
8
little Rocket stove that we put together tained between the sides of the pot and US$ each)
9
in Uganda (Figure 1). the skirt as well as between the top of the
40111 Combustion chamber
The stove will retail, at first, for skirt and the pot by 10 mm round bar.
1
2
about 16US $ which is a little higher The stove will also be sold with an Cut pumice blocks laid up with with 2
3 than we wanted but the thing is such optional removeable skirt to accom- parts fine grog 1 part fine clay and
4 a beauty that our customers keep modate smaller pots. Fortunately, pot 10% sodium silicate
5 raising the price that they are wil- sizes are quite consistent in Uganda so
ling to pay for the stove. Besides the Top plate insulation
6 many households already own a stan-
7 usual nearly smokeless operation dard medium size pot (Figure 2) This is made from fine clay, exfoliated
8 and its attractive appearance (done vermiculite and sodium silicate
9 with the colors of the Ugandan flag) Pot supports
here are a couple of the other high- Shelf
50
1 lights Three pot supports around the com- A 2 mm metal shelf is connected to a
2
1111 The stove was designed in conjunc-

2 tion with Kawere Muhammad (Figure
3 4 – top left) who is the executive direc-
4 tor of UCODEA (our main imple-
5 menter and stove producer in Uganda),
6 and his staff of 14 metal workers and
7 brick layers.
8 In 2003, I visited Uganda for three
9 weeks and trained GTZ and UCODEA
10 on using Rocket Stove principles.
1 Since then, GTZ has built 30 000
2 built-in mud Rocket Lorenas (actually
3 that’s just in the last three months).
4 UCODEA and others have built Figure 4
5 approximately 200 Institutional
6 Stoves.
7 Figure 1 Uganda rocket stove Up until 2 weeks ago almost no
8 work had been done on designing a
9 portable, commercially viable House-
20111 hold Rocket Stove. This project is so
1 exciting as this is the first time I have
2
felt, in Africa, that we have the right
3
materials (appropriate low cost insula-
4
tive bricks – a pumice combustion
5
chamber costs 2 US$) and the right
6
criteria (people who have to buy wood
7
and charcoal and are willing to buy
8
improved wood stoves).
9
GTZ
Figure 5 shows Kawere playing the
30
1
part of the impatient and hungry
2 husband who wants to eat. The wife,
3 played beautifully by Mrs
4 Muhammad, telling her husband not to
Figure 5 Playing the role of the hungry
5 worry – with the new Rocket Stove husband
6 food is coming fast!
7 So much work has been done with I’m a Rocket Stove Designer, What do
8 Figure 2 Pot being put into stove the Rocket Stove in Uganda. For you do? . . .”
9 example I kept bumping into people Many thanks to all of the people
6 mm round bar wood support. and I would ask THEM what they do who helped with the Project: John and
40111
1
Building the shelf and the wood sup- for a living and they would say “Oh Brenda from EPA without their core
2
port together means users are less funding absolutely none of this would
3 likely to throw away the shelf or the have happened; Dana at CEIDH
4 wood support (the shelf is needed to for coordinating; David at CEIDH for
5 ensure that air gets into the stove setting up the IAP monitoring; Kawere
6 underneath the wood). Muhammad and UCODEA for their
7 Figure 3 shows the stove in opera- hard work and flexibility when I
8 tion. Notice the water boiling, no changed the design 60 times in two
9 visible smoke and only 2 pieces of weeks; Margaret Hammskerk for
50 wood. In the next few weeks 40 of doing the Rocket Stove Logo; Helmut
1 these will be made, sold and placed in for Quality control; Phillipe Simonis,
2 homes around Kampala. Our goal is to Lenoard Mugerwa and John
3 produce 10 000 in the next two years Kutesakwe at GTZ-EAP UGANDA
4 This project is exciting as it is one for all of their support to UCODEA
5 of only two Household Rocket Stove and the Rocket Stove; and of course
6 Projects in Africa funded by the EPA for (Uncle) Larry Winiarski for invent-
7 and the PCIA ( Partnership for Clean ing the Rocket Stove in the first
8 Indoor Air ) that will monitor Indoor place!
9 Air Pollution and fuel consumption
60 before and after the introduction of the
6111 Household Rocket Stove. Figure 3 Rocket stove in operation

1111
2
Household energies to improve the quality of life
3 for rural communities in the Tibetan Highlands
4
Dr. Agnes Klingshirn c/o HERA – Household Energy Programme, GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
5
Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1–5 65760 Eschborn. Email: aklingshi [aklingshi@compuserve.com]
6
7 Purpose of mission which can help to ameliorate this situ- Tibetan cooking traditions. Approxi-
8 ation. mately 80% of the total cooking
This article describes a mission to the
9 energy is needed to boil water for the
Tibetan Autonomous Region to gather Main results
10 whole day for their tea. In the morning
information about solar cookers and
1 Dissemination of solar cookers people eat mostly tsampa (Tsampa is
improved stoves among nomads and
2 roasted barley ground into flour mixed
3
agriculturalists, and to assess the Solar cookers have been disseminated with butter tea to make an instant
4 opportunities for their further dissem- through government support pro- meal), and in the evening noodle soup,
5 ination. For this purpose interviews grammes or commercially distributed for which they need hot water as well.
6 with local authorities and villagers in China over many years. For the They prepare hot water during the
7 were conducted in two Prefectures, most part, these technologies are daytime and put it in vacuum flasks
8 Shannan and Naqu. In each prefecture robust, easy to use and well adapted to which they can use in the morning and
9 several villages were visited where the cultural, geographic and climatic evening to shorten the cooking time.
20111 interviews were held with partners conditions of the local environment.
1 from nomads, semi-nomads and agri- In the Tibet Autonomous Region Economic benefits
2 culturalist communities. (TAR), the government has provided
3 The work took place within the solar cookers free of charge, because ● Solar cookers save fuel (wood or
4 Sino-German Technical Cooperation they can improve the life, especially of dung) and money because if
5 Programme ‘Renewable Energies in poor and middle income households, households can save some of it,
Rural Areas’. The purpose of this pro- and bring important economical, they can sell it as an extra income.
gramme is to improve the living and social and ecological benefits. Using the solar cooker reduces the
working conditions of the rural popu- Two versions of solar cookers are amount of fuel they need to buy.
lation by promoting the utilization of imported from mainland China. In Shannan Prefecture where heating
GTZ
renewable energies. ● the metal type (Figure 1) with a is not necessary for some months,
laminated foil reflecting surface, solar cookers can be used during
The need for solar cookers costing around RMB 450 daytime and save fuel. Even if they
and improved stoves (100 RMB ~ £7) use the cooker only 50% of the time,
● one where the parabolic shaped after half a year, the expenses of the
The harsh geographic and climatic con- solar cooker are repaid.
ditions in the Tibetan highlands make surface is made of cement, with
6 mirrors glued on to the reflecting Even in Naqu, where the winter is
energy for heating and cooking one of much longer and people have to
7 surface, costing RMB 100–150,
the highest priorities. Traditionally the use their heating/cooking stove
8 depending on transport cost.
only fuel available was either fuel anyhow, the possibility to sell the
9
wood, in the lower regions supple- yak dung saved during the short
30
mented increasingly by roots of Main benefits of solar
1 summer makes solar cooking eco-
2
bushes, or yak and sheep dung in the cookers nomically interesting, especially
upper regions. With a growing popula- Solar cookers are well suited to for middle and poor households.
3
tion, this has, over time, had negative
4
5
social and ecological consequences.
6 With current restrictions on wood
7 collection, the costs in time and/or
8 money, especially for poor semi-
9 nomadic or agricultural families, run
40111 high, as they have to travel longer and
1 longer distances to collect and trans-
2 port the wood. If the costs are too
3 high, this endangers the family’s bud-
4 get for food. Every year the not-so-
5 well off families have so-called
6 ‘hunger periods’, usually in early sum-
7 mer, before the new crops have been
8 harvested.
9 Fuel-saving cooking and heating
50 stoves, and solar cookers, are there-
1 fore two complementary technologies, Figure 1 Solar cooker plate being covered with cloth to keep it clean
2
1111 Here it may take up to two years Technical improvements

2 to pay for a cooker, but consider- ● strengthening cooking pot holders,
3 ing the lifetime of a cooker of up and solar cooker stands (to prevent
4 to ten years, this is still a good distortion of plate)
5 investment. ● improving gauge of aluminium
6 ● Solar cookers save time spent for foil membrane on cookers, and
7 collecting the fuel (which can take making replacement foil more eas-
8 up to 10 hours daily in the three ily available in remote locations
9 months when fuel can be collected) ● taking greater care to avoid foil
10 which can result in better care for damage in transit
1 the family and in addition women ● making solar cooker easier to
2 have more time to look after the move so that older people can
3 animals or get some extra income manage it
4 by weaving blankets or sewing
5 clothes for themselves or for sale. Dissemination
6
7 For long term sustainability, a more
Social benefits
8 commercial approach will be neces-
Figure 2 Traditional Tibetan metal stove
9
● The time and money saved usually sary. In the past solar cookers were
20111 are spent on household disseminated mostly free of charge.
1 improvements – more time and This is not only an enormous burden The ideal solution would be to
2 care for the families, education of for government, it also brings the dan- improve the existing stove by integrat-
3 children, and even extra cultural ger that: ing into the traditional stove a new sys-
4 activities. tem of combustion and heat transfer
● The burden on women for collect- ● people do not care for the solar that saves fuel. There are several fuel-
5
ing and carrying the fuel is cooker because they did not pay for it efficient metal stoves which have been
6
reduced, improving their health ● others think that solar cookers are developed recently and are being
7
situation. a technology for poor people only tested right now in China and other
8
● CO2 emissions are reduced and the ● people are not willing to buy a parts of the world, including` biogasi-
9
GTZ
30 whole family benefits from a more solar cooker because they are wait- fier stoves, the Vesto stove, the rocket
1 smoke-free cooking environment ing for the next distribution by stove.
2 and warm water being available government
3 for hygienic purposes. Challenges and
Even for the poor, therefore, it is rec-
4 ● Potential for conflict within fami- ommended that they pay at least a
recommendations
5 lies can be reduced, when the fuel small sum. 1. Adapt existing Tibetan cooking/
6 situation is relaxed. Men can go to Another approach that has worked heating stoves to improve combus-
7 work and earn extra income, elsewhere is that interested people tion and heat transfer
8 knowing the women have time to 2. Training local entrepreneurs and
could be loaned a solar cooker – may
9 look after the family. industrial producers to build the
be for half a year/one year and then
40111 ● Younger people are not obliged to improved stoves.
asked if they would like to buy it for
1 spend time collecting fuel, but can 3. Field testing these stoves in a
a reduced sum. This would be a
2 earn extra income. larger pilot project to find out the
3
real test, to see if the solar cooker is
accepted and useful. acceptance and actual fuel savings
4 Environmental benefits 4. Planning for a larger, integrated
5 commercial dissemination pro-
Dissemination of fuel
6 ● In areas where wood is scarce, gramme, including publicity cam-
7 saving cooking/heating
people tended to cause damage by paigns, user information and train-
8 cutting branches, roots, shrubs and
stoves
ing, quality assurance, technical
9 brushes, which lead to increased Despite the advantages of solar cook- training and liability of producers,
50 soil erosion. Using solar cookers ers, people’s first priority is an energy- financing schemes and a systematic
1 will reduce the amount of biomass efficient stove, because it can cook monitoring and follow-up system.
2 and heat the whole day, which is often
fuel needed.
3 necessary, especially in winter. Considering the ecological prob-
● Solar cookers save dung, which
4 The traditional Tibetan metal stove lems of the region, the government
could be used as fertilizer on the should seek ways to save yak dung
5 (Figure 2) is well accepted, but people
pastures of the nomads. which could be used as fertilizer
6 would prefer one which
7 instead of burning material. Improving
Recommendations ● Uses less yak dung or wood
8 cooking technologies can help protect
9 There are a number of changes that ● Produces less smoke the environment, and therefore also to
60 could improve the quality of the solar ● Functions well, even when the improve the life of the inhabitants of
6111 cookers. wind is turning the Tibetan Highlands.

1111
2
Financing watermill upgrades: the business case
3 for scaling up through banking support
4
5
B Parthan – Deputy Director – Programme Coordination
6
Current address: REEEP International Secretariat, VIC D1736, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
7
Tel: 43–1–260263209, Fax: 43–1–213–463678, Email: bp@reeep.org
8
9 Introduction Technology peak output; the traditional watermills
10 run at less than 100rpm.
1 This summary report prepared by IT Traditional watermills
The new runner can operate with
2 Power presents the business case for The concept and main components of the existing wooden chute although
3 supporting the upgrading of traditional a traditional watermill are illustrated this is often replaced with a new chute
4 watermills (gharats) with improved in Figure 1, consisting of a grain hop- made from GI Sheet. An additional
5 technology. This report aims to per, millstones, water chute and improvement is the provision of a
6 encourage rural and agricultural banks wooden runner. The grinding capacity PVC pipe and nozzle, which directs a
7 to offer appropriate finance for new of the traditional mills ranges from more powerful jet on to the runner, as
8 projects. The report provides an 5–10 kg of flour per hour, with an effi- indicated in Figure 2(b).
9 overview of the technical, financial, ciency of less than 20%. A limited amount of civil work
20111 social and market characteristics of
from a mason may be required to
1 watermill upgrades. Upgraded watermills make small modifications to the pow-
2
Background An improved watermill has been erhouse, and to ensure that the intake
3
developed to maximise the grinding canal is in robust condition. The new
4 The principal use of hydropower in capacity of the existing mill-stones at system requires some technical assis-
5 the Himalayas is through traditional an affordable cost, so that watermills tance to ensure that the equipment is
6 watermills for grinding grain. These will be able to compete effectively installed for optimum efficiency, and
7 mills typically develop less than one
8
with diesel mills. The upgraded mills to train the miller in the necessary
kilowatt of mechanical power at low have proven capable of grinding at maintenance tasks. This assistance can
9
efficiency. Many of the traditional 20–25 kg/hour, typically a three-fold be provided by the Chamoli Watermill
30
watermills are now being abandoned increase. The new runner fits under Association, who have already over-
1
and the remaining mills face increas- the existing mill-house and can use the seen the installation of more than 100
2
ing competition from diesel and elec- same mill-stones. demonstration units.
3
tric mills. Figure 2 depicts the upgraded
4
5
Since 1996, IT Power, in associa- watermill and identifies the new com- Cost estimates
tion with the Himalayan Environ- ponents.
6 Investment costs
mental Studies & Conservation To improve efficiency and durabil-
7
Organisation and the Chamoli Water- ity, the runner is made of metal, com- The initial expenses for upgrading a
8
millers Association, has successfully prising a steel shaft and improved bear- traditional watermill are presented in
9
demonstrated cost-effective solutions ings. The runner has been designed to Table 1.
40111
1 for upgrading traditional watermills. achieve an efficiency of above 50%
These have been developed with the Operation and maintenance
2 and to have a geometry that is suitable
participation of the watermillers and either for casting, or fabricating at a costs
3
4 local manufacturing partners; and local welding shop. The upgraded mill Operation and maintenance costs pri-
5 have been demonstrated under local is intended to operate at roughly marily consist of the replacement of
6 conditions since 1999. 200rpm (revs per minute) to achieve parts that are subject to wear and tear.
7
8
9 (a) (b) (c)
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
60 Figure 1 Traditional watermill (gharat) (a) Schematic of traditional watermill (b) Traditional watermill – upper section (c) Traditional watermill
6111 – lower section
24 Boiling Point No 51 2005

1111
2
3 Mill
stones
4
5 Rynd
6 Shisham
bush
7
8
9
10
1
Shaft
2
3 Nozzle
4 (optional)
5
6
Taper
7 pins
8
9
20111
Improved
1 steel
2 runner
3 Bearing
4 base plate
5
6 (a) (b)
7
Figure 2 Upgraded watermill: (a) Schematic of upgraded watermill; (b) Upgraded watermill
8
9
30 As the life of the components are pro- tributed by the watermiller himself is invest in the upgrade of his mill, plus
1 portional to the hours of operation of not considered. 2000 Rs/year in annual maintenance
2 the watermill, the costs given in Table It can be seen that in order to bene- costs.
3 2 represent an average watermill fit from this technology, a watermill
4 upgrade. The cost of labour con- owner has to find at least 15 000 Rs to Market opportunities
5 In the hilly regions, large quantities of
6 Table 1 Watermill Upgrade Costs
wheat and millet are grown and con-
7 Item Costs Basis of costs sumed locally, all of which has to be
8 (Rs) * processed by grinding. This was the
9 Hardware costs 6900 Based on manufacturer’s quotations exclusive role of the watermill until
40111 Channel- GI sheet 1000 Based on manufacturer’s quotations diesel and electric mills became avail-
1 Top Grinding Stone 1500 Market survey able to offer a faster (but more expen-
2 Materials for civil works 720 Market survey of prices sive) service.
3 Labour for civil works 480 Two man days of effort for a mason
Installation & Commissioning 1000 Market survey A market survey of 500 households
4 in Chamoli district, within the service
Technical assistance 3740 Market survey
5 Total 15340 area of two upgraded watermills,
6 revealed that the average household
7 *1000Rs ~£12.60
produces between 270 and 350 kg/year
8 Table 2 Average operation & maintenance costs of wheat (60%) and millet (40%).
9
Item Annual cost Basis of costs Since an upgraded mill should aim to
50
(Rs)* process at least 20 000 kg per year to
1
achieve an attractive income, it is
2 Bearing base plates 800 Two base plates @ Rs. 400, based on
manufacturers quotation apparent that the market opportunity is
3
Ball bearing 40 Based on manufacturers quotation for upgrading those mills which can
4
Shisham bushes 300 Cost of two bushes @ Rs. 150 based on service at least 75 and preferably 100
5 manufacturers quotation
6
families. A second essential aspect is
Grinding stones 750 Half the cost of one stone @ 1500 based
7 that the mill has access to sufficient
on manufacturers quotation
8 Tool repair 50 Past operating costs of upgraded watermills water to maintain its operations
9 Sundries 60 Past operating costs of upgraded watermills throughout the year, even if processing
60 Total (Rs) 2000/year speed is somewhat reduced in the dry
6111 *1000Rs ~£12.60 season.

1111 As long as the service is quick and Table 3 Comparative financial analysis
2 reliable enough, local families have
Best case Average case Traditional
3 shown a strong preference for ‘gharat- upgrade upgrade watermill
4 atta’ (watermill flour) which has the
Investment costs (Rs) 15 340 15 340 2000
5 best quality and lowest processing Annual O&M costs (Rs) 2060 1580 740
6 cost: typically 0.75 Rs/kg with pay- Annual income (Rs) 22 248 17 064 3348
7 ment in kind (known locally as IRR (10 years, with 3 year loan
8 Bhagwari), compared with 1.5 Rs/kg at 12.5%) 104% 75% NA
9 cash payment at diesel mills. NPV of cash flow ( 10 years) (Rs) 57256 38472 8636
10 There are estimated to have been
1 nearly 200,000 watermills at one time, far to the mills had more to gain from ● A six-fold increase in income can
2 spread across the Himalayan states of a faster service since it could save be expected for a watermill
3 India. Hence the possibilities for repli- them a second round-trip to collect the upgrade compared to a traditional
4 cating the pilot schemes are enormous. processed flour. watermill. The income increases
5
A 2003 survey in Chamoli district To the miller, the benefit has been a from Rs 217/month to Rs1290
6
alone has revealed the existence of major increase in business and hence /month.
7
2160 watermill sites, of which 1150 increased earnings, and the ability to ● A watermill upgrade will have a
8
(53%) are still in operation. operate their mill as their sole source high internal rate of return (over
9
20111 It is also worth noting that 3 times of income. 75%) servicing a loan from a com-
1 as much wheat flour is bought from The only negative aspect has been mercial bank. The miller will still
2 the market as is grown locally. There among millers of traditional mills who have an increased income on a
3 is therefore a good opportunity for feel they have lost customers to the monthly basis after providing for
4 watermillers to import grains from upgraded mills. These millers have loan repayments;
5 other wheat growing areas of the been encouraged to invest in upgraded ● The average monthly repayments
6 country and grind them in their mills machines themselves. on a loan of Rs. 10 600 will be Rs
7 for local sale of gharat-atta. 380/month over a three year
8 Business and finance period. The average repayment
9 Social relevence aspects represents only 29% of the
30 monthly income generated;
A survey to assess the social impacts
1 Financial analysis
of watermill upgrades was carried out Business framework
2 in Urgam, Gadora and Tangsa vil- A detailed financial analysis has been
3 lages, Chamoli, in April 2003. This carried out on the business viability of A possible business framework for
4 involved village meetings, and inter- watermill upgrade schemes, based on watermill upgrades has been developed
5 views with individual millers and their the existing experience with watermill based on the rural banking system, the
6 customers. upgrades. An analysis of a traditional current institutional arrangements for
7 For the end-users, principally watermill business without the watermill upgrades, and the social and
8 women, upgraded watermills were upgrade was made to quantify the market aspects. A proposed framework
9 seen to bring benefits in terms of sav- baseline case. The comparative results is shown in Figure 5, summarised as
40111 ing both time and money, as well as are given in Table 3. follows:
1 The following key results were
better quality flour (compared with a ● An intermediary provides the tech-
2
diesel mill). Those who had to travel drawn from the analysis: nical services such as site
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
60
6111 Figure 3 Village meeting with women of Gadora Figure 4 Interview with a mill-owner at his mill

1111 Nationalised Bank

● The number of watermills installed
Manufacturers
2 (SBI, PNB) or (Gita Pumps,
and the years of operating experi-
3 Regional Rural Agromec ence so far provide a firm basis to
4 Bank (AGB) estimate the investment and oper-
5 Hardware Payments ating costs of the watermill
6 upgrades. The total investment
7 Material and Labour Cost
cost for a watermill upgrade is
8 estimated to be around 15 000 Rs,
9 with annual O&M costs around
Hardware
10 Intermediary – 2000 Rs/year
Water Millers Civil Service
1 ● A large number of watermills in
Association Contractor
2 Uttaranchal and other parts of the
3 Himalayas are not functional or
Ci stal
in
vil lat
4 Repayments use traditional technology and are
wo ion
5
rk
Technical Fee candidates for upgrades. There
an
6 exists a market preference for
d
7 flour ground by watermills, how-
8 ever it is important to have a criti-
9 cal service level of 75–100 fami-
Income Watermill Upgrade
20111 lies, and a consistent water supply,
1 in order to ensure viability;
2
● A social impact assessment
3 Watermill owners
concluded that upgraded
4
watermills were perceived as a
5
faster and cheaper means of grind-
6
Figure 5 Proposed business framework for watermill upgrades ing flour. The quality of the flour
7
was also considered to be the best
8
available. The income generated is
9 appraisal, procurement, loan appli- is able to repay the loan on sched- sufficient for millers to run their
30 cation, and supervision of installa- ule after providing for the miller’s
1
business as their sole source of
tion, and co-ordinates with the own needs. income.
2 manufacturer and the local banks The relevance of the business ● The upgraded watermill results in
3 on behalf of the miller. The framework was demonstrated in a six fold increase in income and
4 Chamoli Watermill Association November 2003 when two millers can comfortably service a
5 has agreed that it can play the role obtained loans from a nationalised
6 commercial loan. This presents an
of the intermediary at least during bank and a regional rural bank and opportunity for local banks to lend
7 the initial phase of market devel-
8
upgraded watermills. A sustained to watermill upgrades.
opment. effort is now needed to scale-up the ● A business framework involving
9 ● The millers get a loan from the
40111 business model so as to bring signifi- the miller, watermill association,
local bank to cover the hardware cant impacts for the many potential manufacturers and local banks
1 and civil costs of the watermill
2 beneficiaries. needs to be galvanised to facili-
upgrade. The nationalised banks tate widespread uptake of this
3 Conclusions
and the regional rural banks have technology.
4
previously expressed willingness ● Upgrading traditional watermills is
5
to lend to watermill upgrades as a an effective and sustainable way Mr Parthan has worked as a consultant and
6
regular loan. The Regional Rural of meeting essential agro-process- expert on over 50 renewable energy and
7
Banks may seek refinance from ing needs in the Himalayan region climate change projects in Asia and Africa.
8
NABARD (National Bank for Prior to REEEP and IT Power he worked
9 using an abundant local energy
Agricultural and Rural Develop- with IREDA, a financial institution special-
50 resource ising in renewable energy.
1
ment). ● The technology for watermill
● The manufacturers who have built upgrades is now proven,
2
3 watermill upgrades in the past understood and components are
4 supply the hardware. The inter- being manufactured locally.
5 mediary and a civil contractor Capacity has been developed in
6 carry out the installation and com- the hills for those wishing to spec-
7 missioning. The costs are financed ify, own and operate these
8 through a combination of loan and upgraded watermills. Today a criti-
9 contribution from the miller. cal mass of installations exist as a
60 ● The upgraded watermill generates basis to increase the scale of
6111 increased business and the miller efforts

1111
2
Who benefits from solar home systems in India?
3
4 Kunal Mehta, Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP), ITDG, Schumacher Centre, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby,
5 CV23 9QZ, United Kingdom. Email: Kunalm@gvep.org
6
7 Introduction ducted in Puttur and Belthangady; two
8 among twenty-three rural service
Solar Home Systems (SHS) are one
9 areas of SELCO. Questionnaires were
10
way of providing electricity to non-
conducted in households that had pur-
1 electrified and under-electrified rural
chased SHSs and in households that
2 households to contribute to the overall
had not purchased SHSs. A total of 28
3 goal of poverty alleviation. They have
households with a SHS each in area
4 been promoted for three reasons;
were interviewed and 18 households
5 ● quality of life, for example, health in Puttur without a SHS were inter-
6 benefit, such as clean kitchen viewed.
7 lighting (Figure 1), better quality
8 of light for reading and studying SELCO’s market-based
9 ● enhancing income-generating model
20111 activities for the end-user such as
1 SELCO is a successful energy ser-
tailoring units, telecommunication vices company (ESCO) by industry
2 booths and other small businesses
3 norms, with the largest sales of SHSs
(Figure 2) in Karnataka. The business model
4 ● providing electricity in an environ-
5 adopted by SELCO is typical of one
mentally benign manner in a world that is gaining importance as develop-
6
increasingly alarmed by global cli- Figure 2 Installing solar lighting in a shop
ment moves from donor/government-
7 (photo: Kunal Mehta)
mate change. led operations to a market-based
8
9 India has a large market potential their successful dissemination in rural renewable energy services model.
30 with a population of 1.2 billion people areas, but a number of financial, tech- SELCO’s aims are twofold: firstly – to
1 (of whom over 50% lack access to nical and institutional barriers such as develop an efficient way to electrify
2 electricity), and has the third highest the high capital costs, lack of afford- rural areas by increasing affordability
3 number of installed systems. Despite able credit, and unsupportive energy of off-grid renewable energy sources,
4 this, India’s SHS programme is still policy still hinder widespread dissem- and secondly – to achieve commercial
5 very small in terms of the percentage ination. viability in the process of creating a
6 of the population served by SHSs, Financial affordability and lack of sustainable market.
7 with only 0.03% of households with affordable credit at the end-user level One of SELCO’s primary aims is to
8 solar home systems. In the last decade, is one of the fundamental barriers to provide electricity to the lower-income
9 strong emphasis has been placed on uptake, making the technology unaf- rural households – the ‘underserved’ in
40111 fordable for lower-income rural South India. To achieve this, SELCO’s
1 households. This paper explores this market-based model uses a combina-
2 barrier by using the example of Solar tion of financial instruments (methods)
3 Electricity Light Company’s (SELCO) to break the first barrier for end-users –
4 operations in Dakshina Kannada, a the capital cost – and provide several
5 financing options including:
district in Karnataka, India.
6 ● Cash sales – The end-user pays
7 Research aims and full cash and immediately starts
8 methodology owning the system;
9 ● Short-term credit and long-term
50 The research aimed to analyse the tar-
get groups benefiting from solar home financing – The end-user acquires a
1 SHS with credit either financed by
2 systems to explore the success (or
otherwise) of SELCO’s operations in SELCO or a financial institution; and
3 ● Fee-for-service – In this model, an
4 targeting the lower-income house-
holds using a subsidy-assisted market ESCO owns the system, and pro-
5
model. vides an energy service to the end-
6
The research for this paper was car- user who pays a rental to the
7
ESCO.
8 ried out in June 2004, in the district of
9 Dakshin Kannada, in Karnataka, The use of a combination of finan-
60 Figure 1 Clean safe kitchen lighting (photo: India. Primary research in the form of cial instruments is promoted in order
6111 Kunal Mehta) structured questionnaires was con- to increase affordability at the end-

1111 Table 1 SELCO’s sales programme given in Figure 3. This clearly indicates
2 that unless system prices are to fall sub-
Financing information Description
3 stantially in the near future, cash sales
4 Type of system 2-light will be restricted to the higher income
5 4-light – most common system costs
Rs18000
rural households in India. As it has
6 2-light + 1-fan been envisaged that SHSs will provide
7 Mode of payment Full cash power to the low-income non-electri-
8 Credit fied and under-electrified rural house-
9 Fee-for-service holds, other means of financing the
10 Terms of credit Downpayment: 15%–25% systems are imperative.
1 Loan principal: 75%–85% Consumer credit is another
2 Rate of interest: 12.5%–22% approach to increasing affordability.
3 Loan provision Commercial bank – e.g. Canara Bank While low-income households may
4 Gramin bank – e.g. Nehravathi Gramin Bank not be able to pay full cash, they might
5 Co-operative society – e.g. farmers
co-operative be able to purchase a system using
6 credit. Referring again to Figure 1, the
Informal
7 affordability analyses by SELCO sug-
Instalment period Ranges from 1–5years
8 gests that around 2.5 million house-
9 Subsidy structure
Both subsidies are available to Interest subsidy – buys down interest rate
holds in Southern India would be able
20111 to purchase a SHS. Providing subsi-
any household: an example from market rate of 10%-15% to 5%.
1 of an unrestricted subsidy is Provided by UNEP dies or a fee-for-service programme
2 given opposite increases this to 5 million households
3 SELCO used the capital subsidy Capital subsidy reduces capital cost by: (50%). This would lead to the inclu-
4 only in Belthangady, Puttur is Rs3000 for 18Wp sion of low-income and middle-
5 sercied by the interest subsidy Rs5500 for 37 Wp income households to purchase a SHS,
6 Rs10000 for 74WP
one of the primary aims of SHS pro-
7 Provided by Karnataka Renewable Energy
Development Ltd grammes in general, and the SELCO-
8 led programme specifically.
9 Fee-for-service Solar Lanterns rented out at Rs10 for 4–5
hours to petty vendors. The market model today is thought
30 to be the answer for three main prob-
Successful in places such as Kundapur and
1 Chennai lems with the use of PV for rural elec-
2 SELCO is the technology provider for this trification: insufficient financing; the
3 initiative that is operated by an NGO low incomes of the potential cus-
4 tomers in the rural areas; and the high
5 initial investment costs of SHSs.
6 user level, as the initial cost of a SHS primary aim of increasing access to SELCO has been cited as a successful
7 can be many times a low-income ‘underserved’ households. example of this market model by
8 household’s monthly average income. reducing the financial barrier for the
9 Subsidies, which help to reduce the Affordability analyses end-user. Effectively this means that
40111 investment cost, also form an integral Based on an affordability analyses by using the market, SELCO has
1 part of this market-based model. SELCO, the estimation of the ability of increased access to electricity for rural
2 These are provided by the government households to pay in South India is lower-income households.
3 or/and development agencies. It would
4 then be more appropriate to describe it
5 as a subsidy-assisted market model.
6 The details of SELCO’s sales pro-
7 grammes are given in Table 1.
8 SELCO, along with other major
9 players (Shell and Tata-BP), is using a
50
range of financial instruments to scale
1
up operations and cater to increasing
2
demand. This makes it imperative to
3
explore the ability (or lack) of this
4
5
model to cater to the lower-income
6 households. Otherwise, the increasing
7 profits could make the commercial
8 success outweigh the concerns of the
9 operators to cater for the underserved,
60 including the lower-income house-
6111 holds, and thus fail to achieve the Figure 3 Affordability analyses for Southern India

1111 Results and analysis ital subsidy. Clearly the capital sub- successfully to sell SHSs;
2 sidy for all its market negativities was and
Has the model helped to deliver its
3 allowing a wider section of economic ● SELCO has demonstrated that
primary goal: increasing affordability
4 groups to purchase a SHS and rural consumers have the ability
5
of SHSs by using a range of financial
SELCO’s decision has decreased and willingness to pay for particu-
6 instruments, and has it helped to
affordability in Belthangady. In the lar energy services.
7 increase access to electricity to the
field this was reflected by a sharp At the time of research, SELCO’s
8 low-income household? Whilst the
decline in sales in the Belthangady fee-for-service programme was in its
9 interest subsidy, provided by UNEP,
service area after March 2004. infancy stage, but the early indications
10 buys down the interest rate from mar-
ket rate of 10%–15% to 5%, the capi- seemed to suggest that it was more
1 Interest subsidy
tal subsidy reduces capital cost, as successful than the other financial
2 The interest subsidy is another example
shown in Table 1. instruments. It is important to continue
3 of a subsidy failing to reach its target this research to include the fee-for-ser-
4 audience. It was intended to benefit the
Capital subsidy vice customers, as breaking the barri-
5 ‘poorest of the poor’ by helping them
Figure 4 puts the findings into per- ers associated with initial costs would
6 switch from traditional fuels to elec-
spective, comparing percentage of provide the greatest potential for
7 tricity, a cleaner source of energy for
users and non-users to percentage of increasing the numbers of adopters. At
8
the end-user. By benefiting the middle the moment though, the fee-for-ser-
9 India’s rural population in different
and high-income households (the vice business constitutes a very small
20111 income-groups. It clearly shows that
‘error of inclusion’ – UNEP, 2002) the percentage of SELCO’s total business
1 the combination model of SELCO is
subsidy is failing to increase afford- operations.
2 not targeting the low-income groups
ability to the low-income households.
3 in Puttur, with their most significant Conclusion
Nevertheless, it would be unfair not
4 customer base being the rural middle
to mention briefly SELCO’s successes SELCO’s successes cannot be under-
5 class. In Belthangady, SELCO does
in helping create a market, as there estimated, but unless system prices are
6 manage to include the lower-middle
7
have been many to note, including for lowered substantially, this subsidy-
income group, but only with a sub-
8 example: assisted model is still failing to include
stantial capital subsidy of Rs. 5500 on
9 a 37-Wp system. ● Creating significant awareness of the rural low-income households. This
30 The capital subsidy has lost favour solar electricity in the state, which group constitute over 65% of India’s
1 has helped to boost the confidence population, whilst SELCO is currently
in the market model as it distorts mar-
2 catering to the ± 10% of the middle to
ket pricing and the time-lag between of both end-users and financial
3 high-income segment (with the excep-
when the company installs the system institutions;
4 tion of those benefiting from the capi-
to receiving the subsidy from the gov- ● SHSs have moved from being an
5 tal subsidy). A well-designed microfi-
ernment (6 months) is proving to be ‘unknown’ technology with high
6 nance programme is unlikely to
too expensive. Because of this, risk investment to becoming ‘pri-
7 positively benefit the poor, especially
SELCO stopped using the capital sub- ority sector lending’ in Karnataka.
8 when commercial viability becomes
sidy in Belthangady from March 2004. Financing SHSs is a good way to
9 the parameter for success, as there is a
It is important to note that of SELCO’s build the loan portfolio of rural
40111 strong tendency for these finances to
23 service areas, Belthangady was the bank branches as repayment is
1 benefit the top of the clientele group.
sole recipient of the capital subsidy. positive and risk is small due to
2 Lowering capital costs by using a cap-
Importantly 86% of the respondents the small size of the loan;
3 ital subsidy seems to hold positive
in Belthangady stated that they could ● Showing that a combination of
4 value for the end-user, even though it
not afford the system without the cap- financial instruments can be used poses a hindrance to the process of cre-
5
6 ating a sustainable market. In the
7 process of scaling-up operations, the
8 fee-for-service model needs greater
9 attention as it is the one method with
50 potential to break the first-cost barrier
1 effectively, and provide electricity to
2 the underserved in rural areas.
3
4 Kunal Mehta works for GVEP, a global
5 partnership promoting the use of energy for
6 poverty reduction. Kunal recently
7 completed a MSc in Environmental Change
8 and Management from Oxford University,
9 specialising in Energy Studies; his first
60 degree was in Environmental Studies from
6111 Figure 4 Target group analysis of SELCO Adelaide University, Australia.

1111
2
The human and livelihoods cost of fuel-switching in
3 Addis Ababa
4
5
Melessaw Shanko1 and Jonathan Rouse2
6 1
Megan Power, P.O. Box 180884, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7 2
c/o Boiling Point, Schumacher Centre for Technology & Development, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby CV23 9QZ, UK.
8
Or Email: j.r.rouse@gmail.com
9
10 This article is an output from a DFID-
1 funded KAR project ‘Livelihood sub-
2 stitution: Involving the poor in urban
3 infrastructure and services develop-
4 ment’. Project managers: Jonathan
5 Rouse and Mansoor Ali, WEDC,
6 Loughborough University, UK. The
7 views expressed are not necessarily
8 those of DFID.
9
20111 Background
1
Household energy crises and
2
fuel switching strategies in
3
4 Addis Ababa
5 After the two oil price shocks of the Figure 1 Woman collecting fuel, earning around $1US per day (photo: ESD Ltd.)
6 1970s, there was growing concern
7 within international development cir- ● vendors who sell wood from Electricity and electric
8 cles, as well as the Ethiopian govern- kiosks in markets, or wholesale injera mitads
9 ment, about the link between energy from warehouses.
A revised electricity tariff was adopted
30 and environment and how informed The average income of workers in to encourage households to switch
1 policy decisions could be made. this sector is about one US$1 a day. from biomass to electricity. The
2 Several studies carried out in the sec- The sector is highly informal and national electricity utility also
3 tor in the 1980s concluded that with decentralized, and relies on what has embarked upon large-scale production
4 heavy reliance on biomass fuels, proven to be an unsustainable resource and marketing of electric mitad stoves
5 rapidly dwindling forest resources and base. The majority of traditional fuel at subsidized prices. The stoves are
6 suppliers obtain fuelwood from state- used for making the local staple ‘pan-
rising household energy expenditure,
7 owned plantations but access is not cake’called injera. The utility provided
Ethiopia was experiencing a serious
8 guaranteed – often bribes are required. financing that made the mitads afford-
household energy crisis. In response, a
9 In summary, suppliers have no
number of policies were implemented able to even the poorest consumers.
40111 secure access to fuel, are marginal-
to encourage households to switch Ownership of electric injera mitads
1 ized, powerless, vulnerable and are
from using wood fuel to using increased from 13% in 1984
2 victims of harassment by authorities.
kerosene and electricity. This article to over 70% in 1997. The deliberate
3
focuses on the implications of these policy decision made by the govern-
4 Fuel switching policies
policies on traditional fuel suppliers ment to keep both electricity and
5
and their livelihoods. The shift away from wood use electric mitads affordable for the
6
7 In response to the household energy majority of the households accelerated
8
The traditional fuels sector crisis, various strategies have been the switching from biomass to electric-
9 The supply of traditional fuels in adopted since the mid-1980s including: ity in Addis Ababa from the mid-1980s.
50 Addis Ababa provides livelihoods for promoting and subsidising electric-
● Kerosene and kerosene stoves
1 many thousands of poor urban and ity, kerosene and stoves;
2 rural men and women. Informal sector Switching from wood to kerosene as a
● controlling and restricting the flow household cooking fuel was almost
3 fuel suppliers include: of fuelwood into Addis Ababa; and
4 unknown in Ethiopia in 1980, until it
● fuel collectors who gather wood ● improving the fuel efficiency of was proposed as a quick fix for the
5
either on a small-scale from com- wood stoves for those still using energy crisis. Since 1983, the govern-
6
mon land, or a large-scale from wood. ment has relaxed import restrictions
7
8 plantations (Figure 1); These measures resulted in wood and embarked upon mass importation
9 ● transporters who take the wood to accounting for just 13% of the total of kerosene stoves.
60 Addis Ababa and distribute it; energy used in Addis Ababa in 2000, Consumption of kerosene grew from
6111 and compared with 70% in 1980. about 3000 cubic metres in 1983 to over

1111 have declined as a consequence. In

2 1984, in a single market day, around
3 42 000 suppliers were counted trans-
4 porting traditional fuels into the city.
5 By 1988 there were less than 10 000
6 falling to 3500 in 2001. This decline
7 exactly coincided with the adoption of
8 fuel switching strategies.
9 An indicator of the loss of supp-
10 liers’ livelihoods is the quantity of
1 traditional fuels displaced by modern
2
fuels. Surveys indicated that one sup-
3
plier supplies approximately 3.4
4
tonnes, and one retailer sells about 4.5
5
tonnes of wood equivalent annually. In
6
7 Figure 2 Interfuel switching trends in Addis Ababa 1980–2000 wood equivalent terms, an average of
8 205 000 tonnes of traditional fuels
220,000 cubic metres in 2001. Ever Social and health benefits have been displaced each year by
9
since, consumption of kerosene has In the mid-eighties, scarcity of tradi- modern fuels in Addis Ababa since
20111
grown at a rate of about 15% annually. tional fuels increased prices such that 1983 (Figure 3). This is likely to have
1
At least half the kerosene is consumed poorer households were forced to scav- resulted in enormous losses of liveli-
2
in Addis Ababa, where 90% of house- enge for any combustible biomass from hoods.
3
holds currently own kerosene stoves. nearby waste disposal sites in the city. Ethiopia is committed to achieving
4
The most notable trends in the There are obvious hazards associated the Millennium Development Goals
5
Addis Ababa household fuel use with collecting such waste, and the (MDGs), which aim to halve poverty
6
7
include: fumes produced from burning them. by 2015. This means that new jobs have
8 ● a remarkable decline of wood as a The perceived benefits of fuel switch- to be created, but fuel switching has
9 cooking fuel; ing for household consumers included had the opposite effect. Some new jobs
30 ● the overwhelming transition to reduced energy expenditure, improved have been created by the modern fuels
1 kerosene for domestic cooking; health due to the cleaner cooking envi- sector, but these are unlikely to replace
2 and ronment and ease of availability and all of those lost by traditional fuel sup-
3 ● significant penetration of electri- convenience of modern fuels. pliers. For example, kerosene retailing
4 city for injera baking (Figure 2). is usually undertaken through existing
5 Overlooked costs: impacts on petrol stations, so has generated few
6 Figures from the national electricity traditional fuel suppliers’ jobs compared to the number it is likely
7 utility indicate a decline in electricity livelihoods to have displaced. Other opportunities
8 consumption around the year 2000. National energy and forestry policies in the modern fuel sector are not appro-
9 This is believed to be a short-term promoting fuel switching have priate or accessible to displaced tradi-
40111 response resulting from a reduction in tional fuel suppliers, as they require
increased the vulnerability of tradi-
1 electricity subsidy in 1997. The con- formal education and skills, which few
tional fuel suppliers whose numbers
2 stant decline in consumption of wood
3 can be seen against steadily increasing
4 consumption of kerosene throughout
5 the period.
6
7 Fuel switching: benefits and
8 costs
9
Environmental benefits
50
1 The quantities of modern fuels con-
2 sumed annually indicate that remark-
3 able environmental gains have been
4 achieved due to fuel switching over
5 the last 20 years. It is estimated that
6 the equivalent of over 400 000 tonnes
7 wood were displaced by modern fuels
8 in the year 2001 alone. Environ-
9 mentally, the benefit is equivalent to
60 preserving around 50 000 hectares of Figure 3 Estimates of traditional fuels displaced, trees saved and suppliers displaced
6111 reasonably stocked forest land. annually in Addis Ababa (1983–2001)

1111 of them have. Around 2000 jobs have

2 been created by small businesses man-
3 ufacturing electric, kerosene and
4 improved-biomass stoves.
5
6 Addressing livelihood losses
7 Policy makers are either unaware of
8 adverse socio-economic impacts of
9 fuel switching interventions, or they are
10 reluctant to recognise and address the
1 problem. Attributing more value to for-
2 est resources, which puts trees before
3 human beings, is still a prevalent atti-
4
tude among some policy makers.
5
There have been some sporadic
6
efforts to minimize the hardships
7
encountered by traditional fuel sup-
8 Figure 4 Selling fuel provides employment for thousands of suppliers (photo ESD Ltd.)
pliers. These groups included the
9
20111 “Former Women Fuelwood Carriers
access to natural resources. There are fuel suppliers into groups and providing
1 Association”, (FWFCA) and the Fin-
insufficient employment opportunities them with technical and financial sup-
2 finne Forestry Development and
in the distribution and sale of modern port has proved successful in securing
3 Marketing Enterprise” (FFDME).
fuels to compensate for the high liveli- some sustainable livelihoods. There is a
4 Their stories are described in Box 1.
hood losses experienced by traditional need to include and consult suppliers in
5 fuels suppliers (Figure 4). the energy policy formulation process,
6 Conclusions and
Despite its role as a major source of and to protect both natural resources and
7 recommendations household energy and provider of the poor, for as long as their livelihoods
8 Fuel switching interventions adopted livelihoods, the official attitude depend on them.
9 in the past have been remarkably suc- towards traditional fuels is generally
30 cessful and have produced consider- unfavourable. There are no policies to References
1 able environmental and social benefits. inform and guide interventions to Shanko, M. 2000, Poverty Alleviation
2 Very little was known about the liveli- address the livelihood-related out- Aspects of Successful Improved Stoves
3 hood impacts of fuel switching before comes. Policy makers are either reluc- Programmes: Ethiopia, Country Report,
4 this research, which indicates that tant or unaware of the unintended con- DFID KaR, MGP Ltd: Addis Ababa.
5 Shanko, M. and Abebe, T. 2002, Poverty/
interventions have had adverse impacts sequences of fuel switching.
6 Sustainable Livelihood Impacts of Fuel
on the livelihoods of many traditional In the absence of formal mitigation Bess, M. and Shanko, M., 1993. Electric
7 measures, traditional fuel suppliers
fuel suppliers. These impacts include Mitads Producers Survey Results.
8
loss of jobs, declining incomes, have borne the brunt of livelihood losses Bess, M. and Shanko, M. 1993. Implications
9 on Ethiopia’s Power and Biomass Con-
increasing vulnerability and insecure and harassment. Organizing traditional
40111 sumption, Ethiopian Energy Authority:
1 Addis Ababa
2 Box 1 Addressing livelihood losses Rouse, J.R. 2004. Absorbing informal sector
3 operators into improved urban services.
Former Women Fuelwood Carriers Association Small Enterprise Development, Vol 15,
4
This ILO-supported project organized women fuel wood carriers into an associ- No 2 June 2004.
5
ation that provided alternative employment opportunities. The project brought Shanko, M. 2004. Impact of fuel switching
6 together over 100 women offering them training and technical support in alter- policy on traditional fuel suppliers in
7 native income generating schemes, and set up an association in the mid 1990s. Addis Ababa. Field report by Megan
8 In spite of serious resource constraints that hampered scaling up of its activities, Power Ltd.
9 currently the association’s membership has grown to about 200. The associa-
Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic
tion, in collaboration with some partners, has prepared a project concept that
50 would enable its members to participate in, and benefit from, sustainable man- Planning Project (WBISPP). 2003.
1 agement of existing fuel wood plantations around Addis Ababa. The Fuelwood Situation in Ethiopia,
2 WBISPP. Addis Ababa. 2003.
Finfinne Forestry Development and Marketing Enterprise
3 Melessaw Shanko is an independent consul-
The FFDME owns 27 000 hectares of plantations on which the livelihoods of
4 about 25 000 traditional fuel suppliers depend. The FFDME understands that tant and managing director of MEGEN
5 complete denial of access to the plantation will have far-reaching social, eco- Power Ltd, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, a con-
6 nomic and even political ramifications. Therefore, in addition to allowing some sultancy firm specializing in renewable
access to forest resources, the FFDME is also initiating alternative employment energy, energy efficiency, environment and
7
opportunities as forest guards and wage labourers, providing seedlings to com- sustainable development. mgp@ethionet.et
8 munities to develop their own forest resources, and improving access to educa- Jonathan Rouse is an independent
9 tion and water supply to communities whose livelihoods depend on these state- consultant specialising in household
60 run plantations. energy, urban enterprise and participatory
6111 research.

1111
2
Consensus reached by participants at the
3 International Workshop on Rural Energy, Stoves,
4
5
and Indoor Air Quality in China
6
7 For further information contact: Madam Deng, Keyun (China Association of Rural Energy Industry) Email
8 dkk@public3.bta.net.cn; Professor Smith, Kirk R. (University of California Berkeley) Email krksmith@berkeley.edu;
9 Professor Zhang, Xiliang (Tsinghua University) Email xiliang@dns.inet.tsinghua.edu.cn
10
1
2 A workshop, held in Beijing in coal and biomass stoves needs to be ● From the viewpoint of health, it
3 January 2005, brought together repre- brought down further to reach health is necessary to speed up the
4 sentatives and experts from universi- standards, including the new national development and dissemination
5 ties, research institutes, non-govern- indoor air pollution standard. of improved coal stoves with
6 ment organizations, provincial and Having reached consensus on these chimneys if coal is to be used as
7 national government agencies, rural points, the workshop proposed recom- fuel for rural communities for a
8 energy industries, and international mendations to the relevant agencies of prolonged period.
9 organizations from China, South Asia, China. ● As time goes on, and expectations
20111 Europe, North America, and Africa. of rural residents for environmen-
● The successful undertaking
1 They came together to discuss the tal and health protection continue
initiated and implemented by the
2 results of an independent study and to rise, there will be a need to pro-
Ministry of Agriculture and its
3 evaluation of the Chinese National vide high-quality fuel to all users
Rural Energy Offices should be
4 Improved Stove Program (NISP) con- that can be efficiently and cleanly
widely acknowledged and highly
5 ducted by the University of California, burnt in household stoves.
6
praised.
Tsinghua University, Renmin Univer- ● There is an urgent need to address
7 ● There were many new technologies
sity, and the Centers for Disease Con- the serious problems created by
8 developed largely by the private
trol of China. use of poisonous coals in the
9 sector in China, offering possibili-
As with other developing countries, country. This should be addressed
30 most of the Chinese rural population ties for using biomass fuels in a
through an inter-ministry effort of
1 relied on biomass fuels (wood, crop much cleaner and more efficient the Chinese Government: in the
2 residues, and animal dung) for their way. Such advanced biomass stove short term by immediately provid-
3 household energy about 20 years ago. technologies should be encouraged, ing improved stoves with chim-
4 Such fuels are traditionally used in and new policies should be formu- neys, and as soon as possible, by
5 inefficient stoves that waste resources lated to deploy such technologies banning the sale and use of coal
6 and produce substantial amounts of on a larger scale. from the most poisonous coal
7 indoor air pollution. NISP, which ● As China has changed since the deposits, and by providing access
8 operated from the 1980s through the initial stage of NISP in the early to alternative clean fuels to the
9 1980s, there is a need now to find local populations.
1990s, was the largest and most suc-
40111 ways to promote sustainable com-
cessful improved stove programme ● Taking advantage of significant
1 mercialization of the stoves in the
ever implemented anywhere in the progress made by NISP and other
2 private sector, rather than relying
world. Similar successful programmes past successes, China should re-
3 on direct intervention by the gov-
were initiated at provincial and local emphasize the importance of mod-
4 ernment, except in the poorest
levels in many parts of the country. ern energy supplies, especially gas
5 areas. The China Association of
Nearly one thousand million rural fuels and electricity, for all house-
6 Rural Energy Industry (CAREI)
Chinese citizens have benefited from holds as part of its laudable efforts
7
improved efficiency and reduced can play an important role in this to bring the benefits of economic
8
indoor air pollution from the improved effort. development to all of its people.
9
stoves promoted by these pro- ● As important players, the central ● The participants of the workshop
50
grammes. and local governments need to agreed that China should work
1
2 Biomedical research in recent years continue their efforts in many collaboratively with other develop-
3 in China and elsewhere, however, areas, including the development ing countries to assist them in
4 indicates that indoor pollution caused and enforcement of energy achieving similar successes,
5 by incomplete burning of solid fuels – efficiency and environmental stan- including providing an ongoing
6 both biomass and coal – is still an dards, protection of intellectual compendium of new biomass and
7 important factor threatening the health property of advanced technologies, coal stove technologies and work-
8 of rural residents. Thus, although the public education regarding health ing to share those technologies
9 high pollution levels caused by tradi- hazards, training of technicians, and lessons for organizing
60 tional biomass stoves seem to have and support for focused health and development and dissemination
6111 decreased, remaining pollution from environmental studies. programmes.

1111
2
Monitoring the charcoal production of an area
3 under a sustainable licensing system in Masindi
4
5
district, Uganda
6
7 by Stijn Cleemput1, Caroline Moreau2 , Cornelia Sepp1
1
8 ECO Consulting Group, D-36280 Oberaula – Germany, Tel.: +49 (0)-6628–8373, Fax.: +49 (0)-6628–8016
9 Email: stijn@cleemput.com, Cornelia.Sepp@eco-consult.com
2
10 Caroline Moreau, consultant, Email: caro_moreau@hotmail.com
1
2
This article has been adapted from a will be an effective means to sustain cation of the land cover. With the help
3
final report supplied to the Energy the biomass reserves. of this classification, and recent
4
Advisory Project (GTZ) of the This article describes the findings remote sensing data from the FAO
5
Ministry of Energy and Mineral from the biomass standing stock esti- Africover Project (Landsat images of
6
7
Development, Kampala, Uganda mation study. Although the inventory 2001), the distribution of land cover
8 within the frame work of the of the available woody biomass in was updated. To refine and update the
9 Knowledge Network on Energy for Masindi came from the former 1980’s biomass data, a ground survey
20111 Low-income Households in Southern National Biomass Study (now part of was conducted by the former Forestry
1 and Eastern Africa (www.sparknet. the National Forest Authority of Department of Uganda in July 2003,
2 info) Uganda) this article is not part of a and in more detail, in spring 2004. The
3 project evaluation. The objective is to methodology for determining yield
4
Introduction present a recent monitoring study for was used in the National Biomass
5 Large parts of Kampala’s population the forested lands of Masindi district Study (2002), looking at two scenar-
6 are using charcoal for heating and (Uganda) to contribute to its further ios; undisturbed and disturbed land
7 cooking. One of the main charcoal development. (Table 1). As shown in this table, the
8 supply areas is situated in the Masindi, In this article, the term ‘biomass’ is undisturbed situation is calculated
9 Luwero, Nakasongola triangle; more limited to the total living woody nat- from the theoretical age of the tree
30 specifically in the Masindi district ural vegetation found above ground. (rotation age); this method is prefer-
1 (National Biomass Study (NBS) 2002; This includes stems, branches and able for plantation forestry. The dis-
2 NEMA, 2001). This region supplies twigs. The term biomass refers to their turbed situation is used for natural
3 the main urban centres of Kampala air-dry mass, measured after drying forests, where forestry growth on pri-
4 with 250,000 tonnes of charcoal per the wood for up to 15 days, until the vate land is influenced by the actions
5 annum (Energy for Sustainable Devel- mass is constant (NBS, 2002). of man, rather than by natural factors.
6 opment, 1994 data). The region’s nat- These figures are derived from
7 Study area national level surveys, and do not
ural resources are quickly depleting
8
due to increasing population pressures The Masindi district is located in the reflect the specific growth rates of the
9 most Northern part of the Western study area.
and action is urgently needed in order
40111 region of Uganda. It is famous for its By revising the biomass data for
to protect and restore these remaining
1 forested areas; woodland, bushland, specific land cover, it is possible to
woodfuel stocks.
2 grassland and tropical high forests. predict yields for the administrative
The Ministry of Energy and
3 Most of the land is privately owned. units that fall under the sustainable
Mineral Development of Uganda, sup-
4 Subsistence farmers concentrate charcoal production and licensing sys-
5
ported by the GTZ-Energy Advisory
mainly on growing maize, groundnuts tem. The main output was to produce
6 Project, introduced a pilot taxation
and tobacco, supplementing their updated quantitative biomass stock
7 system in Masindi district, commonly
income by burning charcoal. The and yield data at parish level. This bio-
8 known as the Sustainable Charcoal
study area where the licensing system mass standing stock data gives an idea
9 Production and Licensing System
has been introduced consists of 20 of the status of depletion and biomass
50 (SCPLS). In this system, taxes are col-
administrative units, called parishes. shortage in the parishes. In combina-
1 lected according to the quantities of
There are some areas that are owned tion with the available yield figures,
2 charcoal produced and transported.
and managed by the National Forestry the biomass standing stock data can be
3 There are no production limits on pri-
Authority where people are not used to determine the tax levied for
4 vate land. Tax collection is based on
allowed to practice charcoal burning. each parish.
5 the biomass resources at parish level,
6 so detailed information on biomass Results and discussion
stocks and yield is required to deter- Method
7
8 mine the levies. Biomass regeneration A first estimate of the national bio- This study provided highly detailed
9 (distribution of seedlings, tree nurs- mass stock was undertaken by the and up-to-date biomass stock inform-
60 eries . . .) will be financed from these Forestry Department in the late 1980s ation and yield data at parish level
6111 revenues, and it is expected that this (NBS, 2002), resulting in the classifi- for the area under the licensing

1111 Table 1 Land use, undisturbed situation and disturbed situation 66 639 tonnes of firewood annually;
2 and 93 151 tonnes of charcoal (con-
Land use Undisturbed Disturbed
3 situation situation verted to wood weight). Aggregating
4 Annual increment Annual rate % the local consumption and the produc-
5 (current) of change tion for Kampala results in a total
6 Tonnes per N 251 411 tonnes per year of wood for
7 hectare (air dried) Tonnes per domestic purposes within the SCPLS
8 hectare (air dried)
region.
9 Woodland 5 30 1.9 5%
10 Bush 1 13 1.0 4% Conclusions
Grassland 1 50 0.0 0%
1
Subsistence farming 1 195 0.1 1% These methods for assessment of bio-
2
mass resources and yield can be effi-
3
cient for setting up further forest man-
4
agement planning and licensing
5
systems in the region. A direct link
6
with the planning of sustainable forest
7
management allows the taxation sys-
8
9
tem to influence the charcoal produc-
20111 tion quota of the SCPLS area.
1 To monitor the development of the
2 biomass resources, and to test effec-
3 tiveness of the licensing system, the
4 yield data should be assessed regu-
5 larly, e.g. every 1–2 years.
6 The balance between the produc-
7 tion of charcoal and the vegetation
8 yield should be interpreted carefully.
9 These scenario analyses allow the
30 effects of different governmental pol-
1 icy actions in the district to be inter-
2 preted.
3
4 The authors wish to acknowledge the
5 project coordinator Philippe Simonis,
6 Figure 1 Quantities of biomass per parish under licensing system (Map: Moreau and
and the teams who were involved in
Cleemput) this study. The teams comprised:
7
John Kuteesakwe, Mr. Paul Drichi,
8
system. Figure 1 shows the quantities shortfall of natural production capa- Mr John Ayongera, Mr John Diisi,
9 Christopher Mukwaya, Alfred Macapili,
of biomass per parish that fall under city of the different land cover areas.
40111 Edward Damulira, John Ongodia.
the licensing system. For the disturbed situation, the SCPLS
1 Special thanks is extended to Mr Solomon
Parishes inside protected areas are region has a deficit of approximately
2 Kaahwa, Vice Chairman of Masindi
3
patrolled by forest rangers and are not 170 thousand tonnes of biomass per district.
4 accessible by road. Thus they cannot year. Since the protected areas are not
5 be used by charcoal producers, and are included in the survey outputs, the References
6 currently recorded as having zero bio- whole loss is on private lands. The
National Biomass Study 2003, Technical
7 mass available. In future inventories, undisturbed situation shows the theo-
Report, Forestry Department, Ministry of
8 however, it is recommended that data retical yield when no encroaching, Water Lands and Environment, Kampala
9 from these natural reserves be cutting and grazing activities take Uganda
50 recorded, as it can serve as a reference place. Based on this figure, the overall National Biomass Study 2002, Technical
1 for comparing the impact of charcoal yield of the different types of land Report, Forest Department, Ministry of
2 production on forest land with the nat- cover in the SCPLS area is around 600 Water Lands and Environment
3 ural situation. thousand tonnes of biomass per year. Kisakye Richard 2004, Final Report: Study
Within the parishes surveyed, the Finally, wood supplies were com- on the establishment of Quantity of
4
average standing stock of biomass pared with wood consumption and Charcoal Produced per Parish and
5 Recommended Reserve Prices for
6 ranges from around 5 tonnes/ha to 26 charcoal production in Masindi dis-
Masindi District. Ministry of Energy &
7 tonnes/ha of biomass. Ranking these trict. Kisakye estimated (2004) that Mineral Development supported by the
8 values helps to identify the low-rank- approximately 9162 tonnes of char- GTZ, Kampala, Uganda
9 ing parishes that need the most atten- coal were transported from Masindi to NEMA 2001, State of Environment
60 tion. The annual gross yield figures for Kampala. In addition, the population report for Uganda 2000/2001, Kampala,
6111 the disturbed situation reflect the of the SCPLS region consumes about Uganda

1111
2
High altitude smokeless metal stove research and
3 development
4
5
Kanchan Rai, A. Zahnd and J.K.Cannell, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
6
7 Introduction and an odhan (one-pot tripod) for sidy to farmers in Jumla; the remainder
8 cooking, 3% use an open fire with is raised through project donors. The
9 A Jumla-designed ‘smokeless’ metal
stone supports, and 3% use a non- stoves are manufactured in Nepalgunj,
10 stove, manufactured and distributed
Jumla designed enclosed stove. and up to June 2005 a total of 2783
1 from 1995, is used by some 2783 fam-
● For heating, 97% use open fire, 1 Jumla Design Smokeless Stoves have
2 ilies in the villages in Jumla, Mugu
household uses a non-Jumla been installed in the Karnali zone.
3 and Jumla, in the Karnali zone. Now a
designed enclosed stove. This stove is especially designed
4 stove project, researching secondary
● For lighting: 97% use jharro (a for use in high altitude areas. It has a
5 combustion, has been introduced at
resin soaked pine wood stick from flue and three pot holes, enabling an
6 Kathmandu University (KU), based on
the local available pine tree called entire traditional meal Dal Bhat (rice,
7 experience gained from the Jumla-
salla. One household uses a small lentil and a vegetable dish) to be
8 design stove.
Chinese solar PV home system. cooked at the same time. The attached
9 water vessel provides continuously
20111 Data on firewood (daura)
Health and environment hot water. A Roti Grilling Device
1 use
included, allowing roti to be baked in
2 Firewood accounts for 80% of energy Women and children are most likely the traditional way directly on the
3 consumption in Nepal, with to suffer from the enormous indoor embers. The stove has a mud-filled
4 smoke pollution problem, causing
90%–100% dependence on firewood double bottom for insulation. Air
5 respiratory diseases and other seri-
in rural mountain areas. According to ous ailments. Nepal is one of the draughts are regulated through an
6 a survey carried out in 1999 in the very few countries in the world with adjustable valve in the main door, and
7 remote Jumla VDC of Patrasi and a lower female life expectancy rate a damper in the flue pipe. Walls are
8 Gothichauer, mountain communities than men. The constant deforesta-
tion means that people, mainly 1.5mm steel, and the upper cooking
R&D
9 use up to 3000 kg per person (18000 women and children, spend up to surface is 4 mm, with 4 mm reinfor-
30 kg per family) of firewood per year, seven hours every second day cing rings. These stoves are portable,
1 gathering fuel wood.
comprising 32% for cooking and 56% and have ‘worn’ well in daily use.
2
for heating, compared with 40% for
3 KU-2 (new design)
cooking and 36% for heating in lower High altitude smokeless
4
hill areas. The remainder is used for In 2001–2002, two students of KU
5
lighting, boiling water and agro-pro-
metal stoves
6 Mechanical Engineering Department
cessing activities. In Jumla, every Jumla Design Stove (original engaged in a Smokeless Metal Stove
7
8
home in the remote and high altitude design) project to develop a stove, with sec-
villages uses firewood in open fire- Mr. Alex Zahnd worked for 5 years ondary combustion, that is at least
9
40111
places for cooking, heating and light- with the United Mission to Nepal as twice as efficient than the ‘Jumla
1 ing. In winter, families consume 30 the Jumla Rural Development Project design’ stove. With the sponsorship of
2 kg–50 kg of firewood per day, using Director where he developed the SINTEF, Norway, a new prototype
3 most of the firewood for space heating Jumla Design stove. Properly used, the KU-2 has been designed and tested.
4 and cooking. stove consumes forty percent less fire- In the KU-2 stove, firewood is
5 wood than a traditional open fireplace loaded through the main door into the
6
Rural development data primary combustion chamber. The
cooking fire, and also produces nine
7 Kathmandu University’s Research litres of hot water in a side water ves-
8 Development and Consultancy sel. Currently, the stove is installed
9 (KURDC) Unit, sponsored by the ISIS with a fifty percent (NRp 2500) sub-
50 Foundation of Bermuda, has devel-
1 oped a rural energy service develop-
2 ment programme for Jumla people.
3 During 2003–2004 a detailed survey
4 of household wealth in the two vil-
5 lages of Chauganphaya (63 houses)
6 and Kholsi (56 houses) measured:
7
8 ● 95% of the houses are build with
9 stone/mud, 5% with stone/dry
60 masonry Figure 1 Jumla family with no light and with Figure 2 Jumla family with a ‘Jumla Design’
6111 ● 94% of households use an open fire no cooking stove (photo: Kanchan Rai) stove (photo: Kanchan Rai)

1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5 (a) (b) (c)
6
Figure 3 (a) Improved stove; (b) improved stove schematic; (c) secondary combustion chamber detail
7
8
9 floor has a grate for air passage into the Table 1 Results
20111 primary combustion zone. The tray for
Fuel consumption With the KU-2 stove the firewood consumption is
1 ash serves as an air passage for both slower and thus the same amount of wood burns
2 primary and secondary chambers. for much longer than in the ‘Jumla Design’ stove
3 Separate vents for each air passage con- Heat transfer The KU-2 stove transfers the combustion energy
trol the airflows. There is a water tank (by radiation and convection) to the cooking uten-
4 sils better, and over a longer period, than the
5 made of stainless steel, holding eight ‘Jumla Design’ stove.
litres of drinkable water and a ‘Roti Chimney temperatures A chimney temperature of around 400°C occurs in
Grill’. In the secondary combustion the ‘Jumla Design’ stove, and this is higher than
chamber, hot air from the secondary air that occurring in the KU-2 stove. The very hot flue
gases escaping in the original stove result in a
R&D
passage is mixed with unburned flue lower stove efficiency.

gases from the primary combustion Velocity The velocity in the ‘Jumla Design’ stove chimney
chamber to promote further combus- is about 1.4 m/s for the first 10 minutes and then
tion of flue gases, reduce energy losses drops slowly. Since the KU-2 stove burns firewood
more slowly, its velocity is also lower.
and increase the efficiency of the stove. Combustion chamber The primary chamber temperature is around
After combustion, the cleaner exhaust temperatures 600°C in the Jumla design stove, with maximum
gases escape through the chimney, values of up to 700°C for a short time. The second
6 which has an adjustable damper to con- chamber temperature is lower for the first half of
the test period and then reaches about the same
7 trol the draught. level during the remainder.
8 The primary air flowing below the In the KU-2, the primary combustion chamber is
9 floor is preheated, and the secondary the hottest zone, measuring 600 to 750°C. Ideally
30 air supply beneath the primary zone the secondary zone should have higher tempera-
1 tures than the primary, but with the present KU-2
floor and up the back of the primary design the secondary air usually is not quite hot
2 chamber enters the secondary com- enough to ignite and a redesign is needed.
3 bustion chamber through two layers of
4 nozzles, well preheated. Both sec-
5 phase, though already it has been we have developed a truly effective
ondary and primary chambers are
6 shown that increased available energy product.
insulated using mud. A baffle plate
7 for cooking and heating can be
below the chimney induces better cir- References
8 achieved with the same energy input.
culation of hot flue gases, making
9 Further changes are planned to: the Alex Zahnd: Murdoch University (Western
maximum use of convective heat
40111 chimney position; secondary air pas- Australia) thesis for MSc in Renewable
transfer. Air flows are controlled by a
1 sages; airtight seals; improved energy Energy, 2004
primary air sliding vent, two sec-
2 loss measures; and a glass door Kanchan Rai completed his Mechanical
ondary sliding air vents and a damper
3 (because users insist on keeping the Engineering degree from Kathmandu
in the exhaust pipe.
4 door open so as to see the flames). University in 2002. He has worked as a
Already this stove demonstrates Research Assistant at the Research,
5 Results Development and Consultancy Unit in
6 the potential of improved domes-
See Table 1. Kathmandu University. His project was
7 tic metal stoves for use at high
entitled “Development of an Improved
8 altitudes. Continued design, research
Conclusions Cooking Stove for Mountain Areas of
9 and development will allow us to Nepal”. Kanchan is now doing an MSc on
50 The secondary combustion stove is build on our understanding of the Energy and Environmental Technology in
1 still in the design, research and testing processes involved, step by step, until Telemark University in Norway.
2
1111
2
3
What’s happening in
4
5
6
household energy?
7 www.hedon.info
8 HEDON announces support encourage a wider take-up of local gested that countries are wasting mil-
9 from GTZ energy solutions worldwide, proving lions of dollars in planting trees
10 to both the public and policy-makers specifically to improve water flows.
1 HEDON is delighted to announce that that such schemes offer viable, practi- These findings could have a major
2 GTZ-HERA has agreed to co-fund cal ways of tackling both lack of impact on policies around forest
3 part of its activities in further develop- access to vital resources and climate resources.
4 ing the knowledge data base on vari- change.
5 ous household energy issues and to In 2006 the Ashden Awards for Funding opportunities
6 initiate an a special interest group on Sustainable Energy will be offering:
scaling-up household energy interven- GVEP gap fund
7
8 tions. GTZ is the first major organisa- Five first prizes of £30,000 each and GVEP has announced the establish-
9 tion to recognise the role of HEDON four second prizes of £10,000 each for ment of its Action Programs Fund –
20111 as the ‘first-stop shop’ for household projects in the developing world (the the GAPfund. Dr Abeeku Brew-
1 energy information. ‘Overseas’ Awards) including a Hammond, Manager of the GVEP
2 As discussed in the article Special Africa Award designed to Technical Secretariat, said the
3 ‘HEDON – the household energy net- highlight the role which sustainable GAPfund would make US $1.5 mil-
4 work’, HEDON is planning to develop energy can play in meeting the partic- lion available for innovative projects
5 special interest groups on topics such ular challenges facing that continent. which would provide energy services
6 as clean indoor air, cooking and car- Prizes will also be given for projects to poor communities around the
7 bon (CDM), alcohol fuels, gaseous in the UK. world, including India. He added that
8 fuels, and scaling up. If organisations The Ashden Awards are inviting the fund would support projects that
9 would like to collaborate with, and/or applications from projects in develop- deliver benefits in education, health
30 finance one of these areas of interest, ing countries and agro-enterprise, and so help reach
1 please contact Grant Ballard Tremeer the Millennium Development Goals
For more information on the Ashden
2 at grant@ecoharmony.com. (MDGs). GVEP will work with a part-
3 Awards, please visit
ner-base which includes the UK
www.ashdenawards.org or contact:
4 Ashden Awards for sustain- Department for International Develop-
5 Danielle Jones on + 44 207 410 0330;
able energy ment, the United States Agency for
6 email: info@ashdenawards.org
International Development, the World
7 Closing dates for entries 21 November
Bank and partners from the NGO
8 2005
community as well as the private sec-
9 tor. For further information contact
40111 ‘Myth’ that forests improve
The Ashden Awards for sustainable GVEP at: Global Village Energy
1 water flows – Reuters Partnership (GVEP), Abeeku Brew
2 energy are now looking for entries
from inspirational and innovative A recent report from Reuters (July 28 Hammond, Practical Action,
3 Schumacher Centre, Bourton on
local sustainable energy projects from 2005) discusses findings from
4
across the globe and which use renew- research done by John Palmer, man- Dunsmore, Rugby, CV23 9QZ, UK.
5
able energy to address one or more of ager of the Tropical Forestry Research Email: info@gvep.org
6
7 the following areas: Food, Education, Programme run by the British Depar-
tment for International Development. EU Co-opener
8 Light, Health and Enterprise. There
9 will also be a Special Africa Award He is quoted as saying ‘Trees on the The call has been announced for this
50 designed to highlight the role which whole are not a good thing in dry EU funding. Over 100 grants will be
1 sustainable energy can play in meeting areas if you want to manage water disbursed totalling €5m. A minimum of
2 the particular challenges facing that resources’. The report described as a two independent organisations per
3 continent. myth, the belief that forests acted as application is required. Funding is up
4 The Ashden Awards reward out- sponges that soak up rain, releasing it to a maximum of 50% of the cost of the
5 standing projects which can demon- throughout the year and ensuring more project. This year, funding is available
6 strate how local sustainable energy regular flows in rivers. Instead, trees’ for activities under the following head-
7 can be used not only to slow down the deep roots often aggravate water ings: ‘Energy policies, legislation and
8 factors contributing to climate change, shortages in dry seasons. Although market conditions for enabling poverty
9 but also to radically transform the recognising that forests have many alleviation in developing countries’
60 lives of communities lacking essential other benefits, including building and ‘Strengthening local energy exper-
6111 energy. The Awards are designed to materials and firewood, the report sug- tise in developing countries’. These are

1111 explained in more detail in the Call text lighted in this discussion. Social Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) is a
2 itself and in the Annual Work Pro- aspects, such as fuel collection and coalition of progressive governments,
3 gramme 2005 (both available on women’s earning potential are dis- businesses and organisations commit-
4 (http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/ cussed. Comparisons with other fuels ted to accelerating the development of
5 intelligent/call_for_proposals/call_ are drawn, and the sustainability of renewable and energy efficiency sys-
6 library_en.htm): LPG as a fuel is examined. Finally, the tems.
7 Deadline for submissions is February book is amply supplied with up-to-
8 2006. date references and a helpful glossary, EarthTrends – environmental
9 for those new to this topic. information portal
10 New books World LP Gas Association, Paris, http://earthtrends.wri.org/
1 France WWW.WORLDLPGAS.COM/ A really useful website for tables and
Power to the people by Vijay V
2 PUBLICATIONS statistics on key environmental indica-
Vaitheeswaran
3 tors
4 This is a highly readable and well- Useful websites
5 researched book. It opens by describ- GVEP global village energy
Although Boiling Point reaches many partnership www.gvep.org
6 ing the situation in which the world
people without computers, it also GVEP’s aims are to reduce poverty
7 finds itself, dominated by the major
serves many who do have access. As and enhance sustainable development
8 players in energy dictating access and
9
this issue is about communication, I through the accelerated provision of
using energy to wield power. The
20111 hope those with no access to com- modern energy services to those
alternatives for local power genera-
1 puters will forgive this brief section. unserved or underserved. See ‘News
tion, including the exciting potential
2 I’d also welcome any other sugges- from Practical Action’
of fuel cells and other forms of
3 tions for useful and informative web-
micropower are discussed. The author
4 sites to include in future editions ProBEC The Programme for
shows that this is no longer the
5 domain of cranks and boffins, but that Biomass Energy Conservation in
HEDON www.hedon.info
6 major players are already looking seri- Southern Africa www.probec.org
A good place to start for finding out
7 ously at these forms of energy. There The aim of ProBec is to enable lower
about all the other websites . . . and
8 is a large section on the effects of income population groups satisfy their
lots more
9 these changes on developing coun- energy requirements in a socially and
30 tries, including a rarely-seen reference World Health Organization environmentally sustainable manner.
1 to the major effects of indoor air pol- indoor air pollution site
2 Sparknet www.sparknet.info
lution on population health and how http://www.who.int/indoorair
3 SPARKNET is an interdisciplinary
these new technologies could benefit This site is really useful for statistics,
4 interactive Knowledge Network
health as well as providing access to information material, databases
5 focusing on energy for low-income
energy services. This book is a lesson
6 households in Southern and East
in how clear, well-argued and deeply- REPPS stoves site
7 Africa. It provides up-to-date informa-
researched information can be pre- www.repp.org
8 tion on several countries and a very
sented in such an engaging and The Renewable Energy Policy Project
9 useful comparative data bar chart
enlightening way. ISBN: 1-84407- has a stoves pages within the ‘discus-
40111 facility on energy sources and use.
176-6 Earthscan, UK sion groups’ page. This describes the
1
latest developments in stoves for Energia www.energia.org and
2 Household Fuels and Ill-Health in
cooking with biomass fuels in devel- Energia Africa: energia-africa.org
3 Developing Countries – What
oping regions – lots of good pictures. ENERGIA is an international network
4 improvements can be brought by LP
5 Gas by Kirk Smith, Jamesine Roger, on gender and sustainable energy which
Partnership for Clean Indoor Air
6 and Shannon C Cowlin links individuals and groups concerned
www.pciaonline.org with energy, sustainable development,
7 The mission of the Partnership for
8 This short book describes all the and gender. ENERGIA’s goal is to con-
issues surrounding LPG (Liquified Clean Indoor Air is to improve health, tribute to the empowerment of rural and
9 livelihood and quality of life by reduc-
50 Petroleum Gas) and why it has such an urban poor women through a specific
important role in reducing the burden ing exposure to air pollution, primar- focus on energy issues.
1
of ill-health in those communities ily among women and children, from
2
which are able to access this fuel. household energy use.
3
4 However, the book does much more SciDev.Net www.scidev.net
5 than this in that it describes the whole News, views and information about
6 indoor air pollution issue in a clear, science, technology and the develop-
7 understandable way. The book dis- ing world. Includes articles from other
8 cusses why LPG produces less green- news sources worldwide.
9 house gases than woodfuel burnt in a
60 traditional stove. The importance of REEEP www.reeep.org
6111 harvesting fuel renewably is high- The Renewable Energy and Energy

1111
2
3
Energy news from Practical Action
4
5
6
Focus on GVEP
7
● To create and maintain an effective
8 Global Village Energy Partnership
9 organisational structure.
10 GVEP approach and
1
2
expected outcomes
3 GVEP builds on existing experience
4 and adds value to the work of individ-
5 The Global Village Energy Partner- ual partners. The GVEP approach
6 ship (GVEP) was launched at the is multi-sectoral (energy for health,
7 World Summit on Sustainable Devel- education, agriculture, water, trans-
8 opment in Johannesburg, in August port, telecommunications and produc-
9 2002, to increase access to energy ser- tive uses/ enterprise sectors), multi-
20111 vices, for those not served and under- application (i.e. not just electric
1 served. GVEP is a 10-year implemen- power), multi-stakeholder, technology Figure 1 GVEP support services
2 tation-based partnership bringing neutral, and market based.
3 together developing and industrialized Expected outcomes for GVEP for
4 country governments, multilateral the ten-year implementation period GVEP products and
5 institutions, public and private organi- from 2002 to 2012, as agreed at the Services
6 sations, NGOs and consumers, to WSSD launch, are as follows: GVEP’s primary products relate to the
7 achieve the Millennium Development development of country programmes
● Over 30 countries with national
8 Goals (MDGs). The Technical Secre- which involve scaling up of invest-
energy-poverty programmes.
9 tariat of GVEP is responsible for day
● Over 400 million extra people ments in energy services targeted at
30 to day management of GVEP and is
with access to energy services as a the poor and unserved or underserved,
1 hosted by Practical Action (the new
result of GVEP. and/or reorientation of existing pro-
2 name for ITDG).
● Over 50,000 communities with grammes in ways that shift the empha-
3
Mission energy services. sis from “energy for energy’s sake” to
4
● A nucleus of trained professional deliberate targeting of strategic devel-
5 GVEP promotes development of the entrepreneurs specialising in the opment sectors like education, health
6 linkages between energy and poverty delivery of energy services. and agro-enterprise.
7 reduction strategies at national level, ● Financing leveraged from multi- GVEP currently provides support
8 and the Millennium Development lateral, bilateral, and host country services in four areas: Finance Facili-
9 Goals (MDGs) at global level, through
40111
sources in support of energy access. tation, Capacity Development, Know-
dynamic partnerships at national, ● Increases in productivity, income,
1 regional and global levels. ledge Management, and Results Moni-
2 environment, equity and quality of toring and Evaluation (Figure 1).
life via urban, rural, or peri-urban
3 Objectives A GVEP Action Programmes Fund
4 energy services, with measurable (GAPfund) has been instituted to
GVEP objectives are fourfold: improvements in quality of life by
5 support small-scale projects aimed
6 ● To catalyse country commitments those served.
largely at demonstrating innovative
7 to energy for poverty reduction approaches to scale-up.
GVEP partners and
8 projects and programmes, and to
guide policies and investment in governance
9 Contact details
50 this area. GVEP has over 700 partners from
1 ● To bridge the gap between around the world including represen- Further information on GVEP may be
2 investors, entrepreneurs, and cus- tatives from developing and devel- obtained from
3 tomers in the design, installation, oped country governments, multilat- GVEP Technical Secretariat
4 and operation of replicable rural eral organizations, non-government ITDG Practical Action
5 and peri-urban energy projects. organizations, the private sector, the Bourton Hall, Bourton on Dunsmore
6 ● To serve as a one-stop-shop for financial community, and academia. Rugby, Warwickshire CV23 9QZ
7 information, best practices, and Only half of the GVEP partners are United Kingdom
8 lessons learned on the effective from the energy sector, with the rest Tel: +44-1926-634478
9 development and implementation representing agriculture, education, Fax: +44-1926-634401
60 of energy for poverty reduction environment, health, rural develop- E-Mail: info@gvep.org
6111 projects and programmes. ment, water, and other sectors. Web: www.gvep.org

BP/51/Back Cover 1/23/06 3:46 PM Page 1
Boiling Point is a technical journal for those working with stoves

and household energy. It deals with technical, social, financial and
environmental issues and aims to improve the quality of life for
poor communities living in the developing world.
Contents
Theme editorial: 1
Lucky Lowe
The Upesi rural stoves project 2
Vincent Okello
HEDON – the household energy network 6
Grant Ballard-Tremeer
Locally-made solar panels for small appliances 7
John Keane
Sharing knowledge and spreading information using the Internet. The case of
Theme
the microhydropower.net web portal 8
Wim Klunne
Promoting solar cookers through the Solar Cookers International 11
Ramon Coyle
Improved cookstove technology for rural livelihoods for women: sharing
experiences from Haryana – India 13
R.C. Pal and K.S. Sethi
Improved cookstove dissemination: Experience from Andhara Pradesh, India 15
C. J. Jalajakshi
GTZ pages 18
Editor: Agnes Klingshirn
HERA – your GTZ support for Household Energy 18
Verena Brinkmann – GTZ
The ROCKET is launched in Southern Africa! 19
GTZ
Paul Mushamba
New Rocket stove design from Uganda 20
Peter Scott
Household energies to improve the quality of life for rural communities in the
Tibetan Highlands 22
Agnes Klingshirn
Financing watermill upgrades: the business case for scaling up through
banking support 24
B. Parthan
Who benefits from solar home systems in Southern India 28
Non-theme
Kunal Mehta
The human and livelihoods cost of fuel-switching in Addis Ababa 31
Melessaw Shanko and Jonathan Rouse
Consensus reached by participants at the International Workshop on Rural Energy,
Stoves, and Indoor Air Quality in China 34
Kirk R. Smith et al.
Monitoring the charcoal production of an area under a sustainable licensing system
in Masindi district, Uganda 35
Stijn Cleemput, Caroline Moreau and Cornelia Sepp
R&D
High altitude smokeless metal stove research and development 37

Kanchan Rai, A. Zahnd and J.K. Cannell
What’s happening in household energy? 39
Our mission is to build the technical skills of poor people in developing countries,
enabling them to improve the quality of their lives and that of future generations
Intermediate Technology Development Group Ltd., Patron: HRH The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB
Company Reg No. 871954, England. Reg. Charity No. 247257

Boiling Point Newsletter 51

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BoilingPoint51/Inside 11/2/05 11:18 AM Page 2

1111 In this edition . . .

Boiling Point No 51 2005 1

focused on improving their marketing

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worldwide. It gives you names of spe- ‘password’ to log in to the website in

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1111 are displayed on the web site.

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mate change, etc. Our international with SCI information, a group in

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1111 formation of groups. These women Table 1 Comparison in energy consumption

of installation. The responses are could open new avenues for

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1111 Table 3 Improved stoves disseminated in Andhra Pradesh

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end in November 2007. The pro-

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1111 The stove was designed in conjunc-

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1111 Here it may take up to two years Technical improvements

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1111 Nationalised Bank

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28 Boiling Point No 51 2005

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30 Boiling Point No 51 2005

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1111 have declined as a consequence. In

32 Boiling Point No 51 2005

1111 of them have. Around 2000 jobs have

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34 Boiling Point No 51 2005

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passage is mixed with unburned flue lower stove efficiency.

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Boiling Point is a technical journal for those working with stoves

High altitude smokeless metal stove research and development 37

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