Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PROFESSORA
SUELY VELTEM RAASCH
APRESENTAO DO CURSO
O que ingls instrumental? Como surgiu?
English for Specific Purposes (E.S.P), que em portugus quer dizer: Ingls com Objetivos
Especficos, tambm chamado de ingls instrumental ou tcnico, ou seja, a habilidade de entender
textos em lngua inglesa usando estratgias especficas de leitura.
Surgiu com a necessidade de comunicao rpida e eficaz em vrios contextos mundiais. Como
por exemplo: durante a guerra, os soldados precisavam aprender o idioma do inimigo para sobreviverem,
este vocabulrio bsico era visto no avio, navio, nos campos de batalha.
Com o passar do tempo, outros contextos sociais foram surgindo, como: a necessidade de leitura
de livros, revistas, catlogos, instrues operacionais, manuais escritos em ingls que precisavam ser
compreendidos pelos usurios, etc. Sendo assim, torna-se necessrio uma abordagem especfica da
lngua Inglesa, que atenda as necessidades profissionais dos estudantes, que so leitura e compreenso
de livros.
E assim, o Ingls Instrumental possui o objetivo de desenvolver a habilidade de leitura, isto , de
compreenso de textos de diversas reas do conhecimento escritos em lngua inglesa, utilizando para isso
estratgias de leitura, a fim de tornar o aluno capaz de compreender um texto da sua rea de estudo.
Segundo Rubens Queiroz de Almeida, em nosso aprendizado da lngua inglesa,
contamos com uma grande vantagem: os cognatos, que representam de 20 a 25% de todas
as palavras que aparecem em textos tcnicos. Mas bvio que apenas isto no suficiente. E
o restante das palavras? Como fazer? Temos ento a segunda boa notcia. As 250 palavras
mais comuns da lngua inglesa, respondem por aproximadamente 60% de um texto. Como os
cognatos no constam desta lista de palavras mais
comuns segue que, se conhecemos o significado das 250 palavras mais frequentes e dos
cognatos, conhecemos cerca de 80 a 85% de qualquer texto tcnico. claro que 80 ou 85%
ainda
no chega a 100%. Como fazer com o restante das palavras? Mais uma vez, usamos nossa
intuio (lembra-se que nossa intuio est correta em 99,999% das vezes?).
Nesse enfoque, a leitura conta com o conhecimento prvio dos leitores. O ingls instrumental
consiste no treinamento instrumental dessa lngua, em que as habilidades tm por objetivo extrair
conhecimentos para reas especficas de estudo.
Vale lembrar que o ingls instrumental ou tcnico pode ou no visar a comunicao oral em ingls,
entretanto, para o curso de Tcnico em Eletrotcnica sua principal habilidade a ser trabalhada ser a
leitura e o estudo de gramtica, restringindo-a a um mnimo necessrio, ou seja, associando-a ao texto.
Mtodo
Desenvolve a leitura ("reading") de forma limitada a um objetivo especfico, atravs da habilidade
de manipular textos em lngua inglesa, tentando assimilar a compreenso geral e inferir informaes
especficas. A gramtica ensinada de forma contextualizada a um objetivo especfico.
Traduo os textos
Para nosso curso no h traduo, porm outros mtodos so utilizados como, por exemplo:
deduo, contexto semntico, reconhecimento de afixos, cognatos e vocabulrio da rea.
Como sero as aulas?
{12} as /como, assim como/ [1] She is as beautiful as the sky (Ela to bonita como o cu) [2] As
you know, I will be leaving tomorrow (Como voc sabe, eu partirei amanh) [3] He was dressed as
a woman (Ele estava vestido como uma mulher)
{13} by /prximo a, ao lado, perto de, atravs, por/ [1] He lives by the river (Ele mora prximo ao
rio), [2] We travel by train (Ns viajamos de trem) [3] This book was written by Shakespeare (Este
livro foi escrito por Shakespeare) [4] She is going to contact us by letter (Ela ir nos contactar por
meio de uma carta)
{14} for /para, por/ [1] This money is for you (Este dinheiro para voc) [2] Will you pay the bill
for me (Voc paga a conta para mim?) [3] We had to travel for three hours before getting there
(Ns tivemos que viajar por trs horas antes de chegarmos l)
{15} to have /ter, possuir/ [1] I have no idea what you are talking about (Eu no tenho idia do
que voc est falando) [2] I have a nice house in the country (Eu tenho uma bela casa no campo)
[3] I have had lots of worries recently (Eu tenho tido muitas preocupaes recentemente)
{16} but /mas, porm, exceto/ [1] I like you a lot, but I am not going to marry you (Eu gosto muito
de voc, mas eu no vou me casar com voc) [2] Everybody agreed with the proposition, except
for John (Todos concordaram com a proposta, exceto Joo)
{17} which /qual, de qual/ [1] Which car do you prefer? (Qual carro voc prefere?) [2] Which one
do you want? (Qual voc quer?)
{18} on /sobre, em cima, em direo a/ [1] The book is on the table (O livro est em cima da
mesa) [2] A book on rivers (Um livro sobre rios) [3] They marched on the city (Eles marcharam
sobre a cidade) [4] Hes on holiday (Ele est de frias)
{19} at /no, na, em, s/ [1] They are not at home (Eles no esto em casa) [2] He arrived there at
9 oclock (Ele chegou l s nove horas) [3] My father is at work now (Meu pai est no trabalho
agora)
{20} not /negativa, no/ [1] He is not my boyfriend (Ele no meu namorado) [2] I dont like
classical music (dont = do not Eu no gosto de msica clssica)
{21} they /eles, elas/ [1] They are the most beautiful group of girls at school (Elas so o grupo de
garotas mais bonitas da escola) [2] They like fishing at the weekends (Eles gostam de pescar nos
finais de semana)
{22} from /de/ [1] He is from So Paulo (Ele de So Paulo) [2] The trip from So Paulo to Rio de
Janeiro lasts six hours (A viagem de So Paulo ao Rio de Janeiro dura seis horas) [3] Take it from
him, if you can (Tire isto dele, se voc puder)
{23} were /passado do verbo to be, estava/ [1] If I were you, I would study more(Se eu fosse
voc, eu estudaria mais) [2] I were there when the crime happened (Eu estava l quando o crime
aconteceu)
{24} their /deles, delas/ [1] Their cars are outside (Os carros deles esto l fora) [2] Their dresses
were finished one our before the party (Os vestidos delas ficaram prontos uma hora antes do baile)
{25} this /este, esta/ [1] This is my friend,Paul (Este o meu amigo, Paulo) [2] This is my
girlfriend (Esta minha namorada)
{26} or /ou/ [1] I would like to go to Rio or Campinas for my holidays (Eu gostaria de ir para o Rio
ou para Campinas para minhas frias) [2] Either you or John will have to go to the airport (Ou voc
ou o Joo tero que ir ao aeroporto) [3] You have to choose, its me or the computer (Voc tem que
escolher, ou eu ou o computador)
{27} you /voc, vocs/ [1] You are wise (Voc sbio) [2] You all must get out now (Vocs todos
precisam sair agora)
{28} her /dela/ [1] Her article on the evolution is very interesting (O artigo dela sobre a evoluo
muito interessante) [2] She forgot her book at home (Ela esqueceu o livro dela em casa) [3] Her
husband is the most lovable man on earth (O marido dela o homem mais adorvel da terra)
{29} who /quem/ [1] Who did it? (Quem fez isto?) [2] Who are you (Quem voc) [3] Who knows
what tomorrow may bring? (Quem sabe o que o amanh pode trazer?)
{30} all /tudo/ [1] I know all about you (Eu sei tudo sobre voc) [2] All is finished now (Tudo est
acabado agora) [3] He wants it all for himself (Ele quer tudo para ele)
{31} him /pronome oblquo, ele, o/ [1] Give him the book (D o livro a ele) [2] I arrived at the
restaurant with him (Eu cheguei ao restaurante com ele) [3] I like him a lot (Eu gosto muito dele)
[4] I see him almost every day (Eu o vejo quase todos os dias)
{32} an /um, uma/ [1] An apple is delicious in the morning (Uma maa deliciosa pela manh)
[2] You have made me an interesting proposition (Voc me fez uma proposta interessante) [3]
You certainly are an idiot (Voc certamente um idiota)
{33} so /ento, to, tanto, tambm/ [1] You were there in the morning, so you must have seen
her (Voc estava l de manh, ento voc deve t-la visto) [2] Dont get so upset! (No fique to
desapontado) [3] So what? (E ento?) [4] She likes him a lot and so do I (Ela gosta muito dele e eu
tambm)
{34} one /um, uma/ [1] Give me one book (Me d um livro) [2] Tell me one thing (Diga-me uma
coisa) [3] There is one monster under the bed (Tem um monstro debaixo da cama)
{35} she /ela/ [1] She likes me (Ela gosta de mim) [2] She knows who I am (Ela sabe quem eu
sou) [3] She is from So Paulo (Ela de So Paulo)
{36} my /meu, minha/ [1] This is my girlfriend (Esta minha namorada) [2] My idea is brilliant
(Minha idia brilhante) [3] My car is faster than yours (Meu carro mais rpido que o seu)
{37} them /a eles, a elas/ [1] Give them their money (D a eles o dinheiro deles) [2] Talk to them
now (Fale com eles agora) [3] Dont say a word to them before I arrive (No diga a eles uma
palavra antes que eu chegue)
{38} we /ns/ [1] We are very proud of you (Ns estamos muito orgulhosos de voc) [2] We will
see that later (Ns veremos isto mais tarde) [3] We will finish that in the morning (Ns
terminaremos isto de manh)
{39} been /particpio passado to be/[1] I have been sick ever since I saw her (Eu tenho estado
doente desde que a vi) [2] I have been to Paris several times (J estive em Paris diversas vezes)
[3] We have been happy together for many years (Ns temos sido felizes por muitos anos)
{40} no /no, nenhum, nenhuma/ [1] I have no money (Eu no tenho dinheiro algum) [2] No, I
dont see whats wrong (No, eu no vejo o que est errado) [3] I can get no satisfaction from
working in this project (Eu no obtenho nenhuma satisfao trabalhando neste projeto)
{41} me /a mim/ [1] Give me the money (Me d o dinheiro) [2] Dont blame me for your problems
(No me culpe por seus problemas) [3] Do you like me? (Voc gosta de mim?)
{42} if /se/ [1] If you see him, tell him to come and visit me (Se voc o ver, diga-lhe para vir me
visitar) [2] If you finish before tomorrow let me know (Se voc terminar antes de amanh me
informe) [3] If he had studied harder, he would have passed his examination (Se ele tivesse
estudado mais, ele teria passado no seu exame)
{43} to say /dizer/ [1] Dont say that! (No diga isto) [2] I cant say when she will be back (Eu no
sei quando ela estar de volta) [3] I said she would be back soon (Eu disse que ela voltaria em
breve)
{44} there /l/ [1] She is there (Ela est l) [2] There they are! (L esto eles) [3] There is a book
on the table (Tem um livro na mesa)
{45} when /quando/ [1] I dont know when they will be back (Eu no sei quando eles estaro de
volta) [2] When are you going to visit your parents? (Quando voc vai visitar os seus pais?) [3]
When you see him, tell him not to come here again (Quando voc o ver, diga-lhe para no voltar
aqui novamente)
{46} would /futuro condicional/ [1] I would go to Rio this weekend if I had the money (Eu iria para
o Rio este final de semana se eu tivesse dinheiro) [2] I would have studied harder if I had had time
(Eu teria estudado mais se tivesse tido tempo) [3] I would have told her before if I had known
before (Eu teria contado a ela antes se eu tivesse sabido antes)
{47} more /mais/ [1] Tell me more (Conte-me mais) [2] I like you more and more (Eu gosto de
voc mais e mais) [3] She is more intelligent than you (Ela mais inteligente do que voc)
{48} will /futuro/ [1] I will tell you all the truth (Eu irei lhe contar toda a verdade) [2] I will do it if I
can (Eu farei isto se eu puder) [3] Will you be so kind as to open the door? (Voc poderia ser gentil
e abrir a porta?)
{49} some /algum, alguma, alguns, algumas/[1] I need some money (Eu preciso de algum
dinheiro) [2] We have some books at home (Ns temos alguns livros em casa) [3] We need some
information about you (Ns precisamos de alguma informao a seu respeito)
{50} what /o que, quais so/ [1] What are you doing? (O que voc est fazendo?) [2] What are
their names? (Quais so os nomes deles?) [3] What is this? (O que isto?)
LISTA DAS 1000 PALAVRAS MAIS USADAS NO INGLS
Classificao
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Palavra
the
of
to
and
a
in
is
it
you
that
he
was
for
on
are
Pronncia
[dh]
[v]
[tuu]
[nd]
[]
[n]
[s]
[t]
[yuu]
[dht]
[rrii]
[us]
[fr]
[n]
[ar]
Traduo
o,a,os,as
de
para
e
um,uma
em,dentro
este
voc
que,aquele
ele
era,estava
por,para
em
so,esto
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
with
as
I
his
they
be
at
one
have
this
from
or
had
by
hot
word
but
what
some
we
can
out
other
were
all
there
when
up
use
your
how
said
an
each
she
which
do
their
time
if
will
way
about
many
then
them
write
would
like
so
these
her
long
make
thing
see
[udh]
[s]
[ai]
[rrs]
[dhei]
[bii]
[t]
[un]
[rrv]
[dhs]
[frm]
[r]
[rrd]
[bai]
[rrat]
[ud]
[bt]
[ut]
[sm]
[uii]
[kn]
[aut]
[dhr]
[ur]
[l]
[thr]
[uen]
[p]
[iuz]
[yr]
[rru]
[sd]
[n]
[iich]
[shii]
[utch]
[duu]
[thr]
[taim]
[f]
[ul]
[uei]
[baut]
[mni]
[dhn]
[dhm]
[rait]
[ud]
[laik]
[su]
[dhiiz]
[rrr]
[lng]
[meik]
[thng]
[sii]
com
como,enquanto
eu
seu
eles
ser,estar
em
um
ter
este
de
ou
tinha
por,em
quente
palavra
mas
o-que
algum
ns
pode,lata
fora
outro
eram,esavam
todo
l
quando
para-cima
usar
seu
como,quo
disse
um,uma
cada
ela
qual
fazer,mesmo
seus
tempo,hora
se
vai,vontade
caminho,jeito
sobre,quase
muitos
ento
deles
escrever
deveria
como,gostar
assim,to
estes
dela
longo
fazer
coisa
ver
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
him
two
has
look
more
day
could
go
come
did
number
sound
no
most
people
my
over
know
water
than
call
first
who
may
down
side
been
now
find
any
new
work
part
take
get
place
made
live
where
after
back
little
only
round
man
year
came
show
every
good
me
give
our
under
name
very
[rrm]
[tuu]
[rrs]
[lk]
[mr]
[dei]
[cd]
[gu]
[cm]
[dd]
[nmbr]
[saund]
[nou]
[moust]
[piipl]
[mai]
[ouvr]
[nou]
[uttr]
[dhn]
[cl]
[frst]
[rruu]
[mei]
[daun]
[said]
[bn]
[nau]
[faind]
[ni]
[nuu]
[urk]
[part]
[teik]
[ght]
[pleis]
[meid]
[lv,laiv]
[ur]
[ftr]
[bk]
[lttl]
[ounli]
[raund]
[mn]
[yiir]
[keim]
[shou]
[evri]
[gd]
[mii]
[ghv]
[ar]
[ndr]
[neim]
[vri]
dele
dois,duas
tem
olhar
mais
dia
poderia
ir
vir
fez,mesmo
nmero
som
no
mais,maior
pessoas,povo
meu
sobre,acima-de
saber
gua
que
chamar
primeiro
que
maio,pode
baixo
lado
sido,estado
agora
encontrar
qualquer
novo
trabalho
parte
pegar
ficar
lugar
feito
viver,vivo
onde
aps
atrs,costas
pequeno,pouco
somente
redondo,rodada
homem
ano
chegado
mostrar
cada
bom
me,eu
dar
nosso
sob
nome
muito,absoluto
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
through
just
form
sentence
great
think
say
help
low
line
differ
turn
cause
much
mean
before
move
right
boy
old
too
same
tell
does
set
three
want
air
well
also
play
small
end
put
home
read
hand
port
large
spell
add
even
land
here
must
big
high
such
follow
act
why
ask
men
change
went
light
[thruu]
[jst]
[frm]
[sntns]
[greit]
[thnk]
[sei]
[rrlp]
[lou]
[lain]
[dfr]
[trn]
[cz]
[mtch]
[miin]
[bfr]
[muuv]
[rait]
[bi]
[ould]
[tuu]
[seim]
[tl]
[dz]
[st]
[thrii]
[unt]
[r]
[uel]
[lsou]
[plei]
[sml]
[nd]
[pt]
[rroum]
[riid]
[rrnd]
[prt]
[larj]
[spl]
[d]
[iivn]
[lnd]
[rriir]
[mst]
[bg]
[rrai]
[stch]
[falou]
[kt]
[uai]
[sk]
[mn]
[tcheinj]
[uent]
[lait]
atravs-de
justo,s
forma,formulrio
sentena
grande
pensar
dizer
ajudar
baixo
linha,fila
diferir
tornar,vez
causa
muito
meio,significar
antes
movimento
direito
garoto
velho
tambm
mesmo
contar
faz,mesmo
conjunto,fixar
trs
querer
ar
bem,poo
tambm
pea,tocar
pequeno
fim,finalizar
por
casa
ler,lido
mo
porto
grande
soletrar,encanto
adicionar
mesmo
terra
aqui
dever
grande
alto
tal
seguir
ato,agir
por-que
pedir,perguntar
homens
mudar
foi
leve,luz
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
kind
off
need
house
picture
try
us
again
animal
point
mother
world
near
build
self
earth
father
head
stand
own
page
should
country
found
answer
school
grow
study
still
learn
plant
cover
food
sun
four
between
state
keep
eye
never
last
let
thought
city
tree
cross
farm
hard
start
might
story
saw
far
sea
draw
left
[kaind]
[f]
[niid]
[rraus]
[pktchr]
[trai]
[s]
[ghein]
[nml]
[point]
[mdhr]
[urld]
[niir]
[bld]
[self]
[rth]
[fdhr]
[rred]
[stnd]
[oun]
[peij]
[shd]
[cntri]
[faund]
[nsr]
[skool]
[grou]
[stdi]
[stl]
[lrn]
[plnt]
[cvr]
[fuud]
[sn]
[fr]
[bituiin]
[steit]
[kiip]
[ai]
[nevr]
[lst]
[let]
[tht]
[ctti]
[trii]
[crs]
[farm]
[rrard]
[start]
[mait]
[stri]
[s]
[far]
[sii]
[dr]
[left]
bom,tipo
por,desligado
precisar
casa
foto,filme
tentar
nos
de-novo
animal
ponto
me
mundo
perto
construir
prprio,ego
terra
pai
cabea
permanecer,de-p,banca
prprio
pgina
deveria
pas
encontrado,fundar
resposta
escola
crescer
estudo
at,calmo
aprender
planta,fbrica
cobrir
comida
sol
quatro
entre
estado
guardar
olho
nunca
ltimo,durar
deixar
pensamento,pensado
cidade
rvore
cruz,cruzar
fazenda
duro
comear
poder,poderia
estria,andar(prdio)
viu,serra
longe
mar
arrastar,empate
esquerda,deixado
10
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late
run
don_t
while
press
close
night
real
life
few
north
open
seem
together
next
white
children
begin
got
walk
example
ease
paper
group
always
music
those
both
mark
often
letter
until
mile
river
car
feet
care
second
book
carry
took
science
eat
room
friend
sight
began
idea
fish
mountain
stop
once
base
hear
horse
cut
[leit]
[rn]
[dount]
[uail]
[pres]
[clous]
[nait]
[riil]
[laif]
[fiu]
[nrth]
[oupn]
[siim]
[tghedhr]
[next]
[uait]
[tchldrn]
[bghn]
[gat]
[uk]
[igzmpl]
[iiz]
[peipr]
[grup]
[luz]
[miuzk]
[dhouz]
[bouth]
[mark]
[fn]
[lettr]
[ntl]
[mail]
[rvr]
[car]
[fiit]
[kr]
[secnd]
[bk]
[kri]
[tk]
[sains]
[iit]
[ruum]
[frend]
[sait]
[bgn]
[aidiia]
[fsh]
[mauntn]
[stap]
[uns]
[beis]
[rriir]
[rrrs]
[ct]
tarde
correr
no
enquanto
presso,imprensa
fechar
noite
real
vida
alguns
norte
aberto
parecer
juntos
prximo
branco
crianas
comear
ficado
andar
exemplo
facilitar
papel
grupo
sempre
msica
aqueles
ambos
marcar
muitas-vezes
letra,carta
at
milha
rio
carro
ps
cuidado
segundo
livro
carregar
pego
cincia
comer
cmodo,quarto
amigo
viso
comeado
idia
peixe,pescar
montanha
parar
uma-vez
base
ouvir
cavalo
cortar
11
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335
336
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339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
sure
watch
color
face
wood
main
enough
plain
girl
usual
young
ready
above
ever
red
list
though
feel
talk
bird
soon
body
dog
family
direct
pose
leave
song
measure
door
product
black
short
numeral
class
wind
question
happen
complete
ship
area
half
rock
order
fire
south
problem
piece
told
knew
pass
since
top
whole
king
space
[shr]
[utch]
[clr]
[feis]
[ud]
[mein]
[inf]
[plein]
[grl]
[iuzhul]
[yng]
[riidi]
[bv]
[evr]
[red]
[lst]
[thou]
[fiil]
[tk]
[brd]
[suun]
[baddi]
[dg]
[fmli]
[drekt]
[pouz]
[liiv]
[sng]
[mejr]
[dr]
[pradkt]
[blk]
[shrt]
[nuumrl]
[cls]
[und]
[quschn]
[rrpn]
[cmpliit]
[shp]
[rii]
[rrf]
[rak]
[rdr]
[fair]
[sauth]
[prablm]
[piis]
[tould]
[nuu]
[ps]
[sns]
[tap]
[rroul]
[kng]
[speis]
certo
assistir,relgio
cor,colorir
rosto
madeira
principal
bastante
plano,simples
garota
usual,comum
jovem
pronto
acima
sempre,j
vermelho
lista
apesar-de
sentir,sentimendo
conversar
pssaro
logo
corpo
cachorro
famlia
direto
posio
deixar
cano
medida
porta
produto
negro
curto
numeral
classe
vento
questo,pergunta
acontecer
completo
navio,embarcar
rea
metade
roque,rocha
ordem,pedido
fogo,incndio,despedir
sul
problema
pea,pedao
contado
sabido
passar
desde
topo,principal
inteiro
rei
espao
12
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395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
heard
best
hour
better
true
during
hundred
five
remember
step
early
hold
west
ground
interest
reach
fast
verb
sing
listen
six
table
travel
less
morning
ten
simple
several
vowel
toward
war
lay
against
pattern
slow
center
love
person
money
serve
appear
road
map
rain
rule
govern
pull
cold
notice
voice
unit
power
town
fine
certain
fly
[rrrd]
[best]
[aur]
[bettr]
[truu]
[duurng]
[rrndrd]
[faiv]
[rimembr]
[step]
[rli]
[rrould]
[uest]
[graund]
[ntrst]
[riitch]
[fst]
[vrb]
[sng]
[lssn]
[sks]
[teibl]
[trvl]
[les]
[mrnn]
[ten]
[smpl]
[sevrl]
[vaul]
[tuuard]
[uar]
[lei]
[ghenst]
[pttrn]
[slou]
[centr]
[lv]
[prsn]
[mni]
[srv]
[piir]
[roud]
[mp]
[rein]
[ruul]
[gvrn]
[pl]
[could]
[notts]
[vois]
[iunt]
[paur]
[taun]
[fain]
[srtn]
[flai]
ouvido
melhor
hora
melhor
verdadeiro
durante
cem
cinco
lembrar
passo
cedo
guardar
oeste
terra,amolado
interesse,juros
alcanar
rpido
verbo
cantar
ouvir
seis
mesa,tabela
viajar
menos
manh
dez
simples
vrios
vogal
para
guerra
deitar,amador
contra
padro
devagar
centro
amor,amar
pessoa
dinheiro
servir
aparecer
estrada
mapa
chuva
rgua,regra
governar
puxar
frio
aviso
voz
unidade
poder,fora
municipal
bom,excelente
certo
voar,mosca
13
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
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418
419
420
421
422
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430
431
432
433
434
435
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437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
fall
lead
cry
dark
machine
note
wait
plan
figure
star
box
noun
field
rest
correct
able
pound
done
beauty
drive
stood
contain
front
teach
week
final
gave
green
oh
quick
develop
ocean
warm
free
minute
strong
special
mind
behind
clear
tail
produce
fact
street
inch
multiply
nothing
course
stay
wheel
full
force
blue
object
decide
surface
[fl]
[liid]
[crai]
[dark]
[mshiin]
[nout]
[ueit]
[pln]
[fghir]
[star]
[baks]
[naun]
[fiild]
[rest]
[crekt]
[eibl]
[paund]
[dn]
[biutti]
[draiv]
[stud]
[cntein]
[frnt]
[tiitch]
[uiik]
[fainl]
[gheiv]
[griin]
[ou]
[quk]
[dvelp]
[oushn]
[urm]
[frii]
[mnt]
[strng]
[speshl]
[maind]
[brraind]
[cliir]
[teil]
[prdus]
[fkt]
[striit]
[ntch]
[mltplai]
[nthng]
[crs]
[stei]
[uiil]
[fl]
[frs]
[bluu]
[bjkt]
[dsaid]
[srfs]
cair,queda,outono
levar,chumbo
choro,chorar
escuro
mquina
anotar
esperar
plano
figura,imaginar
estrela
caixa
substantivo
campo
resto,descanso
correto
capaz
libra
feito
beleza
direo,dirigir
permanecido
conter
frente
ensinar
semana
final
dado
verde
rpido
desenvolver
oceano
quente
livre,grtis
minuto
forte
especial
mente,importar-se
atrs
claro
rabo
produo
fato
rua
polegada
multiplicar
nada
curso
ficar
roda
cheio
fora,forar
azul
objeto
decidir
superficie
14
464
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466
467
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470
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477
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481
482
483
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486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
deep
moon
island
foot
system
busy
test
record
boat
common
gold
possible
plane
stead
dry
wonder
laugh
thousand
ago
ran
check
game
shape
equate
miss
brought
heat
snow
tire
bring
yes
distant
fill
east
paint
language
among
grand
ball
yet
wave
drop
heart
am
present
heavy
dance
engine
position
arm
wide
sail
material
size
vary
settle
[diip]
[muun]
[ailnd]
[fuut]
[sstm]
[bzi]
[test]
[recrd]
[bout]
[camn]
[gould]
[pasbl]
[plein]
[sted]
[drai]
[undr]
[lf]
[thauznd]
[gou]
[rn]
[tchek]
[gheim]
[sheip]
[iiqueit]
[ms]
[brt]
[rriit]
[snou]
[tair]
[brng]
[yes]
[dstnt]
[fl]
[iist]
[peint]
[lnguj]
[mng]
[grnd]
[bl]
[yet]
[ueiv]
[drap]
[rrrt]
[m]
[preznt]
[rrevi]
[dns]
[enjn]
[pzshn]
[arm]
[uaid]
[seil]
[mtiiril]
[saiz]
[vri]
[settl]
profundo
lua
ilha
p
sistema
ocupado
teste
recorde,gravar,registro
barco
comum
ouro
possvel
avio
local
seco
admirar
rir
mil
atrs
corrido
cheque,checagem
jogo
forma
equacionar
sentir,senhorita
trazido
calor
neve
pneu,cansar
trazer
sim
distante
encher
leste
pintar
lngua
entre
grandioso
bola
ainda,j
onda
gota
corao
sou,estou
presente
pesado
dana
motor
posio
brao
amplo
vela(navio)
material
tamanho
variar
estabelecer
15
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
speak
weight
general
ice
matter
circle
pair
include
divide
syllable
felt
perhaps
pick
sudden
count
square
reason
length
represent
art
subject
region
energy
hunt
probable
bed
brother
egg
ride
cell
believe
fraction
forest
sit
race
window
store
summer
train
sleep
prove
lone
leg
exercise
wall
catch
mount
wish
sky
board
joy
winter
sat
written
wild
instrument
[spiik]
[ueit]
[jenral]
[ais]
[mttr]
[srkl]
[pr]
[nclud]
[dvaid]
[slbl]
[felt]
[prhpps]
[pk]
[sdn]
[caunt]
[squr]
[riizn]
[lenth]
[reprzent]
[art]
[sbjkt]
[riijn]
[enrji]
[rrnt]
[prabbl]
[bed]
[brdhr]
[eg]
[raid]
[cel]
[bliiv]
[frcshn]
[frst]
[st]
[reis]
[undou]
[str]
[smr]
[trin]
[sliip]
[pruuv]
[loun]
[leg]
[eksrsaiz]
[ul]
[ktch]
[maunt]
[ush]
[skai]
[brd]
[ji]
[unttr]
[st]
[rtn]
[uaild]
[nstrmnt]
falar
peso
general,geral
gelo
matria,importar-se
crculo
par
incluir
dividir
slaba
sentido
talvez
escolher,apanhar
imprevisto
contar,contagem,conde
quadrado,praa
razo
comprimento
representar
arte
sujeito,assunto
regio
energia
caar
provvel
cama
irmo
ovo
passeio
cela,clula
acreditar
frao
floresta
sentar
raa,corrida
janela
armazm
vero
trem,treinar
dormir
provar
s
perna
exerccio
parede
pegar
monte,montar
desejo
cu
quadro
alegria
inverno
sentado
escrito
selvagem
instrumento
16
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
either
kept
glass
grass
cow
job
edge
sign
visit
past
soft
fun
bright
gas
weather
month
million
bear
finish
happy
hope
flower
clothe
strange
gone
jump
baby
eight
village
meet
root
buy
raise
solve
metal
whether
push
seven
paragraph
third
shall
held
hair
describe
cook
floor
[aidhr]
result
burn
hill
safe
cat
century
consider
type
law
bit
um,
[kept]
[gls]
[grs]
[cau]
[jb]
[ej]
[sain]
[vzt]
[pst]
[saft]
[fn]
[brait]
[ghs]
[uedhr]
[mnt]
[mlin]
[br]
[fnish]
[rrpi]
[rroup]
[flaur]
[cloudh]
[streindj]
[gn]
[jmp]
[beibi]
[eit]
[vlj]
[miit]
[ruut]
[bai]
[reiz]
[soulv]
[mettl]
[uedhr]
[psh]
[sevn]
[prgrf]
[thrd]
[shl]
[rreld]
[rrr]
[dcraib]
[ck]
[flr]
ou
[rzlt]
[brn]
[rrl]
[seif]
[kt]
[centri]
[cnsdr]
[taip]
[l]
[bt]
guardado
vidro
grama
vaca
trabalho,j
canto
sinal
visita
passado
macio
alegria
claro
gs,gasolina
tempo
ms
milho
urso,carregar
fim,finalizar
feliz
esperana
flor
vestir
estranho
ido
pular
beb
oito
vila
encontrar
raiz
comprar
levantar
resolver
metal
se
empurrar,iniciativa
sete
pargrafo
terceiro
vai
guardado
cabelo
descrever
cozinhar
cho,derrotar
outro,
tambm
resultado
queimar
colina
seguro,cofre
gato
sculo
considerar
tipo,datilografar
lei
pouco,broca
17
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
coast
copy
phrase
silent
tall
sand
soil
roll
temperature
finger
industry
value
fight
lie
beat
excite
natural
view
sense
ear
else
quite
broke
case
middle
kill
son
lake
moment
scale
loud
spring
observe
child
straight
consonant
nation
dictionary
milk
speed
method
organ
pay
age
section
dress
cloud
surprise
quiet
stone
tiny
climb
cool
design
poor
lot
[coust]
[capi]
[freiz]
[sailnt]
[tl]
[snd]
[sil]
[rl]
[temprchr]
[fngr]
[ndstri]
[vliu]
[fait]
[lai]
[biit]
[iksait]
[ntchrl]
[viu]
[sens]
[iir]
[els]
[quait]
[brouk]
[keis]
[mdl]
[kl]
[sn]
[leik]
[moumnt]
[skeil]
[laud]
[sprng]
[bzrv]
[tchaild]
[streit]
[cansnnt]
[neishn]
[dkshnri]
[mlk]
[spiid]
[mthd]
[rgn]
[pei]
[eij]
[sekshn]
[dres]
[claud]
[srpraiz]
[quait]
[stoun]
[taini]
[claim]
[cuul]
[dzain]
[pr]
[lt]
costa,litoral
copiar
frase
silencio
alto(pessoa)
areia
solo
giro,lista
temperatura
dedo
indstria
valor
luta
deitar,mentir
bater
instigar
natural
vista
sentido
orelha,espiga
outro
muito
quebrado
caso,embalagem
meio
matar
filho
lago
momento
escada,escala,escama
alto(som)
primavera,mola
observar
criana
reto
consoante
nao
dicionrio
leite
velocidade
mtodo
rgo
pagar
idade
seo
vestido
nuvem
surpresa
quieto
pedra
minsculo
escalar
frio
desenho
pobre
muito,lote
18
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
experiment
bottom
key
iron
single
stick
flat
twenty
skin
smile
crease
hole
trade
melody
trip
office
receive
row
mouth
exact
symbol
die
least
trouble
shout
except
wrote
seed
tone
join
suggest
clean
break
lady
yard
rise
bad
blow
oil
blood
touch
grew
cent
mix
team
wire
cost
lost
brown
wear
garden
equal
sent
choose
fell
fit
[ekspermnt]
[battm]
[kii]
[airn]
[sngl]
[stk]
[flt]
[tuenti]
[skn]
[smail]
[criis]
[rroul]
[treid]
[meldi]
[trp]
[afs]
[riciiv]
[rou]
[mauth]
[igzct]
[smbl]
[dai]
[liist]
[trbl]
[shaut]
[kscept]
[rout]
[siid]
[toun]
[join]
[sgjest]
[cliin]
[breik]
[leidi]
[yard]
[raiz]
[bd]
[blou]
[oil]
[bld]
[ttch]
[gruu]
[cent]
[mks]
[tiim]
[uair]
[cst]
[lst]
[braun]
[ur]
[gardn]
[iiqul]
[sent]
[tchuuz]
[fel]
[ft]
experimento
baixo
chave
ferro
s,solteiro
vareta,fincar
achatado,plano
vinte
pele
sorriso
ruga
buraco
comrcio
melodia
viajar,passeio
escritrio,funo
receber
remar,fila
boca
exato
smbol
morrer
menos
preocupao
gritar
exceto
escrito
semente
tom
juntar
sugerir
limpo
quebrar
dama
jarda,quintal
levantar
mal
assoprar
leo,petrleo
sangue
tocar
crescido
centavo
mistura
grupo
arame
custo
perdido
marrom
usar
jardim
igual
enviado
escolher
caido
ajustado
19
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
flow
fair
bank
collect
save
control
decimal
gentle
woman
captain
practice
separate
difficult
doctor
please
protect
noon
whose
locate
ring
character
insect
caught
period
indicate
radio
spoke
atom
human
history
effect
electric
expect
crop
modern
element
hit
student
corner
party
supply
bone
rail
imagine
provide
agree
thus
capital
won_t
chair
danger
fruit
rich
thick
soldier
process
[flou]
[fr]
[bnk]
[clect]
[seiv]
[cntroul]
[dsml]
[jentl]
[umn]
[kptn]
[prctts]
[seprt]
[dfclt]
[dactr]
[pliiz]
[prtect]
[nuun]
[rruuz]
[loukeit]
[rng]
[krktr]
[nsect]
[ct]
[priid]
[ndkeit]
[reidiiou]
[spouk]
[tm]
[rriumn]
[rrstri]
[fect]
[lektrk]
[ikspekt]
[crap]
[madrn]
[elmnt]
[rrt]
[stuudnt]
[crnr]
[party]
[splai]
[boun]
[reil]
[mdjn]
[prvaid]
[grii]
[dhs]
[kptl]
[uount]
[tchr]
[deindjr]
[fruut]
[rtch]
[thk]
[souldjr]
[prouces]
correr,corrente
feira,claro
banco
recolher,pagar
salvar
controle
decimal
gentil
mulher
capito
prtica
separado
difcil
doutor
por-favor,agradar
proteger
meio-dia
cujo
localizar
anel,tocar
carter,personagem
inseto
pego
perodo
indicar
rdio
falado,raio
tomo
humano
histria
efeito
eltrico
esperar
colheita
moderno
elemento
acertar
estudante
esquina
partido,festa
suprir
osso
grade,trilho
imaginar
fornecer
concordar
assim
capital
no-vai
cadeira
perigo
fruta
rico
grosso
soldado
processo
20
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
operate
guess
necessary
sharp
wing
create
neighbor
wash
bat
rather
crowd
corn
compare
poem
string
bell
depend
meat
rub
tube
famous
stream
fear
thin
triangle
planet
hurry
chief
clock
mine
tie
enter
major
fresh
search
send
yellow
gun
rose
allow
print
dead
spot
desert
suit
current
lift
continue
block
chart
hat
sell
success
company
subtract
event
[apreit]
[ghes]
[nessri]
[sharp]
[ung]
[crieit]
[neibr]
[ush]
[bt]
[raadhr]
[craud]
[crn]
[cmpr]
[poum]
[strng]
[bel]
[dpend]
[miit]
[rb]
[tuub]
[feims]
[striim]
[fiir]
[thn]
[traingl]
[plnt]
[rrri]
[chiif]
[clak]
[main]
[tai]
[enttr]
[meidjr]
[fresh]
[srtch]
[send]
[yelou]
[gn]
[rouz]
[lau]
[prnt]
[ded]
[spat]
[dzrt]
[suut]
[crnt]
[lft]
[cntniu]
[blak]
[tchart]
[rrt]
[sel]
[skses]
[cmpni]
[sbtrct]
[ivent]
operar
adivinhar
necessrio
agudo,sustenido
asa
criar
vizinho
lavar
morcego,basto
de-preferncia
multido
milho
comparar
poema
corda
sino
depender
carne
esfregar
tubo,tv
famoso
corrente
medo,temer
fino,magro
tringulo
planeta
pressa
chefe
relgio
meu,mina
amarrar
entrar
maior,major
fresco
buscar
enviar
amarelo
arma
rosa,levantado
permitir
imprimir
morto
ponto
deserto
terno
atual
levantar
continuar
bloco
grfico
chapu
vender
sucesso
companhia,empresa
subtrair
evento
21
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
particular
deal
term
opposite
wife
shoe
shoulder
spread
arrange
camp
invent
cotton
born
determine
quart
nine
truck
noise
level
chance
gather
shop
stretch
throw
shine
property
column
molecule
select
wrong
gray
repeat
require
broad
prepare
salt
nose
plural
anger
claim
continent
oxygen
sugar
death
pretty
skill
women
season
solution
magnet
silver
thank
branch
match
suffix
especially
[partkilar]
[diil]
[trm]
[apzt]
[uaif]
[shuu]
[shouldr]
[spred]
[reindj]
[kmp]
[nvent]
[catn]
[brn]
[dtrmn]
[qurt]
[nain]
[trk]
[niz]
[levl]
[tchns]
[ghdhr]
[shap]
[stretch]
[throu]
[shain]
[praptti]
[calm]
[malkiul]
[slect]
[rng]
[grei]
[rpiit]
[rquair]
[brd]
[prpr]
[slt]
[nouz]
[plrl]
[ngr]
[cleim]
[cantnnt]
[aksdjn]
[shuugr]
[deth]
[prti]
[skl]
[umn]
[seezn]
[slushn]
[mgnt]
[slvr]
[thnk]
[brnch]
[mtch]
[sfks]
[speshli]
especial
negcio
termo,perodo
oposto
esposa
sapato
ombro
espalhar
arranjar
campo
inventar
algodo
nascido
determinar
quarto(medida)
nove
caminho
barulho
nvel
chance,acaso
juntar
loja
alcance
arremessar
brilhar
propriedade
coluna
molcula
selecionar
errado
cinza
repetir
exigir
amplo
preparar
sal
nariz
plural
raiva
clamar
continente
oxignio
acar
morte
belo,muito
habilidade
mulheres
estao
soluo
im
prata
agradecer
galho
competio,fsforo
sufixo
especialmente
22
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
fig
afraid
huge
sister
steel
discuss
dollar
forward
similar
guide
experience
score
apple
bought
led
colony
pitch
coat
mass
card
band
rope
slip
win
dream
evening
condition
feed
tool
total
basic
smell
valley
nor
double
seat
arrive
master
track
parent
shore
division
sheet
substance
favor
connect
post
spend
swim
chord
fat
glad
original
share
station
dad
[frurd]
[fg]
[freid]
[rriudj]
[sstr]
[stiil]
[dscs]
[dalr]
adiante,passar
[smlr]
[gaid]
[kspiirins]
[scr]
[pl]
[bt]
[led]
[calni]
[ptch]
[cout]
[ms]
[card]
[bnd]
[roup]
[slp]
[un]
[driim]
[iivnng]
[cndshn]
[fiid]
[tuul]
[toutl]
[beisk]
[smel]
[vli]
[nr]
[dbl]
[siit]
[raiv]
[mstr]
[trk]
[prnt]
[shr]
[dvzhn]
[shiit]
[sbstns]
[feivr]
[cnect]
[poast]
[spend]
[sum]
[crd]
[ft]
[gld]
[rdjnl]
[shr]
[steishn]
[dd]
figo
com-medo
grande,enorme
irm
ao
discutir
dlar
adiante
semelhante
guia,guiar
experincia
placar,duas-dezenas
ma
comprado
levado
colonia
piche,arremeo
casaco
massa,missa
carto
banda
corda
escorregar
ganhar
sonho
noite
condio
alimentar
ferramenta
total
bsico
cheiro
vale
nem
dobro
assento
chegar
mestre
trilha
pais
praia
diviso
folha,lenol
substncia
favor,favorecer
conectar
ps,posto
gastar
nadar
acorde
gordo
contente
original
parte
estao
papai
23
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
bread
charge
proper
bar
offer
segment
slave
duck
instant
market
degree
populate
chick
dear
enemy
reply
drink
occur
support
speech
nature
range
steam
motion
path
liquid
log
meant
quotient
teeth
shell
neck
dessert
principal
substantive
standard
maybe
candle
beach
tooth
[brd]
[chardj]
[prapr]
[bar]
[afr]
[segmnt]
[sleiv]
[dk]
[nstnt]
[markt]
[dgrii]
[papileit]
[tchk]
[diir]
[enmi]
[rplai]
[drnk]
[cr]
[sprt]
[spiitch]
[neitchr]
[reindj]
[stiim]
[moushn]
[pth]
[lqud]
[lg]
[ment]
[quoshnt]
[tiith]
[shel]
[nek]
[dssrt]
[prnspl]
[sbstntiv]
[stndrd]
[meibii]
[kndl]
[biitch]
[tuuth]
po
carga,cobrana
prprio
bar,barra
oferecer
segmento
escravo
pato,mergulhar
instante
mercado
grau
povoar
pintinho
querido
inimigo
resposta
bebida
ocorrer
apoiar
discurso
natureza
alcance,pastagem
vapor
movimento
caminho
lquido
lenha,dirio
significado
quociente
dentes
concha
pescoo
sobremesa
principal,diretor
substantivo
padro
talvez
vela
praia
dente
24
TEXTO
__________________________________________________
TEMA
FINALIDADE
PBLICO ALVO
Para melhor entendermos o organograma acima imaginemos dois textos distintos: uma bula de
remdio (texto 1) e uma reportagem sobre a corrida presidencial nos EUA (texto 2). Observe no quadro
abaixo uma sugesto de possveis respostas vinculadas ao tema, finalidade e pblico alvo.
TEXTO 1: BULA
TEMA: sade, farmcia, medicina, etc.
FINALIDADE: informar sobre o medicamento (posologia, contra-indicaes, etc).
PBLICO ALVO: paciente, mdico.
TEXTO 2: REPORTAGEM
TEMA: poltica.
FINALIDADE: informar fatos atuais sobre a poltica dos Estados Unidos.
PBLICO ALVO: polticos, cisados, interessados na corrida presidencial.
Podemos perceber que a partir da identificao destes trs elementos, o leitor passa a ter uma
viso global do texto e o processo de leitura e compreenso se inicia com base nestas informaes gerais.
Passemos agora para a terceira pergunta. Para respond-la, talvez voc tenha pensado
novamente nos diferentes textos com os quais voc se depara no seu dia-a-dia. Segundo Grellet (1982) h
basicamente dois motivos que nos levam a ler um texto. O primeiro refere-se aquisio de informao e
o segundo ao entretenimento. Observe a tabela 1 abaixo que um modelo, segundo Grellet (1982), dos
dois motivos que levam um leitor a ler um determinado texto.
25
Tabela 1
Texto
dicionrio
Lista Telefnica
Conta de energia
Manual de instruo
Poema
Palavra Cruzada
Romance
TEXTO I
BANANA CREAM PIE
SERVINGS: 8 servings
INGREDIENTS 3/4 cup white sugar 1/3 cup all-purpose flour 1/4 teaspoon salt 2 cups milk 3 egg
yolks, beaten 2 tablespoons butter 1 1/4 teaspoons vanilla extract 1 (9 inch) pie crust, baked 4
bananas, sliced.
DIRECTIONS1. In a saucepan, combine the sugar, flour, and salt. Add milk in gradually while stirring gently.
Cook over medium heat, stirring cons-tantly, until the mixture is bubbly. Keep stirring and cook for about 2
more minutes, and then remove from the burner. 2. Stir a small quantity of the hot mixture into the beaten
egg yolks, and immediately add egg yolk mixture to the rest of the hot mixture. Cook for 2 more minutes;
remember to keep stirring. Remove the mix-ture from the stove, and add butter and vanilla. Stir until the
whole thing has a smooth consistency. 3. Slice bananas into the cooled baked pastry shell. Top with pudding mixture. 4. Bake at 350 degrees F (175 degrees C) for 12 to 15 minutes. Chill for an hour.
26
Responda:
1. Qual seria o possvel pblico alvo interessado em ler este texto?
2. Qual seria o(s) possvel/possveis interesse(s) que levaria algum a ler este texto? Justifique
sua resposta.
TEXTO II
Hilton Hotel Buenos Aires invites you to the XIII Economic History Congress.Please complete your
registration form and send it by fax at the Hilton Hotel Buenos Aires: (54 11) 4891 0100.GUEST
INFORMATION:Name and Surname:
______________________________________________________________________Company:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_Phone Number: _____________________________________________ Fax:
____________________________________________E-mail:
________________________________________________________________________________Passp
ort Number: _______________________________________________ Date of Birth:
_____/_____/_____RESERVATION:Check-In Date: _____/_____/_____ Check-Out Date:
_____/_____/_____PAYMENT:Credit Card: VISA ____ MASTER ____ AMEX ____ DINERS____
Other____Number: ___________________________ Exp.:____/____ Security Code: ________Fee: US$
120.- + 21% TAX, Single or Double RoomNote: This fee is valid only for participants in the XIII Economic
History Congress that will take place from July, 22nd to 26th 2002 at the Buenos Aires.For turther
information please contact ourReservations Departament phone number (54 11) 4891 0101Toll Free: 0-800288-HILTON E-mail: ReservationBA@Hilton.com
http://images.google.com.br/images?gbv=2&hl=pt-BR&q=hotel+form. Acesso em 09.07.15.
1. Identifique o gnero textual e depois indique o pblico alvo ao qual este texto se destina.
2. Quais seriam os possveis motivos que levariam algum a ler e preencher este texto?
27
TEXTO III
3. Qual/quais circunstancia(s) na vida real lhe levaria a ler tal texto? Por qu?
28
Considere o seguinte de emprego publicado por uma empresa americana numa revista
especializada em eletrnica em eletrnica.
PROJECT ENGINEER
Challenging
Career Opportunities
Battelle, one of the worlds leading not-to-profit research development and educational
organizations, has immediate and rewarding opportunities for you in the following areas:
Communications
Circuit design
Automatic control design
Micro processor and minicomputer system control
Electronic inspection
Engineering and systems development
Computer-aided manufacturing
These positions offer you challenging Technical assignments in both research and marketing and
participation with high-level industrial and government management. Positions require advanced degrees in
Electrical Engineer, 3 to 17 years of industry experience (depending on position), and demonstrated
leadership skills. We offer excellent starting income commensurate with your experience and the status of
the position, a comprehensive benefits program and many unique opportunities for professional and
personal recognition and advancement.
For immediate and confidential attention,
Send resume to:
L.G. Hill, Manager, Employment
BATTELE Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201.
Exerccios de Interpretao de Texto
1. Quais so as duas grandes reas de atuao dessa instituio?
2. Em que reas especficas essa instituio est oferecendo emprego?
3. Qual deve ser o perfil do candidato a um emprego?
29
Dictionary: o dicionrio deve ser utilizado como ltimo recurso para se descobrir o significado de uma palavra ou
expresso desconhecida. Isso para que a leitura no seja lenta demais, e para que o leitor no desanime tendo que parar
toda vez que encontrar algo desconhecido.
ESTRATGIAS DE LEITURA
Skimming: leitura rpida para ter-se uma idia central do texto.
Scanning: leitura com objetivo de encontrar algumas informaes especficas no texto.
Prediction: significa inferir o contedo de um texto atravs de seu conhecimento prvio sobre o tema
(background); atravs do contexto semntico (palavras de um mesmo grupo, por exemplo: hospital, nurse,
doctor, ambulance); contexto lingstico (pistas gramaticais); contexto no-lingstico (gravuras, grficos,
tabelas, nmeros, etc.); conhecimento sobre estrutura do texto (lay out, ttulo, subttulo, diviso de
pargrafos, etc.).
Vale ressaltar a importncia do conhecimento prvio do leitor e das suas expectativas e dedues em
relao ao texto.
COGNATOS
Muito comuns na Lngua Inglesa, os cognatos so palavras de procedncia grega ou latina, bastantes
parecidas com as da Lngua Portuguesa, tanto na forma, como no significado.
Os cognatos podem ser:
Idnticos:
Exs.: radio, piano, hospital, hotel, sofa, nuclear, social, total, particular, chance, camera, inventor, etc.
Bastante parecidos:
Exs.: gasoline, banks, inflation, intelligent, population, revolution, commercial, attention, different, products,
secretary, billion, dramatic, deposits, distribution, automatic, television, public, events, models, etc.
Vagamente parecidos:
Exs.: electricity, responsible, explain, activity, impossible, lamp, company, etc.
Windows
Video game
Dollar
Hot dog
Credit card
Marketing
Diet
Mouse
Light
30
Shows
Hamburguer
Moto/Office Boy
Play
Site
DVD / CD
Drive-thru
Record
COGNATOS
Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se paream com o Portugus e
aquelas que so usadas da mesma forma tanto na Lngua Inglesa como na Lngua Portuguesa.
a.
Computers are electronic machines that process information. They can perform complex
operations in a fraction of time. But, they cant think.
b.
Computers are divided into two parts: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the actual
equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer.
c.
Transistors are semiconductor components witch can be used for amplification, generation of
oscillations and for control and for control and switching purposes.
d.
Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data. It is expressed as quantities
of K. For example, each K is equal to 1,024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits.
e.
A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath. It is used to point the cursor at different parts of the
screen or at specials symbols called icons.
f.
We have a circuit that having an ordinary silicon diode (e.g. 1N914) placed back-to-back with the
LED.
g.
The destruction of tropical forests. The extinction of animal and plant species. The pollution of soils,
lakes, rivers, and seas. Air pollution. Acid rain.
SKIMMING
Consiste em uma leitura superficial de textos com o intuito de compreender apenas a idia
principal dos mesmos. Uma vez que queremos ler apenas para captar o assunto mais importante do texto
estamos usando a estratgia de leitura denominada skimming.
Ao realizar o skimming voc no precisa se ater s informaes detalhadas, uma vez que o mais
importante a compreenso da idia central do texto.
31
- ____________________________________________.
4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland, Ireland and USA, by fermenting certain cereal grains and
then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40% alcohol. It is drunk with or without ice,
soda or according to taste.
- ____________________________________________.
5) A device for transmitting and receiving radio waves. Depending on their use and operating
frequency, antennas can take the form of a single piece of wire, a di-pole a grid such as a yagi
array, a horn, a helix, a sophisticated parabolic-shaped dish, or a phase array of active
electronic elements of virtually any flat or convoluted surface.______________________________.
Scanning
Na sequncia dos nossos objetivos agora vamos conhecer a estratgia de leitura denominada scanning.
Na verdade este tipo de habilidade voc j desenvolve quando l gneros textuais tais como: verbetes de
dicionrio, classificados, receita, lista telefnica etc. Para obtermos informaes especficas de textos
vamos usar a estratgia scanning.
Complete the chart using the information from the texts below:
32
Name
Isabel Allende
Age
Nationality
Occupation
76
Czech
Film Director
33
TEXTO I
Dicionrio: Oxford
34
TEXTO II
35
Voc deve ter percebido que no houve a necessidade de ler todo o contedo dos textos
para obter as informaes desejadas, ao contrrio, voc procurou o item que disponibilizaria sua
resposta e ao encontr-lo, leu apenas o que interessava. A forma como voc procedeu para
conseguir as informaes que procurava refere-se a estratgia scanning. Ao pratic-la, voc no
precisa ler todo o texto, esta estratgia utilizada quando queremos identificar algum tipo de
informao detalhada, especfica de qualquer texto.
PREDICTION
Predizer, advinhar o que est por vir e isto facilita o processo de leitura, uma vez que tentamos
prever o assunto do texto iniciamos o processo de interpretao do texto. A predio no est s no
incio do texto mas pode e deve acontecer no processo inteiro de leitura.
Aps as predies o leitor passa no decorrer do texto a verificar se suas predies esto realmente
corretas.
Correspondncia
a) Suponhamos que voc acaba de receber um carto-postal de um amigo que est viajando. O carto
pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram. Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada em cada
lacuna atravs da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto.
Querido_________________________,
A viagem est sendo __________________ .Tenho____ divertido
bastante por aqui. H muitas ______________ para fazer durante a
noite:
vrios
bares,
_______________
restaurantes,
variedade
de
cinemas
shows.
e
A
teatros
cidade
36
37
38
39
Agora convidamos voc a exercitar um pouco sua habilidade de predio resolvendo as questes
abaixo propostas.
40
c. Temos aqui no Brasil revistas similares a estas? Quais so? Voc costuma l-las? Por qu?
02. Retorne ao texto da revista Scientific American para responder as questes abaixo.
a. Antecipe o provvel assunto que ser abordado pelos outros quatro artigos desta revista.
b. Escolha um dos artigos e d sua opinio sobre ele. Caso voc no tenha conhecimento suficiente para
opinar, pesquise sobre o assunto e depois exponha suas idias.
41
FALSOS COGNATOS
Tambm chamados de falsos amigos, os falsos cognatos so palavras normalmente derivadas do
latim, que tm portanto a mesma origem e que aparecem em diferentes idiomas com ortografia
semelhante, mas que ao longo dos tempos acabaram adquirindo significados diferentes.
Abaixo est a tabela de falsos cognatos.
SIGNIFICA EM
PORTUGUS
EM INGLS
ACTUAL
REAL
ACTUALLY
ADVERTISE
ALUMNUS
NA VERDADE
ANNCIO
EX-ALUNO
ATUALMENTE
ADVERTIR
ALUNO
AMASS
APPLICATION
APPOINTMENT
ARGUMENT
ASSIST
ATTEND
ACUMULAR
INSCRIO
HORA MARCADA
DISCUSSO
AJUDAR
FREQUENTAR
AMASSAR
APLICAO
APONTAMENTO
ARGUMENTO
ASSISTIR
ATENDER
AUDIENCE
AVAILABLE
BALCONY
BARRACS
BATON
BEEF
PLATIA, PBLICO
DISPONVEL
SACADA
QUARTEL
BATUTA, CACETETE
CARNE DE GADO
AUDINCIA
AVALIAR
BALCO
BARRACA
BATOM
BIFE
BOND
CAFETERIA
CAMERA
CARTON
CASUALTY
CIGAR
COLLAR
COLLEGE
COMMODITY
LAO, LIGAO
REFEITRIO
MQ. FOTOGRFICA
CAIXA DE PAPELO
FATALIDADE
CHARUTO
GOLA, COLARINHO
FACULDADE
ARTIGO, MERCADORIA
BUNDE
CAFETERIA
CMARA
CARTO
CASUALIDADE
CIGARRO
COLAR
COLGIO
COMODIDADE
COMPASS
COMPETITION
COMPREHENSIVE
CONDUCTOR
BSSOLA
CONCORRNCIA
COMPLETO, TOTAL
COBRADOR
COMPETIO,
CONCURSO
PRTICO
CONDENADO
ROUPA, FANTASIA
COMPASSO
COMPETIO
COMPREENSIVO
CONDUTOR
QUE EM INGLS
PRESENT
NOWADAYS,
TODAY
WARN
PUPIL
WRINKLE, DENT,
CRUSH
INVESTMENT
NOTE
REASONING
ATTEND
ANSWER, SERVE
COURT
APPEARENCE
EVALUATE
COUNTER
HUT, TENT
LIPSTICK
STEAK
STREERCAR,
TRAM
COFFEE SHOP
CHAMBER, TUBE
CARD
CASUALLNESS
CIGARETTE
NECKLACE
HIGH SCHOOL
COMFORT
A PAIR OF
COMPASSES
CONTEST
UNDERSTANDING
DRIVER
CONTEXTO
CONVENIENTE
CONVICTO
COSTUME
CONTEXT
APPROPRIATE
CERTAIN
CUSTOM, HABIT
CONTEST
CONVENIENT
CONVICT
COSTUME
42
DATA
DECEPTION
DECORATE
DEFENDANT
DESIGN
DISGUST
DIVERT
EDITOR
EDUCATED
EMISSION
ENROLL
ESTATE
EXCITING
EXIT
EXPERT
EXQUISITE
FABRIC
FAMILIAR
FILE
GRIP
INCOME TAX
RETURN
INGENIOUS
INGENUITY
INJURY
INJURY
INSCRIPTION
INTEND
INTOXICATION
INTRODUCE
JOURNAL
JUST
LAMP
LARGE
LECTURE
LEGEND
LIBRARY
LUNCH
LUXURY
MAGAZINE
MANAGE
MAYOR
MOISTURE
MOROSE
NOTICE
NOVEL
OFFICE
ORDINARY
DADOS, INFORMAES
LOGRO, FRAUDE
DECORAR(ORNAMENTAR)
RU
PROJETO, CRIAO,
ESTILO
NUSEA
DESVIAR
REDATOR
INSTRUDO
DESCARGA
ALISTAR-SE
PROPRIEDADE, IMVEL
EMPOLGANTE
SADA
PERITO
APURADO
TECIDO
DATA
DECEPO
DECORAR(SABER DE COR)
DEFENDER
DATE
DISAPPOINTMENT
MEMORIZE
DEFEND
DESIGNAR
DESGOSTO
DIVERTIR
EDITOR
EDUCADO
EMISSO
ENROLLAR
ESTADO
EXCITANTE
XITO
ESPERTO
ESQUISITO
FBRICA
CONHECIDO
ARQUIVO
AGARRAR FIRME
DECLARAO DE
IMPOSTO DE RENDA
CRIATIVO, ENGENHOSO
ENGENHOSIDADE
FERIMENTO
FERIMENTO
RAVAO EM RELEVO
PRETENDER
EMBRIAGUEZ
APRESENTAR
PERIDICO
NUM DADO MOMENTO,
APENAS
LUMINRIA
GRANDE
PALESTRA
LENDA
BIBLIOTECA
ALMOO
LUXO
FAMILIAR
FILA
GRIPE
DEVOLUO DE IMPOSTO
DE RENDA
INGNUO
INGENUIDADE
INJRIA
INJURIA
INSCRIO
ENTENDER
INTOXICAO
INTRODUZIR
JORNAL
JUSTO(APERTADO - DE
JUSTIA)
LMPADA
LARGO
LEITURA
LEGENDA
LIVRARIA
LANCHE
LUXRIA
APPOINT
GRIEF
ENJOY
PUBLISHER
POLITE
ISSUE
WIND, CURL
STATE
THRILLING
SUCCESS
SMART
WEIRD
FACTORY
MEMBER OF THE
FAMILY
LINE, QUEUE
COLD
INCOME TAX
REFUND
NAIVE
NAIVETY
INSULT
INSULT
APPLICATION
UNDERSTAND
POISONING
INSERT
NEWSPAPER
REVISTA
ADMINISTRAR,
CONSEGUIR
PREFEITO
UMIDADE
RABUGENTO
PERCEBER
ROMANCE
ESCRITRIO
COMUM
MAGAZINE
TIGHT - FAIR
LIGHT BULB
WIDE
READING
SUBTITLE
BOOKSTORE
SNACK
LUST
DEPARTMENT
STORE
MANEJAR
MAIOR
MISTURE
MOROSO
NOTCIA
NOVELA
OFICIAL
ORDINRIO
HANDLE
BIGGER
MIXTURE
SLOW
NEWS
SOAP OPERA
OFFICIAL
VULGAR
43
ORE
PARENTS
PARTICULAR
PASTA
PHYSICIAN
POLICY
PORT
PORTER
PREJUDICE
PRESCRIBE
PRESENTLY
PRETEND
PREVENT
PROCURE
OURO
PARENTES
PARTICULAR
PASTA
FSICO
POLCIA
PORTA
PORTEIRO
PREJUZO
PRESCREVER
PRESENTEMENTE
PRETENDER
PREVENIR
PROCURAR
GOLD
RELATIVES
PRIVATE
FOLDER, PASTE
PHYSICAL
POLICE
DOOR
DOORMAN
DAMAGE
EXPIRE
NOW
INTEND
WARN
LOOK FOR
PROFESSOR
PROPAGANDA
TEACHER
ADVERTISEMENT
PROPER
PULL
PUSH
MINRIO
PAIS
ESPECFICO
MASSA
MDICO
POLTICA, NORMA
PORTO
CARREGADOR
PRECONCEITO
RECEITAR
LOGO, EM BREVE
FINGIR
IMPEDIR
CONSEGUIR, ADQUIRIR
PROFESSOR DE
UNIVERSIDADE
DIVULGAODE IDIAS
APROPRIADO,
ADEQUADO
PUXAR
EMPURRAR
PRPRIO
PULAR
PUXAR
RANGE
REALIZE
RECLAIM
VARIAR, COBRIR
PERCEBER
RECUPERAR
RANGER
REALIZAR
RECLAMAR
RECORD
REPORT
GRAVAR, DISCO
RELATRIO
RECORDAR
REPRTER
REQUIREMENT
RESPITE
RESUME
RSUM
RETIRE
SCHOLAR
SENSIBLE
SORT
STABLE
STRANGER
STUPID
REQUISITO
INTERVALO, PAUSA
RECOMEAR
CURRCULO
APOSENTAR
ERUDITO, LETRADO
SENSATO
ESPCIE, ESCOLHER
FIRME, ESTVEL
DESCONHECIDO
BURRO
REQUERIMENTO
RESPEITO
RESUMIR
RESUMO
RETIRAR
ESCOLAR
SENSIVEL
SORTE
ESTBULO
ESTRANGEIRO
ESTPIDO
SUPPORT
SUSTENTAR, APOIAR
COMPREENSIVO,
SOLIDRIO
IMPOSTO
TEMPERAMENTO, GNIO
INQUILINO
PROVISRIO
VEZ, VOLTA
PROFESSOR
PARTICULAR
DIFERENTE, SEM IGUAL
UTILIZAR, USAR
SUPORTAR
SIMPTICO
TAXA
TEMPERO
TENENTE
TENTATIVA
TURNO
OWN
JUMP
PULL
CREAK, GUARDA
FLORESTAL
ACCOMPLISH
COMPLAIN
REMEMBER,
RECALL
REPORTER
REQUEST,
PETITION
RESPECT
SUMMARIZE
SUMMARY
WITHDRAW
SCHOOLBOY
SENSITIVE
LUCK
BARN
FOREIGNER
RUDE
BEAR, STAND,
TOLERATE
NICE, PLEASANT,
FRIENDLY
FEE
CONDIMENT
LIEUTENANT
ATTEMPT, TRY
SHIFT
TUTOR
NICO
USAR (VESTIR)
GUARDIAN
THE ONLY ONE
WEAR
PROFESSOR
PROPAGANDA
SYMPATHETIC
TAX
TEMPER
TENANT
TENTATIVE
TURN
TUTOR
UNIQUE
USE
44
VEGETABLES
VINE
VOYAGE
VERDURAS, LEGUMES
VEGETAIS
VINHA, VIDEIRA
VINHO
VIAGEM DE BARCO, NAVE
ESPACIAL
VIAGEM
PLANTS
WINE
JOURNEY, TRIP,
TRAVEL
palavras em destaque:
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
USO DO DICIONRIO
O dicionrio uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaes sobre palavras.
Veja o exemplo abaixo:
COMPUTER:
(KAMPJULTER). An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program.
Voc pode notar que podemos encontrar:
45
O
bserve tambm que neste dicionrio, a exemplificao da pronncia dos smbolos fonticos dada no
46
rodap da pgina. Desta forma, cada vez que o usurio sentir dificuldade em pronunciar determinado
smbolo fontico, na mesma pgina ele tem uma exemplificao. Veja o exemplo acima.
Analise o texto abaixo e, com o apoio do texto retirado do dicionrio (acima), tente encontrar o
significado mais adequado para o vocbulo destacado.
Texto
Once upon a time there was a poor boy who had a dream. The country where he lived was
governed by a bad king who used to exploit his people. This way the poor boy wanted to corner the
market in the land where he lived because he was sure that if this became true the people from that
place would have a better life.
Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda:
1. Qual a representao fontica da palavra look?
2. Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo? E como verbo?
3. Qual a primeira expresso mencionada?
47
48
termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas reas de significado entre diferentes idiomas. Este fenmeno,
tambm chamado de polissemia, ocorre com qualquer idioma; assim como o portugus, o ingls tambm
tem inmeras palavras de mltiplo significado. , entretanto a ocorrncia do fenmeno na lngua me do
aluno que causa maior dificuldade. Partir do geral para o particular sempre mais difcil do que o inverso.
Portanto, sempre que diferentes idias representadas pela mesma palavra na lngua me do aluno
corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda lngua, o mesmo ter dificuldades em expressar-se
corretamente. As diferentes palavras do ingls que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do
portugus podem eventualmente funcionar como sinnimos, portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os
dois idiomas. O objetivo, entretanto, mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrncias mais usuais do vocabulrio
ingls moderno.
Ingls
Primeiro significado
Segundo
significado
Abstract
Abstrato
Resumo
Affiliate
Filiar-se
Determinar
Paternidade
Affluent
Afluente
Rico
Ambulant
Paciente de
Ambulatrio
Capaz de Caminhar
Apology
Apologia
Desculpas
Application
Aplicao
Requerimento
Apply
Aplicar
Inscrever-se
Argument
Argumento
Discusso
Arm
Arma
Brao
Bachelor
Bacharel
Solteiro
Balance
Balana
Equilbrio
Ball
Bola
Bar
Bar
Barra
Bat
Basto de beisebol
Morcego
Cancel
Cancelar
Carimbar
Capital
Capital
Maiscula
Case
Caso
Estojo
Cell
Clula
Cela
Character
Carter
Personagem,
caractere
China
China
Porcelana
Class
Classe
Aula
Classified
Classificado
Confidencial
Club
Clube
Taco de golfe
Coll
Fresco
Legal
Collect
Colecionar
Cobrar, coletar
Compass
Compasso
Bssola
Confirmed
Confirmado
Inveterado
Consistent
Consistente
Compatvel
49
Content
Contente
Contedo
Date
Date
Tmara, Encontro
Directory
Diretoria
Lista telefnica
Easy
Fcil
Em Paz / Confortvel
Effective
Efetivo
Verdadeiro
Entertain
Entreter
Receber visitas
Faculty
Faculdade (mental)
Corpo Docente
Figure
Figura
Nmero
Fix
Fixar
Consertar
General
General
Geral
Individual
Individual
Indivduo
Interest
Interesse
Juros
Just
Justo
Apenas
Legend
Legenda
Lenda
Letter
Letra
Carta
Match
Ligar (Relacionar)
Partida (Jogo)
Major
Major
Principal
Manifest
Manifesto
bvio
Mark
Marca
Nota
Mass
Massa
Missa
Matter
Matria
Assunto
Medicine
Medicina
Remdio
Move
Mover
Mudar
Observe
Observar
Celebrar
Official
Oficial
Autoridade
Oil
leo
Petrleo
Operator
Operador
Telefonista
Order
Ordem
Pedido
Park
Parque
Estacionar
Period
Perodo
Menstruao
Plant
Planta
Fbrica
Principal
Principal
Diretor da escola
Pupil
Pupila
Aluno
Race
Raa
Corrida
Rare
Raro
Record
Recorde
Gravar
Rest
Resto
Descansar
Retire
Retirar
Aposentar
Roll
Rolo
Lista
Save
Salvar
Economizar
Scale
Escala
Balana
Sequel
Sequela
Sequencia
50
Spectacles
Espetculos
culos
Spirits
Espritos
Bebida alcolica
Story
Estria
Pavimento, andar
Subject
Sujeito
Assunto
To Play
Jogar/ Brincar
Tocar / Imitar
Turkey
Turquia
Peru
Vice
Vice
Vcio
EXERCCIOS
A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenas:
1) I need to cancel your documents.
( ) cancelar
( ) carimbar
2) She is the principal of the school.
( ) diretora
( ) principal
3) His mark was terrible.
( ) marca
( ) nota
4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b).
a- ( ) operador
( ) telefonista
b- ( ) planta
( ) fbrica
5) We are lost. We need a compass now.
( ) bssola
( ) compasso
6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party.
( ) bacharel
( ) solteiro
7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b)?
a- ( ) capital
( ) principal
b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China
8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil.
( ) capital
( ) maiscula
9) I use capital letter to write my name.
( ) capital
( )maiscula
10) I appreciate Chinese china.
( ) porcelana
( ) China
11) John collects caps.
( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou
B) D os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento:
1) a) Mike is not married. He is a bachelor.
51
2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students. This directory is in the
directory of the school.
3) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters.
MOUSE MEMORIES
In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demoed a strange device called a mouse. Last week 1.500 people gathered at
Stanford University to honor him. Speakers stressed that Engelbarts contributions went beyond the mouse.
His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet, the Internets predecessor, and he
developed the first use of multiple windows. More important, Engelbart strove to enhance human
intelligence, thus improving our ability to solve problems.
Well click to that.
(Newsweek, December 28, 1998)
(SCANNING) Responda as questes abaixo:
1) O que aconteceu:
a) em 1968?
______________________________________________________________________________
b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998?
______________________________________________________________________________
2) Na frase: Well click to that, o termo em destaque passa a idia de:
a) discordar
b) aprovar
c) rejeitar
d) aplaudir
3) Verdadeiro ou Falso:
Segundo os oradores, o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se criao do mouse. (cite a linha do texto em
que se encontra essa informao)
______________________________________________________________________
4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido?
a) de um jornal
b) da internet
c) de um livro
d) de uma revista
52
CONECTORES
1. ADIO:
2.
3.
- and : e
- in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover: alm disso
- as well as: assim como
- also: tambm
- apart from: com exceo de
- both....and: ambos; tanto como
- not only ... but also: no apenas...mas tambm
CONTRASTE/CONCESSO/ADVERSATIVA:
- but: mas
- however, neverthless: entretanto
- yet: entretanto, ainda
- although, even though, though: embora
- nonetheless, notwithstanding: no obstante
- despite that, in spite of: apesar de
- rather than, instead of: em vez de
- whereas: enquanto
PROPSITO:
4. CONSEQUNCIA/CONCLUSO:
- therefore: portanto
- consequently, as a result: consequentemente
- accordingly: de acordo, adequadamente
- hence: pois, ento, da
- thus: assim
- thereby: assim, desse modo
- then: ento
- so: ento, pois
- finally: finalmente
5. ALTERNATIVA
53
- or: ou
- or else: ou ento, ou ainda
- either ... or: ou... ou
- while, whereas: enquanto
6. REITERAO:
- that is: isto
- in other words: em outras palavras
- in short, in brief: em resumo
- i.e. : (do latim) isto
- that is to say: quer dizer
7. COMPARAO:
- like, as: como
- than: do que
8. ILUSTRAO:
- e.g. : (do latim) por exemplo
- for instance, for example: por exemplo
- such as: tal como
- namely: a saber
- viz: (do latim) quer dizer
9. CONDIO:
- if: se
- unless: se no, a menos que
- provided that: uma vez que
- on condition that: desde que
- as long as: uma vez que
- subject to: sujeito a
- wether: se
10.
CAUSA:
- because: porque
- due to: devido a
- as: porque
- since: uma vez que
11.
DVIDA OU HIPTESE:
- perhaps, maybe: talvez
- possibly: possivelmente
12.
while: enquanto
GRUPOS NOMINAIS
54
So grupos de palavras, compostos por duas ou mais palavras que esto relacionadas entre si, sendo
que uma a palavra principal; o substantivo (ncleo), e as outras so os modificadores; palavras que
caracterizam o substantivo.
Exs.: Electric Energy = Energia Eltrica
Private Investors = Investidores Privados
State Government = Governo Estadual
Observe que nos grupos nominais em Ingls a palavra principal, ou seja, o substantivo (ncleo)
sempre a ltima palavra do grupo, ao passo que em portugus ns comeamos o grupo com ela. Assim,
temos:
United Kingdom
Reino Unido
Parliamentary Vote
Voto Parlamentar
Confirma-se ento que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Ingls INVERSA ordem em
Portugus:
Data Processing = Processamento de dados
Central Processing Unit = Unidade Central de Processamento
Arithmetic and Logic Operations = Operaes lgicas e aritmticas
Operaes aritmticas e lgicas
Electronic machine = Mquina eletrnica
55
Pense nas seguintes estruturas: Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portugus?
1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas tradues: Para completar esta tarefa procure
em dicionrios e na internet.
v.WWW(________________________________________________________________
_____)_______________________________________________________________
57
I)
Os grupos nominais a seguir so bastante simples. So formados pelo ncleo (head word =
HW) que o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M), que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo.
Grife o ncleo (HW) e faa a traduo.
Nesta segunda atividade temos: o ncleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou
substantivo):
58
A modem
Modem transmission speeds are measured in baud, roughly equivalent to bits per
second(bps). Typical speeds are 9600, 14400 and 28800 baud.
E-mail
Eletronic mail requires some special software. You type a message onto your computer
screen, click a send button and it pops up on the recipient's screen - provide that he or
she is connected to your computer via a network like the Internet.
Fax-modem
Is a modem with software and hardware which can emulate a fax machine. this allows
you to receive a fax directly into your computer, where you can read it or your printer. To
send a fax you prepare the document on your computer- for example, by using a word
processor.
A stand-alone fax service
Is a facsimile machine which transmits copies of original documents. It operates by
scanning pictorial or textual documents so that the image is converted into electrical
signals which are sent to and used by a receiving machine that produces a copy of the
original.
Teletext on ITV and Channel Four
Is an information service in Britain which broadcsts a database alongside the TV signal. It
provides constantly updated and real time information.
O texto seguinte foi adaptado do Manual do Software Simulador de Circuitos
Eletronics Workbench verso 5, produzido pela Interactive Image Techologies.
Full-wave bridge rectifier
This component uses four diodes to perform full-wave rectification of an input AC voltage. Two diodes
conduct during each half cycle, giving a full-wave rectified output voltage.
The top and bottom terminals can be used as the input terminals for the AC voltage. The left and right
terminals can be used as the output DC terminals.
Characteristic Equation
The average output DC voltage is approximately given by:
VDC = 0.636 * (Vp 1.4)
Where Vp = the peak value of the input AC voltage
Exerccios de Interpretao de Texto
1. Qual o nome do componente a que se refere este texto?
2. Faa a verso para o portugus do primeiro pargrafo do texto.
3. De acordo com o texto, para que servem os terminais 1, 2, 3 e 4 do componente?
4. Qual a tenso mdia CC na sada do componente se na entrada aplicada uma
tenso alternada com valor de pico de 20V?
62
Amoral
Anti-clockwise
Disagree
Illegal
Misunderstand
Nonsense
Unmagnetized
Overdose
Premarital
Minicomputer
Macroeconomics
Interface
apolitical
anti-nuclear
dishonest
irregular
misdirect
non-fiction
uncommon
overeat
prefix
Microcomputer
Megabyte
Interactive
asexual
Antichrist
disloyal
imperfect /incomplete
misaddress
non-programable
unprofessional
prehistory
Sufixao o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo.
Formao de verbos:
- en
- ify
- ize
Freshen
Simplify
Centralize
blacken
solidify
modernize
Harden
computerize
63
Formao de advrbios
- ly (mente)
- ward (em direo)
Logically
Downward
comparably
homeward
Yearly
Inward
annually
Formao de substantivos:
- ance / ence
- or
- er
- ee
- ist
- ion
- ment
- ity
- ism
- ness
- dom
- hood
- ship
Tolerance
Operator
Trainer
Trainee
Economist
Education
Investment
Sincerity
Modernism
Happiness
Freedom
Childhood
Friendship
Preference
Accumulator
Employer
Employee
Scientist
Collision
development
Generosity
Buddhism
Darkness
Kingdom
Brotherhood
Partnership
Performance
programmer
Dentist
Compilation
Magnetism
relationship
Formao de adjetivos:
- able, ible
- an, ian
- ful
-y
- ic
- ical/al
- less
Programmable
American
Powerful
Tasty
Poetic
Sociological
Homeless
Admirable
Sagitarian
Hopeful
Healthy
Democratic
Magical
Childless
Divisible
suburban
wonderful/beautiful
Wireless
Ex.:
64
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
____________________________________ - ___________________________________
65
(C: _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the
past. The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine.
(D: _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution, which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687,
many scientists tried to find ways of calculating. As a consequence, other computational devices were
invented. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator. In 1673, Gottfried von Leibniz
invented another calculating device.
(E: _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution, which started in England
and brought many advances in technology. Several machines were developed in this period, and these
machines later had a great impact on the development of computers.
(F: _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines, Lady Ada Lovelace
invented an arithmetic code for Babbages machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with
modern computers. For this reason, she is considered to be the first programmer.
(G: _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands. This explains why
we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a device which uses small
beads or stones to make calculations. This tool was used until the 16th century. It is still used today in some
parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations.
(H: _____) In 1804, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was programmed to make
certain patterns on cloth. This program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code,
and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers.
(I:
(J: _____) Between 1943 and 1946, funded by the U.S. Army, John Mauchly and J. Eckert built the first
major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons.
(K: _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the
period that followed the war. The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers,
which may be described as the modern age of computers.
(L: _____) In 1944, Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1, an electromechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards. This first digital computer could figure out long
lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics.
c) Responda as seguintes perguntas:
1) Das informaes apresentadas no texto, quais voc j conhecia?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2) Que informao nova sobre a histria do computador voc achou mais interessante?
_________________________________________________________________________________
3) Sabemos que o computador uma mquina moderna. Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History
of Computers?
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4) Das oraes abaixo, qual voc considera a idia principal do texto? Por qu?
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
a) Os avanos tecnolgicos da 2 Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador.
66
b) MARK 1, o primeiro computador digital, possua sistema de cartes perfurados e foi fabricado pela
IBM para fins militares.
c) Lady Lovelace considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o cdigo binrio.
d) As idias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos, o que o
torna o pai do computador.
e) A Revoluo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos
computadores.
f) Antes da inveno do baco, o dispositivo de clculo eram os dedos das mos.
g) O primeiro computador digital a vlvula foi o ENIAC.
h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital, de Vannevar
Bush, usado para fins militares na 2 Guerra Mundial.
i) O tear programado, inventado por Jacquard em 1804, tem o mesmo princpio dos cartes
perfurados dos primeiros computadores.
j) O computador atual o resultado de vrias pesquisas e invenes do passado.
k) A Revoluo Cientfica (1540-1687) levou a inveno de vrios dispositivos de clculo.
5) A partir do exerccio anterior, como voc definiria o que deve ser a idia principal de um texto?
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
LEITURA E INTERPRETAO SKIMMING
a) Utilizando essa tcnica, procure no texto What is a Computer? as seguintes informaes. Nos espaos
em branco, escreva os nmeros das linhas em que elas se encontram:
1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informao.
2) ________ um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador.
3) ________ O processo de computao envolve trs etapas bsicas.
4) ________ O mundo da computao criou uma linguagem prpria.
5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma idia do que seja um computador.
6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora, pois foram tomadas de
emprstimo da lngua inglesa por vrias outras lnguas.
7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporneas desconhecem o computador.
8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usurio ver os resultados do processamento.
9) ________ Mesmo nos pases ditos desenvolvidos, existem pessoas que no sabem o que um
computador e no se importam em saber.
WHATS IS A COMPUTER?
1 Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is.
We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not.
But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?
A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the
5 processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is
input, which consists of feeding data into the computers memory. Then comes the processing:
the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The
third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the
results either in printed from or on the screen.
10 The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English words such as
software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different
67
languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs, and hardware refers to
the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system.
Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a great mistake to
15 believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate, i.e., is familiar with computers and
knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies, many people still have no
idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-called developed countries, there are
lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is.
b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporneas e muitas pessoas dos
pases desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou no ligam para ele, sem dar exemplos. Em sua
opinio, quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nmeros correspondentes s palavras definidas na segunda.
a) ________ computer
b)_________ input
c) _________ processing
d) _________ output
e) _________ screen
f) _________ software
g) _________ hardware
h) _________ data
Palavras cuja formao composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais:
LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo; aprender ou aprendizagem, dependendo de como
apresentada na sentena.
(gerndio)
They are learning how to get more information. = (aps o verbo to be)
Eles esto aprendendo como conseguir mais informaes.
(verbo/infin.)
This is a way of learning about management. = (aps preposies)
Esta uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento.
(Adjetivo)
This is part of the learning process. = (parte de um grupo nominal)
Isto parte do processo de aprendizagem.
(Substantivo)
Learning is essencial to life.
Aprendizagem essencial vida.
EXERCCIOS
Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como:
68
__________________________.
O texto seguinte foi adaptado do Manual do Software Simulador de Circuitos Eletronics
Workbench verso 5, produzido pela Interactive Image Technologies.
Zener Diode
A zener diode is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown, or zener region.
In the forward region, it starts conducting around 0.7V, just like an ordinary silicon diode.
In the leakage region, between zero and breakdown, it has only a small reverse current. The breakdown
has a sharp knee, followed by an almost vertical increase in current.
Zener diodes are used primarily for regulation because they maintain constant output voltage.
Exerccios de Interpretao de Texto
1. Faa a verso para o portugus do primeiro do texto.
2. De acordo com o texto, qual a aplicao bsica dos diodos Zeners?
3. De acordo com o texto, por que os diodos Zeners podem ser utilizados na aplicao descrita na questo
anterior?
69
MARCADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS
Substantivo a palavra que designa pessoa, lugar, objeto, evento, substncia.
possvel localiza-la no texto prestando ateno em certas palavras que acompanham substantivo.
Emprega-se antes de substantivo:
Artigos:
a, an = um, uma
the = o, a, os, as
Pronomes Possessivos adjetivos
MY
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
estes, estas
That
Those
QUANTIDADES
Many
muitos, muitas
(a) few
poucos, poucas
much
muito, muita
70
(a) little
pouco, pouca
some
any
qualquer, quaisquer
every
a lot of
REFERNCIA CONTEXTUAL
A referncia contextual tambm representa um recurso auxiliar na compreenso das idias de um texto. As
chamadas palavras de referncia substituem palavras que esto no texto (ou fora dele) e podem
classificar-se da seguinte maneira:
numerais ordinais;
Quando queremos nos referir a alguma coisa (ou idia) que j foi mencionada, ou ainda vai ser
mencionada numa determinada sentena, geralmente utilizamos recursos lingsticos para no tornar a
sentena repetitiva.
Exemplos:
The magazine which is on the desk is old.
A revista que est sobre a mesa velha.
Paul and Sue are good friends. They always help us.
Paul and Sue so bons amigos. Eles sempre nos ajudam.
John works in my office. We like him very much.
John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.
Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes
PRONOMES;
Exerccios
John works in my office. We like him very much.
John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.
Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes
PRONOMES.
Subject Pronouns
I
You
He
She
It
We
Object Pronouns
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
Possessive
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Adjectives
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Possessive
71
You
They
You
Them
Your
Their
Subject
I know Ann.
You know Ann.
He knows Ann.
She knows Ann.
We know Ann.
They know Ann.
Possessive Adjectives
Yours
Theirs
Object
Ann knows me.
Ann knows you.
Ann knows him.
Ann knows her.
Ann knows us.
Ann knows them.
Possessive Pronouns
Its my money.
Its your money.
Its his money.
Its her money.
Its our money.
Its their money.
Exerccios
Its mine.
Its yours.
Its his.
Its hers.
Its ours.
Its theirs.
72
_________________________________________________________________________.
PRONOMES RELATIVOS
Portanto, temos:
(Para pessoas)
Who
He is the system analyst who/that prepares instructions.
That
(pessoa)
(Para coisas)
Which
This is the manual which/that you need.
That
(coisa)
EXERCCIOS
1. Complete com who ou which:
a.
b.
c.
Whats the name of the river ________ flows through the town?
d.
73
e.
f.
g.
h.
2. Volte ao texto Virtual Reality e retire 1 pronome relativo do 1 pargrafo, 1 pronome relativo do 2
pargrafo e 3 pronomes do 3 pargrafo, e indique as respectivas palavras a que eles se referem:
1 pargrafo: pronome: _____________
refere-se a: _______________
2 pargrafo: pronome: _____________
refere-se a: _______________
3 pargrafo: pronome
_________
_________
_________
refere-se a
_____________
_____________
_____________
74
Complete as frases com a forma possessiva dos substantivos entre parnteses, conforme o
modelo:
Exemplo:
Richard is the boss of John.
Friends or Friends :
A casa do meu amigo = My friends house.
A casa dos meus amigos = My friends house.
Portanto, temos: My mothers car
My fathers car
My parents car
75
PRINTING CONCEPTS
When users print, the computer completes several steps that involve a set of components including
executable files, drivers, device interfaces, and dynamic-link libraries, which work together to create the
printed output. Understanding how this process works helps you understand what happens when you print
a document and how to solve printing problems. Printing has two parts: printing process and the print
components. The two parts make the printing process possible. When printing to an Internet print server,
the print server adds to the standard print process by creating an interface for users.
VOCABULARY
To print = imprimir
Print = impresso
Printer = impressora
Set = jogo, conjunto, grupo,
To set up = iniciar, instalar, estabelecer-se
Drive = unidade de disco
Standar = padro
Device = dispositivo
1) Leia o texto PRINTING CONCEPTS e responda as questes a seguir:
a) Sobre o que trata o texto? ________________________________________________________
b) Quais so as duas partes da impressora?____________________________________________
c) O que estas partes possibilitam? ___________________________________________________
d) Qual e o conjunto de componentes citados no texto? ___________________________________
e) O que o servidor de impresso adiciona quando imprime para um servidor de impresso de Internet?
____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Localize as palavras familiares no texto acima e d a traduo.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3) Circule todas as palavras cognatas.
Whats an Algorithm?
An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that tells how to solve a particular problem. Once the problem
has been identified, the next step is to select the best method for solving it. If the problem is a familiar one,
standardized algorithms may be available from program libraries. But if standard algorithms are not
available or suitable, a new algorithm must be written and then added to the program library. An algorithm
must be specified exactly, so there can be no doubt about what to do next, and it must have a finite number
76
of steps. A computer program is an algorithm that is written in a language that a computer can understand,
but the same algorithm could be written in several different languages.
Observe a sentena: Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to select the best
method for solving it.
substantivo (soluo)
gerndio (resolvendo)
particpio (resolvido)
verbo/infinitivo (resolver)
problem
identified
select
method
3) Observando o uso do verbo modal must a traduo apropriada da sentena a seguir : it must
have a finite number of steps.
a) ele (algoritmo) poderia ter um nmero finito de passos.
b) ele (algoritmo) no precisa ter um nmero finito de passos.
c) ele (algoritmo) deve ter um nmero finito de passos.
d) ele (algoritmo) no pode ter um nmero finito de passos.
e) ele (algoritmo) talvez tenha um nmero finito de passos.
77
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
8) Quais so os dois principais usos das Fitas Magnticas?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
9) Indique a ordem em que essas idias ocorrem no texto: Magnetic Disk
( ) disks may be hard or floppy.
( ) disks may be more efficient.
(1 ) disks consists of a series of concentric paths.
( ) disks may be made up as removable disk packs.
( ) disks may be mounted on a vertical shaft.
( ) disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit.
10) Indique se as afirmaes so verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F):
a) Magnetic tape is the only way for inputting data.
b) It is used for storing data sequentially.
c) It is much cheaper to store data on disks.
d) It takes longer to locate data stored on tapes.
e) Data on tape is stored in an ordered sequence.
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
11) Indique os dois erros do Presente Simples com crculos e d as formas verbais corretas:
Some mail systems uses a large disk space, but they doesnt determine any amount before its use.
Formas corretas: a) _________________
b) ___________________
12) Destaque das frases abaixo, os verbos na Voz Passiva:
Disks may be permanently attached to the drive unit and they may be made up as removable disk packs.
_____________________________ - _____________________________
13) Circule na sentena a palavra que se encontra no Comparativo e d o seu significado em Portugus:
It is much cheaper to store information on tapes than in the computer main memory
_________________ = ____________________________
14) Observe o segmento abaixo:
Magnetic Tape is mainly used for storing(1) intermediate results of computations and for compact
storing(2) of large amounts of data.
A palavra storing (1) significa:
a)
b)
c)
d)
armazenar
armazenando
armazenamento
armazenado
78
ABOUT CHIPS
Does anybody here know anything about chips?
Nobody expected such a question during an art class. Not from an old teacher of music. And he added, I
must confess that I know nothing about chips. I really dont know anything at all. Sometimes I feel like a
Jurassic teacher.
A quiet girl with curly hair asked shyly, What do you want to know, professor? I have some information
about it.
Lucy was her name. Everybody remained silent. No one sang. Nobody played. Lucy stood up and spoke
up; A computer consists of hundreds of parts, including a monitor, a mouse, disk drives and a keyboard.
Inside the computer is a circuit board. It houses all sorts of microchips, including those for ROM (read-only
memory) and RAM (random-access memory). Mounted on the circuit board is a microprocessor, which is
housed n a protective container and connected to rows of gold-plated pins. Inside the microprocessor
package is the chip itself. This tiny square of silicon is packed with transistors that process instructions and
data for the computer. A chip can process 500 million instructions every second and it has the size of a
fingernail.
After this explanation everybody clapped their hands. The teacher said. Where have you learned all this,
Lucy, my dear?
Well, she said, Ive read it from an old magazine at the library.
VOCABULARY
to remain = permanecer
to house = conter/armazenar
gold-plated = coberto com ouro
79
d) queria se aparecer
4) O material bsico do chip :
a) silicone
b) transistor
c) silicon
d) gold-plated pin
e) data
5) Na sentena: A chip can process 500 million instructions every second and it has the size of a
fingernail.; o pronome it refere-se a:
a) million
b) second
c) instructions
d) chip
e) fingernail
6) Na sentena: Does anybody here lnow anything about chips?
destaque os pronomes indefinidos e d os seus significados:
________________________ = __________________________________
________________________ = __________________________________
7) Destaque os verbos modais das sentenas abaixo e passe-as para o Portugus:
I must confess that I know nothing about chips.
_______________________________________________________________
A chip can processo 500 million instructions every second.
_______________________________________________________________
8) Relacione as informaes numerando as colunas:
a) The list on the screen which shows the
( ) virus
( ) menu
computer
80
( ) cursor
in a larger system
e) Instructions that are put into a computer in
( ) network
TO HEAR
TO SMELL
TO
TO FEEL
TO REMEMBER
TO UNDERSTAND
TASTE
Exemplo: My grandfather could speak five languages.
81
MUST / MUSTNT: Usamos MUST para dizer que ns temos certeza que alguma coisa certa.
Exemplos: 1. Fish must live in water. (necessidade)
2. Everybody must uphold laws. (obrigao)
3. He must be your father. (Deduo forte)
4. You mustnt tell anyone what I said. (proibio)
MAY: Usamos MAY e MIGHT para dizer que alguma coisa possvel ou seja, com 50% de certeza..
Tambm usamos para pedir permisso (de algo incerto, com baixa probabilidade ou mais formal). No
existe diferena importante entre MAY e MIGHT. Podemos dizer, por exemplo:
Paul may be in his office. OU Paul might be in his office. (probabilidade)
May I dance with your girlfriend? No, you may not. (permisso com baixa probabilidade)
SHOULD / SHOULDNT: Geralmente usamos SHOULD quando pedimos ou damos uma opinio sobre
alguma coisa. (frequentemente usamos I think/I dont think/do you think).
Exemplos:
I dont think you should work so hard.
Mike shouldnt drive really. He is too tired.
EXERCISES:
Traduza as seguintes sentenas para o portugus e escreva nos parnteses a idia expressada
pelos verbos modais em destaque.
1. We might have several problems in case inflation rises sharply. (_________________)
_______________________________________________________________________
2.They can manufacturer high-tech equipment, but they may have problems to ship it.
(_________________) (___________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
3.How much should we purchase from that supplier?
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
4.A foreign company can encourage its employments to study languages.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
5.We mustn`t do this because it`s against the laws.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
6.Some terms may be included in such exemptions.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
82
7.She must be in trouble in the traffic because she never comes to work late.
(_________________)___________________________________________________________________
_______
8.People should be in contact with a foreign language more often, otherwise they won`t memorize new
vocabulary and structures.
(_________________) ____________________________________________________
9.Companies should develop equipment, processes and goods that are ecologically clean.
(_________________)
__________________________________________________________________________
O texto seguinte uma adptao do tpico sobre transistores extrado da publicao Components
Techinal Descriptions and Characteristics for Students da Siemens.
Transistors
General
Transistors are semiconductor components witch can be used for amplification, generation of oscillations
and for control and for control and switching purposes.
Basic Transistor Configurations
Transistors may be operated in three basic circuit configurations. This results in considerable differences in
the electrical characteristics. It is therefore necessary to indicate not only the
parameters but also the pertinent basic circuit configuration.
Depending on which of the three electrodes is used as the common pole for input and output circuit, the
configuration is called a common emmiter, common, or common collector configuration.
Exerccios de Interpretao de Texto
1. De acordo com o texto, quais so as aplicaes bsicas dos transistores?
2. Faa a verso para o portugus do item denominado Basic Transistor Configurations?
83
PUZZLE
Existem dezessete palavras no quadro abaixo. Encontre-as e indique a traduo de cada uma delas,
relacionando as colunas (as que no souber deixe em branco).
Comece localizando os cognatos.
E
84
VOCABULARY
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
COMPUTER
DATA
FEATURE
TO STORE
TO PERFORM
BEADS
RODS
DEVICES
TOOTHED WHEELS
TO HANDLE
CARRIES
DIGIT
ENGINE
PROGRAM
SINCE THEN
DEVELOPED
VERY MUCH
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
85
d) computer o ncleo
( )
e) electronic o ncleo
( )
5) Escreva um breve resumo relatando sobre o que trata o texto.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6) Retire do texto cinco (05) palavras cognatas com traduo:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7) Retire do texto um (01) falso cognato e sua traduo.___________________________
8) Assinale abaixo, o nico facilitador e/ou estratgia que NO foi utilizada na leitura do texto. Justifique sua resposta.
Dicas tipogrficas;
Cognatos e palavras familiares;
Scanning;
Skimming;
Conhecimento de mundo.
9) D a traduo da sigla ENIAC.
__________________________________________________________
1) Relacione os cognatos e falsos cognatos encontrados no texto:
COGNATOS
FALSOS
86
INCLUA
2) PRESS
MUDE
3) CLICK
PRESSIONE
4) CLOSE
APAGUE
5) MOVE
ARRASTE
6) GRAB
PUXE
7) SELECT
) ABRA
8) OPEN
CLIQUE
9) PUSH
EXECUTE
10) PULL
CANCELE
11) DELETE
FECHE
12) RUN
MOVA
13) INSTALL
INSIRA
14) INSERT
EMPURRE
15) INCLUDE
SELECIONE
16) CHANGE
PEGUE
17) CANCEL
INSTALE
Internet
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Internet started in 1969, in a military project in which 21 computers were linked. This means that a person in
one oh those computers could read the files of any other computer in the same network. This project was
called ARPANET. During the 70s and 80s, computer technology developed vary fast. Networks were
developed, like the ARPANET.You will do everything through Internet: shopping, electronic forums, debates
etc. The Internet will be the necessary basis for our everyday life. (Adapted from Sun, Amos)
Questions
Leia o texto acima, aplique as estratgias de leitura e responda:
1) O que o texto afirma sobre a Internet? Escolha apenas uma alternativa correta e traduza na linha
abaixo.
a) will be a military reality in the future
b) will be important for everyone
c) is made of 21 computers
d) can be used to develop technology very fast
e) teachers computer skills
traduo:
_______________________________________________________________________________
2) Explique o que ARPANET. Resposta em portugus.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) De acordo com o texto a frase computers were linked pode ser traduzida como:
a) computadores esto ligados
b) computadores eram desligados
c) computadores no eram conectados
d) computadores esto conectados
e) computadores estavam conectados
4) Explique o que aconteceu entre os anos 70 e 80? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5) traduza a frase: a person in one of those computers could read the files of any other computer in the
same network. _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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TRADUO
89
If you need to send or copy more than 20 pages, place the additional pages gently and carefully in
the feeder just before the last page is scanned. Do not try to force them in, as this may cause
double-feeding or jamming.
If your document consists of several large or thick pages which must be loaded one at a time,
insert each page into the feeder as the previous page is being scanned. Insert gently to prevent
double-feeding.
Adjust the document guide on the
right side of the feeder to the width
of your document.
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
2
Place the document face down and
push it gently into the document
feeder. The top edge of the document should enter the fax first.
Important
If you need to remove the document from the feeder before the transmission or copying, first open the
operation panel by pulling the front edge up and then remove the document. If you try to pull out the
document without opening the operation panel, you may damage the feeder mechanism.
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Wireless Networking
The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to communicate
using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. Strictly speaking, any technology that does
this could be called wireless networking. The current buzzword however generally refers to wireless LANs.
This technology, fuelled by the emergence of cross-vendor industry standards such as IEEE 802.11, has
produced a number of affordable wireless solutions that are growing in popularity with business and schools
as well as sophisticated applications where network wiring is impossible, such as in warehousing or pointof-sale handheld equipment.
There are two kinds of wireless networks:
a.
An Hoc or Peer-to Peer wireless network consists of a number of computers each equipped
with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can communicate directly with all of the other
wireless enabled computers. They can share files and printers this way, but may not be able to access
wired LAN resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN using special
software. (This is called "bridging")
Figure 1: Ad-Hoc or Peer-to Peer Networking.
Each computer with a wireless interface can communicate directly with all of the others.
b.
A wireless network can also use an access point, or base station. In this type of network the
access point works like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless computers. It can connect (or "bridge")
the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access to LAN resources, such as file servers
or existing Internet Connectivity.
There are two types of access points:
i.
Dedicated hardware access points (HAP) such as Lucent's WaveLAN, Apple's
Airport Base Station or WebGear's AviatorPRO. (See Figure 2). Hardware access points offer
comprehensive support of most wireless features, but check your requirements carefully.
ii.
Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped with a wireless network
interface card as used in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network. (See Figure 3) The Vicomsoft
InterGate suites are software routers that can be used as a basic Software Access Point, and include
features not commonly found in hardware solutions, such as Direct PPPoE support and extensive
configuration flexibility, but may not offer the full range of wireless features defined in the 802.11 standard.
With appropriate networking software support, users on the wireless LAN can share files and printers
located on the wired LAN and vice versa. Vicomsoft's solutions support file sharing using TCP/IP.
92
93
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5) Escreva o que as figuras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente representam?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6) Retire do texto dez 10 cognatas e 10 familiares.
7) Circule abaixo todos os facilitadores e/ou estratgias utilizados na anlise e interpretao do texto.
a) Dicas tipogrficas
d) Skimming
b) Cognatos e palavras familiares
e) Conhecimento de mundo
c) Scanning
9) Com base no texto, circule a alternativa em que todas as palavras so falsos cognatos.
a) refers, term
b) more, file
c) using, interface
a) directly, generally
e) business, wireless
10) Retire do texto cinco (05) afixos (prefixos ou sufixos) com traduo.
AFIXO
TRADUO
TRADUO
2. To connect
___________________________
4. To
feed______________________________
6. To have
______________________________
8. To perform
___________________________
10. To run
94
______________________________
11. To save
______________________________
13. To supply
____________________________
15. User
________________________________
17. Way
________________________________
19. Wizard
______________________________
_______________________________
12. To set up
_____________________________
14. Tool ________________________________
16. Very much
___________________________
18. Wireless
_____________________________
20. Workgroup
___________________________
Photo
Your CV
Example:
NAME: Gavin H Alvarez
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ADDRESS: 26 Dryfield Road
Cambridge CB2 2DS
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TELEPHONE NUMBER: 01223 3268452
_____________________________________________________________________________________
E-MAIL ADDRESS: gavinhalvarez@btinternet.com
_____________________________________________________________________________________
DATE OF BIRTH: 14 June 1984
_____________________________________________________________________________________
EDUCATION
1995 2000
95
2001
Level 1 Engineering and Technology foundation course
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2002
Level 2 Computing course specializing in software development
_____________________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
AUGUST SEPTEMBER 2000
INTERESTS
Reading
2- Read the curriculum vitae (CV) quickly and choose the correct answers to the questions below.
1 What is a CV?
a) A description of someones family, education, likes and dislikes.
b) A description of someones education, work experience, and skills.
2 How is a CV arranged?
a) under headings
b) like a letter
3 Read the CV again and decide if the sentences (1-7) below are true (T) or false (F).
1 Gavin Alvarez lives in Cambridge. ( )
2 He is a student at Cam College.
( )
3 He passed his GCSEs in 2001.
( )
4 He has had Saturday and holiday jobs since 2000. ( )
5 He left Cam College in 2000. ( )
96
Qualifications
Work experience
Other information
Interests
Referee
97
98
99
100
Abaixo encontramos alguns termos tcnicos em ingls. Vamos aprender o que significa
cada termo, tentando traduzi-los.
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
The baseband signal is caused to vary the amplitude or height of the carrier wave to create the
desired information content.
Amplifier
A device used to boost the strength of an electronic signal.
Analog
A form of transmitting information characterized by continuously variable quantities, as opposed to digital
transmission, which is characterized by discrete bits of information in numerical steps. An analog signal is
responsive to changes in light, sound, heat and pressure.
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
Process of converting analog signals to a digital representation. DAC represents the reverse translation.
Antenna
A device for transmitting and receiving radio waves. Depending on their use and operating frequency,
antennas can take the form of a single piece of wire, a di-pole a grid such as a yagi array, a horn, a helix, a
sophisticated parabolic-shaped dish, or a phase array of active electronic elements of virtually any flat or
convoluted surface.
Cable
Transmission medium of copper wire or optical fiber wrapped in a protective cover.
Carrier Frequency
The main frequency on which a voice, data, or video signal is sent. Microwave and satellite communications
transmitters operate in the band from 1 to 14 GHz (a GHz is one billion cycles per second).
Cassegrain Antenna
The antenna principle that utilizes a sub reflector at the focal point which reflects energy to or from a feed
located at the apex of the main reflector.
Channel
A frequency band in which a specific broadcast signal is transmitted. Channel frequencies are specified in
the United States by the Federal Communications Commission. Television signals require a 6 MHz
frequency band to carry all the necessary picture detail.
Coaxial Cable
Cable consisting of a single copper conductor in the center surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation and
a braided metal outer shield.
Antenna
Any structure or device used to collect or radiate electromagnetic waves
Frequency
For a periodic function, the number of cycles or events per unit time.
Time
1. An epoch, i.e., the designation of an instant on a selected time scale, astronomical or atomic. It is used in
the sense of time of day. 2. On a time scale, the interval between two events, or the duration of an event. 3.
An apparently irreversible continuum of ordered events.
101
Time scale
1. A time measuring system defined to relate the passage of temporal events since a selected epoch. Note:
The internationally recognized time interval is the second. Time scales are graduated in intervals such as
seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years, and in fractions of a second, such as milliseconds,
nanoseconds, and picoseconds. 2. Time coordinates placed on the abscissa (x-axis) of Cartesiancoordinate graphs used for depicting waveforms and similar phenomena.
Frequency modulation (FM)
Modulation in which the instantaneous frequency of a sine wave carrier is caused to depart from the center
frequency by an amount proportional to the instantaneous value of themodulating signal. Note 1: In FM, the
carrier frequency is called the center frequency. Note 2: FM is a form of angle modulation. Note 3: In optical
communications, even if the electrical baseband signal is used to frequency-modulate an electrical carrier
(an "FM" optical communications), it is still the intensity of the lightwave that is varied (modulated) by the
electrical FM carrier. In this case, the information,as far as the lightwave is concerned, is the electrical FM
carrier. The lightwave is varied in intensity at an instantaneous rate corresponding to the instantaneous
frequency of the electrical FM carrier.
Frequency
For a periodic function, the number of cycles or events per unit time.
Modulation
The process, or result of the process, of varying a characteristic of a carrier, in accordance with an
information-bearing signal.
Information
1. The meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known conventions used in their
representation. 2. In intelligence usage, unprocessed data of every description which may be used in the
production of intelligence.
Signal
1. Detectable transmitted energy that can be used to carry information. 2. A time-dependent variation of a
characteristic of a physical phenomenon, used to convey information. 3. As applied to electronics, any
transmitted electrical impulse. 4. Operationally, a type of message, the text of which consists of one or more
letters, words, characters, signal flags, visual displays, or special sounds, with prearranged meaning and
which is conveyed or transmitted by visual, acoustical, or electrical means.
Communications
1.Information transfer, among users or processes, according to agreed conventions. 2. The branch of
technology concerned with the representation, transfer, interpretation, and processing of data among
persons, places, and machines. Note: The meaning assigned to the data must be preserved during these
operations.
Telephony
1. The branch of science devoted to the transmission, reception, and reproduction of sounds, such as
speech and tones that represent digits for signaling. Note 1: Transmission may be via various media, such
as wire, optical fibers, or radio. Note 2: Analog representations of sounds may be digitized, transmitted,
and, on reception, converted back to analog form. Note 3: "Telephony" originally entailed only the
transmission of voice and voice-frequency data currently; it includes new services, such as the transmission
of graphics information 2. A form of telecommunication set up for the transmission of speech or, in some
cases, other sounds.
Transmission
1. The dispatching, for reception elsewhere, of a signal, message , or other form of information.
2. The propagation of a signal, message, or other form of information by any means, such as by telegraph,
telephone, radio, television , or facsimile via any medium, such as wire, coaxial cable, microwave, optical
102
fiber , or radio frequency. 3. In communication systems, a series ofdata units, such as blocks, messages, or
frames. 4. The transfer of electrical power from one location to another via conductors.
Propagation
The motion of waves through or along a medium. Note: For electromagnetic waves, propagation may occur
in a vacuum as well as in material media.
As respectivas definies abaixo so referentes aos componentes encontrados no Kit
Didtico de Microondas. Traduza as especificaes de cada componente.
Techinical descriptions of components used in ED-3000
1. Gunn Oscillator: is connected to a 8~10 V DC power source. The power out put of the Gunn oscillator
ranges from 5 to 20 milliwatts, depending upon the supply voltage.
2. PIN-diode modulator: utilizes the property of a PIN diode which is placed across a waveguide.
3. Frequency meter: The basic principle of frequency meter is to join the frequency to a waveguide.
4. Variable attenuator: provides na attenuation by varying the degree of insertion of a matched resistive strip
into a waveguide.
5. Slotted line: is used to probe the amplitude and the phase of the standing wave pattern.
6. Reflecting sheet; a mean of reflecting electrmagnetic waves in free space when measuring the
wavelength of a signal.
7. Waveguide: used in measurements of the wavelength and the phase velocity inside a waveguide.
D o significado dos termos tcnicos abaixo:
Remote interface- cellphoneControl- slotProcess- phonecardSensor- buttonsReference output- pliersContorller- screwFocus- screwdriverfloppy
disk- generatorkeyboardsocketmemoryplugcablepinmobile
phone- electrode
Referncias
BOECKNER, Keith & BROWN, P. Charles. Oxford English for Computing.Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996.
CASTLEMAN, R. K. Digital Image Processing. USA: Prentice Hall, 2000.
CRUZ, Dcio Torres & SILVA, Alba Valria & ROSAS, Marta. Ingls.com.textos para informtica. Salvador: O Autor ,
2001.
GALANTE, T. P. Ingls para Processamento de Dados. So Paulo: Atlas, 1996.
MARTINS, Elisabeth P. & PASQUALIN, Ernesto & AMOS, Eduardo. Graded English. So Paulo: Moderna,1993.
MUNHOZ, Rosngela. Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo I. So Paulo: TEXTO NOVO, 2000.
________.Ingls Instrumental Estratgias de Leitura. Mdulo II. So Paulo: TEXTO NOVO, 2001.
Internet: sites diversos
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