Amazing Food Science Discovery - Edible Plants Talk' To Animal Cells, Promote Healing - The Mind Unleashed

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Amazing Food Science Discovery: Edible Plants Talk To Animal

Cells, Promote Healing
Paradigm Shift
Science & Tech
May 27, 2014
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A groundbreaking new study published in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research titled, Interspecies
Interspecies
communication between plant and mouse gut host cells through edible plant derived exosome-like
nanoparticles, reveals a new way that food components talk to animal cells by regulating gene expression
nanoparticles
and conferring significant therapeutic effects. With the recent discovery that non-coding microRNAs in food are
capable of directly altering gene expression within human physiology,[1] this new study further concretizes
the notion that the age old aphorism you are what you eat is now consistent with cutting edge molecular
biology.
Exosomes: The Missing Link In How Plants and

Animal Cells Communicate and Collaborate
This is the first study of its kind to look at the role of exosomes, small vesicles secreted by plant and animal
cells that participate in intercellular communication, in interspecies (plant-animal) communication.
The study explained the biological properties of exosomes as follows:
Exosomes are produced by a variety of mammalian cells including immune, epithelial, and tumor cells [1115].
Exosomes play a role in intercellular communication and can transport mRNA, miRNA, bioactive lipids, and proteins
between cells [1619]. Upon contact, exosomes transfer molecules that can render new properties and/or reprogram
their recipient cells.
While most of the research on exosomes has focused on their role in pathological states such as tumor
promotion, they were recently found to play a key role in stimulating regeneration within damaged cardiac
tissue,[2] and are known to be found in human breast milk, further underscoring how irreplaceable it is
vis--vis synthesized infant formula.[3]
The New Study

The investigators isolated plant derived exosome-like nanoparticles (EPDENs) from ginger, carrot, grape and
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grapefruit, and observed their behavior in mammalian cells (mice).

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They chose these commonly consumed edible fruits and vegetables because,
It is well established that a plant-derived diet has great influence on regulation of mammalian host cell homeostasis,
in particular, cells in the digestive system [13]. Deregulation of plant-derived diet regulated host cell homeostasis
leads to increased susceptibility to infections, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, and cancer [410].
They noted, the cellular and molecular machinery regulating such interspecies mutualism between a plant-derived
diet and the mammalian gut is not fully defined. Their new study aimed to gain new insight into defining the
mechanisms through which cross-kingdom crosstalk occurs.
Plant Exosomes Affect Mammalian Cells Intimately

After isolating and characterizing exosome-like nanoparticles from all four edible plants, the researchers
discovered they possessed remarkable similarity in size and structure to mammalian-derived exosomes.
Furthermore, the study showed that these exosome-like nanoparticles are taken up by intestinal
macrophages and stem cells, and have biological effects on the recipient cells.
The biological effects were described as follows:
Ginger exosome-like nanoparticles strongly induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and IL-10 expressed in
macrophages, an indication of anti-inflammatory and antoxidant properties.
Fruit-derived exosome-like nanoparticles including grape and grapefruit induced Wnt/TCF4 activation,
which is a key component of the anti-inflammatory response
All tested foods activated nuclear translocation of Nrf2, a key regulator of the HO1 gene, which has an
important role in anti-inflammation and antioxidation; ginger was found to be most potent, followed by
grapefruit, carrot and grape
Notably, EPDENs were found to be resistant to gastric and intestinal enzymatic digestion, further indicating
they are capable of exerting significant biological effects by escaping digestive degradation, which has also
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been found with lectins and microRNAs within edible foods.

The researchers discussed their results:
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Our findings show that exosome-like nanoparticles are present in edible fruits and vegetables and reveal a previously
unrecognized strategy by which plants communicate with mammalian cells via exosome-like nanoparticles in the gut,
and in particular intestinal macrophages and stem cells. We found that edible plants contain large amounts of
nanoparticles. Like mammalian exosomes, further characterization of the plant nanoparticles led to identifying them as
exosome- like nanoparticles based on the nanoparticles being com- posed of proteins, lipids, and miRNAs. EPDENs
from different types of plants have different biological effects on the recipient mammalian cells. This finding opens up
a new avenue to further study the molecular mechanisms underlying how the plant kingdom crosstalks with
mammalian cells such as intestinal macrophages and stem cells via EPDENs. This information may provide the
molecular basis of using multiple plant-derived agents for better therapeutic effect than any single plant-derived
agent.
They also offered that their results may explain why those who consume a greater variety of edible plants are
healthier:
It has been known for decades that people eating a variety of edible plants daily are the recipients of many beneficial
health effects when compared to subjects that ingest fewer types of edible plants. Ingesting EPDENs from a variety of
fruits and vegetables daily would be expected to provide greater beneficial effects for maintaining gut homeostasis
than ingesting EPDENs from single edible plant.
Discussion: Deeper Implications of the Study

As part of the fascinating new fields of epigenetics and nutrigenomics, this new studys findings promise to
expand the relevance of food in the practice of medicine and the prevention of disease. We have crossed a
critical threshold in the past few decades where food can no longer considered simply as a source of caloric
content, minerals and vitamins, and building blocks for the body-machine. [Learn more by taking the author's
E-Course] Rather, food carries very specific forms of biologically meaningful information (literally to put form
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into), without which our genetic and epigenetic infrastructure cannot function according to its intelligent
design.
The discovery of plant-dervied exosome-mediated modulation of fundamental mammalian cellular pathways,
lends powerful support to the concept that ancestral nutritional practices handed down for countless
generations are critical in maintaining our health. With the advent of the post-industrial diet, based largely on
food-like synthesized nutrition, and the novel introduction of grain-based nutrition in only the past 500
generations, our present diet suffers from a series of profoundly biological incompatible foods.
Millions of years of co-evolutionary processes have generated a wide range of interspecies, cross-kingdom
co-dependencies. For instance, mammals and angiosperms (which comprise about 250,000 species and
include most of the flowering plants that provide the modern world its diet) co-evolved for at least 200 million
years together, and are today two of the most dominant forms of life on the planet. The very molecular and
informational fabric of our bodies evolved to intimately depend on the presence of various key food
components in the human diet, and the absence of others which may be detrimental to our health. Food
components like exosomes may be as important to our health as vitamins and other classically defined
nutrients, and may even be more important in modulating a wide range of complex genetic- and epigeneticmediated cellular processes within the body. This may also explain the mystery of how certain fruits, such as
pomegranate, have been found to replace the function of the mammalian ovary in an ovariectomy induced
models of premature aging. While pomegranate is one of natures most concentrated source of bioidentical
estrone, exosomes may be the missing link as to how a plant food can support complex hormonal processes
within the animal body, along with exerting such a wide range of additional therapeutic health effects. This is
all the more evidence with plants like turmeric, which have over 600 health benets and has been found
to modulate the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.[4]
We believe that taken together, the recent discoveries that 1) microRNAs within foods like rice can enter into
our blood and tissue and regulate gene expression 2) that double-stranded RNAs within a wide range of
commonly consumed foods have molecular homology with thousands of human RNAs (and are therefore
capable of silencing them) 3) that lectins also can directly activate nuclear machinery within certain cells, the
addition of exosome-mediated gene modulation, lends further support to the concept that the quality and
types of food we consume carry as much relevance in terms of biological destiny as the DNA within our
genome.
With exciting research now available, the famous quote attributed to Thomas Edison rings truer today than
ever:
The doctor of the future will give no medication, but will interest his patients in the care of the human frame, diet and
in the cause and prevention of disease.
References:
[1] Lin Zhang Exogenous plant MIR168a specically targets mammalian LDLRAP1: evidence of cross-kingdom
regulation by microRNA Cell Research (2012) 22:107126. doi:10.1038/cr.2011.158; published online 20
September 2011
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[2] Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim, Ke Cheng, Eduardo Marbn. Exosomes as Critical Agents of Cardiac
Regeneration Triggered by Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Reports, May 2014 DOI:10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.006
[3] Qi Zhou1, et al Immune-related MicroRNAs are Abundant in Breast Milk Exosomes Int J Biol Sci 2012;
8(1):118-123. doi:10.7150/ijbs.8.118
[4] Sreenivasan S, Thirumalai K, Danda R, Krishnakumar S. Effect of curcumin on miRNA expression in human
Y79 retinoblastoma cells. Curr Eye Res. 2012 May;37(5):421-8. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2011.647224. PubMed
PMID: 22510010.
Credits: Sayer Ji of Green Med Info, Guest contributor. Used here with permission.
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