1.

True or False: Breathing through the mouth is considered as good as breathing through the
nose.
True
False

Hairs and mucus present in the nasal cavity trap the foreign particles and bacteria
and thus prevent them from entering the body. This function cannot be achieved
when we breathe through the mouth.
2.

Normal rate of respiration in an adult human being is _______ times/ minute.

A. 10-12
B. 12-14
C. 16-18
D. 22-24
A
B
C
D

3.

Write the correct sequence of the pathway through which air travels after entering the body.
A. Larynx, pharynx, trachea bronchioles
B. Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles
C. Pharynx, larynx, bronchioles, trachea
D. Pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchioles
A
B
C
D

The blue arrows in the following diagram denote the passage of air in the respiratory

tract after entering through the nostrils.

4.

True or False: Exhalation and inhalation of air is known as "cellular respiration".

True
False

Various metabolic activities of the body need oxygen for energy and produce CO 2as
an end product. This exchange of gases at the cellular level is known as cellular
respiration.
5.

True or False: Two-layered membrane which covers the lungs is known as

pericardium.
True
False

It is 'pleura'. Pericardium covers the heart.

6.

Which process does not occur in the nasal cavity?

A. Trapping of large foreign bodies
B. Exchange of gases
C. Humidification of inhaled air
D. Warming of inhaled air
A
B
C
D

Gaseous exchange occurs in lungs.

7.

Exchange of air occurs in _______ which are also known as 'air sacs'.
Bronchi

Alveolar ducts
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli. Due to the presence of alveoli, surface area of

the lungs for exchange of gases increases to a great extent.

1.

Identify diaphragm in this diagram.

B
C
D
E

Diaphragm is a respiratory muscle which lies underneath the lung bases.

2.

True or False: Breathing through the mouth is considered as good as breathing through the
nose.
True
False

Hairs and mucus present in the nasal cavity trap the foreign particles and bacteria
and thus prevent them from entering the body. This function cannot be achieved
when we breathe through the mouth.

3.

Identify bronchus in this diagram.

A
B
C
D

4.

Spirometer measures:
A. Capacity of lungs
B. Volume of air inhaled and exhaled
C. Residual air
D. All of these
A
B
C
D

Spirometer is an instrument used to measure various lung volumes and lung

functions.
5.

Complete the equation:

Glucose + Oxygen = _______ + Water + CO2
Starch
Energy
None of these
Sucrose

In the tissues, glucose reacts with oxygen to produce energy which is used in various

cell activities. Water and CO2 are formed as by-products.

6.

What is the leaf-like structure which prevents the entry of food into respiratory
passages?
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Tongue

7.

Which part of the respiratory tract is also known as the voice box?
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx

Voice is produced in the larynx; therefore it is also known as the voice box.
What are the end products of anaerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide
Ethyl alcohol
Pyruvic acid
Both a & b
Glucose
Question 2
WRONG
Where does Kerb's Cycle takes place?

Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Golgi Bodies
Mitochondria
None of these
Question 3
WRONG

What is the other name of EMP pathway?

Glycolysis
Kreb's Cycle
Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Translocation
Question 4
WRONG
Main cause of emphysema, serious disease of respiratory tract is :

Polluted water
Tobacco smoking
Uncooked food
Mosquito bite
None of these
Question 5
WRONG
One molecule of Glucose produces energy equal to :

8 ATP
18ATP
28ATP
48ATP
38ATP
Question 6
WRONG
Exchange of respiratory gases in leaves takes through :

Epidermis
Cuticle
Lenticle

Stomata
None of these
Question 7
WRONG
Glycolysis results in the production of :

Acetic acid
Pyruvic acid
Fatty acid
Hydrochloric acid
All of these
Question 8
WRONG
What is the breathing rate in human beings ?

5-6 times/min
15-18 times/min
40-45 times/min
60-70 times/min
20-30 times/min
Question 9
WRONG
Oxidation of food molecules occurs in :

Nucleus
Golgi Body
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Question 10
WRONG

Have you watched this excellent video on respiration system

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A: to break food down
B: supply the blood with oxygen
C: circulate the blood
How does the respiratory system deliver oxygen to different parts of the body?
A: breathing
B: circulation
C: inhale carbon dioxide
1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lungs?
A. Metabolism
B. Serves as a reservoir of blood for the left ventricle.
C. It is a filter to protect the systemic vasculature
D. Facilitates the exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood.
E. All of the above are true.

2. Which of the following is in the correct path of CO2 from the tissue to the
atmosphere?
A. Reaction with H2O to make H2CO3, dissociation to H+ and HCO3-, H+
combines with imidazole side chain of hemoglobin, carried back to lungs as HHb+
and HCO3-, reverse reaction forms CO2.
B. O2 is metabolized to CO2, reaction with H2O to make H2CO3, H2CO3

combines with imidazole side chain of hemoglobin, H2CO3Hb+ is carried back to

the lungs, reverse reaction forms CO2.
C. Reaction with H2O to make H2CO3, dissociation to H+ and HCO3-, HCO3combines with imidazole side chain of hemoglobin, carried back to the lungs as
HCO3-Hb+ and H+, reverse reaction forms CO2.
D. O2 is metabolized to CO2, reaction with H2O to make H2CO3, dissociation to
H+ and HCO3-, carried back to lungs in this form, reverse reaction forms CO2.

3. Which of the following is NOT an effector of respiration?

A. Heart
B. diaphragm
C. intercostals
D. Trapezius.

4. Which of the following is the first branching of the bronchial tree that has gas
exchanging capabilities?
A. Terminal bronchioles.
B. Respiratory bronchioles.
C. Alveoli
D. segmental bronchi
E. alveolar ducts.

5. Which of the following could NOT be part of an acinus?

A. alveolar sacs
B. Alveolar ducts
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Respiratory bronchiole

6. If you increased the left atrial pressure from 5 mmHg to 15 mmHg, what effect
would that have on pulmonary circulation?
A. It would force blood the opposite direction.
B. It would increase the speed at which blood moves through the pulmonary
circulation.
C. No change.
D. Blood flow would almost or completely stop.

7. Which of the following concerning average lung volumes and capacities of a

person at rest is TRUE?
A. TLC>VC>TV>FRC
B. TLC>FRC>VC>TV
C. TLC>VC>FRC>TV
D. TLC>FRC>TV>VC

8. Which of the following is NOT a normal occurance with increasing age?

A. Vital capacity of the lung decreases.
B. Residual volume increases.
C. Functional residual capacity increases.
D. Inspiratory capacity decreases.
E. Expiratory reserve volume increases.

9. Which of the following spirometry measurements has the greatest sensitivity

for detecting early air flow obstruction?
A. FVC
B. FEV1
C. FFE
D. FEF25-75

10. Which of the following does NOT happen during inspiration?

A. The ribs move upward.
B. The diaphragm lifts up.
C. The antero-posterior dimensions of the chest are increased.
D. The tranverse dimensions of the thorax are increased.
E. The scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles can be recruited for inspiration.

11. During inspiration, how does alveolar pressure compare to atmospheric

pressure?
A. Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric.
B. Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric.
C. Alveolar pressure is the same as atmospheric.
D. Alveolar pressure is one of the few pressures where the reference pressure is
not atmospheric.

12. Which of the following represents the pressure difference that acts to distend
the lungs?
A. Alveolar pressure
B. Airway opening pressure
C. Transthoracic pressure
D. Transpulmonary pressure
E. Esophageal pressure.

13. If a patient had a progressive lung disease that required an ever increasing
pressure to fill the same volume of lung, how would the lung's compliance be
affected?
A. It would increase it.
B. It would stay the same.
C. It would decrease it.
D. These variables do not affect lung compliance.

14. An asthma sufferer finds she has to breathe at twice her normal rate. How
does that affect her dynamic compliance?
A. It stays the same.
B. It decreases.
C. It increases.
D. Static compliance, not dynamic, is the variable affected by asthma.

15. According to the Law of Laplace, air should flow from the smaller alveoli to
the larger, collapsing them. In the lungs, several factors counter that tendency,
and stabilize the alveolar structures. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A. Surfactant lowers surface tension to a greater degree when it is on a smaller
surface area, allowing the smaller alveoli to stay open.
B. Mechanical stability is given by surrounding alveoli.
C. Transpulmonary pressure is lower for smaller alveoli, allowing them to stabilize
in comparison to the bigger ones.
D. Surface tension at the gas-liquid interface increases as alveolar surface area
increases.

16. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the production and role of lung
surfactant?
A. It is part of a lipoprotein called dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline.
B. It is synthesized by alveolar type II cells.
C. As the alveolar surface area decreases during the compression curve, the

surfactant decreases the surface tension at a constant rate.

D. When surfactant density is decreased during expansion, surface tension
initially rises rapidly, then slows down until it reaches the starting point.

17. Which of the following is NOT true concerning respiratory distress syndrome
in premature infants?
A. Their ability to synthesize DPPC is limited.
B. Higher pressures are required to ventilate the lungs.
C. Lung compliance is low.
D. Positive pressure respirators are often used to assist them in breathing.
E. Alveoli tend to overexpand and sometimes burst at the end of inspiration.

18. Which of the following is NOT true at FRC?

A. It is about 75% TLC.
B. The elastic recoil of the chest wall is outward.
C. The elastic recoil of the lung is inward.
D. The relaxation pressure of the lung and chest wall combined is at atmospheric
pressure.

19. If the lung were punctured, which of the following would happen?

A. The lung would collapse on the side of the puncture.

B. Both the lung and the chest wall would collapse on the side of the puncture.
C. The relaxation pressure of the chest wall would increase until it surpassed the
atmospheric.
D. The relaxation pressure of the chest wall would increase, but stop before it
reached atmospheric pressure.

20. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the airflow in the lungs?
A. During inspiration and expiration, the flow in the trachea and larger bronchi is
turbulent.
B. Towards the middle of the bronchial tree, the flow is turbulent at the branches
and laminar in between.
C. Near the end of the bronchial tree, the flow is laminar.
D. The acini have very small radii which significantly increases the total air flow
resistance of the bronchial tree.

21. Which of the following is FALSE concerning airway resistance?

A. Up to 50% is in the nose.
B. The maximum resistance in the bronchial tree occurs at the fourth generation.
C. In the later generations, the radii are smaller, increasing the total resistance at
each successive generation.
D. Airway resistance can be increased by loss of tissue elasticity and contraction
of bronchial smooth muscles.

22. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the effect of effort on airflow and
volume during inspiration and expiration?
A. During inspiration, greater effort always results in greater flow.
B. Peak expiratory flow occurs at the beginning of expiration.
C. At low and moderate lung volumes, the greater the effort above threshold, the
greater the airflow in expiration.
D. Portions of the expiration curve are effort independent.

23. If the equal pressure point during expiration is in the lobar bronchi, which of
the following is TRUE?
A. Expiratory flow would be effort dependent.
B. Expiratory flow would be effort independent.
C. The bronchi beyond the equal pressure point would compress.
D. This situation would only occur during medium and low lung volumes.

24. Which of the following does NOT apply to the alveoli at the base of the lungs?
A. They are less elastic than the alveoli at the apex.
B. The pleural pressure is lower.
C. At FRC they are less inflated than the alveoli at the apex.
D. They are closed at RV.
E. They have a greater volume change than alveoli at the apex during inspiration
from FRC.

25. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the closing volume for the lung?
A. Comes between Phase 3 and Phase 4 on the single breath N2 washout curve.
B. Marks the point where the alveoli at the apex close.
C. Marks a sudden increase in nitrogen concentration in the expelled breath.
D. Marks when the overinflated, poorly ventilated alveoli at the apex expel their
air with high N2 concentrations.

26. Which of the following is TRUE if a patient breathes slower than normal with
increased tidal volumes?
A. More resistive work is done.
B. The total work done decreases.
C. More elastic work is done.
D. Compliance is decreased.

C
27. Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning the efficiency of breathing
and the oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles?
A. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of mechanical work done to move air to the
amount of metabolic energy used by the respiratory muscles.
B. The respiratory system uses less than 3% of the body's total oxygen
consumption at rest.
C. Respiratory muscles are more efficient than large muscle groups.
D. Emphysema increases the oxygen requirement for respiratory muscles.
E. Hyperventilation can increase the oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles
to 30%.

28. If the FIO2 is .21, the FEO2 is .16, the VT is 0.5 L, and the frequency of
breathing is 12. What is the VO2? The equations are VO2=VI * (FIO2 - FEO2) and
VI = VT * f.
A. 3.0 L/min
B. 0.75 L/min
C. -0.75 L/min
D. 0.3 L/min

29. In what situation would the gas exchange ratio be decreased compared to the
respiratory quotient?
A. During slowed breathing.
B. Holding your breath.
C. During hyperventilation.
D. Impossible. The two are always equivalent.

30. A 140 lb woman would have approximately how much dead space in her
lungs?
A. 140 ml.
B. 70 ml.
C. 280 ml.
D. 35 ml.

31. How do you calculate how much inspired air actually ventilates the alveoli
during one minute?
A. Subtract the volume of dead space from the tidal volume.
B. Subtract both the dead space volume that was already in the lungs plus the
dead space of the inspired air that won't reach the alveoli from the tidal volume.
C. Subtract the volume of dead space from the tidal volume and multiply it by the
number of breaths per minute.
D. It is equal to the tidal volume times the frequency of breathing.

32. Which of the following is NOT a function of dead space?

A. Warms expired air to body temperature.
B. Saturates inspired air with water vapor.
C. Removes bacteria and other particulate matter.
D. Conducts the warmed air to the respiratory membranes.

33. Calculate PAO2 for a person at sea level for R = 0.82 and PACO2 = 40 Torr.
A. 110 Torr.
B. 95 Torr
C. 80 Torr
D. 101 Torr

34. To which of the following is alveolar PCO2 directly proportional?

A. Rate of CO2 production and alveolar ventilation.
B. Rate of CO2 production and rate of O2 consumption.
C. Alveolar ventilation and rate of O2 consumption.
D. Alveolar ventilation, rate of O2 consumption, and rate of CO2 production.

35. If a patient's blood carries 10 grams of Hb per deciliter, what is the O2

carrying capacity of his blood?
A. 18 milliliters per deciliter.
B. 20 milliliters per deciliter.
C. 10 milliliters per deciliter.
D. 13 millliliters per deciliter.

36. Which of the following definitions is FALSE?

A. O2 content of blood is the actual amount of O2 in one deciliter of blood.
B. O2 saturation of blood is the ratio of O2 content to its O2 capacity.
C. The O2 uptake curve of blood is the functional relationship between O2 content
and PO2.
D. The O2 content of blood depends completely on the amount of Hb in the blood.

37. Which of the following statements about Hb is FALSE?

A. A higher P50 than normal means that the O2 binds less tightly to Hb.
B. An increase in 2,3-DPG shifts the O2 uptake curve to the left.
C. An increase in PCO2 causes a right shift of the O2 uptake curve.
D. An decrease in pH increases P50.
E. An increase in temperature shifts the O2 uptake curve to the right.

38. Which of the following is NOT a form by which CO2 can be transported in the
blood?
A. As bicarbonate
B. Dissolved in the blood.
C. Bound to the amino end groups in proteins.
D. Bound to the imidazole ring of glutamate.

39. Which of the following in FALSE concerning CO2 uptake?

A. If PO2 = PCO2, then there will be more total CO2 in the blood.
B. Oxygenation moves the CO2 uptake curve downward.
C. The CO2 uptake curve is generated by comparing the total CO2 per unit
volume of blood, and the PCO2.
D. Deoxygenated blood carries less CO2 than oxygenated.

40. Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning the O2 / CO2 movement and
processing through the lungs and tissues?
A. Binding of O2 to Hb changes its configuration so that CO2 and H+ ions are
more likely to dissociate.
B. When CO2 diffused into the alveoli, the PaCO2 is lowered.
C. Carbonic acid is an intermediate in the reaction combining H+ with HCO3- to
form H2O and CO2.
D. Arterial blood flows to the tissues where H+ ions combine with HCO3- to form
H2O and CO2.

41. Which of the following can cause stagnant hypoxia?

A. COPD
B. Shock or heart failure.
C. Cyanide poisoning.
D. Carbon monoxide poisoning.

42. If you blocked the blood supply to an alveolus, which of the following would
NOT occur as a result?
A. The ventilation perfusion ratio would be 0.
B. The PAO2 would be greater than normal.
C. The PACO2 would be 0.
D. All of the above are true.

43. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the ventilation and perfusion of
different regions of the lung?
A. Alveoli at the top of the lung have a smaller dynamic compliance.
B. The Hb moving through the base of the lung is less saturated than that at the
apex of the lung.
C. PAO2 at the apex of the lung is higher than that at the base of the lung.
D. Regional variation in ventilation-perfusion is more efficient for oxygenating
blood than is uniform ventilation-perfusion.
E. Variation of the ventilation/perfusion ratio in the lungs only becomes significant
when lung function begins to degrade.

44. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the relationships of the variables
in diffusion of O2 across a membrane?
A. Doubling the thickness of the membrane would cut the total flow of O2 in half.
B. Doubling the area of the membrane would double the total flow of O2 .
C. If you increased the alveolar concentration of O2, you would increase the total
flow of O2 across the alveolar membrane.
D. The lower the diffusion coefficient, the higher the total flow.
E. Increasing the arterial concentration of O2 would decrease the total flow of O2.

45. If the blood moved slower than normal through the alveolar capillaries, which
of the following would have an increased uptake?
A. Carbon dioxide.
B. Carbon monoxide.
C. Oxygen
D. None of the above.

46. Which of the following is FALSE concerning diffusion in the lungs?

A. CO is used to measure diffusing capacity because its uptake is diffusion
limited.
B. Actual diffusion time includes time required for an O2 molecule to diffuse from
the alveolus, through the membrane, the plasma, and into a RBC.
C. Reaction time is the time it takes the O2 molecule to react with Hb.
D. The diffusion time is greater than the reaction time of an O2 molecule.

47. Which of the following pairs is INCORRECT concerning central nervous

systems and a factor they respond to by affecting respiration?
A. Cerebellum: Mechanoreceptor input
B. Limbic system: emotional states
C. Cerebral cortex: voluntary control
D. Cerebral motor cortex: exercise

48. Which of the following will NOT increase the minute ventilation?
A. An increase in arterial pH.
B. An increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
C. Increase in alveolar pressure of carbon dioxide.
D. Exercise.
E. Hypoxia.

49. Which of the following is the primary regulating variable of the central
chemoreceptors?
A. PaO2.
B. PaCO2
C. arterial pH
D. Input from stretch receptors.

50. In which situation would the response to hypoxia be limited?

A. In a patient with obstructed airways.
B. When hypoxia is accompanied by hypercapnea.
C. In the hypoxia induced by high altitude.
D. During hypoventilation.

51. Which of the following is FALSE concerning chemoreceptor input to the

respiratory centers?
A. CSF is a poor buffer and a drop in PCO2 produces a large change in pH
initiating a change in respiration.
B. The body can adjust to chronic hypercapnea by using an active HCO3transport process in the choroid plexus.
C. The carotid and aortic bodies detect increases in PaCO2 and pH, and decreases
in PaO2 .
D. 75% of ventilatory response is regulated by chemoreceptors in the CSF and
25% by the carotid and aortic bodies.
E. Central chemoreceptors tend to respond slowly over time, while carotid bodies
react quickly to immediate needs.

52. Which of the following pairs is NOT a pulmonary mechanoreceptor paired to a

possible stimulus?
A. Stretch receptor: inflation
B. Irritant receptor: inhaled dust
C. Juxtacapillary receptors: decreases interstitial fluid volume in alveolar walls.
D. Bronchial C receptors: large inflations.

1. During inspiration, the diaphragm a) shows no change b) expands c)

contracts and flattens d) relaxes to become dome shaped 2. Pneumotaxic
centre is present in
2. a) pons varolii b) medulla oblongata c) cerebrum d) cerebellum 3.

Hamburgers phenomenon explains a) chloride shift b) breathing

mechanism c) oxygen saturation of hemoglobin d) formation of HCO 4.
Lack of pulmonary surfactant produces a) asthma b) respiratory distress
syndrome c) cystic fibrosis d) emphysema 5. Vital capacity of lungs is
3. a) TV+IRV b) TV +ERV c) IRV+ERV

6. What is true about RBCs in humans? a) they carry about 2025% of

carbon dioxide b) they transport 99.5% of oxygen c) they do not carry
carbon dioxide at all d) they transport about 80% Oxygen only and the
rest 20% of it is transported in dissolved state in blood plasma 7. Which

one of the following can bind several hundred times more strongly to the
hemoglobin than oxygen? a) CO b) CO c) SO d) H CO 8. End product of
anaerobic respiration in humans is a) ethyl alcohol b) lactic acid c) ethyl
alcohol +CO d) lactic acid + CO 9. When blood contains a high percentage
of carbon dioxide and a very low percentage of oxygen the breathing stops
and the person become unconscious. This condition is known as a)
suffocation b)emphysema c) asphhyxia d) eupnea 10. In the resting
person, saturation of hemoglobin as blood leaves the tissue capillaries is
approximately a) 75% b) 25% c) 50% d) 100% Learn more: Multiple Choice
Question on Animal Physiology : Respiration MCQ on Respiration Multiple
Choice Quiz on Respiratory system
Answers: 1. c) contracts and flattens 2. a) pons varolii 3. a) chloride shift
4. d) emphysema 5. d) TV+IRV+ERV 6. a) they carry about 2025% of
carbon dioxide 7. b) CO 8. d) lactic acid + CO 9. c) asphhyxia 10. a) 75%
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) transport of respiratory gases
C) external respiration
D) pulmonary respiration
Answer: B
Page Ref: 805
2

2) The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

A) thickness of vestibular folds
B) length of the vocal folds
C) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
D) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Answer: D
Page Ref: 811-812
3

3) The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of
type II is to ________.
A) secrete surfactant
B) trap dust and other debris
C) replace mucus in the alveoli
D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
Answer: A
Page Ref: 815
4

4) Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when
the pressure inside the lungs is
A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 820
5

5) Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved.
Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface
tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of
surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of
surface tension due to surfactant
D) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
Answer: A
Page Ref: 822
6

6) Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

A) surface tension of water
B) surfactant
C) cartilage rings
D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Answer: C
Page Ref: 813
7

7) Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

A) pressure within the pleural cavity
B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
C) negative pressure in the intrapleural space
D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
Answer: B
Page Ref: 819
8

8) The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.
A) Boyle's law
B) Henry's law
C) Charles' law
D) Dalton's law
Answer: A
Page Ref: 820
9

9) The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial
pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
A) Henry's law
B) Boyle's law
C) Dalton's law
D) Charles' law
Answer: C
Page Ref: 827
10

10) Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) warming the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of
alveolar fluid
D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
Answer: C
Page Ref: 823
11

11) For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
A) at least 3 micrometers thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

Answer: B
Page Ref: 830
12

12) With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Answer: B
Page Ref: 832
13

13) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
A) loss of oxygen in tissues
B) increase of carbon dioxide
C) pH (acidosis)
D) pH (alkalosis)
Answer: B
Page Ref: 836
14

14) Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.

A) the ventral respiratory group
B) the chemoreceptor center
C) Broca's center
D) the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Answer: A
Page Ref: 835
15

15) In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
Answer: A
Page Ref: 830-831
16

16) Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.
B) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
C) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing.
D) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 843
17

17) Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the
thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
B) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Answer: A
Page Ref: 819
18

18) Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is
initiated?
A) psychic stimuli
B) decrease in lactic acid levels

C) proprioceptors
D) simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center
Answer: B
Page Ref: 839
19

19) Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

A) adenocarcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma
Answer: B
Page Ref: 842
20

20) Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of
CO2?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) blood pH adjustment
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration
Answer: B
Page Ref: 828-831
21

21) Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the
aveoli?
A) Cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchioles.
B) Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter.
C) Proportionally, smooth muscle decreases uniformly.
D) Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the
alveoli.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 815, 823
22

22) Which of the following determines lung compliance?

A) airway opening
B) flexibility of the thoracic cage
C) muscles of inspiration
D) alveolar surface tension
Answer: D
Page Ref: 823
23

23) Tidal volume is air ________.

A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
C) inhaled after normal inspiration
D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
Answer: B
Page Ref: 824
24

24) Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
A) solubility in water
B) partial pressure gradient
C) the temperature
D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
Answer: B
Page Ref: 828-829
25

25) Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B) obstruction of the esophagus
C) taking several rapid deep breaths
D) getting very cold
Answer: A
Page Ref: 832
26

26) The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
A) tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) inspiratory capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume
Answer: B
Page Ref: 824
27

27) Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is
true regarding respiratory exchange?
A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.
B) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary.
C) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
D) Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for
respiratory exchange.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 842-843
28

28) Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

A) rising carbon dioxide levels
B) rising blood pressure
C) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
D) arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
Answer: B
Page Ref: 836-837
29

29) Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

A) midbrain and medulla
B) medulla and pons
C) pons and midbrain
D) upper spinal cord and medulla
Answer: B
Page Ref: 835
30

30) The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
A) reserve air
B) expiratory reserve
C) inspiratory reserve
D) vital capacity
Answer: C
Page Ref: 824
31

31) Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.

Answer: C
Page Ref: 831-832
32

32) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by
________.
A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) filtration
D) active transport
Answer: B
Page Ref: 830
33

33) Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

A) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
B) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
C) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 809
34

34) The larynx contains ________.

A) the thyroid cartilage
B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple
C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
D) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
Answer: A
Page Ref: 810
35

35) Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
Answer: B
Page Ref: 822
36

36)
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 833-834
37

37) Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
A) middle lobe
B) cardiac notch
C) horizontal fissure
D) oblique fissure
Answer: B
Page Ref: 815
38

38) Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

A) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
B) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
C) helps limit the spread of local infections
D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Answer: D
Page Ref: 818-819

39

40) Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
A) thalamic control
B) voluntary cortical control
C) stretch receptors in the alveoli
D) composition of alveolar air
Answer: B
Page Ref: 838-839
40

41) Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) alveolar sacs
B) alveoli
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts
Answer: B
Page Ref: 815
41

42) The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
C) atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 815
42

43) Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

A) person holds his breath too long
B) diver holds his breath upon ascent
C) pilot holds her breath upon descent
D) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
Answer: B
Page Ref: 837
43

44) Inspiratory capacity is ________.

A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
B) the total amount of exchangeable air
C) functional residual capacity
D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
Answer: A
Page Ref: 824
44

45) Which center is located in the pons?

A) pontine respirator group (PRG)
B) expiratory
C) inspiratory
D) pacemaker neuron center
Answer: A
Page Ref: 835
45

46) The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
A) as a passageway for air movement
B) as the initiator of the cough reflex
C) warming and humidifying the air
D) cleansing the air
Answer: B
Page Ref: 806

46

47) A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is
developed enough for survival by ________.
A) 17 weeks
B) 24 weeks
C) 28 weeks
D) 36 weeks
Answer: C
Page Ref: 842
47

48) Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow.
B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants.
C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute.
D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per
minute.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 842-843
48

49) Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.
A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
B) The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of
breathing.
C) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory
drive.
D) The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 835
49

50) Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation
from hemoglobin?
A) partial pressure of oxygen
B) temperature
C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide
D) number of red blood cells
Answer: D
Page Ref: 831
50

51) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
A) the smooth muscles of the lung
B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
C) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
D) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Answer: D
Page Ref: 818
51

52) The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high
altitude because the ________.
A) temperature is lower at higher altitudes
B) basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
D) concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
Answer: D
Page Ref: 839-840
52

53) Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
A) ciliated mucous lining in the nose
B) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
C) porous structure of turbinate bones
D) action of the epiglottis
Answer: A
Page Ref: 806
53

54) Which of the following is not possible?

A) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.
B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.
D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in
pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 822-823
54

55) Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
B) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 822-823
55

56) Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule
of O2.
B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level
higher than normal.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 831
56

57) Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli
producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
A) pneumonia
B) tuberculosis
C) emphysema
D) coryza
Answer: C
Page Ref: 840
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a

1 CORRECT

The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as

_____.
A)respiration
B)ventilation
C)external respiration
D)cell respiration

Feedback: During cell respiration, oxygen enters the cell and

carbon dioxide is eliminated; during this same exchange,
intercellular metabolic reactions are also using oxygen to produce
energy.

2 INCORRECT

Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?

A)lungs
B)trachea
C)bronchi
D)pharynx
Feedback: Incorrect: The trachea is part of the lower respiratory
tract.

3 CORRECT

The internal nares will open into the _____.

A)trachea
B)nasal pharynx
C)oral pharynx
D)nasal cavity
Feedback: The external nares are the nostrils that open into the
vestibule of the nasal cavity and the internal nares are the exit of
the nasal cavity into the pharynx.

4 CORRECT

The olfactory nerves pass through openings in the _____.

A)vomer
B)cribriform plate
C)superior conchae
D)nasal septum
Feedback: The olfactory nerves for smell pass through the
foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone on the
superior nasal surface.

5 INCORRECT

Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with _____.

A)pseudostratified epithelium
B)simple columnar cells

C)stratified squamous cells

D)simple squamous epithelium
Feedback: Incorrect: The entrance into the system is covered with
stratified squamous epithelium which is followed by
pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

6 INCORRECT

Which of the following is not a property of the mucous lining of the

respiratory tract?
A)warms incoming air
B)contains microvilli
C)contains cilia
D)cleanses particles
Feedback: Incorrect: Microvilli are cell extensions found in the
gastrointestinal tract; cilia move in a wavelike manner to remove
foreign particles in the respiratory tract.

7 CORRECT

Which of the following does not contain a sinus?

A)frontal bone
B)ethmoid
C)zygomatic bone
D)sphenoid bone
Feedback: The zygomatic is the solid cheek bone and the others
have mucus filled sinus cavities including the maxillary bone.

8 CORRECT

What is the anatomical term for the throat?

A)larynx
B)pharynx
C)trachea
D)esophagus
Feedback: The pharynx is the throat which opens into the larynx
or voicebox.

9 INCORRECT

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A)oral pharynx

B)nasal pharynx
C)laryngeal pharynx
D)nasal cavity proper
Feedback: Incorrect: The nasal pharynx has the adenoids or
pharyngeal tonsils.

10 INCORRECT

The epiglottis is part of the _____ and covers the glottis.

A)trachea
B)oral pharynx
C)larynx
D)laryngeal pharynx
Feedback: Incorrect: The oral pharynx is superior to the epiglottis.

11 CORRECT

The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the ______
cartilage.
A)thyroid
B)cricoid
C)corniculate
D)arytenoid
Feedback: The muscles around the trachea change the tension of
the arytenoid cartilages which are attached to the vocal ligaments
within the true vocal cords, enabling the production of sounds.

12 INCORRECT

C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _____.

A)trachea
B)bronchioles
C)larynx
D)pharynx
Feedback: Incorrect: The larynx has 9 distinct pieces of cartilage.

13 CORRECT

The carina separates the _____ from each other.

A)lungs
B)secondary bronchi

C)primary bronchi
D)trachea and bronchi
Feedback: The carina is an area of cartilage which separates the
openings of the two primary bronchi.

14 CORRECT

There are _____ secondary bronchi?

A)2
B)4
C)5
D)6
Feedback: There are two secondary bronchi on the left and three
on the right.

15 INCORRECT

The bronchioles enter the _____ of the lungs.

A)carina
B)hilus
C)lobules
D)alveoli
Feedback: Incorrect: The bronchioles enter the basic subdivision
areas called the lobules; the respiratory bronchioles enter the
alveoli.

16 CORRECT

The functional gas exchanging units are termed _____.

A)lobules
B)lobar areas
C)alveoli
D)bronchioles
Feedback: The terminal sacs called the alveoli are the only areas
specialized for capillary gas exchanges.

17 CORRECT

The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the _____.

A)primary bronchi

B)bronchioles
C)trachea
D)secondary bronchi
Feedback: The bronchioles have lost their cartilage and become
mainly comprised of smooth muscle which causes them to
collapse during the spasms of asthma.

18 CORRECT

The tissue lining the alveoli is _____ epithelium.

A)pseudostratified columnar
B)cuboidal
C)simple squamous
D)stratified squamous
Feedback: The respiratory bronchioles are lined with cuboidal
cells which changes to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli
for diffusion.

19 CORRECT

How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung?

A)100,000
B)1 million
C)300,000,00
0
D)50,000
Feedback: The average lung has around 300 million alveoli that
represent a surface of about 70-80 square meters.

20 UNANSWERED

Gas is exchanged in the alveoli by a process of _____.

A)simple diffusion
B)active transport
C)facilitated diffusion
D)filtration

21 UNANSWERED

What is the entrance into the lungs called?

A)carina

B)apex
C)lobule
D)hilus

22 UNANSWERED

The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and _____.
A)visceral pleural
B)thoracic wall
C)parietal pleura
D)mediastinum

23 UNANSWERED

The main function of the pleural membranes is to _____.

A)maintain pressure
B)increase thoracic pressure
C)remove foreign particles
D)reduce friction

24 UNANSWERED

Atmospheric pressure is around _____ mmHg.

A)760
B)500
C)120
D)850

25 INCORRECT

The movement of air within the respiratory system is correctly referred to

as _____.
A)breathing
B)inhalation
C)exhalation
D)ventilation
Feedback: Incorrect: Ventilation is the movement of air
throughout a duct system while respiration is the exchange of
gases; breathing includes the mechanical events involved.

26 INCORRECT

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation?

A)surface tension
B)cartilage
C)phospholipids
D)pressure
Feedback: Incorrect: There is no cartilage in the alveoli.

27 CORRECT

The main force causing the exhalation of air is the _____.

A)contraction of diaphragm
B)elastic recoil
C)diaphragm relaxation
D)intercostal muscles
Feedback: Normal exhalation is said to be passive because
muscles are not contracting; the elastic tissue in the lungs should
be sufficient to compress the lungs.

28 INCORRECT

During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches _____.

A)760 mmHg
B)758 mmHg
C)763 mmHg
D)730 mmHg
Feedback: Incorrect: During inspiration the thorax expands and
the intra-pulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric; this
negative pressure causes air to enter the lungs.

29 UNANSWERED

A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure reaches

around _____ mmHg.
A)780
B)760
C)755
D)0

30 INCORRECT

The _____ muscle can cause a forced exhalation.

A)diaphragm
B)pectoralis major
C)internal intercostal
D)external intercostal
Feedback: Incorrect: The pectoralis major assists inhalation.

31 INCORRECT

The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is
called the _____.
A)vital capacity
B)tidal air volume
C)total lung capacity
D)expiratory reserve volume
Feedback: Incorrect: The sum of all functional volumes is the total
lung capacity.

32 INCORRECT

The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the _____.

A)total lung capacity
B)expiratory reserve volume
C)functional residual capacity
D)residual volume
Feedback: Incorrect: The ERV can be forcefully expelled.

33 INCORRECT

Which of these is the sum of the other three?

A)tidal volume
B)expiratory reserve
C)vital capacity
D)inspiratory reserve
Feedback: Incorrect: The vital capacity represents the deepest
possible breath a person could take.

34 CORRECT

The total amount of air that cannot be exchanged either because of

disease or because it cannot reach an exchange site is termed the _____.

A)anatomical dead space

B)physiologic dead space
C)residual volume
D)functional reserve capacity
Feedback: The physiologic dead space is the sum of the anatomic
and alveolar dead space volumes.

35 CORRECT

The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficulty exhaling is

_____.
A)bronchial asthma
B)bronchogenic carcinoma
C)emphysema
D)poliomyelitis
Feedback: Emphysema involves loss of the elastic recoil
capabilities of the lungs due to the replacement of normal alveolar
tissue with fibrous scar tissue; smoke is a major precipitating
factor.

36 INCORRECT

The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic

response is _____.
A)pulmonary cancer
B)bronchial asthma
C)tuberculosis
D)atelectasis
Feedback: Incorrect: Tuberculosis is an allergic infection, without
spasms.

37 INCORRECT

Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which

of these areas?
A)larynx
B)alveoli
C)distal bronchioles
D)alveolar ducts
Feedback: Incorrect: The distal parts of the lower respiratory tract
lack the type of nerve supply that can act as a stimulus pathway
to elicit a cough.

38 CORRECT

Which reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm?

A)sneeze
B)hiccup
C)cough
D)yawn
Feedback: A hiccup is the sudden spastic contraction of the
diaphragm and results in a sound of air striking the vocal cords;
reflexes such as these are associated with neurological and blood
gas alterations.

39 UNANSWERED

Which reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content?

A)cough
B)laugh
C)hiccup
D)yawn

40 INCORRECT

Breathing is mainly controlled by the _____.

A)local alveoli
B)medulla oblongata
C)pons
D)pneumotaxic center
Feedback: Incorrect: The pneumotaxic area is in the pons.

41 INCORRECT

Which area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control areas?
A)pneumotaxic area of pons
B)dorsal respiratory group
C)ventral respiratory group
D)brain stem rhythmicity centers
Feedback: Incorrect: This is in the primary medullary area.

42 INCORRECT

Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate?

A)increased blood oxygen

B)increased blood carbon dioxide
C)increased pH
D)decreased acidity
Feedback: Incorrect: Increased pH (alkalinity) suppresses
respirations.

43 CORRECT

Which of the following does not stimulate the medullary breathing center
chemosensitive neurons?
A)low blood pH
B)low blood oxygen
C)high blood carbon dioxide
D)high spinal fluid acidity
Feedback: The brain does not normally respond to levels of
oxygen directly but must rely on distal receptors in the aortic and
carotid bodies; it is assumed that spinal fluid and blood pH levels
should be closely similar.

44 CORRECT

Which of these is not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A)emphysema
B)asthma
C)lung cancer
D)bronchitis
Feedback: COPD is characterized by some impairment in the
ability of the respiratory tree to deliver sufficient air to the sites of
exchange; lung cancer may or might not be obstructive.

45 CORRECT

Which mechanism prevents over-inflation of the lungs?

A)surfactant secretion
B)blood pH levels
C)the chemoreceptor reflexes
D)Hering-Breuer reflex
Feedback: There are stretch receptors in the pleural membranes
and lungs that respond to excess inflation by causing reflex
exhalation via the brain stain centers; one is the inflation or

Hering-Breuer reflex.

46 INCORRECT

Which is the most common cause of hyperventilation?

A)low pH
B)high pH
C)anxiety
D)high carbon dioxide
Feedback: Incorrect: Low pH does stimulate breathing.

47 INCORRECT

Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A)oxygen
B)carbon dioxide
C)argon
D)nitrogen
Feedback: Incorrect: The air is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and
0.04% carbon dioxide; there is less than 0.05% argon and other
gases present.

48 INCORRECT

What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen?

A)160 mm Hg
B)21%
C)760 mm Hg
D)0.3 mm Hg
Feedback: Incorrect: The partial pressure is the percent times
total pressure or 21% times 760 mm Hg or 160 mm Hg; 0.3 mm
Hg is the partial pressure of CO2.

49 INCORRECT

What is the normal PCO2 of the capillary blood?

A)0.05 mm Hg
B)45 mm Hg
C)40 mm Hg
D)104 mmHg

Feedback: Incorrect: The partial pressure of capillary carbon

dioxide is 45 mm Hg which is greater than the 40 mm Hg in the
alveolar air, allowing CO2 to leave the blood.

50 CORRECT

What is the normal PO2 of the alveolar air?

A)40 mm Hg
B)45 mm Hg
C)104 mm Hg
D)50 mm Hg
Feedback: The PO2 of the alveolar air is 104mm Hg while the
capillary blood is 40 mm Hg, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the
blood.

51 CORRECT

Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found?

A)in the air
B)in the alveoli
C)the arteries entering the lung
D)the veins leaving the lung
Feedback: The pulmonary arteries carry the carbon dioxide rich
blood from the tissues of the body to the site of exchange in the
alveoli; recall that CO2 is an end product of metabolism.

52 CORRECT

Which condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving

the alveoli?
A)ARDS
B)tuberculosis
C)pneumonia
D)atelectasis
Feedback: Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung alveoli that
usually is caused by a bacterium such as Streptococcus;
tuberculosis is an infection that does not necessarily involve the
alveoli.

53 INCORRECT

Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the _____.

A)plasma
B)hemoglobin

C)iron
D)capillaries
Feedback: Incorrect: The iron of the heme transports the oxygen.

54 INCORRECT

At high PO2 levels, where is most oxygen located?

A)oxyhemoglobin
B)hemoglobin
C)plasma
D)free heme
Feedback: Incorrect: Free heme must be broken down into the bile
pigments.

55 INCORRECT

Which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from

hemoglobin?
A)decreased CO2
B)decreased pH
C)lower blood temperature
D)increased pH
Feedback: Incorrect: Hemoglobin will release its oxygen faster
under conditions of increased acidity, higher temperatures, and
carbon dioxide; it is most saturated when the blood is more
alkaline.

56 INCORRECT

Which of these has the highest affinity for hemoglobin?

A)CO2
B)nitrogen
C)O2
D)CO
Feedback: Incorrect: Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen
causing carboxyhemoglobin to form; nitrogen does not bind to
hemoglobin.

57 INCORRECT

Where is most carbon dioxide transported?

A)in the plasma

B)as carbaminohemoglobin
C)as bicarbonate
D)on the heme
Feedback: Incorrect: Only from 8-23% can be carried on the
hemoglobin.

58 INCORRECT

The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in
high amounts is _____.
A)pressure
B)tissue production
C)carbonic anhydrase
D)hemoglobin affinity
Feedback: Incorrect: Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in
erythrocytes that increases the chemical conversion of carbon
dioxide into bicarbonate.