Documente Academic
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May 2013
This document was developed using the consensus procedure outlined in the CTI Operating Procedure 304
and has been approved for publication by the CTI Board of Directors
FOREWORD
This Cooling Technology Institute (CTI) publication is published as an aid to cooling tower purchasers and designers. It
may be used by anyone desiring to do so, and efforts have been made by CTI to assure the accuracy and reliability of the
data contained herein. However, CTI makes NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR
MERCHANTABILITY nor any other warranty expressed, implied or statutory. In no event shall CTI be liable or
responsible for INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL losses or damage of any kind resulting from
this publications use; or violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict or
for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of this publication.
All CTI codes and standards are copyrighted with all rights reserved to CTI. The reproduction of any part of this or any
other CTI code or standard is a violation of Federal Law. One must recognize and appreciate commitment by a number of
volunteer members who donate their time to develop and update CTI codes and standards. The monies spent for code
development, administrative staff support and publication are essential and constitute a substantial drain on CTI. The
purchase price of these documents helps to offset these costs. Reproduction and distribution by others, in addition to being
unethical, undermines this system and constitutes a further financial drain on CTI. When copies are needed, you are
requested to call or write the Cooling Technology Institute, P.O. Box 73383, Houston, Texas 77273, (281) 583-4087. Please
request that your associates buy the required codes and standards rather than copy them. Your cooperation in this matter is
greatly appreciated.
Nothing contained herein is to be construed as granting any right for the manufacture, sale or use in connection with any
method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, nor as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters
patent.
This guideline document summarizes the best current state of knowledge regarding the specific subject. This document
represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope and provisions. It is
intended to aid all users or potential users of cooling towers. CTI STD 137, (R2007), Fiberglass Pultruded Structural
Products for Use in Cooling Towers, Cooling Technology Institute, PO Box 73383,Houston, Texas 77273, USA is the
materials standard to be utilized in conjunction with this guideline.
Approved by the
CTI Executive Board
Copyright 2013
by Cooling Technology Institute
Printed in U.S.A.
CTI-Guideline
ESG-152 (13)
REDUCTION FACTOR
POLY
1.0
0.85
0.70
0.50
NR
NR
VINYL
1.0
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.50
Table 2
Temperature, F
77
100
125
150
175
200
REDUCTION FACTOR
POLY
1.0
1.0
.90
.85
NR
NR
VINYL
1.0
1.0
.95
.90
.88
.85
Applicable
ASTM
77F
D953
125F
POLY
VINYL
30,000
21,000
24,000
D790
30,000
21,000
24,000
D2344
4,500
3,150
3,600
2.6 and
2.8
2.34
2.66
AVERAGE
SHORT
COLUMN
LONG
0.80 1, 2
0.95 1, 2
COLUMN
ASTM D695
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
ASTM D695
COMPRESSIVE MODULUS
0.651
0.951
Table 6
Comparison of Joining Techniques
Mechanical
Adhesive
Bonds
Stress concentration at
High
Medium
joint
Strength/weight ratio
Low
Medium
Use with non-rigid
Inserts
Yes
plastics
Seal (water tightness)
No
Yes
Thermal Insulation
No
Yes
Electrical Insulation
No
Yes
Aesthetics (smooth joints)
Bad
Good
Fatigue Endurance
Bad
Good
Sensitive to peel loading
No
Yes
Non-Destructive
Yes
Impossible
Disassembly
Inspection
Easy
Difficult
Skill required of
Low
High
Fabricator
Heat and pressure
No
Yes
required
Tooling Costs
Low
High
Time to develop strength
Immediate
Long
Table 9
FABRICATION TOLERANCES
Cut lengths
Square cuts
Hole location
Hole location
Hole location
Hole location
Hole diameters
Hole diameters
Slot dimensions
1/8
1 (Measured from face of part)
1/16 for top side hole on all shapes up
to 30 inclusive
1/16 for bottom side hole on all shapes
up to 30 inclusive
1/8 for topside holes on all closed
shapes greater than 30
3/16 for bottom side hole on closed
shapes greater than 30
1/32 (Holes to 1 diameter)
1/16 (Holes greater than 1 diameter)
1/8 (Any dimension)
Mandrel - An elongated mold around which resinimpregnated fiber, tape or filaments are wound to form
structural shapes or tubes.
Mat - A fibrous reinforcing material composed of chopped
filaments (for chopped-strand mat) or swirled filaments (for
continuous-strand mat) with a binder applied to maintain
form; available in blankets of various widths, weights,
thicknesses and lengths.
Matrix - The material in which the fiber reinforcements of a
composite system are imbedded. Thermoplastic and thermoset
resin systems, as well as metal and ceramic, can be used.
Microcracking - Cracking in composites at points where
thermal stresses exceed the strength of the matrix.
Mil - The unit used in measuring the diameter of glass fiber
strands, wire and so forth (1 mil = 0.001 inch).
Modulus - The physical measurement of stiffness in a
material, equaling the ratio of applied load (stress) to the
resultant deformation of the material, such as elasticity or
shear. (A high modulus indicates a stiff material.)
Moisture Absorption - A material assimilation of water
vapor from air, as distinguished from water absorption by
immersion, which results in weight gain.
Mold - The cavity or matrix into or on which the resin/fiber
material is placed and from which it takes form.
Mold Release (External) - A substance used to coat the mold
to prevent sticking of the resin that will be used to make the
part.
Mold Release (Internal) - A lubricant, liquid or powder, used
to prevent sticking of molded articles in the cavity by
incorporation into the resin formulation. Referred to as an
internal rather than external mold release.
Mold Release Agent - A lubricant used to prevent a part
from sticking to a mold.
Molding - The forming of a resin/fiber material into a solid
mass of prescribed shape and size.
Monomer - A single molecule which can react with like or
unlike molecules to form a polymer; the smallest repeating
structure of a polymer(s); for addition polymers, this
represents the original unpolymerized compound. Styrene is
the predominant monomer used for reinforced polyester
material.
Multifilament - A yarn consisting of many continuous
filaments.
Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) - Determination of material
or part characteristics without permanent alteration of the test
subject. (Nondestructive testing (NDT) and nondestructive
evaluation (NDE) are generally considered synonymous with
NDI.)
Nonwoven Roving - A reinforcement composed of
continuous fiber strands loosely gathered together.
Orthophthalic Resin - An unsaturated polyester resin of
which phthalic anhydride was the starting point.
Outgassing - The release of solvents and moisture from
composite parts under a vacuum.
sources that are reground into pellets or fine powder for use in
new parts, either as new base material or in combination with
virgin materials.
Reinforcement - The key element added to matrix to provide
required properties (primarily, strength and stiffness); ranges
from short fibers and continuous fibers through complex
textile forms.
Release Agent - A substance usually sprayed or painted on
mold to prevent cured matrix material from bonding to
tooling.
Release Film - An impermeable film layer that does not bond
to the composite during cure.
Resin - A solid or pseudosolid material with indefinite and
often high molecular weight and a softening or melting range
that exhibits a tendency to flow when subjected to stress. (As
composite matrices, resins bind together reinforcement fibers.)
Resin Rich - Localized area filled with excess resin, as
compared to consistency of resin/fiber ratio.
Resin Starved - Characterizing a localized area lacking
sufficient resin for fiber wetout.
Resin System - A mixture of resin and ingredients required
for an intended processing method and final product.
Resin Viscosity - The viscous property of a resin system, or
solid-to-liquid transition resistance to flow, which can be
altered by temperature and pressure to achieve desired flow
characteristics.
Roving - A collection of bundles of continuous glass fiber
filaments, either as untwisted strands or as twisted yarn.
Roving Yield - A unit of measure of the size of a fiberglass
roving. Given in yards per pound, the number of yards of the
product which equal one pound. The lower the yield, the
larger the size of the roving bundle.
S-Glass - Magnesia/alumina/silicate glass reinforcement
designed to provide very high tensile strength. (Commonly
used in high-performance parts.)
Sandwich Structure - A composite composed of lightweight
core material to which two relatively thin, dense, highstrength, functional or decorative laminate skins are adhered.
Saw Burn - Blackening or carbonization of a cut surface of a
pultruded section. Fiberglass parts do not dissipate heat as
quickly as metal, so the speed of cutting fiberglass must be
controlled to prevent saw burns.
Scale - A condition wherein unreinforced, cured resin particles
exit the die on the surface of the part.
Sealant - A paste or liquid applied to a joint that hardens in
place to form a seal.
Secondary Bonding - The joining by adhesive of two or more
already cured composite parts.
Separator - A permeable layer that separates and also acts as
a release film (e.g., porous Teflon-coated fiberglass). Often
placed between lay up and bleeder to facilitate bleeder
systems removal from laminate after cure.