Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Encounter problems
State problems
Propose hypotheses
Deduce outcomes
Formulate rival hypotheses
Devise and conduct empirical tests
Draw conclusions
Drawing Conclusions
Based on sound reasoning
Types of Discourse
Exposition
Deduction
Argument
Induction
ARGUMENT
A claim or assertion that is backed
up with solid reasons
The statement that is supported is
called the CONCLUSION
The supporting statements or reasons
are called PREMISES
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT : the
conclusion is a logical necessary
consequence of the premises
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT: the
premises provide support for the
conclusion but is not a logical
necessary consequence of the
premises
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
Premise : Carlos has a 3.5 GPA
Premise : Hitech U accepts all students
With a 3.5 GPA
Conclusion: Carlos will get into Hitech U
If he applies
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
Premise : Ann has a 3.2 GPA
Premise : Ann was editor of the school
newspaper
Premise : Ann was captain of the tennis
Team
Premise : Ann was senior class president
Premise : Ann is an accomplished musician
Premise : Ann has strong letters of
Recommendation
Conclusion: Ann will get into Hitech U
If she applies
Language of Research
Concepts
Constructs
Models
Terms used
in research
Theory
Conceptual
schemes
Operational
definitions
Variables
Propositions/
Hypotheses
Understanding Theories
Uses of Theory
it narrows the range of facts we need to study
it suggests a system for the researcher to
impose on data in order to classify them in the
most meaningful way
Motivation Theory
Motivation
The psychological forces acting on an individual
that determine:
Directionpossible behaviors the individual could
engage in
Efforthow hard the individual will work
Persistencewhether the individual will keep trying or
give up
Feedback
Goal Behavior
GoalSupportive
Behavior
Lowest-level
needs
Description
Examples
Growth
Self-development,
creative work
Continually
improve skills
Relatedness
Interpersonal
relations, feelings
Good relations,
accurate feedback
Food, water,
clothing, and shelter
Adequate pay
for necessities
Existence
After lower level needs satisfied, person seeks higher needs. When
unable to satisfy higher needs, lower needs motivation is raised.
Functions of Concepts
Concepts are the foundation of
communication.
It introduces a perspective, a way of looking
at the empirical world.
Concepts are means of classification and
generalization
It serves as components of theories (models)
and thus of explanations and predictions
Understanding Concepts
The success of research hinges on:
how clearly we conceptualize
how well others understand the concepts
we use
Event
Act
Variable
Characteristic
Trait
Attribute
Types of Variables
Dichotomous
Male/Female
Employed/ Unemployed
Discrete
Ethnic background
Educational level
Religious affiliation
Continuous
Income
Temperature
Age
Types of Variables
Types of Variables
Types of Variables
Moderating second independent variable
which has a contingent effect on the
originally stated independent-dependent
variable relationship
Hypothesis
is an educated guess
is a provisional explanation
of an outcome
Types of Hypotheses
NULL
-states that no relationship exists between
variables
Types of Hypotheses
ALTERNATIVE
- Logical opposite of the null hypothesis
Types of Hypotheses
Null
Existence needs are not dominant
employee needs
There is no relationship between sales
commissions and sales performance
Types of Hypotheses
Alternative
Existence needs are dominant
employee needs
There is a relationship between sales
commissions and sales performance
Hypothesis Formats
Descriptive Format
-describes the characteristics of the
variables
Ho: The true value of the products market
acceptability is equal to 91.23%
Ha: The true value of the products market
acceptability is greater than 91.23%
Hypothesis Formats
Explanatory/Causal Format
-states that a change in one variable has an effect on
the other variable
Ho: The change in the amount of sales commission
given to the sales force has no effect on the total
monthly unit sales
Ha: The change in the amount of sales commission
given to the sales force has a significant effect on the
total monthly unit sales
Hypothesis Formats
Relational Format
-states relationships
Ho: There is no relationship between peso sales
and advertising costs
Ha: There is a significant relationship between
peso sales and advertising costs