Lagging DNA strand synthesis

Synthesis is a process to replicate DNA for the purpose of abstracting protein therefore. The coordinated
synthesis of two DNA strands leading and lagging strands, is known to be involved a dimeric DNA
polymerase and a looping of the lagging strand ensures that the both strands synthesize in the same
direction.
During the inter phase of the cycle of the cells, a second chromatid which consists of a copy of the DNA
molecule is assembled. The process is called DNA replication, involving separation of DNA molecules
into two strands, each of which serves as a template to bring together a new, complementary strand. It
results into a two identical double-stranded molecules of DNA. Both of these double-stranded molecules
of DNA consist of one strand of old DNA and a single strand of new, replicated DNA which is called
complementary strand, the process is thus called semi-conservative replication.
During the process of DNA replication, the enzyme helicase breaks the DNA helix, forming a Y-shaped
replication fork. Here the single-strand binding proteins attach to each strand of the uncoiled DNA to keep
them separate. As helicase unwind the DNA, it forces the double helix in front of it to twist. A group of
enzymes called Topoisomerase break and rejoin the double helix, allowing the twist to unravel and
preventing the formation of knots.
Since a DNA double helix molecule carries two opposing DNA strands, the uncoiled DNA has 3-5
template strand and a 5-3 template strand. The enzymes that gather the new DNA strand, DNA
polymerase, move in the 3-5 direction along each template strand. This evolves in the growth of a new,
complementary, strand to grow in the anti-parallel direction.
For the 3-5 template strand, replication occurs continuously as the DNA polymerase follows the
replication fork, assembling a 5-3 complementary strand. The complementary strand is known as the
leading strand.
However, in the case of 5-3 template strand, the DNA polymerase shifts away from the uncoiling
process of replication fork. This is because it can gather nucleotides only as it travels in the 3-5
direction. As the helix breaks, DNA polymerase gathers short segments of nucleotides along the template
strand in the direction away from the replication fork. After each complement segment is assembled, the
DNA polymerase must return to the replication fork to start assembling the next phase. These short
segments of the complementary DNA are called Okazaki segment. The Okazaki segments are joined by
DNA ligase, creating a single complementary strand. This complementary strand requires or needs more
time to assemble than the leading strand is called the Lagging strand.
The steps of DNA replication:
During the replication process helicase unwinds the DNA, producing a replication fork. Single-strand
binding protein averts the single strands of DNA from re-uniting. Topoisomerase eliminates twists and
knots that outline in the double-stranded template as a result of the unwinding encouraged by helicase.
Primase initiates DNA replication at special nucleotide sequences (called origins of replication) with short
segments of RNA nucleotides, called RNA primers.

The leading complementary strand is assembled continuously as the double-helix DNA uncoils.
The lagging complementary strand is assembled in short Okazaki fragments.
The Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase.
The RNA primers are replaced by DNA nucleotides.
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