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Filtrasi

Filtration
Filtration involves the removal of suspended a
nd colloidal particles from the water by passi n
g it through a layer or bed of a porous granula
r material, such as sand

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Classification of filters
Based on the filter media
- Sand filters, e.g. natural silica sand
- Anthracite filters, e.g. crushed anthracitic coal
- Diatomaceous earth filters, e.g. diatomaceous ear
th
- Metal fabric filters (microstrainers), e.g. stainless s
teel fabric filter.

Based on the depth of filter media

- Deep granular filters, e.g. sand, dual-media and m
ulti-media (combination of two or more media), g
ranular activated carbon
- Precoat filters, e.g. diatomaceous earth, and pow
dered activated carbon, filters

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Based on the rate of filtration, sand filters can

be further classified as

- Gravity filters

- Slow sand filters

- Rapid sand filters

- High-rate sand filters

- Pressure filter

Laju filtrasi/rate of filtration (loading rate) adalah laju

aliran air per unit area filter.
Ini merupakan kecepatan air yang mengalir pada
permukaan filter:

va=Q/As
wh ere
va = face velocity, mid = loading rate, m 3/d.m 2
Q = flow rate onto filter surface, m3/d
As surface are of filter, m 2

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Contoh

Sebuah kota Tembalang akan membangun rapid sand

filtration. Disain untuk loading rate telah dipilih yaitu
Kapasitas
olah
ail"
sebesar
160m3/(m2.d).
0,35 m3/s. Permukaan maksimum per filter minimal
50m2. Tolong disainkan jumlah dan ukuran filter
serta hitung filtration ratenya.

Penyelesaian
Gunakan rumus A=Q/v
Tentukan totalluas area permukaan filter
=(0.35 p13/~ (86400~/d))/(160 m3/(m2.d)).

=189 m2

Jumlah filter =189 m2/50 m2 =3,78==4

luas area permukaan (a) tiap filter:
a=189m2/4 = 47,2Sm2

Dengan luas tsb, bisa dibuat ukuran 7 m x 7 m, 6

m x 8 m atau 5,9 m x 8 m

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Jika kita menggunakan ukuran filter 7 m x 7

m, maka kecepatan filtrasi adalah:
~~

={O.35 m3/s (86400s/d))/ (4x7mX7m)).,...Rr

=154,3 m3/m2.d

vt~

UJ .

1-+

\0

:%r-\.~ '/A- I ~ ~
, / 't'~Nyit
'b~
'f~'Q ~ ~
/ b r 1
<

I)

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):1/)

Mekanisme filtrasi
Teori filtrasi secara dasar meliputi mekanisme
transport
dan
mekanisme
perlekatan
/
penempelan.
Mekanisme transport membawa pertikel ukuran
kedl dari larutan/air (yg masih kotor) ke
permukaan media.
a) gravitational settling,

b) diffusion,

c) interception and

d) hydrodynamics

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Mekanisme tersebut dipengaruhi oleh karakter

fisik seperti ukuran media filter, laju filtrasi, suhu
cairan/air, densitas suspended solid.
Sebagai partikel bereaksi dengan permukaan
media filter, mekanisme perlekatan dibutuhkan
untuk
menahan
suspended
solid
tersebut/kekeruhan.
Hal ini terjadi dengan cara :
- Interaksi elektrostatik
- Pembentukan jembatan kimia atau adsorpsi khusus

Slow Sand Filtration

Dalam slow sand filtration, air mengalir
dengan laju lambat melalui media pasir,
sehingga kekeruhan/suspended solid akan
tertahan pada permukaan atau dekat
permukaan media.
Loading rate of 2.9 to 7.6 m3/d.m2
The raw water turbidity has to be < 50 NTU.
The filtering action is a combination of strainin
g, adsorption, and biological flocculation.

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Gelatinous slimes of bacterial growth called 'schmutz

decke' form on the surface and in the upper sand lay
er, consists of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and
a range of aquatic insect larvae.
The underlying sand provides the support medium fo
r this biological treatment layer.
Slow sand filters slowly lose their performance as the
Schmutzdecke grows and thereby reduces the rate
of flow through the filter. [lJrequires refurbishing

Cleaning SSF
Scrapping: the top few mm of sand is carefully scraped
off using mechanical plant and this exposes a new layer
of clean sand. Water is then decanted back into the filt
er and re-circulated for a few hours to allow a new 5ch
mutzedecke to develop. The filter is then filled to full d
epth and brought back into service.
wet harrowing: lower the water level to just above the
5chmutzdecke, stirring the sand and thereby suspen
ding any solids held in that layer and then running
the water to waste. The filter is then filled to full dept
h and brought back into service

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Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages
Simple to construct and supervise
Suitable where sand is readily available
Effective in bacterial removal
Preferable for uniform quality of treated water rn
Disadva ntages
large area is required
Unsuitable for treating highly turbid waters
Less flexibility in operation due to seasonal variati
ons in raw water quality

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SSF

Parameter

Recommended level (UK

experience)

Design life

10-15 years

Period of operation

24 h/day

Filtration rate

0.1- 0.2 m/h

Filter bed area

5-200 m2/fllter (minimum of two

filters)

Height of filter bed

- Initial
-

Minimum

Effective size
Uniformity coefficient
Height of underdrains + gravel
layer
Height of supernatant water

0.8-0.9 m
0.S-0.6 m
0.15-0.3 mm

<3
0.3-0.5 m
1m

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EXAMPLE. SSF DESIGN

Design a slow sand filter to treat a flow of 800 m3/day.

Solution:
assuming a filtration rate of 0.15 m/h,
Required tank area ={800/24} x (1/0.15) =222 m2
Use a tank 23 m long x 10 m wide.
From Table 6.1, the height of the tank require is:
System underdrain + gravel:::: 0.5 m
Filter bed:::: 0.9 m
Supernatant water:::: 1 m
Therefore, total tank height =2.4 m and tank dimensio
n becomes 23 m long x 10 m wide x 2.4 m high

Rapid Sand Filtration

The most common type of filter for t reating m
unicipal water supplies.
During filtration, the water flows downward th
rough the bed under the force of gravity.
When the filter is washed, clean water is force
d upward, expanding the filter bed slightly an
d carrying away the accumulated impurit ies. T
his process is called backwashing

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Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages
Turbid water may be treated
Land required is less compared to slow sand filter
Operation is continuous.
Disadvantages
Requires skilled personnel for operation and main
tenance
Less effective in bacteria removal
Operational troubles

Types of RSF
RSF based on filter material, three types:
Single-media filters: these have one type of m
edia, usually sand or crushed anthracite coal
Dual-media filters: these have two types of me
dia, usually crushed anthracite coal and sand.
M ulti-media filters: these have three types of
media, usually crushed anthracite coal, sand, a
nd garnet.

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dl mana 5 adalah specific graVIty Be

mya mlal C I rg ntung pad bllangan

Reynold.

bila N

<, (famlner ), CD= 24 1 N

blla N

= 1 - 10'

bila N

> 10 (lurbulen). C ;: O.

(tranSlsl). C = 24 1 N +3 / N IU

034

Bllangan Reynold dapat dlhltung menggunakan persamaan:

d\ ' ~I

RSF Filter Media Typical Properties

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Filter hidraulic

The loss of pressure (head loss) through a clean stratified-sand filter with uniform
porosity was described by Rose:

where
hl = frictional head 1055 through the filter, m
v. = approach velocity, m/s
== depth of filter sand, m
Co "" drag force coefficient
f = mass fraction of sand particles of diameter d
d ;; diameter of sand grains, m
shape facto r and
E= porosity

*;;

The hydraulic head loss that occurs during backw

ashing is calculated to determine the placement
of the backwash troughs above the filter bed.
n

De=( -E)(D) ()/(1- e)

t1
where
De = depth of the expanded bed, m
E= porosity of the bed and
Es= porosity of the expanded bed
f = mass fraction of sand with expanded porosity

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Aliran laminer
Ee

=(vJVs)O,22

Aliran Turbulen
Ee = (vJVs )O,2247RO,l

Soal
A dual medium fjlter is composed of 0.3
m anthracite (mean size of 2.0 mm) that is
placed over a 0.6 m layer of sand (mean size
of 0.7 mm) with filtration rate of 9.78 m/h. As
sume the grain sphericity is 4>= 0.75 and a par
osity{E} for both is 0.40. Estimate the head 10
ss of the filter at 150C.

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Solution
Calculate head loss for anthracite
Calculate head loss for sand
hL=[( ,067)(va)2(D) (C )/ (ct(g)(E)4d

Soal
Estimate the clean filter headloss for a prop
osed new sand filter using the sand. Use the
following assumptions: loading rate is 216 m
3/d.m2, specific gravity of sand is 2.65, the s
hape factor is 0.82, the bed porosity is 0.45, t
he water temperature is 100C, and the depth
of sand is 0.5 m.

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Sieve No

d(mm)
2

% retain

8-12
12-16
16-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-70
70-100
100-140

7.3
17.1
14.6
20.4
17.6
11.9
5.9
3.1
0.7

1.42
1

0.714
0.0505
0.0357
0.0252
0.0178
0.0126

Water viscosity and temperature

Kinematic

(oC)

D!inaml!; IIlscosl1;)!
- II
{Po 5, N slm2) " 10"J

1.787

1.787

1.519

1.519

Te mperatu re

- t

V I ~cosl!;'i

- \1

(m2/sJ x 1(1"5

117

20

1.002

1.004

30

0.798

0.801

40

0.653

0.658

50

0.547

0.553

60

0.467

0.475

70

0.404

0.413

80

0.355

0.365

90

0.315

0326

100

0.282

0.294

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Va=216m3/m2.d/86400 s/d=OJ0025
R= (<I>)(d)(va)/o
R=(0,82)(0,002m)(0,0025m/s)/1.37x1<t6 m2/s
R=3,137
CD=(24/R)+(3/Ro,S)+0,34 = 9,6846
(CD)(f)/d =(9,6846)(0,053)/O,002=256,64m-1

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hL={[(1,067)(O,0025m/s)2(O,5m}]/[(O,82)(9,81
m/s2)(O,45}4]} x (75,025m-l)
hL=O,76 m

Determine the depth of the expanded sand fil

ter bed being designed for Example 4.

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Oe=(1-O,4S)(0,Sm)(2,S3) = 0,696:=:;0,7 m

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